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Features of the Bioecological State of Water Bodies in the Leningrad Region and De- Eutrophication Measures

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Features of the Bioecological State of Water Bodies in the Leningrad Region and De- Eutrophication Measures E3S Web of Conferences 273, 04016 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127304016 INTERAGROMASH 2021 Features of the bioecological state of water bodies in the Leningrad region and de- eutrophication measures Viktor Sboichakov1,*, Dmitriy Kulev1, Olga Reshetnikova1, Tatiana Osipova1 and Ludmila Kovaleva1 1A. S. Pushkin Leningrad State University (Luga branch), Volodarskogo str., 52a, Luga of the Leningrad region, 188230, Russia Abstract. Natural waters are polluted by sewage, industrial and transport waste leads to a decrease the oxygen content in the water and the disappearance of valuable fish species. As a result, the eutrophy of the reservoir develops - the saturation of reservoirs with biogenic elements, accompanied by an increase in the biological productivity of water basins. The purpose of the work was to study the bioecological state of water basins in the Luga district of the Leningrad region, the prospects for de- eutrophication. The monitoring data of water bodies were studied and factors influencing the bioecological state of water bodies were considered. Physicochemical, sanitary and microbiological, parasitological and toxicological research methods were used in the work. Objects of research: the rivers Obla and Svinechnaya; lakes Toloni and Omchino. All this is a very unfavorable factor and indicates strong water pollution. To combat the eutrophication of water bodies, preventive and regulatory measures are used. A promising prevention of eutrophication is a biotechnological method, including the cultivation of plants in the coastal zone, breeding of herbivorous fish, the use of the method of algolization (introduction of a chlorella suspension). 1 Introduction The deterioration of the quality of natural waters and the state of water systems as a result of increased anthropogenic activity has become an urgent problem of our time. Pollution of natural waters occurs with sewage, industrial and transport waste, chemical and organic fertilizers, especially affected by low-flow lakes, in which cyanobacteria (blue- green algae) begin to multiply intensively. In turn, this leads to a decrease in the oxygen content in the water and the disappearance of valuable fish species. In the final stage, eutrophy of the reservoir develops - saturation of reservoirs with biogenic elements, accompanied by an increase in the biological productivity of water basins 1, 2, 3 . This will eventually lead to the disappearance of the lake, which will later become a swamp. About a third of the total mass of pollutants is introduced into water sources with surface and storm runoff from the territories of sanitary places, agricultural facilities and * Corresponding author: [email protected] © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). E3S Web of Conferences 273, 04016 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127304016 INTERAGROMASH 2021 land, which affects the seasonal, during the spring flood, deterioration of the quality of drinking water. Sources of pollution are also associated with human activities: transportation, processing and use of oil as fuel and industrial raw materials. Among the products of industrial production, toxic synthetic substances taking a special place in terms of their negative impact on the aquatic environment and living organisms. Pollution of water bodies leads to a reduction in food resources due to the inability to consume fish, fish products that can be contaminated with various toxic chemicals: heavy metals, organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls. Polluted waters of reservoirs can not be used for irrigation of agricultural land, they also can not be used in animal husbandry and poultry farming. Sanitary and epidemiological surveillance services constantly note high pollution of surface water. Long-term observations of the dynamics of surface water quality reveal a tendency to increase the number of reservoirs with a high level of pollution. All this fully applies to the southern districts of the Leningrad Region, in particular, the Luzhsky district, where there are many reservoirs. The quality of water in the Luga River, as well as in wells and springs, where most of the region's population takes water for drinking use, is a topical issue for residents of the Luga district. Discharges of sewage from towns and cities, flushes from fields where excessive amounts of nitrogen fertilizers are used as a result of improper management, storage of manure on farms, cesspools – all this creates a biogenic load on natural waters. Excessive intake of nutrients (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus) leads to eutrophication-reservoirs begin to "bloom", water quality deteriorates. The term eutrophication should be understood as an excess intake of organic and mineral substances into water bodies. Climate change exacerbates the problem - the number of flooding and flooding of territories is growing, which increases the risks of flushing from the territories and the flow of nitrogen-containing substances into water bodies, which have an adverse effect on the human body 4 . In recent decades, due to the increased anthropogenic impact, the intensity of eutrophication has increased dramatically. This is due to the entry into the reservoirs of a significant amount of nutrients-nitrogen, phosphorus and other elements in the form of fertilizers, detergents, animal waste, atmospheric aerosols, etc. The processes of anthropogenic eutrophication cover the worlds large lakes, including Lake Ladoga. In the Luga region this primarily refers to the Omchino and Toloni lakes. The aim of the work was to study the bioecological state of water bodies in the Luzhsky district of the Leningrad Region and the prospects for de-eutrophication. The monitoring data of water bodies were studied and the factors affecting the bioecological state of water bodies were considered. 2 Research methods The study used physicochemical, sanitary-microbiological, parasitological and toxicological methods of research (Russian Standards 31861-2012, 2.1.5.980-00, 2.1.4.1110-02, 2.1.4.1175-02, 4.2.1884-04, 14.1:2:4.207-04). Research objects: Obla River; Svinechnaya River; Toloni Lake; Lake Omchino. The Leningrad Region is entirely located on the territory of the East European Plateau. This explains the flat nature of the terrain with insignificant absolute altitudes (mainly 50- 150 meters above sea level). The territory of the Karelian Isthmus (and especially its north- western part) is characterized by rugged terrain, numerous rock outcrops and a large 2 E3S Web of Conferences 273, 04016 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127304016 INTERAGROMASH 2021 number of lakes. Geologically the Karelian Isthmus lies on the southern edge of the Baltic Shield's crystalline bedrock. The territory of the Karelian Isthmus, especially its northwestern part, is characterized by rugged relief, numerous rocky outcrops and a large number of lakes. The highest point of the Karelian Isthmus is Mount Kivisyurya, 203 m above sea level, located not far from the village of Novozhilovo in the Kamennaya Gora tract. The lowlands are mainly located on the shores of the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga as well as in the valleys of large rivers. The main ones are Vyborg, Priozersk, Priladozhskiy, Predportovaya (seaside), Plyusskiy, Luga, the Volkhov, the Svir, and the Tikhvin. The largest elevations are Lembolovsky, Izhora, Lodeynoye pole, Wasowska hills and Tikhvin ridge. The highest point of the region — Mount Gapselga (291 meters above sea level) - is located on the Veps hill. An interesting geographical feature is the Baltic-Ladoga ledge (glint) - a high (up to 40-60 meters) cliff that stretches for more than 200 km from the west to the east of the region. It is the shore of the ancient sea. The territory of the region is located at the junction of two major tectonic structures. The north-west of the region is located on the Baltic Crystal Shield, where Archean and Early Proterozoic rocks come to the surface. They were formed more than 600 million years ago as a result of powerful volcanic eruptions. Therefore, in this area, the main minerals are granite, facing stone and sand, and gravel material. On the southern shores of the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga, during the Cambrian period (about 500 million years ago), thick layers of sedimentary rocks (blue clays with sandstone layers) were formed. Approximately 400 million years ago, during the Ordovician period, the formation of obolovye sandstones containing deposits of phosphorite and oil shale occurred (west of the region). In the south of the region, rocks of the Devonian period come to the surface. In the eastern part of the region, rocks formed during the Carboniferous period are close to the surface. There are deposits of bauxite, limestone and dolomite. Finally, the relief of the region was formed in the Quaternary period as a result of four glaciations and successive interglacial epochs. Therefore, in most of the region there are deposits of peat, clay and sand. The Leningrad Region has an extensive lake-river system that connects both the inner regions and the region with other regions and abroad. If we analyze the lake content within the Leningrad Region, the lake content of the Karelian Isthmus (the southern part of the Kola-Karelian geoblock of the Baltic Shield), excluding the water area of Lake Ladoga, will be about 10 %. As soon as the shield sinks under the East European plateau, the lacustrine content decreases and averages 1,5 % in the northwest of St. Petersburg, 2 % in the southwestern part of the region, and 2,2 % in the east. Тoloni is a lake in the Luzhsky District of the Leningrad Region. The lake is located 2 km south of the town of Luga northwest of Lake Cheremenetsky. Toloni is a running lake — Intake is river Robotka, outtake is river Brewka. With an area of 0,6 km2, altitude above sea level of 36,8 m. Omchino is a lake in the Luzhsky District of the Leningrad Region.
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