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Human and Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Narcotics, And Current State of Knowledge and Monitoring Requirements HUMAN AND VETERINARY PHARMACEUTICALS, 2325 NARCOTICS, AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS 2007 IN THE ENVIRONMENT (TA-2325/2007) TA-2325/2007 ISBN 978-82-7655-52-524-0 Employer: Statens forurensningstilsyn (SFT) Executing research institution: IVL, NILU and NIVA Human and Veterinary Report 2325/2007 Pharmaceuticals, Narcotics, and Personal Care Products in the Environment Current State of Knowledge and Monitoring Requirements Project leader: Martin Schlabach Authors: Merete Grung, Eldbjørg S. Heimstad, Morten Moe, Martin Schlabach, Anders Svenson, Kevin Thomas, Andreas Woldegiorgis 1 (TA-2325/2007) Preface Many tonnes of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals are sold in Norway every year, whilst it is es- timated that many kilos of narcotics are illegally used. The personal care products market in Norway is worth several billion NOK a year. As with many other compounds their eventual sink is the sea or great lakes. The ecotoxicological risk these substances pose to the environment is less clear. Due to their specific mechanisms of biologically activity these substances may exert chronic long-term risks especially to the aquatic environment. This report addresses the need to better understand the issues associated with human and veterinary pharmaceuticals, narcotics, and personal care products in the environment through performing a re- view and assessment of existing data and current and planned activities. On behave of the Norwegian Control Pollution Authority (SFT) the three environmental research insti- tutes IVL (Sweden), NILU (Norway), and NIVA (Norway) have performed a review of the current state of the knowledge on PPCPs and selected compounds prioritised for further monitoring. SFT, Oslo, January 2008 Anne Mari Opheim Deputy Director for the Department of Chemicals and Local Environmental Management 2 (TA-2325/2007) Contents 1. Summary .................................................................................................. 5 2. Sammendrag ............................................................................................ 9 3. Introduction ........................................................................................... 13 4. Environmental risk assessment of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals, narcotics, and personal care products .................. 14 4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 14 4.2. Guidelines .............................................................................................................................. 15 4.3. Estimation of PEC and PEC /PNEC ratios for prioritization of HPs ..................................... 16 4.3.1. Human pharmaceuticals exempted from risk assessment in this study ................................. 18 4.4. Estimation of PEC and PEC /PNEC ratios for prioritization of VPs ..................................... 18 4.4.1. VPs used in agriculture .......................................................................................................... 18 4.4.2. VPs used in aquaculture ......................................................................................................... 19 4.5. Estimation of PEC and PEC /PNEC ratios for prioritization of personal care products ........ 19 4.6. Estimation of PEC and PEC /PNEC ratios for prioritization of narcotics ............................. 19 5. Human pharmaceuticals (HP) ............................................................. 20 5.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 20 5.2. Environmental occurrence, fate, and effects of human pharmaceuticals ............................... 20 5.2.1. A Alimentary tract and metabolism ....................................................................................... 21 5.2.2. B Blood and blood forming organs ........................................................................................ 21 5.2.3. C Cardiovascular system........................................................................................................ 22 5.2.4. D Dermatologicals ................................................................................................................. 25 5.2.5. G Genito-urinary system and sex hormones .......................................................................... 25 5.2.6. H Systemic hormonal preparations, excluding sex hormones and insulins ........................... 26 5.2.7. J Anti-infectives for systemic use .......................................................................................... 26 5.2.8. L Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents .................................................................. 31 5.2.9. M Musculo-skeletal system ................................................................................................... 31 5.2.10. N Nervous system .................................................................................................................. 33 5.2.11. P Anti-parasitic products, insecticides and repellents ............................................................ 39 5.2.12. R Respiratory system ............................................................................................................. 39 5.2.13. Concluding remarks on the monitoring data of human pharmaceuticals ............................... 40 5.3. Hospital pharmaceuticals ....................................................................................................... 40 5.3.1. Contrast media ....................................................................................................................... 40 5.3.2. Other pharmaceutical residues from hospitals ....................................................................... 41 5.3.3. UNN as a case study .............................................................................................................. 44 5.3.4. Results from the SFT-study 2006 .......................................................................................... 46 5.4. Human pharmaceuticals prioritised for further monitoring ................................................... 46 5.4.1. Prioritisation based on measured effects ................................................................................ 46 5.4.2. Prioritisation based on theoretical estimated effects .............................................................. 50 5.5. Sampling strategy and analytical methods ............................................................................. 51 6. Veterinary pharmaceuticals ................................................................. 53 6.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 53 6.2. Environmental occurrence, fate, and effects of veterinary pharmaceuticals.......................... 53 6.2.1. QJ Anti-infectives for Systemic Use ...................................................................................... 53 6.2.2. QP Antiparasitic Products, Insecticides and Repellents ........................................................ 57 6.2.3. Concluding remarks on the monitoring data of veterinary pharmaceuticals. ........................ 58 6.3. Prioritisation for further monitoring ...................................................................................... 59 3 (TA-2325/2007) 6.4. Pharmaceuticals used in aquaculture ..................................................................................... 62 6.5. Sampling strategy and analytical methods for VP ................................................................. 64 7. Personal care products (PCPs) ............................................................ 65 7.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 65 7.2. Environmental occurrence, fate, and effects of personal care products ................................. 65 7.2.1. Antibiotics .............................................................................................................................. 65 7.2.2. Conservatives ......................................................................................................................... 66 7.2.3. Surfactants ............................................................................................................................. 67 7.2.4. Insect repellents ..................................................................................................................... 69 7.2.5. Musks ..................................................................................................................................... 69 7.2.6. Pigments ................................................................................................................................. 71 7.2.7. Phthalates ............................................................................................................................... 71 7.2.8. Siloxanes ................................................................................................................................ 72 7.2.9. UV-filters ............................................................................................................................... 74 7.2.10. Concluding remarks on the monitoring data of personal care products
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