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The Seed Atlas of Pakistan-Xiv.Polygonaceae

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The Seed Atlas of Pakistan-Xiv.Polygonaceae Pak. J. Bot., 48(5): 1833-1848, 2016. THE SEED ATLAS OF PAKISTAN-XIV.POLYGONACEAE DURDANA KANWAL, RUBINA ABID AND M. QAISER Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi-72570, Pakistan *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] Abstract Macro and micro morphological characters of seeds of 40 taxa belonging to the family Polygonaceae were examined by using light and scanning electron microscopy including seed descriptions, keys and micrographs. Considerable variation was observed in seed size, shape, colour and surface at generic and specific levels. The present study provides an additional tool to strengthen the delimitation of taxa on the basis of seed morphology within the family Polygonaceae from Pakistan. This data is further analysed numerically by clustering to trace out the phylogenetic relationship of taxa at various levels. Key words: Seed morphology, Phylogeny, Polygonaceae, Pakistan. Introduction Numerical analysis: Hierarchical clustering was performed by using Euclidean distance index and The family Polygonaceae comprises 46 genera group strategy with the computer package (SPSS 18, with 1200 cosmopolitan species (Mabberley, 2008). It 2012).Each of the species was treated as operational is represented in Pakistan by 19 genera and 103 species taxonomic unit (OTU). Characters were recorded in (Qaiser, 2001). According to APG III (2009) the family binary state and coded as presence or absence (1 or 0 Polygonaceae is splitted into two subfamilies viz., respectively). The average values of the quantitative Eriogonoideae and Polygonoideae. All the studied taxa characters viz., seed number, length and breadth were are placed to the subfamily Polygonoideae. While the directly used. taxa of the subfamily Eriogonoideae are found in new world (Anjen et al., 2003). Ayodele & Zhou (2010) Observations and Results examined the seed morphological characters of 18 taxa General seed characters of the family Polygonaceae: of the family Polygonaceae through scanning electron Single seed per fruit. Seed 1-11.5 x 0.4-6.5 mm, microscope and concluded that seed morphological bigonous, trigonous or bigonous-trigonous, angles sharp characters may form a good correlation with gross or blunt, ovate, ovate-elliptic, obovate, elliptic, deltoid, morphology for taxonomic delimitation at various deltoid-ovate or lanceolate, seed apex acute, acuminate, levels. Khalid & Shad (1990) studied the seed shape, emarginate or retuse, base cuneate, obtuse or obtuse- size and surface pattern of the genera Polygonum and cuneate, light brown, brown, golden brown, greenish Rheum to distinguish the seeds of weeds from brown, copper brown, dusty brown, dark brown, brown- economically important plants. The purpose of the black, light-dark brown, golden brown-dark brown, present study is to carry out detailed seed morphology greenish brown-brown or black, shiny or unshiny, surface and the data is numerically analysed to assess the entirely or centrally smooth, marked with various phylogenetic relationship among the taxa of the family ornamentations either towards the margins or entirely, Polygonaceae. tuberculate, tuberculate and punctate, granulate,lineate, rugose, punctate, puncticulate, foveolate, favulariate, Material and Methods ruminate, ruminate and puncticulate, ruminate and punctate, rugose and sparsely tuberculate, undulately Mature seeds of 40 taxa of the family Polygonaceae lineate and foveate, rugose-lineate, rugose-lineate and were collected from herbarium specimens and fresh appressedly tuberculate, puncticulate with rugose and material was also collected from field. The list of foveolate or alveolate and tuberculate. Hilum basal voucher specimen is deposited in KUH. Mostly 10 (Tables 1.1-1.3; Figs. 1-8; Plates 1-10). plants/species and 15-20 seeds/plant were studied. The seeds were examined for their morphological characters Aconogonon (Meisn.) Reichenb. under stereomicroscope (SMZ800) and scanning electron microscope (JSM-6380A). For scanning Seeds 2.5-4.5 x 1.5-3 mm, trigonous, elliptic, apex electron microscopy dry seeds were directly mounted on acute, base cuneate, brown, dull brown or dusty brown metallic stub using double adhesive tape and coated with and shiny, surface punctate or ruminate. Hilum basal gold for a period of 6 minutes in sputtering chamber and (Plate 1 A-D). observed under SEM. The terminology used is in Presently represented by 2 species viz., Aconogonon accordance to Berggren (1981) and Stearn (1983) with rumicifolium (Royle ex Bab.) Hara and A. tortuosum slight modifications. Presently different seed characters (D.Don) Hara with 2 varieties A. tortuosum (D.Don) viz., seed number, size, shape, colour, surface and Hara var. tortuosum and A. tortuosum (D. Don) Hara position of hilum have been observed. var. tibetanum (Meisn.) S.P. Hong. 1834 DURDANA KANWAL ET AL., Key to the genera 1 + Seeds with sharp angles ………………………………………..………………………………………..…...….... 2 - Seeds with blunt angles ……………………………………...……………………………….……….………...... 3 2 + Seeds shiny, surface other than favulariate ……………………………………….……………………..….. Rumex - Seeds not shining, surface favulariate …………..……….…………................................................................ Emex 3 + Seeds 1-5mm long ………………………………….……….……………………………………………………. 4 - Seeds 11-11.5 mm long ………………………..……………................................................................. Fagopyrum 4 + Seed surface entirely smooth ……………………..….…………………………………………………. Atraphaxis - Seed surface smooth from the middle .….…………………………..…………………………………………….. 5 5 + Seed surface smooth centrally and rugose towards the margin ………………………………………….... Bistorta - Seed surface not as above …………….……………....….…………..................................................................… 6 6 + Seed apex acuminate …………..……..…………...…………………………………………………..… Persicaria - Seed apex acute ………………………………………..…….…….. Koenigia, Polygonum, Fallopia, Aconogonon Key to the species 1 + Seeds 4-5 mm long, surface punctuate ………………................................................................… A. rumicifolium - Seeds 2.5-3 mm long, surface ruminate ……………………………………….………….……….… A. tortuosum Atraphaxis L. It is represented by a single species viz., Emex australis Steinh. Seeds 3-4x2.5-3mm, bigonous, ovate, apex emarginate, base obtuse, brown and shiny, surface Fagopyrum Mill. smooth. Hilum basal (Plate 1 E-F). It is represented by a single species viz., Atraphaxis spinosa L. Seeds 11-11.5x6-6.5mm, bigonous, lanceolate, margin slightly wavy, apex retuse, base cuneate, brown Bistorta Adanson and shiny, surface longitudinally grooved and rugose. Hilum basal (Plate 2 C-D). Seeds 4.5-5 x 3-3.5 mm, trigonous, elliptic, apex acute, base cuneate, golden brown and shiny, surface Presently represented by a single species viz., centrally smooth and rugose at apex and base. Hilum Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. basal (Plate 1 G-H). Presently represented by a single species viz., Fallopia Adans. Bistorta amplexicaulis (D. Don) Green Seeds 2-4.5x1.5-2.5mm, trigonous, elliptic, apex Emex Campd. acute, base cuneate, brown or brown-black, shiny or unshiny, surface tuberculate. Hilum basal (Plate 2 E-H). Seeds 2.5-3x1-1.5 mm, trigonous with sharp angles, ovate, apex acute, base obtuse, copper brown and Presently represented by 2 species viz., Fallopia unshiny, surface favulariate. Hilum basal (Plate 2 A-B). convolvulus (L.) Holub and F. dumetorum (L.) Holub Key to the species 1 + Seeds shiny ………………………………………..………………..…….………..……...…..…….. F. dumetorum - Seeds unshiny ………………….……………….……..……………………………………………. F. convolvulus Koenigia L. seed apex acute-acuminate, base cuneate-obtuse, light Seeds 1-1.5x0.4-0.5 mm, bigonous, ovate-elliptic, brown, copper brown, dark brown or black and shiny, apex acute, base cuneate-obtuse, brown and unshiny, surface rugose, ruminate, foveolate, puncticulate, surface appressedly tuberculate and punctate. Hilum basal alveolate or tuberculate. Hilum basal (Plates 3C-H, (Plate 3 A-B). 4A-F). It is represented by a single species viz., Koenigia Presently represented by 6 taxa viz., Persicaria islandica L. glabra (Willd.) Gomes de la Maza, P. lapathifolia (L.) S.F. Gray var. lapathifolia, P. lapathifolia (L.) S.F. Persicaria Mill. Gray var.nodosa (Pers.) Qaiser, P. longiseta (De Seeds 1.5-3x1-2.5 mm, bigonous, trigonous or Bruyn) Kitagawa, P. maculosa S.F. Gray. and P. bigonous-trigonous, ovate,obovate, deltoid or elliptic, nepalensis (Meisn.) H. Gross SEED ATLAS OF PAKISTAN-XIV.POLYGONACEAE 1835 1836 DURDANA KANWAL ET AL., Key to the species 1 + Seeds deltoid or obovate ………………..………...……..…………………………............................................... 2 - Seeds ovate or elliptic ………...…………….…….………………………………………………………………. 3 2 + Seeds deltoid, surface alveolate and tuberculate ………………………………………..………..….. P. nepalensis - Seeds obovate, surface ruminate and puncticulate …………….………..………………. P. glabra, P. lapathifolia 3 + Seeds with obtuse base …………………………………………………………….….………….….... P. maculosa - Seeds with cuneate base …………………………………………………...………..……….………… P. longiseta Polygonum L. Presently represented by 18 taxa viz., Polygonum arenastrum Boreau, P. argyrocoleum Steud. ex Kunze, P. Seeds 1-3x0.5-2.5mm, bigonous, trigonous or bigonous- aviculare L., P. biaristatum Aitch. & Hemsl., P. cognatum trigonous, elliptic, ovate, ovate-elliptic, deltoid-ovate or Meisn. ssp. cognatum, P. cognatum Meisn. ssp. chitralicum deltoid, light brown, dull brown, dark brown, light brown- (Rech.f. & Schiman-Czeika) Qaiser, P. effusum Meisn., P. dark brown, dark brown-black, dull brown-black
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