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WATER QUALITY
TESTING
SUMMARY

A DETAILED REVIEW OF THE TEST RESULTS FOR THE DRINKING WATER PRODUCED BY THE CARY/APEX WATER TREATMENT FACILITY

2020

JOHN CONLEY (Senior Laboratory Analyst) has been employed by the Town of Cary at the Cary/Apex Water Treatment Facility Laboratory since September 2001.

CARY/APEX WATER TREATMENT FACILITY 2020 WATER QUALITY TESTING SUMMARY

We are pleased to present to you the Cary/

If you have any questions or concerns regarding this report, please contact Rachel Monschein, Water System Laboratory Supervisor, at (919) 362-5507.

  • Apex Water
  • Treatment
  • Facility
  • Test
  • Result

Summary for 2020. This report is a snapshot of last

year’s water quality. The values contained in this report are based on single measurements or yearly averages depending on the contaminant. The Environmental Protection Agency and/or the State requires us to monitor for certain substances less than once per year because the concentrations of these substances are not

expected to vary significantly from year to year. Some of

the data, though representative of the water quality, is more than one year old. In these cases, the most recent data is included, along with the year in which the sample was taken. It is our constant goal to provide you with a safe and dependable supply of drinking water.
In order to ensure that tap water is safe to drink, EPA prescribes regulations that limit the amount of certain contaminants in water provided by public water systems. Drinking water, including bottled water, may reasonably be expected to contain at least small amounts of some contaminants. The presence of contaminants does not necessarily indicate the water poses a health risk. To obtain more information about contaminants and potential health effects, call the EPA’s Safe Drinking Water Hotline at (800) 426-4791.

2

CARY/APEX WATER TREATMENT FACILITY 2020 WATER QUALITY TESTING SUMMARY

IMPORTANT DRINKING WATER DEFINITIONS:

Action Level (AL)

Locational Running Annual Average (LRAA)

The concentration of a contaminant that, if exceeded, triggers treatment or other requirements which a water system must follow.

The average of sample analytical results for samples taken at a particular monitoring location during the previous four calendar quarters under the Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule.

Amount Detected

The annual average value, not the maximum value, for the parameter listed. EPA requires that maximum amounts detected be reported in the Annual Water Quality Report (CCR).

Microsiemens per centimeter (µS/cm)

A measure of the conductivity of water.

Million Fibers per Liter (MF/L)
Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)

A measure of the presence of asbestos fibers that are

longer than 10 micrometers.
The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to the MCLGs as feasible using the best available treatment technology.

Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU)

A measure of the clarity or turbidity of water.
Note: MCLs are set at very stringent levels. To

understand the possible health effects described for many regulated constituents, a person would have to drink two liters of water every day at the MCL level for a lifetime to have a one-in-a-million chance of having the described health effect.

Not Applicable (N/A)

Information not applicable or not required.

Non-Detects (ND)

The contaminant is not present at the level of detection set for the particular method used.

Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG)

The level of a contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MCLGs allow for a margin of safety.

Parts Per Billion (ppb) or Micrograms Per Liter (µg/L)

One part substance per billion parts water.

Parts Per Million (ppm) or Milligrams Per Liter (mg/L)
Maximum Residual Disinfection Level (MRDL)

The highest level of a disinfectant allowed in drinking water. There is convincing evidence that addition of a disinfectant is necessary for control of microbial contaminants.
One part substance per million parts water.

Parts Per Trillion (ppt) or Nanograms Per Liter (nanograms/L)

One part substance per trillion parts water.

Maximum Residual Disinfection Level Goal (MRDLG)
Picocuries Per Liter (pCi/L)

The level of a drinking water disinfectant below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MRDLGs

do not reflect the benefits of the use of disinfectants to

control microbial contaminants.
A measure of the radioactivity in water.

Running Annual Average (RAA)

Compliance calculations based on a running annual average of reported values.

Method Reporting Limit (MRL)

The lowest reportable concentration set for the particular method used.

Standard Units (SU)

A measure of the pH of water.

Treatment Technique (TT)

A treatment technique is a required process intended to reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water.

3

CARY/APEX WATER TREATMENT FACILITY 2020 WATER QUALITY TESTING SUMMARY

LEAD AND COPPER

SITES ABOVE AL/TOTAL SITES
CONTAMINANT (UNITS)

  • YEAR
  • TEST
  • HIGHEST LEVEL

ALLOWED (MCL)
HIGHEST LEVEL GOAL (MCLG)

  • AMOUNT
  • VIOLATION

Y/N
TYPICAL SOURCE

  • SAMPLED FREQUENCY
  • DETECTED

Corrosion of household plumbing systems; erosion of natural deposits; leaching from wood preservatives
Copper (ppm)
AL = 1.3

AL = 15
1.3 0

  • 0.121
  • 0/60

0/60
60 samples once every
3 years
(90th percentile)

  • 2018
  • N

Lead (ppb) (90th percentile)
Corrosion of household plumbing systems, erosion of natural deposits
<0.003

NITRATE AND NITRITE

  • CONTAMINANT
  • YEAR
  • TEST
  • HIGHEST LEVEL

ALLOWED (MCL)
HIGHEST LEVEL GOAL (MCLG)

  • AMOUNT
  • RANGE
  • VIOLATION

Y/N
TYPICAL SOURCE

  • (UNITS)
  • SAMPLED FREQUENCY
  • DETECTED DETECTED

Runoff from fertilizer use; leaching

from septic tanks, sewage; erosion of natural deposits
Nitrate (as Nitrogen) (ppm)
10 1
10 1
<1
2 times

2020

  • N/A
  • N

a week

Runoff from fertilizer use; leaching

from septic tanks, sewage; erosion of natural deposits
Nitrite (as Nitrogen) (ppm)
<0.01

ASBESTOS

  • CONTAMINANT
  • YEAR
  • TEST
  • HIGHEST LEVEL

ALLOWED (MCL)
HIGHEST LEVEL GOAL (MCLG)

  • AMOUNT
  • RANGE
  • VIOLATION

Y/N
TYPICAL SOURCE

  • (UNITS)
  • SAMPLED FREQUENCY
  • DETECTED
  • DETECTED

Once every

2020

Decay of asbestos cement water mains; erosion of natural deposits

  • Total Asbestos (MF/L)
  • 7
  • 7
  • < 0.19
  • N/A
  • N

9 years

DISINFECTANTS AND DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS

CONTAMINANT (UNITS)

  • YEAR
  • TEST
  • HIGHEST LEVEL

ALLOWED (MCL)
HIGHEST LEVEL GOAL (MCLG)

  • AMOUNT
  • RANGE
  • VIOLATION

TYPICAL SOURCE

  • SAMPLED FREQUENCY
  • DETECTED
  • DETECTED
  • Y/N

  • 40
  • 26 – 47

  • TTHM (ppb)
  • 8 samples

quarterly

By-product of drinking water

(Maximum LRAA)

80 60
N/A N/A
(individual

  • [Total Trihalomethanes]
  • chlorination

sample sites)

16

10– 21

(individual sample sites)
HAA5 (ppb) [Total Haloacetic Acids]
8 samples quarterly

By-product of drinking water

disinfection

(Maximum LRAA)

8

10

1 – 4

Once a month
(running annual average)

By-product of drinking water

  • Bromate (ppb)
  • (running annual

average)

  • 0
  • (individual

disinfection measurements)

2020

N
127 samples a month except for March
3.05
(running annual
MRDL = 4
(running annual average)

1.23– 3.96

(individual sites)
Water additive used to control microbes
Chloramines (ppm) Chlorine, Free (ppm)
MRDLG = 4 average)

2.05

MRDL = 4
(running annual average)

0.67– 2.91

(individual sites)
127 samples
(running annual
Water additive used to control microbes
MRDLG = 4
N/A in March average)

Total Organic Carbon (removal ratio)

  • Weekly
  • TT
  • 1.62
  • 1.32 – 1.92
  • Naturally present in the environment

4

CARY/APEX WATER TREATMENT FACILITY 2020 WATER QUALITY TESTING SUMMARY

TURBIDITY (COMBINED FILTER EFFLUENT TURBIDITY VALUES)

  • CONTAMINANT
  • YEAR
  • TEST
  • HIGHEST LEVEL
  • HIGHEST LEVEL
  • AMOUNT
  • RANGE
  • VIOLATION

Y/N
TYPICAL SOURCE

  • (UNITS)
  • SAMPLED FREQUENCY
  • ALLOWED (MCL)
  • GOAL (MCLG)
  • DETECTED
  • DETECTED

0.09 and 100% <
0.3% NTU
TT = 1 NTU and 95% <0.3 NTU

2020

  • Turbidity (NTU)
  • Every 4 hours
  • N/A
  • 0.02 – 0.09
  • N

Soil runoff

Note: Compliance with the MCL for turbidity is based on the combined filter effluent turbidity values, not the finished water turbidity values.

RADIOLOGICALS

  • CONTAMINANT
  • YEAR
  • TEST
  • HIGHEST LEVEL

ALLOWED (MCL)
HIGHEST LEVEL GOAL (MCLG)

  • AMOUNT
  • VIOLATION

Y/N
TYPICAL SOURCE

  • (UNITS)
  • SAMPLED
  • FREQUENCY
  • DETECTED

Gross Alpha (pCi/L) Gross Beta (pCi/L)

  • 15
  • < 3

4.2
Erosion of natural deposits Decay of natural and

man-made deposits

50
Once every
9 years

  • 2017
  • 0
  • N

Radium 226 (pCi/L)

Radium 228 (pCi/L) Uranium (pCi/L)
32
< 1 < 1
Erosion of natural deposits Erosion of natural deposits

  • Erosion of natural deposits
  • 20.1
  • < 0.67

MICROBIOLOGICALS

  • CONTAMINANT
  • YEAR
  • TEST
  • HIGHEST LEVEL ALLOWED

(MCL)
HIGHEST LEVEL GOAL (MCLG)

  • AMOUNT
  • VIOLATION

TYPICAL SOURCE

  • (UNITS)
  • SAMPLED
  • FREQUENCY
  • DETECTED
  • Y/N

TT = If greater than 5% of monthly samples are positive in one month, an assessment is required.
127 samples a month
Total Coliform Bacteria (presence or absence)
Naturally present in the environment

2020

  • N/A
  • 0.77%
  • N/A

0 (Note: Routine and repeat samples are

total coliform-positive and either is E. coli-positive or system fails to take repeat samples following E. coli-positive routine sample or system fails to analyze total coliform-positive repeat sample for

E. coli.)
127 samples a month
Fecal Coliform or E. coli (presence or absence)
Human and animal fecal waste

2020

  • 0
  • 0
  • N

Cryptosporidium (oocysts/L)
Human and animal fecal waste
<0.010

2020

Once Once

  • TT = 99 % removal
  • 0

0
NN
Giardia lamblia (cysts/L)
Human and animal fecal waste
<0.010

2020

TT = 99 % removal/inactivation

TRIHALOMETHANES (THMs)

  • CONTAMINANT
  • YEAR
  • AMOUNT
  • VIOLATION

  • TEST FREQUENCY
  • RANGE DETECTED
  • TYPICAL SOURCE

  • (UNITS)
  • SAMPLED
  • DETECTED

12.7

Y/N

  • Chloroform (ppb)
  • 6.6 – 21.0

9.9– 16

13.6
1.6

Bromodichloromethane (ppb) Bromoform (ppb)
8 samples quarterly

2020

N

By-product of drinking water chlorination

1.0 – 2.6

  • 7.5 – 11.0
  • Chlorodibromomethane (ppb)

Note: Not individually regulated.

9.7

5

CARY/APEX WATER TREATMENT FACILITY 2020 WATER QUALITY TESTING SUMMARY

HALOACETIC ACIDS (HAAs)

  • CONTAMINANT
  • YEAR
  • AMOUNT
  • VIOLATION

Y/N

  • TEST FREQUENCY
  • RANGE DETECTED
  • TYPICAL SOURCE

  • (UNITS)
  • SAMPLED
  • DETECTED

Trichloroacetic Acid (ppb) Dichloroacetic Acid (ppb) Monochloroacetic Acid (ppb) Monobromoacetic Acid (ppb) Dibromoacetic Acid (ppb)

Note: Not individually regulated.

3.0 8.7

1.6 – 5.7 6.2 – 13

No range

<1 - 1.9

8 samples quarterly

2020

<2.0 <1.0

2.3

N

By-product of drinking water chlorination

1.4– 3.7

REGULATED INORGANICS

  • CONTAMINANT
  • YEAR
  • TEST
  • HIGHEST LEVEL

ALLOWED (MCL)

  • HIGHEST LEVEL
  • AMOUNT
  • RANGE
  • VIOLATION

Y/N
TYPICAL SOURCE

  • (UNITS)
  • SAMPLED
  • FREQUENCY
  • GOAL (MCLG)
  • DETECTED
  • DETECTED

Discharge from petroleum refineries; fire

Antimony (ppb) Arsenic (ppb) Barium (ppm) Beryllium (ppb)
610 2

  • 6
  • < 3

retardants; ceramics; electronics; solder

Erosion of natural deposits; runoff from orchards; runoff from glass and electronics

production wastes
024
< 5
< 0.4
< 2
Discharge of drilling wastes; discharge from

metal refineries; erosion of natural deposits

Daily

Discharge from metal refineries and coal-

burning factories; discharge from electrical, aerospace, and defense industries
No range
4

Corrosion of galvanized pipes; erosion of

natural deposits; discharge from metal

refineries; runoff from waste batteries

and paints
Cadmium (ppb) Chromium (ppb)

  • 5
  • 5
  • < 1

2020

  • N
  • Discharge from steel and pulp mills; erosion

of natural deposits

  • 100
  • 100
  • < 20

< 50
Cyanide, Total (ppb)
Discharge from steel/metal factories;

discharge from plastic and fertilizer factories

2x Annually

  • 200
  • 200

Erosion of natural deposits; water additive which promotes strong teeth; discharge from

fertilizer and aluminum factories

Daily

<0.1 – 0.97

  • Fluoride (ppm)
  • 4
  • 4

0.60

Erosion of natural deposits; discharge from

refineries and factories; runoff from landfills; runoff from cropland

Mercury (inorganic) (ppb)

  • 2x Annually
  • 2
  • 2
  • < 0.4

No range
Discharge from petroleum and metal

refineries; erosion of natural deposits;

discharge from mines
Selenium (ppb) Thallium (ppb)
50 2

  • 50
  • < 10

< 1

Daily

Leaching from ore-processing sites; discharge

from electronics, glass, and drug factories
0.5

6

CARY/APEX WATER TREATMENT FACILITY 2020 WATER QUALITY TESTING SUMMARY

ERIN LEE (Senior Laboratory Analyst) has been employed by the Town of Cary at the Cary/Apex Water Treatment Facility Laboratory since October 2005.

WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS

  • CONTAMINANT
  • YEAR
  • TEST
  • HIGHEST LEVEL
  • AMOUNT
  • RANGE
  • VIOLATION

  • Y/N
  • (UNITS)
  • SAMPLED
  • FREQUENCY
  • ALLOWED (SMCL)
  • DETECTED
  • DETECTED

Alkalinity, Total, as CaCO3 (ppm) Aluminum (ppm)
Daily Daily
N/A 0.20 N/A N/A N/A N/A 250
35
0.03 0.11

0.95 8.54 1.50 17.6

0

25 – 42

<0.02 – 0.07

  • 0 – 0.28
  • Ammonia, Free (ppm)

Ammonia, Total (ppm) Calcium (ppm)
Daily

  • Daily
  • 0.00 – 1.11

6.81 – 10.25 0.86 – 4.28 11.6 – 21.2

Daily
Carbon Dioxide (ppm) Chloride (ppm)
Daily Weekly

  • Daily
  • Color (CU)
  • 15
  • 0 – 2

N/A

121– 264
221

<1

  • Conductivity (uS/cm)
  • Daily

Daily

2020

Geosmin (ppt)

  • N/A
  • <1 – 6.40

Classified as

Hardness, Total, as CaCO3 (ppm)

33

27 – 39
Daily

Daily
“moderately soft”

Classified as

“moderately soft”
Hardness, Total, as CaCO3 (grains per gallon)
N

  • 1 .6 – 2.3
  • 1.9

  • Iron (ppm)
  • Daily

Daily
0.3 N/A

  • <0.06
  • No range

2.35– 3.34

<0.01 – 0.03
Magnesium (ppm) Manganese (ppm)

Methylisoborneol (MIB) (ppt)

Nickel (ppm)
2.75

  • Daily
  • 0.05
  • 0.01

Daily

N/A

N/A

<1

<0.1 0.62 7.75 3.44

31.7
37

<1 – 4.82

  • No range
  • Daily

Ortho-Phosphate as PO4 (ppm)

pH (SU)
Weekly Daily
N/A

<0.05 – 0.71

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  • Exposure to and Toxicity of Methyl-, Ethyl- and Propylparaben a Literature Review with a Focus on Endocrine-Disrupting Properties

    Exposure to and Toxicity of Methyl-, Ethyl- and Propylparaben a Literature Review with a Focus on Endocrine-Disrupting Properties

    National Institute forPublic Health and the Environment Ministryof Health, Welfare and Sport Exposure to and toxicity of methyl-, ethyl- and propylparaben A literature review with a focus on endocrine-disrupting properties RIVM Report 2017-0028 W. Brand et al. Exposure to and toxicity of methyl-, ethyl- and propylparaben A literature review with a focus on endocrine-disrupting properties RIVM Report 2017-0028 RIVM Report 2017-0028 Colophon © RIVM 2018 Parts of this publication may be reproduced, provided acknowledgement is given to: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, along with the title and year of publication. DOI 10.21945/RIVM-2017-0028 W. Brand (author), RIVM P.E. Boon (author), RIVM E.V.S. Hessel (author), RIVM J.A.J. Meesters (author), RIVM M. Weda (author), RIVM A.G. Schuur (author), RIVM Contact: dr.ir. Walter Brand Centre for Safety of Substances and Products [email protected] This investigation has been performed by order and for the account of The Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), within the framework of research question 9.1.67 ‘Exposure of consumers to substances with possible effects on the endocrine system’. This is a publication of: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment P.O. Box 1 | 3720 BA Bilthoven The Netherlands www.rivm.nl/en Page 2 of 109 RIVM Report 2017-0028 Synopsis Exposure to and toxicity of methyl-, ethyl- and propylparaben A literature review with a focus on endocrine-disrupting properties Parabens inhibit the growth of fungi and bacteria and, as such, are substances that can be used as preservatives in a variety of consumer products, such as personal care products, food and medicines.
  • Ryan M. Menapace

    Ryan M. Menapace

    DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF CYCLOHEXYLMETHYLPARABEN ON ACTIVATION OF APOPTOTIC CASPASE-3 IN M624 MELANOMA CELLS Ryan M. Menapace This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Research Honors Program in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Marietta College Marietta, Ohio May 6, 2020 Menapace 1 This Research Honors thesis has been approved for the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Honors and Investigative Studies Committee by Suzanne Parsons 5/6/2020 Faculty thesis advisor Date David Brown______________________ 5/6/2020 Thesis committee member Date Menapace 2 Foreword Due to the outbreak of COVID-19, work on this project came to an abrupt end before additional caspase-3 activity assays could be completed in triplicate with statistical significance. Data associated with the caspase-3 activity assays is representative of 2 individual sets of data. The inability to receive additional materials for assays from the manufacturer and the suspension of all academic activities at Marietta College have limited the conclusions to this study, but the data presented is as accurate and thorough as possible under the given circumstances. Menapace 3 Acknowledgements This project would not have been possible without the support of Marietta College’s Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry in addition to the support of the Honors Program and Investigative Studies Program. The resources provided by all of these programs were vital to the completion of my project. The knowledge I obtained throughout my education in biochemistry and chemistry were invaluable tools for this process. Special thanks to Dr. David Brown for serving on my thesis committee and providing insight on my project throughout its completion.
  • INCI Terminology

    INCI Terminology

    www.WholesaleSuppliesPlus.com 1(800)359-0944 INCI TERMINOLOGY - SINGLE INGREDIENT COMMON NAME INCI TERM Agar Agar Gelidium Amansii (Agar) Alcohol/Denatured Alcohol/SDA Alcohol Alfalfa Powder Medicago Sativa (Alfalfa) Leaf Powder Alkanet/Alkanet Root Alkanna Tinctoria Root Extract Allantoin Allantoin Almond Meal Prunus Dulcis (Almond) Meal Almond Milk Prunus Dulcis (Almond) Milk Almond Oil/Sweet Almond Oil Prunus Dulcis (Almond) Oil Aloe Extract Butter Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil (and) Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract Aloe Vera 100x Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice (and) Maltodextrin Aloe Vera 200x Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Aloe Vera Extract Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe) Leaf Extract Aloe Vera Gel Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe) Leaf Juice Aloe Vera Juice Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe) Leaf Juice Alum Amyris balsamifera (Amyris) Oil Amyris Essential Oil Amyris balsamifera (Amyris) Oil Anise Essential Oil Pimpinella Anisum (Anise) Oil Anise Powder Pimpinella Anisum (Anise Annatto Annatto (Bixa Orelana) Annatto Powder Annatto (Bixa orelana) Apricot Kernel Oil Prunus Armeniaca (Apricot) Kernel Oil Apricot Seed Powder Prunus Armeniaca (Apricot) Seed Powder Arnica Arnica Montana (Arnica) Arrowroot Powder Maranta Arundinaceae (Arrowroot) Ascorbic Acid USP/Vitamin C Acorbic Acid Avocado Persea Gratissima (Avocado) Fruit Avocado Oil Persea Gratissima (Avocado) Oil Babassu Oil Orbignya Oleifera (Babassu) Seed Oil Baking Soda Sodium Bicarbonate Balsam Fir Essential Oil Abies Balsamea (Balsam Canda) Resin Balsam Peru/Peru Balsam Essential Oil Myroxylon Pereira (Balsam Peru)
  • Effects of Butylparaben Exposure on Pancreatic Development in Zebrafish (Danio Erio)R Embryos

    Effects of Butylparaben Exposure on Pancreatic Development in Zebrafish (Danio Erio)R Embryos

    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses Dissertations and Theses November 2016 Effects of Butylparaben Exposure on Pancreatic Development in Zebrafish (Danio erio)r Embryos Sarah E. Brown University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2 Recommended Citation Brown, Sarah E., "Effects of Butylparaben Exposure on Pancreatic Development in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos" (2016). Masters Theses. 411. https://doi.org/10.7275/9028692 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/411 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Effects of Butylparaben Exposure on Pancreatic Development in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos A Thesis Presented by SARAH E. BROWN Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE September 2016 Environmental Health Sciences i © Copyright by Sarah E. Brown 2016 All Rights Reserved ii Effects of Butylparaben Exposure on Pancreatic Development in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos A Thesis Presented by SARAH E. BROWN Approved as to style and content by: _________________________________________________ Alicia R. Timme-Laragy, Chair _________________________________________________ Laura N. Vandenberg, Member _________________________________________________ Alexander V. Suvorov, Member ___________________________________________ Edward J. Stanek III, Department Chair, Department of Environmental Health Sciences iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Dr. Alicia Timme-Laragy, for this incredible opportunity. Working with Dr.
  • The Occurrence of Pharmaceutical Waste in Different Parts of the World: a Scoping Review

    The Occurrence of Pharmaceutical Waste in Different Parts of the World: a Scoping Review

    The occurrence of pharmaceutical waste in different parts of the world: A scoping review Kim Yun Jin 1 , Muhammad Shahzad Aslam Corresp. 1 1 School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia Corresponding Author: Muhammad Shahzad Aslam Email address: [email protected] Pharmaceutical waste in our ecosystem is the huge burden for our future generations, especially in developing countries. It can be in every place even in drinking water after water treatment. It was observed the presence of over the counter drugs such as ibuprofen, naproxen, acetaminophen and antibiotic such as sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, erythromycin the most in the environment. Among all result, Carbamazepine which is known to treat epilepsy was found the most in the environment when the results were compiled from different parts of the world due to its low biodegradable properties. The current article is focused on the occurrence of pharmaceutical waste in the last eight years (January 2010- July 2018) published research work. PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.27951v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 10 Sep 2019, publ: 10 Sep 2019 1 The occurrence of Pharmaceutical Waste in different parts of the World: A scoping Review 2 3 Abstract: 4 Background: Pharmaceutical waste in our ecosystem is a massive burden for our future generations, 5 especially in developing countries. It can be in every place even in drinking water after water treatment. 6 Objectives: The focus of the current article is the occurrences of pharmaceutical waste in the last eight 7 years (January 2010- July 2018) of published research work.
  • Determination of Preservatives in Fruit Juice Products Available in Bangladesh by a Validated RP-HPLC Method

    Determination of Preservatives in Fruit Juice Products Available in Bangladesh by a Validated RP-HPLC Method

    Determination of Preservatives in Fruit Juice Products Available in Bangladesh by a Validated RP-HPLC Method Md. Samiul Islam, Nisat Zahan, Md. Shahadat Hossain and Abu Shara Shamsur Rouf Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh (Received: February 02, 2019; Accepted: June 18, 2019; Published (Web): October 5, 2019) ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate whether fruit juices available in markets of Bangladesh contain any preservative. A specific RP-HPLC method was developed, validated and applied to identify and quantify preservatives including benzoic acid, sorbic acid, methyl paraben and propyl paraben simultaneously in 50 different products. These additives were separated by C18 column in mobile phase composed of methanol and acetate buffer (pH 4.4) in the ratio of 50:50 with a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min, and detected at 254 nm. Linearities for benzoic acid, sorbic acid, methyl paraben and propyl paraben were determined in the range of 20-170 ppm (r2 0.997), 12-42 ppm (r2 0.994), 10-60 ppm (r2 0.993) and 10-60 ppm (r2 0.992) respectively. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 5.46 ppm and 16.5 ppm for benzoic acid while for sorbic acid they were 1.08 ppm and 3.30 ppm, respectively. Benzoic acid was detected in a range of 96.1 to 441 ppm in 9 fruit juices while in 7 fruit juices sorbic acid was found in a range of 105 - 444 ppm. The values were within the maximum allowable ranges for fruit juice (1000 ppm for both benzoic acid and sorbic acid) as suggested by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).
  • Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate

    Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate

    Molbank 2010, M658 OPEN ACCESS molbank ISSN 1422-8599 www.mdpi.com/journal/molbank Short Note (Benzoylamino)methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate Emil Popovski 1,* and Kristina Mladenovska 2 1 Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Arhimedova 5, PO Box 162, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia 2 Department of Drug Design and Metabolism, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodious University, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]. Received: 14 January 2010 / Accepted: 22 February 2010 / Published: 25 February 2010 Abstract: (Benzoylamino)methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (―Benzamidomethylparaben‖) (3) was obtained from a reaction of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (2) with a dioxane suspension of (benzamidomethyl)triethylammonium chloride (1). The phenolic group in 2 cannot be benzamidomethylated with 1 in aqueous media. Keywords: benzamidomethyl; paraben; 4-hydroxybenzoic acid; preservative Parabens such as methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, isopropylparaben, butylparaben and isobutylparaben are chemical compounds derived from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (2) [1]. For almost one century they have been successfully used as antimicrobial preservatives in foods and beverages, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics [2]. In addition, parabens have been reported to have anticonvulsive, vasodilating, analgesic, and anesthetic effects in animals [3,4]. Considering toxicity, many results so far are inconclusive. Once entering the human body, parabens do not accumulate, but are rapidly absorbed, metabolized and excreted. Numerous acute toxicity studies as well as subchronic and chronic oral studies confirm their low toxicity, non-sensitivity and non-irritability [1,5,6]. Estrogen agonist properties of parabens have been documented with a wide variety of assay systems in vitro and in vivo [7,8].