. l9ll Revolution: Its Meoning After 70 Yeors

. Shoolin Monostery: Home ol Mofiisl fuis . A County ol Foothollers

.5oon9 Ching Ling Memoriol Supplement The "Isles of the I Huangshan Mountai FOUNDER: SOONG CHING LING (MME. SUN YAT-SEN! (lse3-leel), PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY IHE CHINA WELFARE INSTITUTE IN ENGLISH, FRENCH, SPANISH, ARABIC, GERMAN, PORTUGUESE AND CHINESE

Artrcfes o tfie ffiont#a VOt. XXX NO. 9 SEFTEMBER 1981 CONTENTS The Revolution ofr 1911 The story ol Asio's lirst successful revolt ogoinst The TCth Anniversory of the 19tl Revoiution feudol monorchy; revolu' Soong Ching Ling on Sun Yat-sen 6 tionory leoder Sun Yot-sen The 1911 Bevolution I ond pioneer Chinese Com' Sun Yat-sen s Friendship with Communisl Lr Dazhao t3 munist Li Dozhoo; Soong Tile Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Guanqzhcu 16 Ching Ling (Mme. Sun Yot' sen) on her husbond's lile Politics ond oims. Poge 6'13 Firm in Conviction, Unceasing in Struggle Deng Ying- chao Fecalls the Long March (lntervielv- Part 2) 28 Economics Eeadlusiment Brings More Consurrer Goods 32 Mcre Freshwater Fishing 62 l"ight,lndustry Benefiis Society irom Reodjustmen[ Youth Service Team rn Shanghar 59 Two' yeors of progress in exponding light in- Ex-Capitalrsts Aid Economy 66 dustry to meet consumer demonds. Poge 32 Science Dinghushan - a Living Laboratory 24 Arl Ur\dESCO Si,udies tling- Filming Lu Xun's'Fegret tor the Past 50 hushon hdoture ffisserte Friendship Far from Home Arab Medical Srudents in Berjrng 40 Why hove primevol forests there flourished while others Across the Lond ot the some lotitude declined? Spring Comes to the Mei Mountain Ridge A Vistt 10 A tTNESCO reseorch centet Meixian Prefecture, Horne ol Overseas Chinese- (2) 43 tries to find onswets. Poge 24 Yangzhou Ancient City Rich in Arl 34 Shaolin l,lonastery- ano lts Martial Arts tr? SportsTMedicine Home of Football 4b How Barefoot Doctors Are Trained 21 Notionolities Tibet. 30 Years After Liberation + Meixion, 'Horne o[ Columns ond Speciols Footbqll' Our Postbag 2 They're footboll mod Sr

2 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Sketchbook

hu Yaaa Zaosan

Countrt I'air I'tasant Girls

ia.+) .j )h rt )t t( I a

7 _E -r-'l'L'[ :- ffi ')tt4 '7(- ()n the banks of the Qiantang River Petrochemical wo.t ,

SEPTEMBER I98T Tibet: 30 Years After liheration

T HIS year marks ihe thirtieth match-making, printing and food the total for I 959, and an increase r anniversary of Tibet's libera- processing. The region's total in- of 1.6 percent over 1979. Rapeseed tion. From an area extremeiy dustrial output value last year production boomed, growing by backward economically, its peo- reached 150 million yuan. Progress 35.6 percent over the 1979 figure. ple isolated and suppressed under in hydro-power construction is Total income from collective side- a harsh feudal system, in 30 years typic'al. The installed capacity of line production was up 6.7 percent Tibet has taken many strides for- the whole region before 1966 was over the 1979 figure. Comrnune ward into the modern world. only 10,000 kilowalts, while today members' private plots discour- However, a number of policies it is 60,000 kw. Its generated aged during the "cultural- revolu- followed in Tibet during the "cul- energy reached 170 miilion kwh in tion" grew by 9,200 hectares in tural revolution" and for a few 1980, as against 30.46 million ku'h 1980. -During the same period, pri- years afterward ignored the con- in 1966. vately-owned Iivestock increased crete realities of the Tibetan agri- Traditional Tibetan handicraft by 1.36 miliion head. cultural economy and downplayed industries seriously disrupted Transport: Four trunk highways the particular needs and desires oI during the- "" have been built linking Tibet r,vith the Tibetans thereby causing - - are again flourishing. The 1980 . Qinghai and Yut-rnan great harm to the region's economy output value amounted to 6 miliion provinces, and the Xinjiang Uygur and to Tibetan life in general. yuan, an increase of 21 percent Autonomous Region. The internal Early in 1980, these policies were over the 1979 figure. Special Tibet- highway network. with Lhasa as changed, and real efforts were an products such as yak saddles, its center, norv stretches some made to give the Tibetans them- traditional clothing and cooking 21,000 kilometers. Over 400 bri- selves greater autonomy over utensils made an even more spec- dges totaling 13 km. are scattered their economic and cultural life.* tacular recovery production was throughout the region. AII counties What is the overall situation in up 43 percent over- 1979. except Medog in southeast Tibet Tibet - thirty years after iibera- Agriculture: The livelihood of now have branch highways. Tw-o ti.on? Have the new policies had most Tibetans depends on agricul- air routes have been opened any effect? Let's look at some ture, stock r-aising, and small-scale from Lhasa to , the capital- facts and figures. sideline production. Here again of Sichuan province, and to Xi'an, Industry: Before 1951, Tibet had there is steady progress, with some the capital of Shaanxi province. no real industrial base. Today this dramatic changes over the past Commerce: Commercial activi- remote region boasts power, coal, year reflecting the new policies ties buying, selling, allocaiions chemical, conbtruction materials, put into output and -storage are also on the up- machine-building and timber-pro- being effect. Grain reached kilograms swing. The- 1980 value of goods cessing industries, as well as light 505 million percent increase over the- bought the region was 40 million industries such as wool spinning, a 2t0 in 1951 figure, and 19 percent over yuan, 17 times the total for 1959. mil.lion t See Cnina Reconstructs. October the 1979 figure. Livestock num- Goods equiva).ent to 180 1980. bered 23.8 million head, 2.3 times yuan - 4.7 times the amount for

Linzhi Woolen MilI a step toward industrialization and Tibetan berds have grown rapidly through modern scientific increasing prosperity.- Dai Jiming methods of breeding and disease control. Dai Jimtng a-' A Tibetan languege class at l.he Lhasa No. I primary School. New saores in remote grassland and mountain areas,

1959 -- w€re allocated to the region main force in the region's educa- holding leadership positions at government by the during 1980. tional system. the commune level and above. Education: In 1951 less than ten Medical Care: The Tibetan Au- They made up 60.3 percent schools (including old-siyle private tonomous Region has 800 hospitals of the total number of cadres schools) with 700 students existed and clinics, snme 500 of them at of the region. The highest govern- in Tibet; 98 percent of all Tibetans county level or below" There are ment bodies in all of the region,s were illiterate. Today the region about 6,600 full-time medical six districts and municipalities in- primary has 6,586 schools, 55 mid- workers, plus a large number of clude Tibetans. Of the region's Z5 dle schools, 22 secondary vocational barefoot doctors. After a period counties, 68 have Tibetan or other schools, eight secondary technical in which the practice of traditi.onal minority nationality cadres in top schools, and four institutions of Tibetan medicine was discouraged, gov€rnmental positions. higher learning, with a total of research in this area is growing, Recent efforts have placed more 260,000 students. To date 142,400 and traditional Tibetan doctors are responsibility for Tibetan affairs have graduated from various encouraged to pass on their know- in the hands of local people. Forty- schools. Special efforts have been ledge to young successors. The two of the minority nationality made at all school level-s to development of a comprehensive cadres at the district or municipal strengthen the teaching of the health care system has meant that Ievels were promoted to their pre- Tibetan language and the preserva- Tibetans can get timely, free medi.- sent positions within the past year, tion of Tibet's heritage. cultural cal care when they need it - a and they constitute 56 percent of In the 1950s, except for a few complete reversal of the situation the total new eadres at those levels. lamas who had gone back to sec- existing before liberation. There are 284 new county-level ular life, there were almost no na- Minority Leadership: As of cadres of minority nationality or tive Tibetan teachers. Today there March 1981, there were 36,900 67.14 percent of the total new are some 11,000, and they are the cadres of minority nationality cadres at that level. I

Cars and trucks on modern highways cover in hours dis- Yang Chan (riCht), the democratically-elected head oI euxu tances that once took days or weeks of travel on foot. eounty, consults with eommune nlembers, Kang Sory KangKano SongSone $oong Ghimg limg olr $um Yat-selr - From Her $peeches and $tatements

TODAY we are celebrating thc 90th anniversat y qUN YAT-SEN had begun his revolulionar'1 I of the birth of Sun Yat-sen. great revolutionary U activities flom the simple premise of saving the son of the Chinese people. His name and achieve- motherland. His travels about the u'orld had a double ments are honored in our ranks because Ior forty purpose: to search fot' the mosl advanced ideas; and years he gave his utmost strength to the people's to induce the Chinese studenl,s and overseas Chin€se revolution. His name and achievements have been to join his movernent. In 1896-1899. Sun Yat-sen preserved in our hearts and minds because he gave visited all the main European capitais. Frotn the his all so that China might thro'"v off the blinders of reminiscences of some of those who heard hinr speak. quite r,ve.ll Lhc folces work feudal superstition and the shackles of economic we know he undelsLood at in a world rvhere imperialisnr had become, the mclst backwardness and imperialism. Because of his selfiess vicious enemy of all the peoples. and of the er:r when devotion to this cause, his name and achievements the working class rnas assuming rhe leading position have served as an inspiration for the entii'e nation in revolutionary movements. Sun Yat-sen knev,' o1' as we go forward to complete the task which he Karl Marx and Frederick Engels and their' 'o'olk, and did not have time to finish. he had already heard of Lenin and the revolutionary Sun Yat-sen was a great revolutionarv because movement in Russia. Those who listened to his his was an undaunted spirit In his "Account of the lectures remember that he frequenlly predicted .tha1 Chi.nese Revolution" he rvrote: "If a man with a socialism would succeed capitalism in the 201h foreknowledge and keen preception of things resolves century. He predicted then that l,enin would to accomplish something which conlorrns to nature. succeed in this in Russia before he himself wcruld in responds to human teelings, agrees wilh the trend China, although he felt that it rvouid not take long in world affairs and serves the urgent needs of the to topple the declepit Qing dynasty. community, he is bound to succeed." Sun Yat-sen and His Co-nperation with Sun Yat-sen - Great Rcvolutionary Son the Chinese Communist Part-1, November of the Chinese People, November 4, 1956 12,1962

Srtn Yat-sen in September at a rally in Guangdong province before sending his Sun Yat-sen (head of table) entertains Lroops north against the northern s,arlorrls. Soviet personnel in China.

CHINA RECONSTRUCTS THE OVERTHROW of the Qing dynasty was the .1 most remarkabJe achievement of the 1911 Revolution. Its signilicance was tremendous, for China became, a1 least irr form^ ttre first republic in Asia and, in a countl'y invtilving one-fifth cf the world's population. had smashed the autocratic po- litical s.v.stern. This u,as really a milestone in the advance of world hisr"ory, Ilowe ver, a real and absolutely democratic grivernment had not been achieved. so our revolution *still coul

Sun Yat-sen outlines strategy for an armed uprising

#

SEPIEMBEB T98I attached importance only to nationalism and had TftHROIJGIIOUT his life Sun Yat-sen advocated the narrowed the iaterpretaLion of nationalism to mean I principle of joint struggle for the existence of the overthrow of the rule of the Nllanchus as their China. That is rvhy he held that the Kuomintang and soiLr purpose. They even thought that there was no Cornmunists should rvork together. The Comrnunist real;cn why a FIan emperor couid put not be on the Party is a party which stands for the interests of the throne after the Qlng dynasty was overthrown. Sun working classes, industrial Yai-sen severely criticized them, pointing out that both and agricultural. Sun realizeC they did not understand the real mearring of de- that without the keen support and coopera- rnocracy and oniy paid lip service to it. tion of these classes, the mission of completing the Achieving True Independence in China, national revolution could not easily be carried out. Novemher 11. 1939 If the cooperation with the " which he advocated, had continued uninterruptedly until the present time. Cl:ina would by now have T T WAS Sun Yat-sen's determined desire fr:r been a free and independent power, Past, events are I progress that in the final period of tris life a good lesson. During the present crisis, all former enabled him to appreciate the lessons of the October difierences should be forgotten. Socialist Revclution in Russia, to understand that the The whole nation must join together Chinese Communist Party and the working class *'eret in opposing Japanese aggression and fighting the most dynamic forces in the nation. Once he sau' for the final victory. the truth, he acted without equivocation. He Statement on the Eeconciliation, Novembor revised his old poiicies and principles. He declared 1937 his alliance with Soviet Russia. He welcomed the close cooperation of the Chinese Communist Party because it was of advantage to the revolution. He qUN YAT-SEN had no property. He derrored all the energies arrived at a rnore accurate conception of socialism. u c'f a lifetime to the chinese revolution. Ile tossed aside his quest for a bourgeois democratic What he left us to retnember hirn by were only his repiliclic because he had learned it could never be books and a former re-qidence. These simple things realized in a China beset by feudalism and imperial- may hei,p later generations know something about his ism. In its stead he put forth his new dream. that life and understand his unswerving determination in of a people's republic. Finally, he set down his the struggle for the Chinese people to master their slogan of "Land to Tiliers" to .solve the problems cf own destiny. the peasants. the goal toward which he had been Foreword to the photograph album Dr. Sun striving thiise many decades. Yat-sen's Fornrer Residence in Shanghai, Sun Yat-sen Great Revolutionary Son October 1957 of the Chinese- People

,{ LTHOUGH in his lifetime he was not able to see Ihe lormer residence of Sun yat-sen in Shanshai. ft niu dream of a greai China on the world stage, he never doubted for one moment that this would be the final result of all his efforts. The Chinese Communist Party picked up his tasks, and after further year-s of hard and diflicult struggle ied the Chinese people to their triumph in revolulion, and on t.o the construction of a sociaiist state. Sr.rn Yat- sen's dream has rnaterialized. It has been fulfilled in every way. But Sun Yat-sen left us more than a dream. Ijle left us what the great Lenin descriL..d in a letter to him as "continuous zea7" tor the revoiutionary cause. I want especially to say to our you[E people, upon whom so much depends in this ne\M\'phase of the struggie: Learn from Sun Yat-sen! Imbibe his con- tinuous zeal, study his demand for constant progress. emulate his lack of subjectiveness, his humbleness and his closeness to the people. Make these chara- teristie part of your own make-up. With these you can surely go forward to build a great socialist China. Sun Yat-sen - Great Revolutionary Son of the Chinese People

CHINA RECONSTRUCTS The r9r! Revolution

LI XIN

fD AILWAY riehts was the issue I\ tn.t ted to ihe uprising which The 1911 Revolution which storted with including the penetrotion of the ormy set off Revolution 1911 the Wuchong the of in Uprising wos the culmino- ond the odministrotion, Revolution- Wuchang (with Hankou and Han- tion of yeors of orgonizing ond ogitotion ory societies ond underground nev,rs- yang making up the triple city of mony people, by of whom Sun Yot- popers were set up in severol provinces, Wuhan on the Changjiang River). sen wos most prominent. Sun Yot- ln 1905 in Jopon Sun Yot-sen united Frorn 1905 on, in addition to for- sen hod begun by petitioning for these vorious groups into the Tongmeng- eign-financed railway develop- reform. After the defeot of Chinese hui (Revolutionory Leogue) with o ment, various companies had been troops by Joponese oggressors in the progrom: Overthrow the Qing dynosty, organized by Chinese capitalists to Sino-Joponese Wor of 1894,5un wos regenerote Chino, estoblish o republic build lines. On May 9, 19J.1, the shocked to see the Qing court unmoved, ond equolize lond ownership. He loter Qing dynasty government pro- claimed "nationalization the ond insteod, burying themselves with summorized these points in this Three of railways". Its intent was to take ceremoniol songs ond donces ond build- People's Principles: Notionolism, over these Chinese-operated com- in! the Summer Poloce to celebrote Democrocy, the ond the People's Livelihood" panies and mortgage their railway 60th birthdoy of the Empress Dowoger The Tongmenghui's oim wos to estoblish rights for a loan frorn a consort- Ci Xi. Deciding thot the only woy wos on independent, prosperous Chinese ium of American, British, French to overthrow the Qing regime, he qet up republic. and Gerirran banks. The funds Chino's first bourgeois revolutionory or- Before the revolution reoched fruition were ostensibly for railway build- gonizotion, the Xingzhonghui (Revive following the Wuchong Uprising, Sun ing, but, as everyone knew, they Chino Society) in Howoii in 1894. Yot-sen ond his comrodes, often with would be used to shore up the tot- The Qing court wos thoroughly help from workers, peosonts ond others tering Qing regime and enrich its discredited ofter the suppression of the in the secret societies, were to leod o principals. It was also well Boxer Uprising for giving in to tliir totol of 10 obortive ormed uprisings in known that railway rights in for- hands demonds of vorious imperiolist powers, Guongdong province ond olong the eign would help the impe- rialist powers expand their leosing owoy ports, sections of the border. There were some lorge revolts, spheres of intluence, transport country, ond customs ond other tox including one in 1906 involving storving troops and Control China's eco- rights. Chino's fledgling notionol miners ot the Anyuon coolf ield in nomic lifelines. copitolist industry wos suffering from Jiongxi province ond peosonts in neorby The gentry-merchants foreign of Hunan competition. Sun Yot-sen's i,:rs Liuyong oncl Liling counties in Hunon, held a protest meeting and dis- of o democrotic revolution begon to be A lorge uprisinQ ond revolt of troops tributed leaflets in Changsha ask- received with sympothy by the new in the Qing ormy, ogoin to seize ing that the order be rescinded, bourgeois closs. Guongzhou os o bose, took ploce on and students quit their classes to 5un, in exile since on unsuccessful April 27, '1911. lt too foiled and 72 ot protest. Soon the movement to oftempt in summer'1895 to seize the those who died in it ore buried in o preserve railway rights had spread Qing government heodquorters in moss grove in Guongzhou's outskirts ot to Wuchang, Guangzhou, Chengdu Guongzhou (Conton) os o bose for rev- HuonEhuogong, which hos given the and other cities in Hunan, Hubei, olution, troveled to oll ports of the event the nome Huonghuogong Sichuan and Guangdong. Upris- The struggle was me.st bitter world where there were Chinese com- ing. munities ond where young Chinese men and widespread in Sichuan. On There were olso riots over the rising June 17, 1911, at a mass meeting ond women were studying, He ond his price of rice oll through the Chongjiong in Chengdu, the Railway Protec- followers gothered funds, hommered out (Vongtze) River volley, with 6 lorge one tion League was forrned. It soon o progrom, set up clubs ond news- ot Chongsho, copitol of Hunon. Between had branches throughout the prov- popers, bought ond shipped orms. the founding of the Tongmenghui ond ince. To suppress the protest the They directed students returning home 1910 o totol of 284 populor revolts took into vorious forms of underground work, ploce. LI XIN is vice-director of the Institute of Moilern Chinese History of the Aeademy of Social Sciences.

SEPTEMBER T981 t&c. ,. $ e*d *',# *{ Jd b.'i * @ s @ Qing government appointed as ffik Viceroy of Sichuan Zhao Erfeng, who in 1904 had gained the name & of "butcher" for having slaugh- 8sS tered 3,000 Sichuan peasants who r€sisted paying taxes. It was like ie ffi pouring oil on a fire. In the latter a part of August, the government forcibly took over a section of the ffi Sichuan-Hankou line. Sichuan ex- ploded in protest. Merchants closed their shops and students & Ieft their schools. In September peasants in many places refused to turn in tax grain and pay other taxes. Leaders of the Tongmeng- hui contacted rnember's of the Ge- laohui (Society of Elder Brothers), an anti-Manchu secret society, with the aim of preparing an Headquarters of the Wuchang uprising arrny. armed uprising. On September 7 Zhao Erfeng in- vited the two heads of the raiJ.way corporation to his office and had them arrested. Protesters rushed to his office to demand their re- lease. He ordered his soldiers to open fire, killing 32 city resident.s and scores of peasants who had come from the outskirts to give them support. This became known as the Chengdu Massacre. The Railway Protection Associa- tion had lor some time been organ- izing armed units. Now these con- verged on Chengdu from all direc- tions. Zhao Erfeng found himself helpless inside the citY. The in- surg€nts occupied several subpre- fectures and counties. On SePtem- Rongxian B ber 25 they declared county independent and set uP a llevolutionarl, troops and people fight the Qing arnry in IIanko[. revolutionary government.

The Wuchang UPrisi'ng Tht' Shanghai volunteer army during the lgll Revolution. The Qing government ordered ffu Duan Fang to march into the Prov- ince with Wuhan units from its New Army so called because it used western-style- guns instead of swords and spears as had other Manchu armies. .,This was actual- ly a stroke of luck Jor the revolu- tion. As early as 1904 revolution- ary societies in Hubei Prnvince had been spreading their ideas and organizing among the trooPs' A third of the men in the New Army had joined them. In SeP- tember, when Part of the New Army troops departed for Sichuan; leaving the Wuhan garrison

CHTNA ftECONSTRUCTS I Sutr Ya(-sen (fif1h from left, front row) a( his inauguration in Nanjing on January l, l9l2.

reduced, the twr"r soci€ties decided Xiong Bingkun of the same unit lution, and on the eve of the up- this was the time to seize Wuhan. led the rebels to seize the govern- rising had executed many revolu- The date was set for the Mid- ment ars€nal at Chuwangtai and tionary leaders. Durir-rg the fight- Autumn Festival, talling that year other units revoLted and ioined ing he had hid in a friend's hou.sc' on October 6. It was later moved them. They attacked the governor's He accepted with great reluctance. to October 16. However, an ac- headquarters, but Governor Rui Tang had favored constitui;ionaI cidental explosion on October g Cheng fled to a gunboat in the rrlonarchy over revolution. Whilt: where they were making bornbs in river. The revolutionary troops making them leaders oI the levo- a house in }trankou's Russian con- occupied the compound and by the lution helped to win over many cession gave the revolutionarie.s next morning, October 11, the en- prominent tigures. it also sowed away. The order went out for the tire city of Wuchang was in their the seeds of future disaster for uprising to take place that very hands. the revolution. night, before but these could reach The uprising had had initial Hanyang fell on October 1l . the basic units, the headquarters success, but organizing a new gov- Hankou on the 12th, and ot,her had been destroyed and !'nany ernment presented problems. The cities in Hubei soon fcllowed. The leaders arrested. Three were recognizd leader of the move- revoiution spread to Hunan, executed and the others were be- ment, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, was still in Shaanxi, Jiangxi and other prov- ing hunted down. the United States, and Hu.ang inces. By the end of November, The revolutionari.es in the New Xing, his close associate, in Hong- 15 of the total 24 provinccs had Army decided to revolt and fight kong. Many other militant leaders declared their indepen{e.nce of the their way out. At 7 p.m., as those had been arrested or had fled the Qing rule. in a company of the 8th Engineer- search, The revolution could not Battalion ing were making final proceed without a leader, so Li Yuan Shikai Takes Ovcr preparations. their plan was dis- Yuanhong, a former regimental covered by a platoon leader. He commander in the New Army was To save themselves, the Qing was about to arrest Jin Zhaotong asked to be military governor and officials brought back the militat'y when the latter shouted. "Com- Tang Hualong, speaker of the politician Yuan Shikai, who had rades, take action !" The solciiers provincial assembly, to head the been sent to "rest" because he had killed some of the reactionary of- administration of civil affairs. Li been getting so powerlul as to be ficers. At the sound of gunshots, had never been in favor of revo- a threat to them. With a record SEPTEMBER T98T II eas! on the river December 2. orr nificance. It. smashed the'China feudal On the 25th Sun Yat-seh arrived" 'i"nonarchy and made A in Shanghai and was immediately republic, at least in name. elected Provisional President of The program of the Revolution- the Republic of China by represen- ary League and Sun Yat-sen's tatives of 17 provinces. On Jan- Three People's Prit'rciples helped uary 1, 1912, Sun took the oath of awaken the Chinese people from office and proclaimed the found- their slumber. The 1911 Revolu- ing of the Republic of China. It tion implanted the idea of a dem- marked the end of 267 years of ocratie republic in their minds. Qing dynasty rule and 2,000 years When Yuan Shikai in 191b of feudal monarchy in China. attempted to malie himseif The country was now under two emperor and the warlord Zhang different governments. In the Xun put back on the throne Pu Yi, peace talks it became clear that the the abdicated boy emperor in 1917, +x imperialists backing Yuan would the people would not have it. recognize the Republic and refrain One reason the revolution failed The fllg of the Wuchang uprising from intervention only if he became is that bourgeois elements in the forces. president. Yielding to pressure Kuomintang (into which Sun Yat- from them and the feudal forces, sen's Tongmenghui was reorgan- to preserve the Republic, Sun Yat- ized) did not wish to mobilize the of serving the landlords, compra- sen resigned and his position as masses of the peasants and even dor capitalists and big bourgeoisie Provisional President was taken suppressed their struggle (the con- and the imperialists, he had helped over by Yuan Shikai in March, stitution of the republic did not suppress the Reform Movement of 79L2. Thus China fell into the inention Sun Yat-sen's principle ot 1898 and the Boxer Uprising, and hands of the northern warlords, of equalization of land), and without was regard,ed by the imperialists which Yuan was chief . China participation of the peasantry, a as a "strong man" who would save remained a semi-feudal,' semi- bourgeoisdemocratic revolution their interests. On October 30, the colonial country. could not succeed. Qing cabinet dissolved itself and Failure of the revolution de- semi-feudal, appointed Yuan prime minister to Historical Significance monstrated that in organlze a new on€. semi-colonial China the bourgeoisie Meanwhiie, the revolutionary Although the revolution failed, could not lead a democratic revo- armies occupied Nanjing further it had tremendous historical sig- iution to victory. Sun Yat-sen sensed this and later on began to turn to the October Revolution in The flag with 18 stars, one for each of the 18 Drovinces which had declared their Soviet Russia as an example. He independence of Qing ilynasty rule, hangs before ibe military government head- quarters. propounded Three Major Policies for the Kuomintang Party: A1- liance with Soviet Russia; alliance with the Chinese Communist Party; support for the workers'

L&h , 11.qr and peasants' movement. What has the 1911 Revolution to teach us today? The fighting spirit E -:-i:-:a-q of those early revolutionaries and Sun Yat-sen's spirit of going for- ward with the times are examples for us still. Now the new de- mocratic revolution has long been I won. China is striving to build a strong, modernized socialist country. Every patqiotic Person inspired by the spirit of the 1911 Revolution and ihe ideals for which Sun Yat-sen fought ought surely to be able to find ways to contribute his part to building a unified and prosperous China. tr

An orticle "Sun Yot-sen's Role in the lgtl Reyolution" will oppeor in out next issue. l2 CHINA BECONSTBUCTS Sun Yat-sen's Friendship with Communist Li Dazhao

WANG SIIIHAN

Li Dazhao (left) and Sun Yal-sen coming out of Kuomintang's First National Congress at Guang2hou, January 1924. q UN YAT-SEN'S friendship of 1921. On December 23, 1921, garding this event he (Joffe) has L-/ with Li Dazhao (1889-1927). Maring had a long discussion with assured Dr. Sun Yat-sen that Chi- a pioneer Marxist in China and a Sun and made two suggestions for na has the warmest sympathy _of founder of the Chinese Com- the Chinese revolution to which the Russian people and can count munist Party, had an important Sun agreed. They were: the on the support of Russia." influence on his thinking and on necessity of a political party that the Chinese revolution. '.vould unite all classes and in- Two-Party Cooperation Early in his career Li had par- dividuals willing to oppose im- ti.cipated in activities of revolu- perialism and feudalism; and the The Communist Party, which tionary organizations led by Sun. creation of a nuclew for a revolu- since its formation in July 1921 The two had met personally at tionary armed force by setting up had been extremely active leading least as early as 1919. Sun already an officers' training school. workers' struggles, had come to had grpat admiration for the Li and Sun met again on August realize that in order to succeed, October Revolution in the Soviet 23, t922, in Shanghai. They were China's young working class need- Union and was searching for a so engrossed in their conversation ed to have a broad alliance with way out fbr a China in which the on how to build a new China that other classes which opposed im- main contradiction was with im- they nearly forgot tc, have dinner. perialism and feudalism. Its third perialism. It was Li Dazhao who On August 25, Li Dazhao in- national congress in ilune 1923 in the city of Guilin introduced troduced Adolf Joffe, a Soviet voted to work for a revolutionary him to Maring, the representative diplomat, to Sun. On January 26, united front with Sun Yat-sen's of the Communist International 1923, Sun and Joffe issued a joint Kuomintang Party. Communist in China in August or September statement in which .they said: Party members would be permit- "China's paramount and most ted to join the Kuomintang as in- pressing problem is to achieve na: dividuals, During this congress IryANG SHIHAN is assistant curator of the Chinese History Museum in Bei. tional unification and a'ttain full Li Dazhao had long discussions jins. national independence; and re- with Sun Yat-sen on how to form a/ SEPTEMBEB T98T 13 mobilized the mass€s of the peo- had set up a secret organization to ple i.n a vast revolutionary up- fight Yuan Shikai, and Li Dazhao surge until, taking fright at it, took par-t in its activities. in April 1927 Chiang Kai-shek. at When Dr. Frank Goodnnw, an the behest of the big landlords American who was adviser to and imperialist-backed big bour- Yuan, tried to create Public geoisie in the Kuomintang, turned opinion f or Yuan's becoming against the revolution and began emperor. Li Dazhao wrote angrY a white terror against Communist articles refuting him. He charged and others. Li Dazhao, then a that Yuan had agreed to the professor at Beijing University, Japanese governmeut's secret note was arrested by the warlord of "Twenty-one Demands", selling Zhang Zuolin and executed at the out China's territorY and sover- age of 38. eignty, because he was counting on Japanese backing to rnake him called on his Li Dazhao',s Growth emperor. Li Dazhao countrymen to fight. Sun Yat-sen the revolutionary The situation plunged Young democrat, and Li Dazhao, who be- people with patriotic feeling intet came a leading Communist, both a mood of pessimism. some cven began their interest in politics to the point of suicide. Li Dazhao" seeking a way to save the country however, saw things otherwise. l-(j1ler from Sun Yal-sen in|iting Mi- already semi-colonial from In his well-known essaY "SPring- chael Borodin to be his adviser. total- economic control- and time" he spoke of the eternal submission to foreign imperialist cycle of nature, alwaYs changing powers and the warlords who and renewing: iife and death, this united front, and on foreign prosperity and decline, Youth and policy" served them. As a student at the Tianjin age thus an infinite sPring. In October at Sun Yat-sen's in- Those- who recognize this Process vitation Michael Borodin arrived Political Science and Law School between 1907 and 1913, Li Dazhao of uni'u'ersal change can Possess from the Soviet Union to be his the spirir of Youth or eternal political adviser, stopping on the had been influenced by his as- sociation with Bai Yayu, a teacher spring and have unlimited hoPe, way in Beijing to meet with Li old of history and geography and a he said. China, though an Dazhao. countly beset bY manY Problems, In January 1924 the Kuomin- leading member of the Tianjin- Beijing-Baoding branch of Sun could have a rebirth, he said, eali- tang held its first national con- ing on the young PeoPle to un- gress in Guangzhou. Sun Yat-sen Yat-sen's Tongmenghui (Revive China Society). Bai was arrested ceasingly struggle to create selected Li to be the only Com- for an uprising attempted by ths spring in their hearts, sPring munist on the five-man presidium in their Tongmenghui, As he was taken their country, spring for and to be on committees to draft people. a manifesto, a constitution for the to be executed he refused to kneel down and shouted, "Fight to the Kuomintang and do publications October Eevolution Shows WaY and publicity for the congress. Of end for a republic!" course the more Right-wing mem- Deeply moved by the 1911 Rev- Yet, after Yuan Shikai's be- bers of the Kuomintang opposed olution, Li Dazhao hated the cor- trayal, neither Li Dazhao nor Sun cooperation with the Comrnunists. rupt Qing dynasty and the Yat-sen knew what direction to Li reassured them that Com- subsequent northern warlord gov- take to achieve their aim of sav- munists participating in the ernment under Yuan Shikai, and ing China. Then in 191? the Kuomintang as individuals while placed his hope in the revolution- October Revolution occurred in maintaining their Communist ary struggle led by Sun Yat-sen. Russia. Li Dazhao beeame the Party membership was only to be In the summer of 1913 Sun Yat- first influential Chinese intellec- able to contribute to the nation- sen attempted a "second revolu- tual to speak in favor of the revo- alist revolution" At the congress tion", an armed revolt to over- lution. The effect of the October Li Dazhao was elected a member throw Yuan Shikai, which was Revolution on hirrr-yas to make of the Kuomintang Central unsuccessful. The future for hirn realize that "their struggle is Executive Committee. political activity looked hopeless. a class struggle, a war launched bY Under this cooperation the Li Dazhao went to Japan to enroll the world proletariat against the jointly-run Whampoa Military in political economy courses at world capitalists." Academy was set up in Guang- Waseda University. During his Li Dazhao made the most sYs- zhou and a joint armed force be- three years in Japan he studied tematic summary of Marxist theorY gan the Northern Expedition Marxism and other socialist up to that time in China in an rnarch against the imperialist- theory. 'In exile again after the article "My Marxist Views" in a backed warlords in the north. It 1913 revolt, in Japan Sun Yat-sen special issue of the magazine Netu l4 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS Youth devoted to Marxism and munist Party. It pleased him very edited ing of the Chine.se Communist by him appearing on May much, his wite Soong Ching Ling 1. 1919. the Party. In 1924, with help from the eve of the May Fourth later recalled, "to see Marxism Movement. and Chinese Communist party, he re- the writings of Lenin Because being studied organized the Kuomintang and Li Dazhao understood so assiduously. Sun yat-sen the class had a brought about the first united nature of the October warm respect and admiration Revolution and had for front between the Kuomintang acceptecl the Li Dazhao, who was always wel- and ps.1r. basics of the Marxist viewpoint, Comrnuni-st He adopt- he come at our house. . . Sun yat_ could ans-*rer . ed the three major policies corre etly the ques- sen after seeing such guests. would (alliance tion of whether or Marxism with the Soviet Llrrion, not often lemark that he considered was suited to Chinese cooperation with the Communist conditions. these people as his true revolution- Party, and In a debate with the bourgeois re- help to the workers aly comr.ades. He knew he could and peasants). With these he former Hu Shi (1891-1962). Li Da- count re- zhair pointed on the clarity of theit interpreted the old Three Feople',s out that a Marxist thought and unflinching must try apply their Principles into new ones. Hr.. to theory in his courage in battle." In a lecture own environment. on realized that in his forty years ex- his principle of the people,s wel- perience, it was only after had Li Dazhao's ability to relate ,,Com- he fare in 7924, he stated, f ound Marxism to China's particular sit- a good friend in com- munism is the good friend munism uation helped to make Marxism of the that he began to see im- Three People's Principles." perialisrn meaningful to the Chinese people as the main obstacle on The friendship between Sun yat- the and a force for national salvation. road of China's struggle for in- sen and Li Dazhao was the prod- dependence, democracy and free- uct of the historical times in A Friend in Communism dom; to .:ee ttre strr:ngth . oi thc, which they lived. including such masses; and to see the necessity of Sun Yat-sen had warmiy wel- events as the failure of the 19i1 uniting with all the oppressed comd the October Revolution and Revolution, the upsurg€ oI the nations the founding and peopie in the of the Chinese Com- May 4th Movement and the found- struggle u

Srrn \'ut-sen in lgll rvilh mcnrbers ul'the Chinese Revolutionarv party hc founded in Tokyo,

SEPTEMBER TOSI The $um Yat-sen ffiemorial Hall im Guamgzhou

XIAO QING

TIROM the foot of beautiful Yue- ditorium used year round for large plicated, most of the old tiles re- 'f xiu Hill in the city of Guang- meetings, cultural Performances, placed, and the steel braces rein- zhou (Canton) rises an imPosing and the like. forced. New building materials Yat-sen Me- one, improved the acoustics of the hall, siructure - the Sun The rnain hall is an unusual morial Hail. Built half a centurY with a seating caPacitY of 4,700 on and vinyl-covered chairs rePlace ago with funds donated by the Peo' two levels and an area of 8,700 the old seating. A sloPing wooden p1e of Guangzhou and by overseas square meters. The stage at the floor appeared in Place of the old Chinese, this memorial to the deeP north end of the chamber can seat ftat floor, and the stage was loved Sun has been refur- ly Dr. more than 100 PeoPle. At the cen- lowered to improve audience sight- bished in time for the 70th anni- ter of the multicolored beamed Iines. An orchestra Pit and dress- versary of the 1911 Revolution ceiling is a rich octagonal mosaic ing rooms were added. Air condi- the double-. which he led. Under design. The three exits on three tioning now cools the hall in sum- sign bearing eaved roof hangs a sides of the hall connect with a cir- mer, and heaters warm it in winter. governed life: the words which his cular corridor. With eleven gates, for the Public Weal." "Everything an audience of thousands can clear A Courtyard Greon and Fragrant As he cherished the welfare of the the hall within five minutes. cypress and kaPok trees Chinese people, so Chinese PgoPle Pine, Perhaps most striking in such a courtyard. everywhere cherish his memory. surround the 0.6-hectare big ha1l, no single support pillar is and sweet- The history of his memorial hall On the lawn, orchids visible. In fact, eight pillars hid- bushes bear signifies perfectly Dr. Sun's con- seented osmanthus den inside the walls suPPort four Two stone tinuing importance in Chinese eyes. delicate white blossoms' 3O-meter steel braces. These in columns carved with designs of Revolutionary Design for a turn support the eight braces clouds and cranes stand in front of Revolutionary Hero sustaining the eight-meter balcony, the building. Alone at the center The building was designed in which seems to float in space. of the courtYard, a delicatelY Yanzhi, a 32-Year-old of Sun Yat-sen 1928 by Lri Rare Materials, Fine Art carved sculPture Chinese architect who had studied on a base of white granite adds to to abroad, and whose Plan for Nan- Steps of white granite lead uP the dignitY and serenitY of the jing's Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum had the buiding's white Plstform. grounds. From the hillside above, Walls are of light-green rnarble won top prize in a design comPeti- the monument to Dr. Sun looks design for the Memorial below, with cream-colored brick tion. Lu's down on the Memorial HaIl' - Hall boldly cornbined the strong above. Tertazzo beams in tradi- points of modern Western architec- tional patterns, Pillars of PurPle Dr. Sun's LegacY ture with traditional Chinese styles' rock, and roofs of glazed blue tile "Build a ProsPerous, indePend- But Lr.i himself fell ill and died in add richness and varietY. The Sun Yat+en's dYing May 1929, leaving onlY a draft building is topped bY an octagonal ent China" - in bold letters on blueprint. The work was comPleted pavilion with a double-eaved roof words aPpear - back of the stage by a schoolmate, Li JinPei, to at front and back and a sloPing the wall at the Visitors who come whom Li.i had entrusted the Pro- roof at either side. Lit bY the sun, of the rnain hall. memory ject. Construction began in the the golden cone-shaPed roof daz- to pay their resPectslo the spring of 1931. ComPleted, the zles the eye. of this great revolutionary cannot building attracted immediate at- The Memorial suffered consider- help but be reminded that the tasks life remain tention both in China and abroad able damage during the war Years to which he devoted his Memorial for its innovative architecture. It of the 1930s and 40s, After libera- unfinished. Go, the do irr remains one of China's most beau- tion, the government allocated s€errs to iaY, and Your Part and popular memorial struc- Iarge sums to restore it. Glazed the great effort to modernize tiful and tr tures, and at the same time an au- tiles and arched ceiling were du- reunify the motherland. CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS 16 The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Guangzhou. .\ ; i' tl

: i.l,t*.

The birthplace and early home of Dr. Sun Yat-sen in Cuiheng village, Guangdong province.

Living room of the Cuiheng home. The tree pianted by Dr. Sun yat-sen. Main hall of the Cuil-reng home.

Sun Yat-sen l4emorial Middle School.

Soong Ching Ling HalN in Sun Yat-sen Memorial Middle School

The river from whieh Dr. Sun yat-sen once f,etched water.

.Fl: ' '!tn Young Pioneers pay tribute in front of Mausoleum of the 72 Martyrs at Huanghuagang, Guangzhou. Photos bl Zhou Yottma How Bsrefloot Doctors Are Tnslned

XIMEN LUSHA

and T HE Ihree-tiered medical monary diseases, rheumatic heart Infusion for a palient in the eomnrune's r heaith network in the Chi- disease and acute gastritis. 17-bed clinic. nese countryside consists of clinics Another building housed the in the production brigades. and out-patient section, with depart- h

system of cooPerative medicine - ail closely related to the welfare of the peasants. But success in anY of these undertakings dePends on the active ParticiPation oI the broad masses of Peasants, and ah important Part of the commune's daily work consists in mobilizing and organizing the Peasants and giving them technical guidance' it - hosPital's "social health " Learning to identifY herbs used in Chinese traditional medicine is part of the training.

grass-roots level.

Ttaining Barefoot Doctors tq There are 2,212 barefoot doctot-s in Yexian countY's rural areas, 1.116 of them women. This averages out at w per 378 rural are trained hospital. Most of the barefoot doctors have a junior middle-school educa- tion; some of them have gone through senior middle school' Their ccursework is foilowed bY a ! .,# period of clinieal Practice. and, iater on. refresher courses' A new barefoot doctor usualiY sPends three to six months in a training cLass run bY Physiology class at the county school for advanced medical training' Phatos bY Sun Xiangting learning som medicind. tre tion of diseas first-aid' They do oPera- illnesses the latter could not deal the countryside, and staff members, and can rotation to the tions on the urinarY tract and the with. If they referred all the cases are then sent in hosPital for a sPell of thorax in addition to ordinarY they could not treat to the county commune practical tr also surgical cases. But the countY has even two or health authorities, irelps them s bY a population of 830,000, of whom three more hosPitals like the one aliz- 95 percent are living in settlng uP Peasants already in existence would have courses on such subjects as the 1,010 production brigades of ed to coPe with them all' and child health, acu- the county's 27 peoPle's communes. been unable maternal hosPital puncture and , and Although in 1970 or thereabouts all Now, the commune the brigades set uP their own handles most of the cases the disease-Prevention. brigade clinics send out for In 19?4, Yexian countY set uP a clinics and acquired a few bare- training of foot doctors, there were many treatment. school for advanced CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS 22 barefoot doctors and, as the need pitals alone had been required t

SEFTEMBER T981

..1 $irrghusham-m f,.iwimg &ahmratory

WL] HUIMIN

Educational, Scientilic & Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

Unique Forest Dinghushan is near the TroPic nf Cancer. u,hich anyrvhere else in the world lvould indicate a desert or grassland ecosy-stem. But in south China, dense forests appear Dinghushan Mountain, trom which the nature reserve takes its name. at the tropic. ManY of these Wong Xtnmin. forests, howevet', have declined, but Dinghushan has flourished. In this 1,133-hectare area many I\INGHUSHAN mountain rises ing peaks, like an upended tripodai tropical and sub-troPical Plants !-J southeast oi Guangzhou vessel, its waterfalls and the make up a colorf ul Plant com- (Canton), 86 kilometers from the begonia growing out of its cliffs munity. In the sprirrg, flame-red city. It is a nature reserve now, entrance tourists. (Begonia fim- flowers are ablaze on the kaPok and also a research center under bri.sti,pula is called here "the trees and oil-tea camellias con- the "Man and Biosphere" (MAB) purple-back flower" for the color trasting with the snow-white program of the United Nations. of its leaves, which make a good blossoms of the gugertrees and For many yearc, Dinghushan sweet and sour beverage.) Since chinquapi-ns. Up in the deeP has f ascinated scientists with lts 1956, when Dinghushan was forest, 400 years old, white canary- unique biology. Its sharP thrust- designated a nature reserve, it has trees, gugertrees. Guanguang been a base for scientific research. wood, CryptocarYa chinensis and WU EIUIMIN is an assistani researcher academic exchanges and student fig trees grow high uP the moun- of botanic ecology a,l the Dinghu- fieid work. In 1979 it was made tain. Some are 40*50 meters tail Arboreturn of the South China shan Nature f or f ive armspans in fnstitute of Botany ol the Chinese part of the Xnternationai and our Academy of Sciences" Reserve by the United Nations cireumference. The old trees have

A, sure-footed DinBhushan serow (antelope goat). The scales of the pangolin (a relative of the AmericAn an- teater) have useful medicinal properties.

CITINA BECONSTRUCTS 24

Red-blo-qsomed oil^tea cameilias Oti Sonsde

A kind of f,g rree. producing fruits along the si

A waterfal! on Dinghushan Mountain. fuutg Yirtnttn

Cycas, an ancient brake fern. Ll,'ang Xitutrm

Scientist inspects buttresses of a Dao draqonpium (j,r,' l1 inp t r becorne very strange in shape because they J.ive on the border between diiferent habitats. Fig trees are parasites on other trees, and lianas are knolvn as "pythons oi the f orest". More than 200 varieties oi these twine i:ogether on ihe glournd, twlst in.ihe air, or" creep aiong the trr:es ancl ciiffs. Mueuna birdusaodia,na's 30-cen- timeter-thiek vines have no ieal'es: but for the srrrall white flowers ani brorvn beans produced b,v ttre oii.er vines. no one could tetri they were living plants. Dao dragon- piulns, tig trees, and wild iychees are tal1 and straight, their big l:xrttresses stretching far abrive the ground. The rnost striking are sever:a1 cauiiflorours piants. They bloonr and prodi:.ce fruits on their tr'unks all yeal arcund. Epiphytes, scientists exanrine some of the reselve's more thau l{x} species of birds, Wang Xinmin

the state. Ancient brake ferns and ing human contact with the cycas are living specimens for' ecosystems of tropi.cai and sub- researeh in plant evoiution from tropical forests. Narrowly-focused the Mesozoic Era.. More than 30 research has given way to 'an varieties of uniquely iocal plants interdiscipiinary program in which ar"e nalned afier Dinghushan, in- the South China Institute of cluoling Dinghu spicebush, Iiet Botany of the Chinese Academy of tinghwshansis, and Rhododendron Sciences, the Guangdong institutes tinghuertse. In addition, there are of soil., entomology, microbiology, 320 kinds ,rf timber tree. ?0 oil- and geography, and the depart- bearing plants, 40 starch plants, ments of biology and meteorology 100 iabric plants, 60 tanning of Zhongshan University par- extract plants, 900 medicinal plants ticipate. In addition, F. D. Castri, secretary-general of the coordinat- Colorful begonia grolving straight and more than 300 kinds of fungus. out ing corn:rnittee of cUfI faces are just one of many Dinghushan's high, denseLy of UNESCO, H. L. beautilul and !.rnusual sights at Iling- fores[ed slope provide of Teilor, of UNESCO's Department htrshan. Fltotos by Gao Mlnggi all kinds wiid life with a comfortable of Eeological Science and Prof. habitat. According to the Guang- E. F. Brunig of the MAB program came to Dinghushan to direct the r,vttich appear parasitic are i:r-li, dong Institute of Entomoiogy, bui researeh. there are more than 100 species dangJ.e in the air and root in tire of years, crooks o[ tree Llunks. cornposing bii'd, including pheasants. par'- In two the scientists traveled a beautir"ul park in thc air'. tridges, cuckoos, owl.s, wood- to every corner of Ding- hushan, observing peckers, anrj sunbirds: 30 animals its biotrogicai resc,urces Abund.ant Biolo$ical Resources includillg sero"l,, antelopes, pangolin and natural environ- ment. number reports on anteaters, munijac deer and wilC A of Stetistj.cs. gathered olrer lnany Dinghushaffs vegetation and soil boa:r; 2$ snakes incluCing pythons years by the Dinghushan Ar- and indices of iocal birds, animals, and. various co'ora-relateci crea- boretum of the South China insects, piants, fungus and algae tures; and innurnerable insects Institule of Botany, l'eveal lhat irave been published. Prof . Bi including five kinds of cicada and Dinghushan has about 2,000 Zhishu, now with the Guangdong dozen verieties varieties oi higher plants rncluding a of termire. Institute of Microbiology, moved 300 cr-rltivated by the scientists. Since Dinghushan Natune his laboratory frorn Ilongkong to Among them, redwatertrees, wild Reserve became a UN research Dinghushan to do reSearch lychees on the an

SEPTEIIIiBEB 1981 27 f;n'rtr in ConYiction, ltrnceasing in Struggle

De ng Yi ngchao Recalls the Lo ng March (lnterview Part 2)

T N 1932 Zhou Enlai, Deng were cut off by tight KMT troops, and in 1933 a whole mil- l- Yingchao and other pro- blockade. The most acute problem lion,"- said Sister Deng. minent Communists working was to supply our fighting men. The Leftist policies of the Wang secretly in the reactionary-ruled Not so much with arms, which Ming leadership in the Party Shanghai were transferred. by they captured in quantity from ultimately wrecked the military decision of the Party Central the enemy, but with the elemen- position as well, she went on. The Cornrnittee, to the main liberated tary needs of life. There was a first three major campaigns areas of the time, the central base shortage of grain, vegetables and. launched by Chiang were defeat- of the Chinese Soviets and the especially of salt, a physiological ed by the Red Army applying the Ctrinese Red Army in Jiangxi necessity, v"hich was not locally strategy and tacties worked out province. The shif t was made produced. With poor and rough by Mao Zedong. But by the fifth underground China's campaign Wang Ming group after the in nutrition, gastro-intestinal trou- the suffere