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Filter of Safety Field Host Specificity Native range surveys on related/non-target organisms of the Mile-A-Minute Weed Weevil Field experiments in native range Matt Frye Ellen Lake
Laboratory experiments in native range
Quarantine studies in the introduced range
Field host specificity in introduced range
Native Range Surveys Filter of Safety CHINA Native range surveys on related/non-target organisms 111 species of phytophagous insects 6 orders, 29 families Field experiments in native range 7 potential specialists JAPAN Laboratory experiments in native range 50 species of phytophagous insects 5 orders Quarantine studies in the introduced range 6 potential specialists
Ding, J., W. Fu, R. Reardon, Y. Wu, & G. Zhang. 2004. Exploratory survey in China for potential insect biocontrol agents of mile-a-minute weed, Polygonum perfoliatum L., in Eastern USA. Biological Control 30: 487-495. Miura, K., H. Iida, K. Imai, S. Lyon, R. Reardon, & K. Fujisaki. 2008. Herbivorous insect fauna of mile-a-minute weed, Persicaria perfoliata Field host specificity in introduced range (Polygonaceae) in Japan. Florida Entomologist (91: 319-323.
Field Experiments in China Filter of Safety 2d 6d 12d 22d Mile-a-minute 65 31 20 10 Native range surveys on related/non-target organisms
Ji ye Liao ( Persicaria thunbergii ) Field experiments in native range Mile-a-minute
Japanese buckwheat ( Fagopyrum tartaricum ) Laboratory experiments in native range Mile-a-minute
Common buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ) 2 6 Quarantine studies in the introduced range
Mile-a-minute Field host specificity in introduced range
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Laboratory Experiments in China Laboratory Experiments in China
• Test plants closely related to target weed Larvae: no feeding on non-Polygonaceae – Economically important, human or livestock food, fed on MAM and 2 non-target species (<36hr) traditional medicines, ornamentals fed only on MAM in choice experiments – 3 tribes of Polygonaceae; 6 tribes of Polygonum L. present in China Adult: fed on 4 non-target species, no eggs except MAM • Larval choice and no-choice survived 25 (v. 69) days on non-target species – Excised leaves ate only MAM when given a choice • Adult choice and no-choice – Potted plants
Filter of Safety
Native range surveys on related/non-target organisms
Field experiments in native range Keith Colpetzer
Laboratory experiments in native range
Quarantine studies in the introduced range
Field host specificity in introduced range
Classical Biocontrol is a Process Filter of Safety 1. Initiation: choose target & generate financial support Native range surveys on related/non-target organisms 2. Correctly identify pest 3. Enemies in introduced range and pest ecology 4. Foreign exploration Field experiments in native range 5. Assess agent efficacy 6. Estimate natural enemy host range 7. Petition for release (approved 2003) Laboratory experiments in native range 8. Implementation: rear, release, establish, distribute 9. Evaluation Quarantine studies in the introduced range 10. Assess program completeness and economic value
Field host specificity in introduced range
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Field Host Specificity
Polygonaceae
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E. Lake
Pilot Study
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Pilot Study
Determine effects of dye (fluorescent powder) on R weevil dispersal and survival
2.5m 5m
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Pilot Study
R. Schnaitman M. Frye
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P. plant
P. sagittata P. hydropiper p. hydroPoides
P. pensylvanica P. punctata P. arifolia
P. perfoliata F. esculentum P. lapathifolia
P. aviculare P. longiseta P. virginiana
M. Frye E. Lake
Common Name Revised Name Status halberdleaf tearthumb Persicaria arifolia (L.) Harolds N swamp smartweed Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small N pale smartweed Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre N Pennsylvania smartweed Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) M. Gómez N dotted smartweed Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small N arrowleaf tearthumb Persicaria sagittata (L.) H. Gross N Virginia smartweed Persicaria virginiana (L.) Gaertn. N tufted knotweed Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitag. N & I common buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum Moench I marshpepper knotweed Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre I M. Frye M. Frye mile-a-minute weed Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross I prostrate knotweed Polygonum aviculare L. I
M. Frye M. Frye K. Cutting E. Lake
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25 Yellow Weevils (origin: MAM) Red Weevils (origin: non-target plants) Black Weevils (origin: unknown) 20 Persicaria perfoliata Persicaria perfoliata Fagopyrum esculentum Persicaria arifolia Persicaria hydropiper 15 Persicaria hydropiperoides Persicaria lapathifolia Persicaria longiseta Persicaria pensylvanica 10 Persicaria punctata Persicaria sagittata Average No. Weevils No. Average Persicaria virginiana Plastic plant Polygonum aviculare 5 Persicaria perfoliata Persicaria punctata Persicaria hydropiperoides
J. Hough-Goldstein 0 0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288 312 336 360 384 408 432 456 Hours Post-Release
25 25 Red Weevils (origin: non-target plants) Yellow Weevils (origin: MAM) Found in Plot and on Plant Found in Plot and on Plants
20 20
Persicaria perfoliata Persicaria perfoliata Persicaria sagittata Fagopyrum esculentum Persicaria lapathifolia Persicaria arifolia 15 Persicaria arifolia 15 Persicaria hydropiper Plastic plant Persicaria hydropiperoides Polygonum aviculare Persicaria lapathifolia Persicaria pensylvanica Persicaria longiseta Persicaria hydropiper Persicaria pensylvanica 10 10 Persicaria punctata Persicaria punctata Average No. Weevils No. Average Average No. Weevils No. Average Persicaria hydropiperoides Persicaria sagittata Persicaria longiseta Persicaria virginiana Persicaria virginiana Plastic plant 5 Fagopyrum esculentum 5 Polygonum aviculare
0 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 Hours Post-Release Hours Post-Release
5 E. Lake M. Frye Red Weevils (origin: non-target plants) Found in Plot and on Plants
4 Persicaria perfoliata Persicaria pensylvanica Persicaria arifolia Polygonum aviculare Persicaria longiseta 3 Persicaria hydropiper Persicaria hydropiperoides Fagopyrum esculentum Persicaria lapathifolia M. Frye M. Frye 2 Persicaria punctata Persicaria sagittata Average No. Weevils No. Average Persicaria virginiana Plastic plant
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0 49 73 97 121 145 169 193 217 241 265 289 313 337 361 385 409 433 457 Hours Post-Release
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5 Black Weevils (origin: unknown) 5 Yellow Weevils (origin: MAM) Found in Plot and on Plants Found in Plot and on Plant
Persicaria perfoliata 4 4 Persicaria punctata Persicaria perfoliata Persicaria hydropiperoides Fagopyrum esculentum Fagopyrum esculentum Persicaria arifolia Persicaria arifolia Persicaria hydropiper Persicaria hydropiper 3 3 Persicaria hydropiperoides Persicaria lapathifolia Persicaria lapathifolia Persicaria longiseta Persicaria longiseta Persicaria pensylvanica Persicaria sagittata Persicaria pensylvanica 2 Persicaria virginiana 2 Persicaria punctata Persicaria sagittata Average No. Weevils No. Average Average No. Weevils No. Average Plastic plant Polygonum aviculare Persicaria virginiana Plastic plant Polygonum aviculare 1 1
0 0 49 73 97 121 145 169 193 217 241 265 289 313 337 361 385 409 433 457 49 73 97 121 145 169 193 217 241 265 289 313 337 361 385 409 433 457 Hours Post-Release Hours Post-Release
Results Results
Red weevils to MAM within 3 hours Yellow weevils never found on non-target Eggs found on 3 of 6 MAM plants Total of 19 damaged nodes on 3 of 6 MAM No eggs or damaged nodes on non-target
http://www.udel.edu/udaily/2010/dec/disc120909.html
Acknowledgements Rachel Schnaitman Liz Drummond Kiri Cutting Janet Ebert Dr. Judy Hough-Goldstein Dr. Richard Reardon Delaware Nature Society Longwood Gardens Mount Cuba Center, Inc. NJ Dept Ag Phillip Alampi Lab
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