. l9ll Revolution: Its Meoning After 70 Yeors
. Shoolin Monostery: Home ol Mofiisl fuis . A County ol Foothollers
.5oon9 Ching Ling Memoriol Supplement The "Isles of the I Huangshan Mountai FOUNDER: SOONG CHING LING (MME. SUN YAT-SEN! (lse3-leel), PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY IHE CHINA WELFARE INSTITUTE IN ENGLISH, FRENCH, SPANISH, ARABIC, GERMAN, PORTUGUESE AND CHINESE
Artrcfes o tfie ffiont#a VOt. XXX NO. 9 SEFTEMBER 1981 CONTENTS The Revolution ofr 1911 The story ol Asio's lirst successful revolt ogoinst The TCth Anniversory of the 19tl Revoiution feudol monorchy; revolu' Soong Ching Ling on Sun Yat-sen 6 tionory leoder Sun Yot-sen The 1911 Bevolution I ond pioneer Chinese Com' Sun Yat-sen s Friendship with Communisl Lr Dazhao t3 munist Li Dozhoo; Soong Tile Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Guanqzhcu 16 Ching Ling (Mme. Sun Yot' sen) on her husbond's lile Politics ond oims. Poge 6'13 Firm in Conviction, Unceasing in Struggle Deng Ying- chao Fecalls the Long March (lntervielv- Part 2) 28 Economics Eeadlusiment Brings More Consurrer Goods 32 Mcre Freshwater Fishing 62 l"ight,lndustry Benefiis Society irom Reodjustmen[ Youth Service Team rn Shanghar 59 Two' yeors of progress in exponding light in- Ex-Capitalrsts Aid Economy 66 dustry to meet consumer demonds. Poge 32 Science Dinghushan - a Living Laboratory 24 Arl Ur\dESCO Si,udies tling- Filming Lu Xun's'Fegret tor the Past 50 hushon hdoture ffisserte Friendship Far from Home Arab Medical Srudents in Berjrng 40 Why hove primevol forests there flourished while others Across the Lond ot the some lotitude declined? Spring Comes to the Mei Mountain Ridge A Vistt 10 A tTNESCO reseorch centet Meixian Prefecture, Horne ol Overseas Chinese- (2) 43 tries to find onswets. Poge 24 Yangzhou Ancient City Rich in Arl 34 Shaolin l,lonastery- ano lts Martial Arts tr? SportsTMedicine Home of Football 4b How Barefoot Doctors Are Trained 21 Notionolities Tibet. 30 Years After Liberation + Meixion, 'Horne o[ Columns ond Speciols Footbqll' Our Postbag 2 They're footboll mod Sr 2 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Sketchbook hu Yaaa Zaosan Countrt I'air I'tasant Girls ia.+) .j )h rt )t t( I a 7 _E -r-'l'L'[ :- ffi ')tt4 '7(- ()n the banks of the Qiantang River Petrochemical wo.t , SEPTEMBER I98T Tibet: 30 Years After liheration T HIS year marks ihe thirtieth match-making, printing and food the total for I 959, and an increase r anniversary of Tibet's libera- processing. The region's total in- of 1.6 percent over 1979. Rapeseed tion. From an area extremeiy dustrial output value last year production boomed, growing by backward economically, its peo- reached 150 million yuan. Progress 35.6 percent over the 1979 figure. ple isolated and suppressed under in hydro-power construction is Total income from collective side- a harsh feudal system, in 30 years typic'al. The installed capacity of line production was up 6.7 percent Tibet has taken many strides for- the whole region before 1966 was over the 1979 figure. Comrnune ward into the modern world. only 10,000 kilowalts, while today members' private plots discour- However, a number of policies it is 60,000 kw. Its generated aged during the "cultural- revolu- followed in Tibet during the "cul- energy reached 170 miilion kwh in tion" grew by 9,200 hectares in tural revolution" and for a few 1980, as against 30.46 million ku'h 1980. -During the same period, pri- years afterward ignored the con- in 1966. vately-owned Iivestock increased crete realities of the Tibetan agri- Traditional Tibetan handicraft by 1.36 miliion head. cultural economy and downplayed industries seriously disrupted Transport: Four trunk highways the particular needs and desires oI during the- "cultural revolution" have been built linking Tibet r,vith the Tibetans thereby causing - - are again flourishing. The 1980 Sichuan. Qinghai and Yut-rnan great harm to the region's economy output value amounted to 6 miliion provinces, and the Xinjiang Uygur and to Tibetan life in general. yuan, an increase of 21 percent Autonomous Region. The internal Early in 1980, these policies were over the 1979 figure. Special Tibet- highway network. with Lhasa as changed, and real efforts were an products such as yak saddles, its center, norv stretches some made to give the Tibetans them- traditional clothing and cooking 21,000 kilometers. Over 400 bri- selves greater autonomy over utensils made an even more spec- dges totaling 13 km. are scattered their economic and cultural life.* tacular recovery production was throughout the region. AII counties What is the overall situation in up 43 percent over- 1979. except Medog in southeast Tibet Tibet - thirty years after iibera- Agriculture: The livelihood of now have branch highways. Tw-o ti.on? Have the new policies had most Tibetans depends on agricul- air routes have been opened any effect? Let's look at some ture, stock r-aising, and small-scale from Lhasa to Chengdu, the capital- facts and figures. sideline production. Here again of Sichuan province, and to Xi'an, Industry: Before 1951, Tibet had there is steady progress, with some the capital of Shaanxi province. no real industrial base. Today this dramatic changes over the past Commerce: Commercial activi- remote region boasts power, coal, year reflecting the new policies ties buying, selling, allocaiions chemical, conbtruction materials, put into output and -storage are also on the up- machine-building and timber-pro- being effect. Grain reached kilograms swing. The- 1980 value of goods cessing industries, as well as light 505 million percent increase over the- bought the region was 40 million industries such as wool spinning, a 2t0 in 1951 figure, and 19 percent over yuan, 17 times the total for 1959. mil.lion t See Cnina Reconstructs. October the 1979 figure. Livestock num- Goods equiva).ent to 180 1980. bered 23.8 million head, 2.3 times yuan - 4.7 times the amount for Linzhi Woolen MilI a step toward industrialization and Tibetan berds have grown rapidly through modern scientific increasing prosperity.- Dai Jiming methods of breeding and disease control. Dai Jimtng a-' A Tibetan languege class at l.he Lhasa No. I primary School. New saores in remote grassland and mountain areas, 1959 -- w€re allocated to the region main force in the region's educa- holding leadership positions at government by the during 1980. tional system. the commune level and above. Education: In 1951 less than ten Medical Care: The Tibetan Au- They made up 60.3 percent schools (including old-siyle private tonomous Region has 800 hospitals of the total number of cadres schools) with 700 students existed and clinics, snme 500 of them at of the region. The highest govern- in Tibet; 98 percent of all Tibetans county level or below" There are ment bodies in all of the region,s were illiterate. Today the region about 6,600 full-time medical six districts and municipalities in- primary has 6,586 schools, 55 mid- workers, plus a large number of clude Tibetans. Of the region's Z5 dle schools, 22 secondary vocational barefoot doctors. After a period counties, 68 have Tibetan or other schools, eight secondary technical in which the practice of traditi.onal minority nationality cadres in top schools, and four institutions of Tibetan medicine was discouraged, gov€rnmental positions. higher learning, with a total of research in this area is growing, Recent efforts have placed more 260,000 students. To date 142,400 and traditional Tibetan doctors are responsibility for Tibetan affairs have graduated from various encouraged to pass on their know- in the hands of local people. Forty- schools. Special efforts have been ledge to young successors. The two of the minority nationality made at all school level-s to development of a comprehensive cadres at the district or municipal strengthen the teaching of the health care system has meant that Ievels were promoted to their pre- Tibetan language and the preserva- Tibetans can get timely, free medi.- sent positions within the past year, tion of Tibet's heritage. cultural cal care when they need it - a and they constitute 56 percent of In the 1950s, except for a few complete reversal of the situation the total new eadres at those levels. lamas who had gone back to sec- existing before liberation. There are 284 new county-level ular life, there were almost no na- Minority Leadership: As of cadres of minority nationality or tive Tibetan teachers. Today there March 1981, there were 36,900 67.14 percent of the total new are some 11,000, and they are the cadres of minority nationality cadres at that level. I Cars and trucks on modern highways cover in hours dis- Yang Chan (riCht), the democratically-elected head oI euxu tances that once took days or weeks of travel on foot. eounty, consults with eommune nlembers, Kang Sory KangKano SongSone $oong Ghimg limg olr $um Yat-selr - From Her $peeches and $tatements TODAY we are celebrating thc 90th anniversat y qUN YAT-SEN had begun his revolulionar'1 I of the birth of Sun Yat-sen. great revolutionary U activities flom the simple premise of saving the son of the Chinese people. His name and achieve- motherland. His travels about the u'orld had a double ments are honored in our ranks because Ior forty purpose: to search fot' the mosl advanced ideas; and years he gave his utmost strength to the people's to induce the Chinese studenl,s and overseas Chin€se revolution. His name and achievements have been to join his movernent. In 1896-1899. Sun Yat-sen preserved in our hearts and minds because he gave visited all the main European capitais. Frotn the his all so that China might thro'"v off the blinders of reminiscences of some of those who heard hinr speak. quite r,ve.ll Lhc folces work feudal superstition and the shackles of economic we know he undelsLood at in a world rvhere imperialisnr had become, the mclst backwardness and imperialism. Because of his selfiess vicious enemy of all the peoples. and of the er:r when devotion to this cause, his name and achievements the working class rnas assuming rhe leading position have served as an inspiration for the entii'e nation in revolutionary movements. Sun Yat-sen knev,' o1' as we go forward to complete the task which he Karl Marx and Frederick Engels and their' 'o'olk, and did not have time to finish. he had already heard of Lenin and the revolutionary Sun Yat-sen was a great revolutionarv because movement in Russia. Those who listened to his his was an undaunted spirit In his "Account of the lectures remember that he frequenlly predicted .tha1 Chi.nese Revolution" he rvrote: "If a man with a socialism would succeed capitalism in the 201h foreknowledge and keen preception of things resolves century. He predicted then that l,enin would to accomplish something which conlorrns to nature. succeed in this in Russia before he himself wcruld in responds to human teelings, agrees wilh the trend China, although he felt that it rvouid not take long in world affairs and serves the urgent needs of the to topple the declepit Qing dynasty. community, he is bound to succeed." Sun Yat-sen and His Co-nperation with Sun Yat-sen - Great Rcvolutionary Son the Chinese Communist Part-1, November of the Chinese People, November 4, 1956 12,1962 Srtn Yat-sen in September at a rally in Guangdong province before sending his Sun Yat-sen (head of table) entertains Lroops north against the northern s,arlorrls. Soviet personnel in China. CHINA RECONSTRUCTS THE OVERTHROW of the Qing dynasty was the .1 most remarkabJe achievement of the 1911 Revolution. Its signilicance was tremendous, for China became, a1 least irr form^ ttre first republic in Asia and, in a countl'y invtilving one-fifth cf the world's population. had smashed the autocratic po- litical s.v.stern. This u,as really a milestone in the advance of world hisr"ory, Ilowe ver, a real and absolutely democratic grivernment had not been achieved. so our revolution *still coul Sun Yat-sen outlines strategy for an armed uprising # SEPIEMBEB T98I attached importance only to nationalism and had TftHROIJGIIOUT his life Sun Yat-sen advocated the narrowed the iaterpretaLion of nationalism to mean I principle of joint struggle for the existence of the overthrow of the rule of the Nllanchus as their China. That is rvhy he held that the Kuomintang and soiLr purpose. They even thought that there was no Cornmunists should rvork together. The Comrnunist real;cn why a FIan emperor couid put not be on the Party is a party which stands for the interests of the throne after the Qlng dynasty was overthrown. Sun working classes, industrial Yai-sen severely criticized them, pointing out that both and agricultural. Sun realizeC they did not understand the real mearring of de- that without the keen support and coopera- rnocracy and oniy paid lip service to it. tion of these classes, the mission of completing the Achieving True Independence in China, national revolution could not easily be carried out. Novemher 11. 1939 If the cooperation with the Chinese Communist Party" which he advocated, had continued uninterruptedly until the present time. Cl:ina would by now have T T WAS Sun Yat-sen's determined desire fr:r been a free and independent power, Past, events are I progress that in the final period of tris life a good lesson. During the present crisis, all former enabled him to appreciate the lessons of the October difierences should be forgotten. Socialist Revclution in Russia, to understand that the The whole nation must join together Chinese Communist Party and the working class *'eret in opposing Japanese aggression and fighting the most dynamic forces in the nation. Once he sau' for the final victory. the truth, he acted without equivocation. He Statement on the Eeconciliation, Novembor revised his old poiicies and principles. He declared 1937 his alliance with Soviet Russia. He welcomed the close cooperation of the Chinese Communist Party because it was of advantage to the revolution. He qUN YAT-SEN had no property. He derrored all the energies arrived at a rnore accurate conception of socialism. u c'f a lifetime to the chinese revolution. Ile tossed aside his quest for a bourgeois democratic What he left us to retnember hirn by were only his repiliclic because he had learned it could never be books and a former re-qidence. These simple things realized in a China beset by feudalism and imperial- may hei,p later generations know something about his ism. In its stead he put forth his new dream. that life and understand his unswerving determination in of a people's republic. Finally, he set down his the struggle for the Chinese people to master their slogan of "Land to Tiliers" to .solve the problems cf own destiny. the peasants. the goal toward which he had been Foreword to the photograph album Dr. Sun striving thiise many decades. Yat-sen's Fornrer Residence in Shanghai, Sun Yat-sen Great Revolutionary Son October 1957 of the Chinese- People ,{ LTHOUGH in his lifetime he was not able to see Ihe lormer residence of Sun yat-sen in Shanshai. ft niu dream of a greai China on the world stage, he never doubted for one moment that this would be the final result of all his efforts. The Chinese Communist Party picked up his tasks, and after further year-s of hard and diflicult struggle ied the Chinese people to their triumph in revolulion, and on t.o the construction of a sociaiist state. Sr.rn Yat- sen's dream has rnaterialized. It has been fulfilled in every way. But Sun Yat-sen left us more than a dream. Ijle left us what the great Lenin descriL..d in a letter to him as "continuous zea7" tor the revoiutionary cause. I want especially to say to our you[E people, upon whom so much depends in this ne\M\'phase of the struggie: Learn from Sun Yat-sen! Imbibe his con- tinuous zeal, study his demand for constant progress. emulate his lack of subjectiveness, his humbleness and his closeness to the people. Make these chara- teristie part of your own make-up. With these you can surely go forward to build a great socialist China. Sun Yat-sen - Great Revolutionary Son of the Chinese People CHINA RECONSTRUCTS The r9r! Revolution LI XIN fD AILWAY riehts was the issue I\ tn.t ted to ihe uprising which The 1911 Revolution which storted with including the penetrotion of the ormy set off Revolution 1911 the Wuchong the of in Uprising wos the culmino- ond the odministrotion, Revolution- Wuchang (with Hankou and Han- tion of yeors of orgonizing ond ogitotion ory societies ond underground nev,rs- yang making up the triple city of mony people, by of whom Sun Yot- popers were set up in severol provinces, Wuhan on the Changjiang River). sen wos most prominent. Sun Yot- ln 1905 in Jopon Sun Yot-sen united Frorn 1905 on, in addition to for- sen hod begun by petitioning for these vorious groups into the Tongmeng- eign-financed railway develop- reform. After the defeot of Chinese hui (Revolutionory Leogue) with o ment, various companies had been troops by Joponese oggressors in the progrom: Overthrow the Qing dynosty, organized by Chinese capitalists to Sino-Joponese Wor of 1894,5un wos regenerote Chino, estoblish o republic build lines. On May 9, 19J.1, the shocked to see the Qing court unmoved, ond equolize lond ownership. He loter Qing dynasty government pro- claimed "nationalization the ond insteod, burying themselves with summorized these points in this Three of railways". Its intent was to take ceremoniol songs ond donces ond build- People's Principles: Notionolism, over these Chinese-operated com- in! the Summer Poloce to celebrote Democrocy, the ond the People's Livelihood" panies and mortgage their railway 60th birthdoy of the Empress Dowoger The Tongmenghui's oim wos to estoblish rights for a loan frorn a consort- Ci Xi. Deciding thot the only woy wos on independent, prosperous Chinese ium of American, British, French to overthrow the Qing regime, he qet up republic. and Gerirran banks. The funds Chino's first bourgeois revolutionory or- Before the revolution reoched fruition were ostensibly for railway build- gonizotion, the Xingzhonghui (Revive following the Wuchong Uprising, Sun ing, but, as everyone knew, they Chino Society) in Howoii in 1894. Yot-sen ond his comrodes, often with would be used to shore up the tot- The Qing court wos thoroughly help from workers, peosonts ond others tering Qing regime and enrich its discredited ofter the suppression of the in the secret societies, were to leod o principals. It was also well Boxer Uprising for giving in to tliir totol of 10 obortive ormed uprisings in known that railway rights in for- hands demonds of vorious imperiolist powers, Guongdong province ond olong the eign would help the impe- rialist powers expand their leosing owoy ports, sections of the border. There were some lorge revolts, spheres of intluence, transport country, ond customs ond other tox including one in 1906 involving storving troops and Control China's eco- rights. Chino's fledgling notionol miners ot the Anyuon coolf ield in nomic lifelines. copitolist industry wos suffering from Jiongxi province ond peosonts in neorby The gentry-merchants foreign of Hunan competition. Sun Yot-sen's i,:rs Liuyong oncl Liling counties in Hunon, held a protest meeting and dis- of o democrotic revolution begon to be A lorge uprisinQ ond revolt of troops tributed leaflets in Changsha ask- received with sympothy by the new in the Qing ormy, ogoin to seize ing that the order be rescinded, bourgeois closs. Guongzhou os o bose, took ploce on and students quit their classes to 5un, in exile since on unsuccessful April 27, '1911. lt too foiled and 72 ot protest. Soon the movement to oftempt in summer'1895 to seize the those who died in it ore buried in o preserve railway rights had spread Qing government heodquorters in moss grove in Guongzhou's outskirts ot to Wuchang, Guangzhou, Chengdu Guongzhou (Conton) os o bose for rev- HuonEhuogong, which hos given the and other cities in Hunan, Hubei, olution, troveled to oll ports of the event the nome Huonghuogong Sichuan and Guangdong. Upris- The struggle was me.st bitter world where there were Chinese com- ing. munities ond where young Chinese men and widespread in Sichuan. On There were olso riots over the rising June 17, 1911, at a mass meeting ond women were studying, He ond his price of rice oll through the Chongjiong in Chengdu, the Railway Protec- followers gothered funds, hommered out (Vongtze) River volley, with 6 lorge one tion League was forrned. It soon o progrom, set up clubs ond news- ot Chongsho, copitol of Hunon. Between had branches throughout the prov- popers, bought ond shipped orms. the founding of the Tongmenghui ond ince. To suppress the protest the They directed students returning home 1910 o totol of 284 populor revolts took into vorious forms of underground work, ploce. LI XIN is vice-director of the Institute of Moilern Chinese History of the Aeademy of Social Sciences. SEPTEMBER T981 t&c. ,. $ e*d *',# *{ Jd b.'i * @ s @ Qing government appointed as ffik Viceroy of Sichuan Zhao Erfeng, who in 1904 had gained the name & of "butcher" for having slaugh- 8sS tered 3,000 Sichuan peasants who r€sisted paying taxes. It was like ie ffi pouring oil on a fire. In the latter a part of August, the government forcibly took over a section of the ffi Sichuan-Hankou line. Sichuan ex- ploded in protest. Merchants closed their shops and students & Ieft their schools. In September peasants in many places refused to turn in tax grain and pay other taxes. Leaders of the Tongmeng- hui contacted rnember's of the Ge- laohui (Society of Elder Brothers), an anti-Manchu secret society, with the aim of preparing an Headquarters of the Wuchang uprising arrny. armed uprising. On September 7 Zhao Erfeng in- vited the two heads of the raiJ.way corporation to his office and had them arrested. Protesters rushed to his office to demand their re- lease. He ordered his soldiers to open fire, killing 32 city resident.s and scores of peasants who had come from the outskirts to give them support. This became known as the Chengdu Massacre. The Railway Protection Associa- tion had lor some time been organ- izing armed units. Now these con- verged on Chengdu from all direc- tions. Zhao Erfeng found himself helpless inside the citY. The in- surg€nts occupied several subpre- fectures and counties. On SePtem- Rongxian B ber 25 they declared county independent and set uP a llevolutionarl, troops and people fight the Qing arnry in IIanko[. revolutionary government. The Wuchang UPrisi'ng Tht' Shanghai volunteer army during the lgll Revolution. The Qing government ordered ffu Duan Fang to march into the Prov- ince with Wuhan units from its New Army so called because it used western-style- guns instead of swords and spears as had other Manchu armies. .,This was actual- ly a stroke of luck Jor the revolu- tion. As early as 1904 revolution- ary societies in Hubei Prnvince had been spreading their ideas and organizing among the trooPs' A third of the men in the New Army had joined them. In SeP- tember, when Part of the New Army troops departed for Sichuan; leaving the Wuhan garrison CHTNA ftECONSTRUCTS I Sutr Ya(-sen (fif1h from left, front row) a( his inauguration in Nanjing on January l, l9l2. reduced, the twr"r soci€ties decided Xiong Bingkun of the same unit lution, and on the eve of the up- this was the time to seize Wuhan. led the rebels to seize the govern- rising had executed many revolu- The date was set for the Mid- ment ars€nal at Chuwangtai and tionary leaders. Durir-rg the fight- Autumn Festival, talling that year other units revoLted and ioined ing he had hid in a friend's hou.sc' on October 6. It was later moved them. They attacked the governor's He accepted with great reluctance. to October 16. However, an ac- headquarters, but Governor Rui Tang had favored constitui;ionaI cidental explosion on October g Cheng fled to a gunboat in the rrlonarchy over revolution. Whilt: where they were making bornbs in river. The revolutionary troops making them leaders oI the levo- a house in }trankou's Russian con- occupied the compound and by the lution helped to win over many cession gave the revolutionarie.s next morning, October 11, the en- prominent tigures. it also sowed away. The order went out for the tire city of Wuchang was in their the seeds of future disaster for uprising to take place that very hands. the revolution. night, before but these could reach The uprising had had initial Hanyang fell on October 1l . the basic units, the headquarters success, but organizing a new gov- Hankou on the 12th, and ot,her had been destroyed and !'nany ernment presented problems. The cities in Hubei soon fcllowed. The leaders arrested. Three were recognizd leader of the move- revoiution spread to Hunan, executed and the others were be- ment, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, was still in Shaanxi, Jiangxi and other prov- ing hunted down. the United States, and Hu.ang inces. By the end of November, The revolutionari.es in the New Xing, his close associate, in Hong- 15 of the total 24 provinccs had Army decided to revolt and fight kong. Many other militant leaders declared their indepen{e.nce of the their way out. At 7 p.m., as those had been arrested or had fled the Qing rule. in a company of the 8th Engineer- search, The revolution could not Battalion ing were making final proceed without a leader, so Li Yuan Shikai Takes Ovcr preparations. their plan was dis- Yuanhong, a former regimental covered by a platoon leader. He commander in the New Army was To save themselves, the Qing was about to arrest Jin Zhaotong asked to be military governor and officials brought back the militat'y when the latter shouted. "Com- Tang Hualong, speaker of the politician Yuan Shikai, who had rades, take action !" The solciiers provincial assembly, to head the been sent to "rest" because he had killed some of the reactionary of- administration of civil affairs. Li been getting so powerlul as to be ficers. At the sound of gunshots, had never been in favor of revo- a threat to them. With a record SEPTEMBER T98T II eas! on the river December 2. orr nificance. It. smashed the'China feudal On the 25th Sun Yat-seh arrived" 'i"nonarchy and made A in Shanghai and was immediately republic, at least in name. elected Provisional President of The program of the Revolution- the Republic of China by represen- ary League and Sun Yat-sen's tatives of 17 provinces. On Jan- Three People's Prit'rciples helped uary 1, 1912, Sun took the oath of awaken the Chinese people from office and proclaimed the found- their slumber. The 1911 Revolu- ing of the Republic of China. It tion implanted the idea of a dem- marked the end of 267 years of ocratie republic in their minds. Qing dynasty rule and 2,000 years When Yuan Shikai in 191b of feudal monarchy in China. attempted to malie himseif The country was now under two emperor and the warlord Zhang different governments. In the Xun put back on the throne Pu Yi, peace talks it became clear that the the abdicated boy emperor in 1917, +x imperialists backing Yuan would the people would not have it. recognize the Republic and refrain One reason the revolution failed The fllg of the Wuchang uprising from intervention only if he became is that bourgeois elements in the forces. president. Yielding to pressure Kuomintang (into which Sun Yat- from them and the feudal forces, sen's Tongmenghui was reorgan- to preserve the Republic, Sun Yat- ized) did not wish to mobilize the of serving the landlords, compra- sen resigned and his position as masses of the peasants and even dor capitalists and big bourgeoisie Provisional President was taken suppressed their struggle (the con- and the imperialists, he had helped over by Yuan Shikai in March, stitution of the republic did not suppress the Reform Movement of 79L2. Thus China fell into the inention Sun Yat-sen's principle ot 1898 and the Boxer Uprising, and hands of the northern warlords, of equalization of land), and without was regard,ed by the imperialists which Yuan was chief . China participation of the peasantry, a as a "strong man" who would save remained a semi-feudal,' semi- bourgeoisdemocratic revolution their interests. On October 30, the colonial country. could not succeed. Qing cabinet dissolved itself and Failure of the revolution de- semi-feudal, appointed Yuan prime minister to Historical Significance monstrated that in organlze a new on€. semi-colonial China the bourgeoisie Meanwhiie, the revolutionary Although the revolution failed, could not lead a democratic revo- armies occupied Nanjing further it had tremendous historical sig- iution to victory. Sun Yat-sen sensed this and later on began to turn to the October Revolution in The flag with 18 stars, one for each of the 18 Drovinces which had declared their Soviet Russia as an example. He independence of Qing ilynasty rule, hangs before ibe military government head- quarters. propounded Three Major Policies for the Kuomintang Party: A1- liance with Soviet Russia; alliance with the Chinese Communist Party; support for the workers' L&h , 11.qr and peasants' movement. What has the 1911 Revolution to teach us today? The fighting spirit E -:-i:-:a-q of those early revolutionaries and Sun Yat-sen's spirit of going for- ward with the times are examples for us still. Now the new de- mocratic revolution has long been I won. China is striving to build a strong, modernized socialist country. Every patqiotic Person inspired by the spirit of the 1911 Revolution and ihe ideals for which Sun Yat-sen fought ought surely to be able to find ways to contribute his part to building a unified and prosperous China. tr An orticle "Sun Yot-sen's Role in the lgtl Reyolution" will oppeor in out next issue. l2 CHINA BECONSTBUCTS Sun Yat-sen's Friendship with Communist Li Dazhao WANG SIIIHAN Li Dazhao (left) and Sun Yal-sen coming out of Kuomintang's First National Congress at Guang2hou, January 1924. q UN YAT-SEN'S friendship of 1921. On December 23, 1921, garding this event he (Joffe) has L-/ with Li Dazhao (1889-1927). Maring had a long discussion with assured Dr. Sun Yat-sen that Chi- a pioneer Marxist in China and a Sun and made two suggestions for na has the warmest sympathy _of founder of the Chinese Com- the Chinese revolution to which the Russian people and can count munist Party, had an important Sun agreed. They were: the on the support of Russia." influence on his thinking and on necessity of a political party that the Chinese revolution. '.vould unite all classes and in- Two-Party Cooperation Early in his career Li had par- dividuals willing to oppose im- ti.cipated in activities of revolu- perialism and feudalism; and the The Communist Party, which tionary organizations led by Sun. creation of a nuclew for a revolu- since its formation in July 1921 The two had met personally at tionary armed force by setting up had been extremely active leading least as early as 1919. Sun already an officers' training school. workers' struggles, had come to had grpat admiration for the Li and Sun met again on August realize that in order to succeed, October Revolution in the Soviet 23, t922, in Shanghai. They were China's young working class need- Union and was searching for a so engrossed in their conversation ed to have a broad alliance with way out fbr a China in which the on how to build a new China that other classes which opposed im- main contradiction was with im- they nearly forgot tc, have dinner. perialism and feudalism. Its third perialism. It was Li Dazhao who On August 25, Li Dazhao in- national congress in ilune 1923 in the city of Guilin introduced troduced Adolf Joffe, a Soviet voted to work for a revolutionary him to Maring, the representative diplomat, to Sun. On January 26, united front with Sun Yat-sen's of the Communist International 1923, Sun and Joffe issued a joint Kuomintang Party. Communist in China in August or September statement in which .they said: Party members would be permit- "China's paramount and most ted to join the Kuomintang as in- pressing problem is to achieve na: dividuals, During this congress IryANG SHIHAN is assistant curator of the Chinese History Museum in Bei. tional unification and a'ttain full Li Dazhao had long discussions jins. national independence; and re- with Sun Yat-sen on how to form a/ SEPTEMBEB T98T 13 mobilized the mass€s of the peo- had set up a secret organization to ple i.n a vast revolutionary up- fight Yuan Shikai, and Li Dazhao surge until, taking fright at it, took par-t in its activities. in April 1927 Chiang Kai-shek. at When Dr. Frank Goodnnw, an the behest of the big landlords American who was adviser to and imperialist-backed big bour- Yuan, tried to create Public geoisie in the Kuomintang, turned opinion f or Yuan's becoming against the revolution and began emperor. Li Dazhao wrote angrY a white terror against Communist articles refuting him. He charged and others. Li Dazhao, then a that Yuan had agreed to the professor at Beijing University, Japanese governmeut's secret note was arrested by the warlord of "Twenty-one Demands", selling Zhang Zuolin and executed at the out China's territorY and sover- age of 38. eignty, because he was counting on Japanese backing to rnake him called on his Li Dazhao',s Growth emperor. Li Dazhao countrymen to fight. Sun Yat-sen the revolutionary The situation plunged Young democrat, and Li Dazhao, who be- people with patriotic feeling intet came a leading Communist, both a mood of pessimism. some cven began their interest in politics to the point of suicide. Li Dazhao" seeking a way to save the country however, saw things otherwise. l-(j1ler from Sun Yal-sen in|iting Mi- already semi-colonial from In his well-known essaY "SPring- chael Borodin to be his adviser. total- economic control- and time" he spoke of the eternal submission to foreign imperialist cycle of nature, alwaYs changing powers and the warlords who and renewing: iife and death, this united front, and on foreign prosperity and decline, Youth and policy" served them. As a student at the Tianjin age thus an infinite sPring. In October at Sun Yat-sen's in- Those- who recognize this Process vitation Michael Borodin arrived Political Science and Law School between 1907 and 1913, Li Dazhao of uni'u'ersal change can Possess from the Soviet Union to be his the spirir of Youth or eternal political adviser, stopping on the had been influenced by his as- sociation with Bai Yayu, a teacher spring and have unlimited hoPe, way in Beijing to meet with Li old of history and geography and a he said. China, though an Dazhao. countly beset bY manY Problems, In January 1924 the Kuomin- leading member of the Tianjin- Beijing-Baoding branch of Sun could have a rebirth, he said, eali- tang held its first national con- ing on the young PeoPle to un- gress in Guangzhou. Sun Yat-sen Yat-sen's Tongmenghui (Revive China Society). Bai was arrested ceasingly struggle to create selected Li to be the only Com- for an uprising attempted by ths spring in their hearts, sPring munist on the five-man presidium in their Tongmenghui, As he was taken their country, spring for and to be on committees to draft people. a manifesto, a constitution for the to be executed he refused to kneel down and shouted, "Fight to the Kuomintang and do publications October Eevolution Shows WaY and publicity for the congress. Of end for a republic!" course the more Right-wing mem- Deeply moved by the 1911 Rev- Yet, after Yuan Shikai's be- bers of the Kuomintang opposed olution, Li Dazhao hated the cor- trayal, neither Li Dazhao nor Sun cooperation with the Comrnunists. rupt Qing dynasty and the Yat-sen knew what direction to Li reassured them that Com- subsequent northern warlord gov- take to achieve their aim of sav- munists participating in the ernment under Yuan Shikai, and ing China. Then in 191? the Kuomintang as individuals while placed his hope in the revolution- October Revolution occurred in maintaining their Communist ary struggle led by Sun Yat-sen. Russia. Li Dazhao beeame the Party membership was only to be In the summer of 1913 Sun Yat- first influential Chinese intellec- able to contribute to the nation- sen attempted a "second revolu- tual to speak in favor of the revo- alist revolution" At the congress tion", an armed revolt to over- lution. The effect of the October Li Dazhao was elected a member throw Yuan Shikai, which was Revolution on hirrr-yas to make of the Kuomintang Central unsuccessful. The future for hirn realize that "their struggle is Executive Committee. political activity looked hopeless. a class struggle, a war launched bY Under this cooperation the Li Dazhao went to Japan to enroll the world proletariat against the jointly-run Whampoa Military in political economy courses at world capitalists." Academy was set up in Guang- Waseda University. During his Li Dazhao made the most sYs- zhou and a joint armed force be- three years in Japan he studied tematic summary of Marxist theorY gan the Northern Expedition Marxism and other socialist up to that time in China in an rnarch against the imperialist- theory. 'In exile again after the article "My Marxist Views" in a backed warlords in the north. It 1913 revolt, in Japan Sun Yat-sen special issue of the magazine Netu l4 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS Youth devoted to Marxism and munist Party. It pleased him very edited ing of the Chine.se Communist by him appearing on May much, his wite Soong Ching Ling 1. 1919. the Party. In 1924, with help from the eve of the May Fourth later recalled, "to see Marxism Movement. and Chinese Communist party, he re- the writings of Lenin Because being studied organized the Kuomintang and Li Dazhao understood so assiduously. Sun yat-sen the class had a brought about the first united nature of the October warm respect and admiration Revolution and had for front between the Kuomintang acceptecl the Li Dazhao, who was always wel- and ps.1r. basics of the Marxist viewpoint, Comrnuni-st He adopt- he come at our house. . . Sun yat_ could ans-*rer . ed the three major policies corre etly the ques- sen after seeing such guests. would (alliance tion of whether or Marxism with the Soviet Llrrion, not often lemark that he considered was suited to Chinese cooperation with the Communist conditions. these people as his true revolution- Party, and In a debate with the bourgeois re- help to the workers aly comr.ades. He knew he could and peasants). With these he former Hu Shi (1891-1962). Li Da- count re- zhair pointed on the clarity of theit interpreted the old Three Feople',s out that a Marxist thought and unflinching must try apply their Principles into new ones. Hr.. to theory in his courage in battle." In a lecture own environment. on realized that in his forty years ex- his principle of the people,s wel- perience, it was only after had Li Dazhao's ability to relate ,,Com- he fare in 7924, he stated, f ound Marxism to China's particular sit- a good friend in com- munism is the good friend munism uation helped to make Marxism of the that he began to see im- Three People's Principles." perialisrn meaningful to the Chinese people as the main obstacle on The friendship between Sun yat- the and a force for national salvation. road of China's struggle for in- sen and Li Dazhao was the prod- dependence, democracy and free- uct of the historical times in A Friend in Communism dom; to .:ee ttre strr:ngth . oi thc, which they lived. including such masses; and to see the necessity of Sun Yat-sen had warmiy wel- events as the failure of the 19i1 uniting with all the oppressed comd the October Revolution and Revolution, the upsurg€ oI the nations the founding and peopie in the of the Chinese Com- May 4th Movement and the found- struggle u Srrn \'ut-sen in lgll rvilh mcnrbers ul'the Chinese Revolutionarv party hc founded in Tokyo, SEPTEMBER TOSI The $um Yat-sen ffiemorial Hall im Guamgzhou XIAO QING TIROM the foot of beautiful Yue- ditorium used year round for large plicated, most of the old tiles re- 'f xiu Hill in the city of Guang- meetings, cultural Performances, placed, and the steel braces rein- zhou (Canton) rises an imPosing and the like. forced. New building materials Yat-sen Me- one, improved the acoustics of the hall, siructure - the Sun The rnain hall is an unusual morial Hail. Built half a centurY with a seating caPacitY of 4,700 on and vinyl-covered chairs rePlace ago with funds donated by the Peo' two levels and an area of 8,700 the old seating. A sloPing wooden p1e of Guangzhou and by overseas square meters. The stage at the floor appeared in Place of the old Chinese, this memorial to the deeP north end of the chamber can seat ftat floor, and the stage was loved Sun has been refur- ly Dr. more than 100 PeoPle. At the cen- lowered to improve audience sight- bished in time for the 70th anni- ter of the multicolored beamed Iines. An orchestra Pit and dress- versary of the 1911 Revolution ceiling is a rich octagonal mosaic ing rooms were added. Air condi- the double-. which he led. Under design. The three exits on three tioning now cools the hall in sum- sign bearing eaved roof hangs a sides of the hall connect with a cir- mer, and heaters warm it in winter. governed life: the words which his cular corridor. With eleven gates, for the Public Weal." "Everything an audience of thousands can clear A Courtyard Greon and Fragrant As he cherished the welfare of the the hall within five minutes. cypress and kaPok trees Chinese people, so Chinese PgoPle Pine, Perhaps most striking in such a courtyard. everywhere cherish his memory. surround the 0.6-hectare big ha1l, no single support pillar is and sweet- The history of his memorial hall On the lawn, orchids visible. In fact, eight pillars hid- bushes bear signifies perfectly Dr. Sun's con- seented osmanthus den inside the walls suPPort four Two stone tinuing importance in Chinese eyes. delicate white blossoms' 3O-meter steel braces. These in columns carved with designs of Revolutionary Design for a turn support the eight braces clouds and cranes stand in front of Revolutionary Hero sustaining the eight-meter balcony, the building. Alone at the center The building was designed in which seems to float in space. of the courtYard, a delicatelY Yanzhi, a 32-Year-old of Sun Yat-sen 1928 by Lri Rare Materials, Fine Art carved sculPture Chinese architect who had studied on a base of white granite adds to to abroad, and whose Plan for Nan- Steps of white granite lead uP the dignitY and serenitY of the jing's Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum had the buiding's white Plstform. grounds. From the hillside above, Walls are of light-green rnarble won top prize in a design comPeti- the monument to Dr. Sun looks design for the Memorial below, with cream-colored brick tion. Lu's down on the Memorial HaIl' - Hall boldly cornbined the strong above. Tertazzo beams in tradi- points of modern Western architec- tional patterns, Pillars of PurPle Dr. Sun's LegacY ture with traditional Chinese styles' rock, and roofs of glazed blue tile "Build a ProsPerous, indePend- But Lr.i himself fell ill and died in add richness and varietY. The Sun Yat+en's dYing May 1929, leaving onlY a draft building is topped bY an octagonal ent China" - in bold letters on blueprint. The work was comPleted pavilion with a double-eaved roof words aPpear - back of the stage by a schoolmate, Li JinPei, to at front and back and a sloPing the wall at the Visitors who come whom Li.i had entrusted the Pro- roof at either side. Lit bY the sun, of the rnain hall. memory ject. Construction began in the the golden cone-shaPed roof daz- to pay their resPectslo the spring of 1931. ComPleted, the zles the eye. of this great revolutionary cannot building attracted immediate at- The Memorial suffered consider- help but be reminded that the tasks life remain tention both in China and abroad able damage during the war Years to which he devoted his Memorial for its innovative architecture. It of the 1930s and 40s, After libera- unfinished. Go, the do irr remains one of China's most beau- tion, the government allocated s€errs to iaY, and Your Part and popular memorial struc- Iarge sums to restore it. Glazed the great effort to modernize tiful and tr tures, and at the same time an au- tiles and arched ceiling were du- reunify the motherland. CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS 16 The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Guangzhou. .\ ; i' tl : i.l,t*. The birthplace and early home of Dr. Sun Yat-sen in Cuiheng village, Guangdong province. Living room of the Cuiheng home. The tree pianted by Dr. Sun yat-sen. Main hall of the Cuil-reng home. Sun Yat-sen l4emorial Middle School. Soong Ching Ling HalN in Sun Yat-sen Memorial Middle School The river from whieh Dr. Sun yat-sen once f,etched water. .Fl: ' '!tn Young Pioneers pay tribute in front of Mausoleum of the 72 Martyrs at Huanghuagang, Guangzhou. Photos bl Zhou Yottma How Bsrefloot Doctors Are Tnslned XIMEN LUSHA and T HE Ihree-tiered medical monary diseases, rheumatic heart Infusion for a palient in the eomnrune's r heaith network in the Chi- disease and acute gastritis. 17-bed clinic. nese countryside consists of clinics Another building housed the in the production brigades. and out-patient section, with depart- h system of cooPerative medicine - ail closely related to the welfare of the peasants. But success in anY of these undertakings dePends on the active ParticiPation oI the broad masses of Peasants, and ah important Part of the commune's daily work consists in mobilizing and organizing the Peasants and giving them technical guidance' it - hosPital's "social health " Learning to identifY herbs used in Chinese traditional medicine is part of the training. grass-roots level. Ttaining Barefoot Doctors tq There are 2,212 barefoot doctot-s in Yexian countY's rural areas, 1.116 of them women. This averages out at w per 378 rural are trained hospital. Most of the barefoot doctors have a junior middle-school educa- tion; some of them have gone through senior middle school' Their ccursework is foilowed bY a ! .,# period of clinieal Practice. and, iater on. refresher courses' A new barefoot doctor usualiY sPends three to six months in a training cLass run bY Physiology class at the county school for advanced medical training' Phatos bY Sun Xiangting learning som medicind. tre tion of diseas first-aid' They do oPera- illnesses the latter could not deal the countryside, and staff members, and can rotation to the tions on the urinarY tract and the with. If they referred all the cases are then sent in hosPital for a sPell of thorax in addition to ordinarY they could not treat to the county commune practical tr also surgical cases. But the countY has even two or health authorities, irelps them s bY a population of 830,000, of whom three more hosPitals like the one aliz- 95 percent are living in settlng uP Peasants already in existence would have courses on such subjects as the 1,010 production brigades of ed to coPe with them all' and child health, acu- the county's 27 peoPle's communes. been unable maternal hosPital puncture and massage, and Although in 1970 or thereabouts all Now, the commune the brigades set uP their own handles most of the cases the disease-Prevention. brigade clinics send out for In 19?4, Yexian countY set uP a clinics and acquired a few bare- training of foot doctors, there were many treatment. school for advanced CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS 22 barefoot doctors and, as the need pitals alone had been required t SEFTEMBER T981 ..1 $irrghusham-m f,.iwimg &ahmratory WL] HUIMIN Educational, Scientilic & Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Unique Forest Dinghushan is near the TroPic nf Cancer. u,hich anyrvhere else in the world lvould indicate a desert or grassland ecosy-stem. But in south China, dense forests appear Dinghushan Mountain, trom which the nature reserve takes its name. at the tropic. ManY of these Wong Xtnmin. forests, howevet', have declined, but Dinghushan has flourished. In this 1,133-hectare area many I\INGHUSHAN mountain rises ing peaks, like an upended tripodai tropical and sub-troPical Plants !-J southeast oi Guangzhou vessel, its waterfalls and the make up a colorf ul Plant com- (Canton), 86 kilometers from the begonia growing out of its cliffs munity. In the sprirrg, flame-red city. It is a nature reserve now, entrance tourists. (Begonia fim- flowers are ablaze on the kaPok and also a research center under bri.sti,pula is called here "the trees and oil-tea camellias con- the "Man and Biosphere" (MAB) purple-back flower" for the color trasting with the snow-white program of the United Nations. of its leaves, which make a good blossoms of the gugertrees and For many yearc, Dinghushan sweet and sour beverage.) Since chinquapi-ns. Up in the deeP has f ascinated scientists with lts 1956, when Dinghushan was forest, 400 years old, white canary- unique biology. Its sharP thrust- designated a nature reserve, it has trees, gugertrees. Guanguang been a base for scientific research. wood, CryptocarYa chinensis and WU EIUIMIN is an assistani researcher academic exchanges and student fig trees grow high uP the moun- of botanic ecology a,l the Dinghu- fieid work. In 1979 it was made tain. Some are 40*50 meters tail Arboreturn of the South China shan Nature f or f ive armspans in fnstitute of Botany ol the Chinese part of the Xnternationai and our Academy of Sciences" Reserve by the United Nations cireumference. The old trees have A, sure-footed DinBhushan serow (antelope goat). The scales of the pangolin (a relative of the AmericAn an- teater) have useful medicinal properties. CITINA BECONSTRUCTS 24 Red-blo-qsomed oil^tea cameilias Oti Sonsde A kind of f,g rree. producing fruits along the si A waterfal! on Dinghushan Mountain. fuutg Yirtnttn Cycas, an ancient brake fern. Ll,'ang Xitutrm Scientist inspects buttresses of a Dao draqonpium (j,r,' l1 inp t r becorne very strange in shape because they J.ive on the border between diiferent habitats. Fig trees are parasites on other trees, and lianas are knolvn as "pythons oi the f orest". More than 200 varieties oi these twine i:ogether on ihe glournd, twlst in.ihe air, or" creep aiong the trr:es ancl ciiffs. Mueuna birdusaodia,na's 30-cen- timeter-thiek vines have no ieal'es: but for the srrrall white flowers ani brorvn beans produced b,v ttre oii.er vines. no one could tetri they were living plants. Dao dragon- piulns, tig trees, and wild iychees are tal1 and straight, their big l:xrttresses stretching far abrive the ground. The rnost striking are sever:a1 cauiiflorours piants. They bloonr and prodi:.ce fruits on their tr'unks all yeal arcund. Epiphytes, scientists exanrine some of the reselve's more thau l{x} species of birds, Wang Xinmin the state. Ancient brake ferns and ing human contact with the cycas are living specimens for' ecosystems of tropi.cai and sub- researeh in plant evoiution from tropical forests. Narrowly-focused the Mesozoic Era.. More than 30 research has given way to 'an varieties of uniquely iocal plants interdiscipiinary program in which ar"e nalned afier Dinghushan, in- the South China Institute of cluoling Dinghu spicebush, Iiet Botany of the Chinese Academy of tinghwshansis, and Rhododendron Sciences, the Guangdong institutes tinghuertse. In addition, there are of soil., entomology, microbiology, 320 kinds ,rf timber tree. ?0 oil- and geography, and the depart- bearing plants, 40 starch plants, ments of biology and meteorology 100 iabric plants, 60 tanning of Zhongshan University par- extract plants, 900 medicinal plants ticipate. In addition, F. D. Castri, secretary-general of the coordinat- Colorful begonia grolving straight and more than 300 kinds of fungus. out ing corn:rnittee of cUfI faces are just one of many Dinghushan's high, denseLy of UNESCO, H. L. beautilul and !.rnusual sights at Iling- fores[ed slope provide of Teilor, of UNESCO's Department htrshan. Fltotos by Gao Mlnggi all kinds wiid life with a comfortable of Eeological Science and Prof. habitat. According to the Guang- E. F. Brunig of the MAB program came to Dinghushan to direct the r,vttich appear parasitic are i:r-li, dong Institute of Entomoiogy, bui researeh. there are more than 100 species dangJ.e in the air and root in tire of years, crooks o[ tree Llunks. cornposing bii'd, including pheasants. par'- In two the scientists traveled a beautir"ul park in thc air'. tridges, cuckoos, owl.s, wood- to every corner of Ding- hushan, observing peckers, anrj sunbirds: 30 animals its biotrogicai resc,urces Abund.ant Biolo$ical Resources includillg sero"l,, antelopes, pangolin and natural environ- ment. number reports on anteaters, munijac deer and wilC A of Stetistj.cs. gathered olrer lnany Dinghushaffs vegetation and soil boa:r; 2$ snakes incluCing pythons years by the Dinghushan Ar- and indices of iocal birds, animals, and. various co'ora-relateci crea- boretum of the South China insects, piants, fungus and algae tures; and innurnerable insects Institule of Botany, l'eveal lhat irave been published. Prof . Bi including five kinds of cicada and Dinghushan has about 2,000 Zhishu, now with the Guangdong dozen verieties varieties oi higher plants rncluding a of termire. Institute of Microbiology, moved 300 cr-rltivated by the scientists. Since Dinghushan Natune his laboratory frorn Ilongkong to Among them, redwatertrees, wild Reserve became a UN research Dinghushan to do reSearch lychees on the an SEPTEIIIiBEB 1981 27 f;n'rtr in ConYiction, ltrnceasing in Struggle De ng Yi ngchao Recalls the Lo ng March (lnterview Part 2) T N 1932 Zhou Enlai, Deng were cut off by tight KMT troops, and in 1933 a whole mil- l- Yingchao and other pro- blockade. The most acute problem lion,"- said Sister Deng. minent Communists working was to supply our fighting men. The Leftist policies of the Wang secretly in the reactionary-ruled Not so much with arms, which Ming leadership in the Party Shanghai were transferred. by they captured in quantity from ultimately wrecked the military decision of the Party Central the enemy, but with the elemen- position as well, she went on. The Cornrnittee, to the main liberated tary needs of life. There was a first three major campaigns areas of the time, the central base shortage of grain, vegetables and. launched by Chiang were defeat- of the Chinese Soviets and the especially of salt, a physiological ed by the Red Army applying the Ctrinese Red Army in Jiangxi necessity, v"hich was not locally strategy and tacties worked out province. The shif t was made produced. With poor and rough by Mao Zedong. But by the fifth underground China's campaign Wang Ming group after the in nutrition, gastro-intestinal trou- the suffereDENG YINGCHAO, veteran womao Shanghai." But Chiang Kai-shek, bases, north and south of the Communist ond wife and comrade of instead of resisting Japan, sent his thc late Premier Zhou Enlai, is a mem- Changjiang (Yangtze) River, also ber of the Political Eureau of the main and best-equipped forces to joined in this immense shift. Par,y's Ceotral Committee, This ex- attack the central Chinese Soviet down bY given Sister Deng, worn lensive interview was to ebina peo- had Reconstructs in connection wlth the base in civil war against the privation and malnutrition, Farty's 60th anniversarY. ple. "In 1932 he threw in 500,000 developed lung TB in 1933. BY 28 CHINA BTCCINSTRUCTS the eve of the Long IVIarch she became a crucial turning point in was coughing blood. "I can't our Party's history and the entire burden the organization," she Chinese revolution. Wang Ming's said, asking to be left behind in Left military line was criticized. Jiangxi. But the declsion was to Comrade Mao's leading position in take her along "I was on a the Party and army was estab- stretcher for much of the march," lished. He, Zhou Enlai and Wang she recalls, "in a convalescent Jiaxiang were designated as a unit with some wounded and some three-man group to direct the pregnant wornen." march. The crisis was overcome. Once more, a period of expan- o'Yet again, our cause turned sion and victories for the revolu- from weak to strong, from g).oom tion was succeeded by one of to hope. On Chairman Mao's setbacks and peril "On its way proposal, the miJ.itary and organ- from Jiangxi through Hunan, izational steps taken were not ac- Guangxi and Guizhou provinces," companied by any attempt to draw Sister Deng recalled. "our First political and ideological conclu- Front Army was blocked by enemy sions. Not to hurry with these was troops in front, pursued by others good for unity; he knew it would from behind, bombed from the take time." (Actually, the full as- enemy planes always overhead. ses-sment was not made till the ?th Chairman Mao in Northern Shaanxi The natural lsrrisls (f936), Ddgar Snou) - the moun- Party Congress yeais later, when tains and rivers - were formida- the correct line had proved itself, ble" Hungry, thirsty, and ex- everything had been thoroughly hausted, we had to fight every studied and discussed, and the legs sti.ffened so much she could day. Casualties were heavy. But maximum number of people could not move them after hours in the we did not despair; we thought of accept what practice had attested.) saddle. how to win. So naturally our Returning to Chairman Mao's minds turned to how, under Mao principles in military affairs, the Courage and Optimism Zedong's leadership, we had been Red Army became mobile and victorious over previous Kuomin- flexible in strategy and tactics. It The next strategic obstacle was tang campaigns. 'We can't go on advanced, confidently, ingeniously the Dadu River, rushing torrential- like this,' we said, yearning for a and with unprecedented speed. In ly between high precipitous banks. return to the correct ]ine. order to force the Jinsha (upper Ii had been pieked by Chiang Kai- "When we reached Zunyi in Changjiang or Yangtze) River, the shek as the place where the Red Guizhou province in January 1935 troops had to march 95 kilometers Army wouid meet its doom. "Zhlt- we had only 30,000 fighters left. in one day. In this phase, Sister Mao [a contraction f or Com- Ilowever, the enlarged conference Deng shifted from her stretcher to mander-in-Chief Zhu De and of the Political Bureau held there horseback, though her weakened Zedong. Ed.] Chairman Mao - \MiIl be Shi Dakai the Second," Chiang sneered. Shi Dakai had Deng Yingchao and zhou Enra! at the revolutionary base in north shaanxi prov- ince in l93ti, after the Long March. been a leader of the great Taiping peasant revolution of the mid-l9th century, who at this spot had been surrounded and annihilatcd wilh his entire army by the feuclal Qing dynasty. "But we Communists are made of special stuff," Sisler Deng said as she re-told tl'rc. sl:ory of the cruciel dash over the swzrv- ing iron-chii., b.i.lg* acro.ss the Dadu, its planks palll.y retrovetl and partiy set on iire by l"he enemy, by seventcr:n fl,ed Army heroes under Chctt Geng's r:om- mand. This valilrrrl irctiotr upr:ner1 the way ahead lor thc main force" Revoiutionary optimism, Sister Deng said, was the hallmark of this people's army. After the Dadu came mountains .so steep that a SEPTEMBEN T98T singie day's march traversed and threatening to perfclrate, with ghost than a living person. They several climatic zones. "Summer fatal peritonitis ensuing. Liver thought I would certainly die." heat at the foot; higher up, exotic puncture or surgery were indicat- When Sister Deng spoke of her- plants in a spring-like atmosphere; ed, but both were impossible then, self she was calm, but, when she still higher, yellow leaves like late with the Red Army starting to recaltred how old comrad.e.s autumn; and at the top, deep win- cross the trackless grasslands. All drowned in the swamps before ter. We u.ere enthralled by the we had were ice-packs, medicine her eyes, she was near tears. spectacular succession flow- to stop peristalsis, and hope. - of "I er-s. f1gss, frozeo streams, flutter- Iooked in the medical books and Among the Minority Peoples ing snorvfiakes, The Long March found the condition described as Sister Deng made a special strained our bodies and will to the hopeless," said Sister Deng. But point of the importance of the utmost. But also brought beauty by a rare chance, when Zhou En- Red Army's equal treatment of and joy such as we had never ex- lai's liver perforated, it discharged the several national minorities en- perienced before. Nature's won- into the adherir:g bowel, and he countered on the Long March. ders helpe .4r\i /,o\ru'E ,'i\LL'' - !i Loushanguan^.-.- I i' :,/ Guangxi ) ilz his weapon. We felt uneasy, but the next Red Army detachment we broke contact with the Fourth there was no need. Our actions that passed, or later. We roasted Front Army without mutual strife, had won their confidence. That and milled the barley as best we and the cause was saved. Con- chief came to Beijing after the lib- could, but it passed right through siderably later, after many vicis- eration. Some of the IOU's left by us undigested and left us with situdes, the whole Fourth Front the Red Army were also presented stomach trouble besides." Army realized it had been misled, only then, and duly honored. The and rejoined us. Yis are upstanding and hand- Zhang Guotao's Betrayal "Pushing north, we crossed th€ Liupan mountains to the arebs of some. To this day I remember the "Exhausted as we were, we the Hui nationality, then moved beauty, and especially the fine could not rest in Maoergai," Sister into north Shaanxi province where eyebrows, of two women, a moth- Deng went on. "After only a day Liu Zhidan had created and long er and daughter, with whom I there, at 2 a.m. we suddenly got maintained a revolutionary base.'! lodged." an order to assembje and move on, The arduous Long March was In the Tibetan minority area of silently, with no talking in the over, and victorious. The reYolu- northwestern Sichuan, no g'rain ranks. Word had come that Zhang tionary armd forces were readY was available and the growing Guotaon who controlled the Fourth and in place for the next stage of crop was still in the blade. The Front Red Army, had calied an the Chinese revolution, the Chi- Red Army had to subsist on wild illicit meeting insisting that the nese people's war of resistance to herbs, the flesh of horses that died northward Long March be aban- Japanese aggression in which the of exhaustion, and boiieddown doned for a turn to the south, to- Chinese Communist Party and its leather from belts and accoutre- ward the Tibetan areas in western armies piaydd the leading role. ll rnents. In Maoergai there were Sichuan. Zhang sent out a tele- was then that the stage was set fields of qingke, Tibetan barley, graphic order to arrest Comrades for triurirph in that war and, at still unripe for eating. "To be able Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Zhang longer range, for the liberation of to go on, we harvested it, leaving Wentian and Bo Gu" Comrade Ye the whole country. U a wooden sign in each field saying Jianying, who received his mes- with the Xit'on how much we had cut and that Eage, at once told Comrade Mao, A continuction will deol lncident ol 1936, the Anti-Joponese Wqr payment, the owners could claim who took wise and determined ac- (1937-451, the Wor ol Liberotion (l9il6- using the sign as a receipt, from tion. Through a night-long march, 491 ond the period of the new Chino. SEPTEMBEN T98T 31 Readjus tment Brings More Consurner Goods YI XING Ilousehold refrigerators made ln the Beijing Refrigerator Factory. Song Lianleng q IGNIFICANT new achievements is an important part of China's U have been made by China's industrial complex ernploying ten iight industry in it last two miltion people in 40 different years as part of the" country's fields. It accounted for 19.3 Per- economic readjustment. Its 1979- cent of the total 1980 national 80 rate of growth surpassed that product, and taxes paid bY light of heavy industry. Supply in the industry, 20.3 percent of the na- market improved, with widely- tional revenue. used comm.odities like soap, ther- Due to the influence of ultra- mos bottles, electric bulbs and ieft thinking over some twenty kitchenware becoming easily years, development of heavY in- available, and a better assortment dustry was stressed while invest- of both these and durable goods, ment and help to light industrY and even some luxury , items. were given a low prioritY. As a There was a notable rise in resuit, light industry lagged far quality. The 1980 output of behind. The proportions of farm, Automatic electric cookers from Zhan- bicycles, sewing machines, Iight and heavy industrY were jiang in Guangdong provincc are in watches, leather shoes and beer seriously imbalanced and suPPlY demand for preparing rice. was 1.5 times 1979's, and that of was short in the market. washing machines increased sev- However, in the past two Years eral fold. light industry has been given priority in six different asPects, including raw materials and Ups and Downs energy. China's tight industry had a In recent years the state has better foun'dation before libera- paid much attention to the im- tion than did heavy industry, for provement of people's lif e. Per- it had developed out of her tradi- sonal income has increased in tional handicraft production. But both city and countrYside. Now it was still quite backward. The purchasing po\Mer is growing fast- Chinese market was so flooded er than light industrY. In 1980 with foreign goods that thd names purchasing power rose 18.? Per- of many items bore the prefix cent over 19?9, while the suPPIY yang (forcign), such as yanghuo of goods increased 13.3 Percent. Clocks are une ol' the (matches), yangla (candles), gang- in the countrlside. (cigarettes), yangyi'zi (soap) Aan Market Changes and gangche (rickshaw). In the past 31 years manY of The rise in the peoPle's level of the industries using hand labor consumptidn has brought about a plants have mechanized, and new change in market demands. More value of have been built. The is being bought by the Peasants. light industrial production in- Traditionally, the local economY creased by more than 20 times. It was more or less self-sufficient, and not much was bought from There will be more medium-grade Da- outside. This pattern continued qianmen antl high-grade Zhonghua even after liberation, for the cigarettes from the Shanghai Cigaretto peasants' income was very Factory for every aorner of cash 2\Zrll"i;", limited and they bought few CHINA RECONSTRUCTS goods produced by light industry, develop production, with em- The picture has changed in recent phasis on consumer goods. So years. Nlost of the goods used by light industry will expand and, at city dlt'ellers ale also in demand the same time, improve the in the countryside. Moreover, quality and assortment of prod- peasants are beginning to buy ucts for the market. Big effori.s mole durable goods, not only must be made to increase produc- bicycles and sewing machines, but tion of items in short supply, in- watches, radios and TV sets. Eor cluding durable goods, such as every ten households there were washing machines, electric fans 3.6 bicycles, 2.3 sewing machines, and refrigerators, and wines, 2.6 radios and 5.5 watches or cigarettes, clothing, industrial art clocks, according to a 1979 rural goods and other things. The sup- 10,000 peasant survey of house- ply of these can not meet demands holds in 23 provinces. These because of the lack of productive figures are much larger today. capacity and a shortage of raw One of eleven autonratic productiofi The demand f or more goods lines in the Shanghai Toothpaste Fac- materials. Today is among the 800 million peasants the state tory. After importing advanced tech- nology it now produces 700,fr)0 tubes a provides large market making an effort to solve these a for light problems dav. Photo bp Xu Yigene industry. Last year a bumper by adjusting agriculture and harvest of cotton raised average heavy indu.stry to produce the personal income by 1.8 times over needed raw rnaterials, and by 1979's rn Xiajing county, Shan- tapping potential productive dcng province. Now the 100,000 capacities in existing enterprises. households have 24,000 sewing Idle workshops in heavy industry machine.s, although 42,000 more will be turned over to light in- could be sold. Comparable figures dustry, and funds wilt be invested for other goods are: bicycles in building or expanding process- 76,000 with a demand for 41,000 ing plants using farm and sideline more; desk and wall clocks, 7,000 products as their raw materials. with a demand for 16,000 more; tr watches, 8,000 with a demand for 15,000 more; and in addition a big Childrens' clothing. manufacturers in demand for more better-quality the frontier city of Lanzhou are im- cigarettes and wines. proving designs, too. Photo by Zhang As consumption in the cities Shenggui has changed, so have priorities in consumer goods from food, Chinese Cookery thoroughly until thick. Add sali clothing, articles of- daily use, to and wine and mix we1l. articles of daily use, clothing, Heat medium food, Lotus-llhite Chicken $lices lard over a fire and from inexpensive, low- until it bubbles. (Vegetable oil grade goods to high-quality goods. may be used but here better people .(Furong Ji Pian) Today are more conscious results are achieved lard.) of with style and design. Gently pour a third of the chicken Since most young couples are 3 oz. boned breast of chicken 1 teaspoon salt batter into it. tr'ry 10 seconds Stir having only one child as is urged, pan 1 teaspoon rice wine (or sherry) oil up from the bottom of to they can spend more on him or help the white blobs of chicken rise her than when they had several 2 teaspoons cornflour mixed with 1 tablespoon water to the top. Turn them over and children. This is one reason for fry another 10 seconds. Remove, greater 5 egg whites the demand in items es- drain and place in a serving dish. pecially f 1 cup lard for deep frying or children, including t/z When cool, the chicken will foods, toys, clothing and educa- cup chicken broth % teaspoon taste powder separate by itself into slices. If tional materials. China has 800 it doesn't, s\ce gently. Repeat million children below the age of Garnlsh: twice with the rest of the chicken 14, among them 100 million in- 1 tablespoon cooked peas batter ultll all is cooked. fants. There are 18 million babies 1 tablespoon minced cooked Heat the remainder of the born annually. This is a big po- Chinese ham (or other ham) chicken broth and cornflour tential market for light industry. Mince chicken fine, mix with 3 mixture, stir and add taste powder. During the present period of tablespoons of broth and pick out When it thichens, pour over the economic readjustment, the gov- tendon fibers. Add egg white and chicken slices. Garnish with peas ernment has Cecided to cut back half of cornflour mixture and mix and ham. Serves three. on capital construction in order to SEPTEMREB I98T .).) YffiffiffiUil{{BI$ re &meEesrt SEty ffiEeh im &rt LU ZI-IENSIIENG VANGZHOU. at the juncture of for communications between north Islamic religion. He live Happy diners at Yangzhou's Fuchun Baozi (meat-filled buns) restaurani. After th9 Tang dy'nastY, Yang- zhou became a f avorite scenic spot for pJeasure-seeking ferrdal ernperors and ofr'iciais. trVeeping wiilows were planted along the banks of the Baozhang R.iver: near the city. fJavilions. terraces and tower.s lvere erectecl. Yangzhou's fame as a rqsoit city reached its height durin| the Qing dynasiy (1644-1911). Wang Hang, an 18th century poet, called Baozhang River the "slender west lake", connparing it to the br:eathtaking beauty of the far':rous West Lake in Hangzhou to the -south. The "slender west lake" is kno-wn for its long dyke planted with weep- CFIN.A BECONSTRUCTS Scene on the ancient Grand Canal. The temple where the statue of the monk Jian Zhen stands. Nlosque next to ttre tomb of N{oharnmt Fuzhuang fl oating gardens. Xi Yuan (West Garden) d's descendani Fishing Platform, said tc be a favorite place of eing dynasty Emperor eian Long. Stone pagoda built in the Tang dynasty. gardens Lock at the exit to the canal enabies ships to pass from its higher waters into the llangzhou is famous for its miniature Yangtze River. and potted trees. Wan.q lTrLttgxtrtt ing rvillorvs. the Five-Pa.rilion Duiing the Tang d;rnasty. ihe Bridge, and the Whi+.e Pagoda. artists Li Sixun and the cailigla- In Pingshan Park alcng the pher Li Yong lver:e c-fticials in river's north shore stan SEPTEI{BEft T98r 39 Far #ronn Homes Arab Medleal $tudent$ im Beiiilrg LIU JIUZH.I A RAB students are to br' found ical classes with Chinese students," I had exhauste Like medical students everywhere, late into ihe night. 40 CHINA RECONSTR,UCTS I spotted another Arab student's the language school. At medical also readily coniesses that he can hands similarly decorated, I beg- college, he continues to be a good be wrong. He once proposed that ged him to satisfy rny curiosity. student. Asked to explain his because of language difficulties The young man laughed and ex- success, he offered three reasons. the foreign students should take plained: "My brother got mar- First, he pays careful attention to classes alone, and not with Chinese ried not long ago. I couldn't at- class work. As a foreign student, students. Eventually he found tend the wedd'ing, but I held a he feels he must attend every that attending regular classes party here so my friends in Beijing class even if he is not feeling along with special coaching classes could share my joy. Painting our weli or- has been up Iate the night was really a better solution. hands with colorful designs is our beJore - and listen carefully to traditional way showing con- the teacher. He takes many notes of Cold Weather, Warm Care gratulations. So some of us carried on each leC,ure. Second, he makes out the old custom in honor of the rational use of his time. Every I also talked with Jamil from happy occasion." day he spends three to five hours Lebanon and Khalil from Morocco. outside c.lass le-ssons. The name of my cheerful young of reviewing Jamil is 21 this year, and has been After dinner he takes bath and informant, I learned, was Sayed. a in China since 1979. In I-ebanon, then relaxes for a while by watch- A second-year medical student the temperature seldom goes be- ing television. He may watch the from Sudan, he had already spent low zero, but in Beijing some- international news, bali game, it one year studying comrnercial sub- a times reaches 15o Not jects dance program, movie, or televi- C. below. bef ore coming to China. used to this. Jamil often suffers sion play. After that he studies Then why had he switch.ed to med- from colds or bronchitis during icine? Some people, Iate into the night. Every Satur- he reflected \^/inter months. never seriously, wanted day evening he joins other Suda- But he to become doc- misses a class, and gets good tors in order to make lots of nese students living in Beijing. marks. Even when hospitalized money. But if he had been inter- They treat each other to traditional once, he attended class from the ested mainly in money, he never dishes they have prepared, attend hospital (which is near the school). would have changed from com- a dance in town, or watch films Jamil thinks his teachers are merce medicine. at the Sudanese embassy. . The to He recalled very that as a child he had been very third thing he stressed was the caring and helpful. Teacher ill and frequently hospitalized. warm assistance he had received Zhao at the language school knows One day he saw a doctor treat a from his teachers. Arabic, but constantly spoke Chi- give patient quite cruel}y. Sayed sym- Sayed admits with a grin that nese to his Arab stucients to pathized with the poor man, and he is a very outspoken person, al- them more chance to practice. the incident left a lasting impres- ways ready to speak his mind on Zhao encouraged his students to sion, His desire to heal people and what he thinks is wrong. After a ask questions, and always gave relieve their pain led to his final trip to Shanghai, he suggested to them satisfactory answers - often decision to study medicine. school leaders that they learn from stopping at their dormitories for Sayed's Chinese is excellent. He Shanghai and plant many more Iong discussions. was among the best in his class at trees on the school campus. He Jamil also praised the Chinese government and the medical school f or their treatment of foreign students. The Ministry of Educa- tion gives each foreign student a suit of cotton-padded clothing, a cotton-padded overcoat, and 120 yuan Renminbi for pocket money every month. The school has set up a .special office to help foreign students in their daily life and study. One of the office workers speaks Arabic, and is very con- siderate of the students even coming. to see Jamil several- times when he was hospitalized" T'he school shows a film every week, and sometimes sends students to town for cultural performances or holiday activities. The school can- teen prepares special meals for Moslem students. The longer he Jamil (second rlght) and fellorp students ln an analomy lab prepare to dissect part stays in China, the deeper his of a human torso. feelings for the Chinese people. SEPTEIUBER T9T1 4l Khalil's interest in China's traditional rnedicine led him to Fascinated by Chinese culture, Khalil oever misses a chair.e become Morocco's first student in a Chinese medical school. to see the sights around Beijins or visit other cities. Khalil is the first Moroccan stu- This young Moroccan is also and other things, and prepare tra- denl to study in China. He invitct very interested in China and its ditional Arabic holiday meals for me tc, visit his room, which is in people. On his last sumrner vaca- tkremselves and f or students of a iour-story building the school tion, relatives, friends and school* other nationalities. built three years ago for foreign mates asked him many questions students. Two students share a about China. He brought them Friendship Overcomes Problems gifts of Chinese clothes, and room. Those wishing to occupy a silk At first Khalil listened to Chi- room alone pay sum 45 yuan" handicraft products. One of the a of nese songs only to improve his Chi- Guinean local newspapers interviewed him Khaiil's roommate is a nese. but now he has developed an for an article on Chinese history studerrt. The room is comfortably interest in Chinese music. He has and custclms. He has visited but plainly furnished. rvith two recorded many Chinese songs and Shanghai, Suzhou, Hangzhou, beds, a de.sk, a bookshelf, a rvard- melodies, and enjoys playing them. Guangzhou and other big cities, robe, anC an electric stove. Khaiii He believes that most of the Arab and many bear-rtiful scenic spots treated me to soft drirrks. cookies. students are happy in China, even such as Mount Tai and Chengde (a and oranges. His honesty and though they have some problem.s. summer resort the em- hospitaiity convinced me that the of Qing Some school canteen dishes still peror-r). He plans to tour north Chinese and Arabic people have seern strange and unappetizing. It China, and on his next visit home much in common. is difficult for thern make Chi- wili have many new things to tell to ne-se friends, especiaily girl friends, his peopie. Since China is some Why IIe Chose China and the doesn't have 21 times the size Morocco. he -schocl of enough recreational activities. Khalil told me why he had come says. there are many places still Khalil himself thinks that each to China to siudy medicine. In for him see. to nation has its own traditions and Morocco he had been fascinated by Khalil gave some more detaitrs visiting Chinese doctors who used habits, and that foreigners should about foreign students' leisure- try to adapt to the new environ- acupuncture to cure arthritis and time activities. During vacations, other ailments. Although many ment. China is a developing coun- the school organizes tours for years of of his schoolmates went io France try, he says, and after ten them and arranges visits to fac- political turmoil needs time to raise or Belgium to study because they tories, .schools and people's com- people's living standard. He and speak French, he ehose China be- munes. lt pays 75 percent of the other foreign students are confi- eause of his interest in traditional expenses. On Sundays the stu- dent that China will becorne a Chinese medicine, despite and the dents often visit parks or go shop- strong and prosperous nation, and language difficulty. Because Chi- ping downtown. They celebrate wish the Chinese every suecess in nese traditional medicine is elosely their countries' national days at their efforts to modernize. linked with medicinal herbs, and their embassies. For Id-el-fiti, The Prophet Muhammed once IWorocco has no such plants, Moslem students have three hoii- said that to learn things you have Khalil attends the Beijing Medical days, and teaihers help them make to travei to China, even if it is far College in.stead of the Institute for up their lessons afterwards. The away. These Arab studenis came Traditional Chinese Medicine. But school buses them to a mosque in to Chi.na to learn, but it is clear to he looks forward to the next school town for prayer services. As the me that their presence here cannot ternr, when his class will study Corban Festival, Arab students help but strengthen the friendship traditional Chinese medicine and in Beijing organize a celebration. bett"veen the Chinese and peoples acupuncture. They buy a sheep, some vegetables oi their own countries. tr 42 CHINA RECONSTBUCTS Sprimg Gomes to the fu?ei ffimumtailr Ridge A Vfsit to Meixian Frefecture, Hame of Overseos Chinese (2) - QING XIANYOU and WU TONG q ETTING out by car flom Mei- commemcrate the fighiers who L,' xian early in the morning of heroically gave their lives in the April 5 and passing the',vell-known battie. in 1963 the people in the Sanhe bridge spanning the Han- area built a morlument 15 rneters jiang R,iver, we reached the Sanhe- high on top of Bizhiwei Hill in ba in Dabu county on the eastern the Sanhe commLlne where the edge of Guangdong province. It battle took place. It bears an in- was Qingming (day for comme- scription by Zhu De: "Monument moration of the dead). Several to the Martyrs of the August First hundred veterans of the Red Army, Uprising Army in the Sanheba former guerilla fighters, and repre- Battle." sentatives oI cadres, students and We met Zhang Guangrao, now the masses wer.e walking toward over eighty. who at the risk of his the Monument to the Martyrs at life took water and food to the Sanheba to pa}, tribute to the rev- uprising army. He talked about olutionaries rvho died there 54 years the fighting in the Nleixian and ago. Shantou districts and how the Sanheba is where ihree rivers uprising army sowed the seeds of meet the Meijiang that rllns through- Nleixian. the Ting- revolution in eastern Guangdong jiang that fjows down from west- and western Fujian provinces. ern Fujian and the Meitan thai A town on the Meijiang Rivet- flows throurgh Dabu. This place, used to be flooded every year but wher-e mountain ranges overlap no'\^' the dyke has been rnade and rivers meet, has always be-^n stronger and higher. Opposite it important militarily and as a com- where the monurnent is erected rnunications hub. When troops stands a new town. The comple- under Zhou Enlai 'a.ithdrew from tion of the 240-meter long Sanhe The rr{onument (o the Ju]or.r-I*.'r",, Nanchang following the Nanchang bridge in i977 has made possible on Sanheba lvith the inscription by Zhu De Uprising on August L, 1927, Zhu better highway comrnunication be- on it. De fought a fierce battle ai the tween nearby counties, bringing spot with a pursuing enemy force prosperity tn the new town. eyes as we drove into Htrliao, the of 30,000. The battle went on for Rou's of new buildings and a new Dabu county seai constructed three days and three nights. To network of new roads greeted our in 1961. Not far from fluliao is Chayang, the former county town years was Huliao, the new eounty seai of f)abu county" built about; 1,500 ago. It in a diiapidated state on the eve of liberation. A 200-meter-iong road on the city limits of the new town is all that is left of the old town. This new county town, 20 times larger than fhe old one, is situated at the foot of Wuhu (Five-Tiger) I{iII, a iow fidge shaped like five lying tigers. The top is eloaked in green, the, bottom dotted with new buildrngs. These are the new pa- per mill, electrical machinery plant, agricultural machinery QING XI^{NYOU and WU TONG are staff reporters for China Becoastructs, 43 Bridges and Highways famow locale for this craft is Gao- bei beside We saw some newly-built bridges the Hanjiang River. in the county! and learned a lot The first thing that strikes one about the highways from one of on entering Gaobei is the number porcelain oui' hosts. of workshops along the There wasn't a single highway street and the piles of white before 1956. The only means of porcelain. For thi.s porcelain, it is communication were waterways. known as "Horne of White Jade". Starting from nil, since 1956 the In the display room of the Gaobei county has built 24 major roads Porcelain Factory we saw scrolls *q d6: {: -{ totaling 380 kilometers, many of inscribed with the f ollowing 4 4 coupiets, jade attracts 4 ,*t them blacktopped. Highways now "Dazzling d s !t lead to Guangzhou, Meixian, Shan- visitors; red plum blossoms and .l$ -P .4..^ .^ tou, Xiamen Longyan. evergreen pines greet the guests." A ;b! ,v and ,:.I xl t"'4: Connecting them are many The county has a total ct L24 'l' u.F *ia ,ti '.iv €- bridges, which were difficult to porcelain factories of different r'r "& 7 build. One of these is the Sanhe sizes (not including the kilns of the ,l,t 7:\ ; ".1.*. bridge built in 1961, the Iongest production brigades), with 12,000 (. .xil, ,ll double spandrel bridge in Meixian workers and annual production .l a"q ; district, the 150-meter-long Huliao valued at 40 million yuan. Gaobei I x bridge and the Meihe bridge. accounts for 70 percent of thls. Altogether about 160 fairly long Dabu porcelain has a history of highway bridges were built with over 800 yearc. The county's total state funds or with donations from output in 1980 was 69 million r.d overseas Chinese and their rela- pieces, ten times more than in the Mass production ol everyday china of tives. The actual construction was first years after liberation. Pro- the Gaobei Porcelain Factory. done by the people themselves. A duction in the initial six months of donation of 332,000 yuan from a this year increased by 14.4 per- HK compatriot named Tian Jia- cent over the same period last plant, can- metallurgical factory, bing built the Huliao bridge in year, and quality has been much ning factory, clothing factory and 1980. These bridges mean a lot to improved. These products are ex- resideniial blocks. the people. ported over 60 countries and re- Dabu county has a population of to gions and have won wide acclaim 427,000. Only one-thirteenth of the 'White Jade' at home and abroad. mountainous county's 2,480 pquare produces kilometerc can be easily cultivated. Dabu county is also known as the Gaobei mainly Chinese This is one reason why many peo- "Home of Porcelain." The southern and Western dinner sets, tea sets ple have left. AIso, quite a few part of the county has clay de- and brush-writing implements over officials in the Kuomintang gov- posits especially good for making 600 in variety, plus over a hun- ernment and army came from porcelain, which has been done dred kinds of art porcelain. Its tra- f centuries. The most ditional product white tea Huliao, and some are now still in there or - the Taiwan. There are a great rnany households with members who have lived in Singapore, Malaysia, The Huliao Bridge built with a donatlon by Tian Jiabing. Indonesia and Thailand for two or three generations. Dabu Middle School (formerly Hushan Middle School) is a public school built in the 1930s with money donated by overseas Chinee. Many talented people were trained there who made coritributions in the anti- Japanese war and the revolution. With the care given it by over- seas Chinese, this school has under- gone big development in recent years. The school buildings have been expanded from 9,876 sq. meters to 13,964 sq. rireters, enough to accommodate more than a thousand students. It has become a key middle school in the district. 44 CIIINA ITECONSTRUCTS set - is honored as the "flower of for Indonesia at 22 and returned producing results. "This is the porcelain" in Guangdong province. eighteen years ago at 62. He was happiest Spring Festival I've had It is so thin and delicate that the our guide during our visit and we since I came back 18 years ago," entire set - teapot, tray and six learned a lot from him about his he said. He did not forget to tell cups - weighs only 125 grams. life and the changes in his home- us the dykes wele wide enough to The Gaobei painted porcelain town. permit over'seas Chinese tourists to factory has created new techniques We looked at the two newly- travel on them by car. Quite a in decorative painting on art built dykes at the Dangxi brigade. number of overseas Chinese have porcelain. In place of gc;id to pro- The brigade has 60 hectares of donated money recently for buitd- duce a gold-red color. they use a cultivable land on the hill slopes ing bridges. paving roads, building local product to make a pigment and in valleys below. Before the wharves and setting up schools. called manganese red, ihus saving building of these trvo dykes, crops Some ar-e pt-eparing to start bam- gold for the country. refused to grow on the low-lying boo plantations on the rnountains. Iand; harvests ofien brought in Li Huiquan led us to his home in Foor Mountain Ateas Change less grain than had originally been Dangxi viilage. There we visited sown. With the help of the govern- his downstairs neighbor Li Fensen. We took a boat from Gaobei and ment and working in the spirit of drifted Li Fensen has a seventy-three- down the Hanjiang River self-reliance and hard struggle, the year-old mother who is in to Dangxi brigade of the Guye still local peasants built two dykes in perfect health. There are seven commune. The scenery in this the seven years from 1970-1977. in the family. Learning that we vicinity is most charming, with the The Dangxi dyke is 800 meters came from Beijing, they welcomed water of the Hanjiang River flow- long, 10 meters wide and 8 meters us warmly. Their eight-room ing through rnountains and the high, and protects 20 hec. cf high- brick house was built by Li's great b-road stretches 1and. of fertile yielding paddy fields from flood- grandfather, whose portrait still Dangxi was poorest once the rnoun- ing; the Dadang dyke, 10 meters hangs in the middle of the hall. tain village in Dabu county, re- high, encircles 33 hec. of paddy Three generations marked of the family the commune's director, fields, ensuring stable yields even have made their home Singa* Huang in Peiji. Nine out of ten years, in times of drought or excessive pore and Malaysia and have con- this low-lying land yielded nothing. rain. The grain yield per hectare tributed to the political, economi- Leaving this poverty-slricken tand is now over 3,000 kgs., and in some cal and cultural development to seek a better iife elsewhere had places reaches 6,000. The brigade there. The two Li families are become the order of the ciay. Of uses low-lying areas to raise fish close relati'"rs. Many of Li Hui- present the brigade's 2,100 popu- and lotus roots. Bamboo ]ras been quan's cousins are businessmen or lation, 80% have relatives abroad. planted on the barren hills. A public servants in Singapore. They But this once poverty-str.icken diversified economy has been de- have faniilies there and have con- place has changed a great deal. veloped, changing the face of this tributed a good deal to that coun- Li Fluiquan, vice-chairman of the mountain village. try. Lao Li has met them many county overseas Chinese associa- As we stood on the dyke and times in Singapore and encourag- tion and other leaders of the looked out over the freshly trans- ed them to come back and see the brigade welcomed us at the wharf. planted paddy fields, Lao Li told dramatic changes in their home- Eighty-year-oid Li lluiquan left us that now the improved land was tou'n. tr t Li Huiquan visits Li Fcnsen and family, relativ€s of over- seas Chinese in Singapore. Children of Dangxi village. Photos bg Zhang Jingmina an.d Zhou youmo SEPTEMBER 98I 45 u[-{m e mf Fomft afifi' MiN WENZIIAN and Ztr{A.NG JINGMING R ,,f EIXI-\)i c()Linrv in easrcrn ieams played a tight rnatch in lhe 1.7 pri;vi.nces anci strur,ictiprallties to IVJ. crar,gaung pr'vi.ce has a rain; the girls' tearn iost by only face up to ti:e bes'" ti:ams irained passion f or f ootball. With a one goal. Meixian county has f oniv population of about 500,000. it has Veteran footballer Wen Jixiang, many ootball. players, not i.he naiional teams, but also 215 football fields and 1.500 teams. 68, told us tkrat f crctbal] was fcu' earl;7 fcr ttre tea,nrs oi' 11 prc,l-inces and e nrolling footbailers {rorrr all u'alk-s lniroduced to the county as looibalis, municipalities, and some }:ave ireen o{ lite. Since 1956, the S+"ate as 1909. i-acking reaI people useri pomelo-Lrig, thick- chosen outstanding pia.'7ei's. In Physical Cultrtre ar-rd Sports Com- 1,956. the Ctrtrrrnission con- ciirus fruil:s. ln 1929. ihe Sporls rnission lias designated l'{eixian "skinned ferred the Lronoiary title "l-iome organized first foolball "the home of {ootball" county its of football" on ihe countY, Ior its team, cailed qiangmin, with Werr One day in r\pi-il we rlatched an contributiotr.-s in developing na- the team leader. Because interesting exhibiiion rnaLch in the Jixiang tionally pl'orninenl tootllali ptra5'ers played the coun- Stadiurn, be- they often in a-riC popuiarizing the sPort. Meixian People's tryside, ihe sport was quickiy t',veen the over-50 pia;rers oI the adopieci by the pea*sauts, .1ild Elore the CountrYside Meixian (strong peopie) Footbail in Qiangrnirr thtrn a dozen teams sprang: up giils' Aprii [i was the rlate f or Spor:is Association and the yL'ars within twrl nrenrber',., r.rf the Bingcutl com- ieam ol the Nleixian Overseas After the founding oI new China This match mune to go io the tounl.Y fair-. Chinese ll'fiddie Schooi. in 1U49, the sport Lrecame rrei';y' attracted a 1ot of spectators frem Accordirig tr-' custo:l, the comn:une popular both in ihe to\r'ils and in w,as orgilnj.zcr foolball rxratr:hes the nearby viliages. The veterans' to the countrysirie, with the support in r-he a.iternoon, There were four team had a lot of experience and of ttre gcvel'nmerrt. In 1954 the tiiat day. One rvas the cor-rnly*'ide their tactics were flexible, but the Stale Physicai Culture and Sports primary schc.ol f ootbail match, girls' team had tortitude thr vs, - Commission accredited rl:e i3ingcun Primai'.r* Schooi spirit of newborn calves who are Meixian team for nalional cornpe- IVIeizhou Peopie's Priirlar;,' Selrool; af raid i.r[ ti,gers. The tw'o tition, and has since traveled to wer:e e>lhiLliiion games not it the others - Renhe producticn brigade vs' the Dach of the 22 brigadcs of Eingcun conimune fields a football tearn; here, l;he Xilian procii.rction brigade; Ilcnhe and Xiliang brigades irattle it out. girls' team of the }'{eixian Overseas Chinese !tridClc School vs, the giris' tearn oI Bingcun L,IidCle School and a ganie be'uween frvo children's tcan"rs oi the Bingcun com,rnune. Hearing the gootl ne'ws, we rr"i"shed to the spot. The Bingcun cc.ftn.rviune has set a good exarnple in i:romoiinB mass f ootball aciivities iu rtre c,'.r,rnt:{ (]n the wali of the commulle nifice were hung fiags, dipir:mas and fwo sil'rer cups awar,Jeri bY the naiional, provincial, prelectrrral ancl r:c.linty admlnistraticns. A Chart on the waii inriicated Lhe result.s the commitne Peasanis' football team had achreved since wEN WnNZHAN is g silc;cial come* sFontlent for China Ket-'onsir'"rcfs" ZEIANG JINGX,{ING is a slaff reporter for Chiaa Reeonstrrlcis, 46 CHI-N& F:ECONSTEUCTS Bingcun commune children start playing foctball early Plt,,tu: bt' ,/-hntr \,'ttntt Members of the Qiangmin Football Team of Meixian" The Youth Foottrall Team of Meixian is in a dght match. l:i " .i:' ..::.t . I . ::.' ::: Girls' team. practices. liberation: Out ol 76 games, the As Meixian students love foot- peasants'team had won 42, Iost 15. ball. the cottnty physical cultur:e This r,r/as intriguing. Deng arrd sports commission and the Qingqiang, head of the commune, cnunty educational departments told us that most people in the have compiled graded teaching commune, regardless of age, play materi.als f or students from the game. Participants account for primary through senior middie 67 percent of the whole population schools. Each year the county of the commune; each of th.e 22 regularly holds middle school production brigades has its cwn games and primary school games, team. Thus, it is very common to The Bingcun primary school see matches between fathers and team has won the county cham- Meixian fans are tough critics, but sons, between brothers, and be- pionship seven years in a row. quick to show their appreciation nf fine tween cadres and rrlasses. Gao Zhixiang. vice-head of the play. Li Hairui is the leader of the county and the man in charge of Renhe production brigade, and of football, said the game is more its f ootball team. He began popular than ever. More atten- playing football 40 years ago, but tion is being paid now to coach- he is so strongly buiit that we ing and selecting outstanding could hardly believe that he is over young players for the countY's 50. He said the peasanls' participa- spare-time sports school. The tion in the sport not only Promotes school has trained over 2,500 their physical strength, but aiso players, of whom 190 have been helps develop production. Several sent to the national teams or the years ago, when the Renhe brigade well-known provincial teams of reclaimed land f rom a river, it Beijing, Guangdong and Hubei; was Li, as brigade leader and foot- and over a dozen have become ball coach, who led- the Young first-rate national coaches. .*,:,)$:':!i ,xi r::,i players to choose the heavY loads to carry. That year they reclaimed In recent years, rniddle school girls' Women's Football Team 19.3 hectares of f armland and ieams have surprised skeptical males: Females make good tootball players too! increased their yield by 400 tons In the past two years, 27 girls' of grain. teams have been established in revolu- During the "cultural middle and primary schools. This team was tion", the Peasants' is very new. not only for Meixian forced to stop its activities and Li' county, but for the country as a Hairui was criticized for his alleged and medals mania". As whole. "cups The best of them ius the girls' their footbail. ground was ruined, team Meixian Overseas they had to practice at the edge of the School, a fact we or ridge of a field. "Things are Chinese Middle changing now," he said. "Our appreciated after watching the excelient exhibition game on f avorite sport has had a come- back." In recent years the team April B. The team was set up in has always come out on toP in the autumn of 1979" It has 22 commun€ cornpetitions. players ranging in age from 13 to 17, most of them children of veteran Final game of tbe county-wide primary Younger Generation overseas Chinese or of players. sehool competition in Bingcun. Wu Tang and Zh.ou Youma On the commune's green footbail After class they get two and a field. 12 children from the kinder- half hours of coaching dailY. Once exercise to Mingzhu. daughter of the gartens attached to Bingcun or twice a week they Lan ''50s primary school and Renhe primary build their physiques. Ye Zhizhen, famous "iron fullback" of the school w"'r" kicking a small who was a bit finicky at first, has Lan Gan, plays fullback. She is football enthusiastically. They are become one of the backbones of as good as.her father on defense, 4 to 7 years old, but they know the the team, especially good at of- and a cu-t-above him on offense. rules and have mastered the fense. Liu Niuqiong, the center L,ast May the team representing fundamentals. Each of the teams forward, is said to play "boy- the county, played in the first has a couple of mainstays. The style" because of her speed, Guangdong provincial girJ-s' foot- spectators could hardly help cheer- boldness, and strong legs. But she ball invitational tournament, held ing for them or bursting into isn't happy with the title. "l have in Guangzhou (Canton). They laughter and applause for their rny own style, why should they say defeated three opponents to win lively it naive demonstration. I play like the boys?" she asked. the provincial championship. n SEPTEMBER 19E1 49 FEIming Lu Xun's 'Regrgt fsr the Past' SHUI HUA T U Xun (l88t-1996). one of r i China's great modern writers, was a .shar1> 50 CHTNA BECONSIRUCTS Sensing his witirdrawal, Zijun of the film medium. A careful ited space of the film best convey can only nag at hirn and beg for study of Lu Xun's text provided our story in all its aspectrs. reassurance, They can now bare- many useful pointers. .rl Of course, a prose story is not a ly speak to ()ne another. ln an out- Lu Xun's style refiects his mas- film. We often had to find visr.ral burst of bitterness, he tells her he tery of both Western and classical and audible equivalents of what no longer loves her. Their "blind Chinese literary teehniques. I)is- Lu Xun had described in words. Iove" has provided no answers. carding the logic of real-iife We sometimes used visual meta- ploi flashes back phors such as allowlng the They should separate, and each chronology, the - find a new way of iife. She ieacts and forth in time and space in ac- cameril to lir:ger on a concrete de- quietly, but one day he comes cordance with the story's emo- tail in a scene, or an atmosPheric home tr: find that -she has returned tional logic. The pace is varied, shot, in order to convey abstrac- to her family. A short time later sometimes leaping over events, tions such as ideas or states of he is stunned to learn tlrat she has sometimes slowing for a crucial mind. We experimented with Pace died. unable to bear the scorn and scene, sometimes zigzagging be- and other narrative devices. prejudice of society and the los; of tween past and present. AII these Instead of filling in every detail of what had given her life some techniques are of cour.se very suit- the story, we u.sed subtle allusions, meaning. able for translation into film tru.sting that, if our selection of Bitterly remorseful, Juansheng terms. significant details had been care- wishes he couid seek out Zijun and Lu Xun's style is terse, sketching ful enough. the audience could fill beg her forgiveness even in heltr, in his characters and their back- in the resi of the stclry themselves. if there were a hell.- Left alone, ground with a meticulous selection Since the background of the storY society in the 1920s he feels his life is empty. He longs t-rf significant details. This method - Chinese - for some new direction, some new of "conveying the spirit" with a is unfamiliar to most audiences road, but reflects "I don't know. . . minimum of brushstrokes is com- today, a few scenes were addd how to take the first step. Some- mon in Chinese traditional Paint- showing the historical and social times the road seems like a great, ing. and in literature as well. In- atmosphere of the time. grey serpent, writhing and darting stead of long passages of descriP- We irope that our film will bring at me. I wait and w'ait and watch tion, the writer conveys the Per- alive for people today the political il approach, but it always disap- sorialities oI his characters and and social conditions of this dark pears suddenly in the darkness." their relationships by letting us period in our historY. We hoPe see them in action. This tech- also there ale lessons to be Iearned the two Novella into Film nique sometimes called the from the story of Young "pure- outline" method is an- lovers and the tl,ays they reacted In planning to film "Regret for other familiar traditional- device, to the serious problems of their the Past" in time for the centen- as is the interruption of the plot for time. Weak and limited in their nial oi Lu Xun's birth, I as director the dreams or imaginings of the characters, hampered bY delusions, and the entire film group faced a main character. This analysis of their ideaiism comes to nothing. number of problems. We wanted the text suggested some of our "Blind love" cannot shorv them the to remain faithful to the original major tasks i.n making the film load to useful and haPPY lives. work in style and content, while selection of the truly significant- This is the real significance of the fol)owing the special requirements details that would within the lim- film. D Zijun, neglected by her husband, saeks affection from a stral' dog she has adopted. Dismissed from his job, Juansheng tries to make a living by free-lance writing and translating, SEPTEMBEE T98T 5l Shaolin Monastery and lts Martial Arts XtrN YI and XU ZIIAO RflODERNIZATION sometimes kung-f u with some one million is the rnural in White Garment Hall .LYI lskss strange paths. They're devotees around the world. depicting 30 robust monks practic- making a rnovie now about the Both Chan Buddhism and ing the martial arts. Done in the famous old Shaolin monastery in Shaolin boxing are traditionaily mid-19th century, the mural is Henan province, the fountain-head associated with a sixth-ceniury remarkable for its lifelike figures ot Chan (Zen) Buddhisrn and monk named Bodhidharma, vrho is and attention to detail. it's a gongfu (kung-fu) flick.- said to have invented both. though Bodhidharma is said to have It's not altogether inappropriate, scholars are not certain whether he worked out the rnore than i00 however'. since the rnonastery is is a historical or a legendary figure. movements of Shaolin boxing as also the birthplace of Shaolin His image, according to tradition, an antidote for the lethargy in- boxing, a still-extant form of was transferred into a wall that duced in the monks by tris teaching he had contemplated continuously of meditation. With further De Chan" abbot of the Shaolin Monas- for nine years, but the wall, a1as. refinement over ttre centuries. two tery with Do Shin So, head of Japanese was destroyed in a long-ago war. schools of Shaolin boxing devel- Shaolin Boxing Union in ,grnrirn oped. The northern school empha- Chrn THE MONASTERY is located on sizes the use of the hands, while r St-lngshan, one of the f ive the southern school concentrales sacred mountains, B0 kilonreters on the feet. Each of these schools souihwest of Zhengzhou. Built in has been further subdivided, So 495 A D. by Emperor Xiao Wen of rigorously have the monks prac- the Northern Wei dynasty. it is ticed since Bodhidharma's time nestled in a forest in ihe northern that tvro ror,r's of footprint depres- foothills. Haif a kilometer west sioru have been Iefi in the brick of the monastery is a cemetery floor in front of Thousand Buddha wlth more than 200 stupas me- Hall. t), morialiling noted eider monks and monks f amed for thelr fighting A NOTHER MURAL records im- skills- -t I prrrlant episodes jn the history Though the monastery contains of Shaolin boxing. It portrays an many works of art and historical ancient city with solid city walls artifacts of the past 1,500 years, and deep moats surrounded by whal attracts most popular interest flags, spears and swords. Arrows Depressions worn in the floor of Pilu Pavilion by centuries of boxing m *.. ,A$ s" A student in the nearby Shaolin Wushu School. A sc*gle from tir* fi.im Shaolin Ldonaslerv ncr.r, being shcl. De Cha* has been the al:br;t of Sinar:l!"lr f'r4cca.ster3i since [916" Qing dynasty mural shows monks in shorts at boxing. The entrance to Shaolin Monastery, which dates from 495" Bodhidharma Pavilion, where the Chinese monk Huike stood in the snow waiting for Bodhidharma to teach him and cut off one of his arms to express his devotion. The cemetery for noted monks west of the monastery is a forest of stupas. fly from. thousands of crossbows. A dozen monks engage the enemY at close quarters. The city depicted is, PerhaPs, Luoyang. The Tang dYnastY em- peror Tai Zong (ear1y 7th centurY) went there to suPPress an uPrising led by Wang Shichong, but was surrounded by Wang's trooPs. Thirteen Shaolin monks under Tan Zong arrived to rescue the emperor, who in gratitude made Tan Zong a general and alvarded Iesser honors to the other twelve monks. The emPeror also granted large tracts of land and much ! silver to the monastery, which thencef orth flourished. At its ; peak had more than 1,000 Shaolin Entrance of the cave where Bodhidhar- Statue of the Pilu Buddha cast in the monks. ma meditated for nine Years. Ming tlynasty. Wang Hongxun The monks' defeat of JaPanese Tian Chun pirates who had been pillaging the coastal areas in the 16th century general Yu Dayou, who favored The Shaolin Boxing Union was is another celebrated incident. the use of the cudgel established in Japan in 1946, and Forty Shaolin monks led by Yue The tradition continues. After now has about a million memkrs Kong organized a detachment of liberation, the Shaolin Wushu in branches in Japan, the United warriors and met the Pirates in the School was established in the States, West Germany, Indonesia, Songjiang area near Shanghai. nearby county town, and some of and other countries. Do Shin So, I S Shaolin's fame spread, the the monks becarne teachers and founder of the organization, first fa. greatest exponents of the coaches. Many local People have vi3ited Shaolin 40 years ago, anol martial aris went there to de- presented the school with hand- returned in 19?9. As soon as he monstrate and teach their skills, copied boxing charts kePt in their entered the gate, he said, "I'm 'among them the Ming dYnastY famiiies for generations. home again." n were eight bronze dragons which by dropping a ball from the mouth indicated the direction of the Facts from China's Book of Records center of the quake. o The earliest record of a rFHE longest poem in any of 853 ingredients. . It is 838 Years sunspot is in IIuai,nanzi,, a second- I China's languages is'Tl,"e Epic older than The PharmacoPoeia of century B.C. collection of scien- of King Ge-Sar, the narrative of a Niirnberg, the first to be published tific, historical, and philosophical Tibetan hero dating from the 11th under government ausPices in articles named for the Prince of century. It consists of 1,500,000 Europe. Huai. It describes "a three-legged Iines, not including some Prose r The earliest book on tea, bird in the center of the sun." Th,e Book of Tea was written bY from sections, -theThe official Han HistorSt o The first book on forensic Lu Yu (?33-894) during the Tang Eastern Han dYnastY (25-220 medicine, Manual oJ Forensi.c Med- dynasty. Ten essays in three A. D.), in the section entitled "Five icine in five volumes, was com- volumes describe the origin of tqa says: APril pro- Natural Elements" "In piled in 1247 during the Song and its varieties, cultivation, year of the reign of and methods of of the first dynasty. It is 350 years older than cessing, PrePara- Emperor Han Yuan Di (43 B.C.) book this kind tion. Illustrations include various the first Western of in the center of the sun was a written by an Italian. kinds of teaware. spot as big as a o The firct government-publish- * The world's first seismograPh black Pellet." March of 28 B.C.) a mass of, ed pharmacopoeia was The Reuised was made during the Eastern Han "(In gas size bronze coin Meterr,a Medr.ca compiled in 659 bY dynasty by Zhang Heng (?8-133). black the of a the sun." Su Jing and others under the It was a bronze urn with a Pen- was seen in the eenter of 19, 807 auspices of the Tang court (hence dulum inside which an earth It was not until August also knbwn as The Tang Materi,a tremor could caurie to activate A.D. that the first record of a Medica). The 21 volumes describe eight sets of levers. On the outside sunspot was made in EuroPe. tr SEPTEMBER 1987 57 TOTilT PUBTTGATIO]T BI tI NGUA!" OTCIIOTIART ES A NEW ENGLISH-CHINESE DICTIONARY HK$80.00 Library Edition 45.00 Popular Edition NOUVEAU DICTIONI.JAI RE FRANCAIS.CHINOIS HK$60.00 Cloth ISBN 962.04.0090.9 A NEW JAPANESE.CHINESE DICTIONARY HK$85.00 Cloth ISBN 962.04.0079.8 DEUTSCH.CHINESlSCH ES STAN DARD- HANDWORTERBUCH H K$ 1 00.00 Cloth ISBN 962.04.0033.X A,lUNtOR ENGLTSH-CH!NESE DICT|ONAR.y H K$ I 3.5 0 C loth tS B N 962.04.0016 .X . DICTIONNAIRE CHINOIS-FRANCAIS DES LOCUTIONS ET PR.OVERBES H K$ 20.00 Cloth ISBN 962.04.0085.2 CHINESE.ENGLISH.JAPANESE GLOSSARY OF CHEMICAI- TERMS H K$50.00 Cloth ISBN 952.04.0028.3 POETRV, IITSTORV, ITOUETS & OTHER !tUBJEC"S AN OUTI-INE HISTORY OF CHINA lN QUEST: Poems of Chou En-lai Compiled by Tung Chi-ming Translated by Nancy T. Lin HK$22.s0 Cloth lSBN 962.A4.000s.4 H K$ 10.00 Clorh tSBN 962.04.000i.1 18.00 Paper ISBN 962.04.0006.2 5.00 Paper tSBN 962.04.0002.X REVERBERATIONS: Poems of Mao Tse-tung FROM OPIUM WAR TO LIBERATION I ranslated by Nancy T. Lin By lirael Epstein HK$22.50 Ctorh ISBN 962.04.0046.1 HK$40.00 Cloth ISBN 962.04.0003.8 15.00 Paper tSBN 962.04.0047.X THE LIFE OF GENERAL YANG HUCHENG THE WOUNDED: tsy MiZanchen New Stories of the Cultural Revolutioh 77-7g Paper IS BN 962.04.0099.2 By Liu Xinhua, Liu Xinwu and Others Cloth ISBN 962.04.0105.0 HK$25.00 Ctorh tSBN 962.04.0007.0 Fo rthcoming 10.00 Paper tSBN 962.04.0009.9 IN SEARCH OF OLD NANKING COMRADE EDITOR: By Barry Till Letters to the People,s Daily Paper ISBN 962.04.01 12.3 :.gl_eJ19d-ang Transtaied by Hugh Thomas Forthcom ing HK$ 15.00 Paper tSBN 962.04.0070.4 Ll PAI: 200 Selected Poems WEST LAKE: A Collection of Folktales yvonne Translated by Rewi Alley Translated by Jan and Walls HK$30.00 HK$40.00 Cloth tSBN 9:62.A4.0Oi7.1 Ctoth rSBN 962.04.0053.4 30.00 Paper ISBN 962.04.0078.X 20.00 Paper tSBN 962.04.0054.2 ART TREASURES POEMS OF DUNHUANG OF LU HSUN HK$250.00 De Luxe Edition Translated by Huang Hsin-chyu tSBN 962-04.O110.1 HK$15.00 Cloth tSBN 962.04.0009-l HUANG HSIN.PO'S WOODCUTS 8.00 Paper ISBN 962.04.0010.0 HK$25.00 De Luxe Edition 1 6.00 Paper SO,ARING: ENGLISH SUPPLEMENT TO GEMS OF Poi:ms of !ia.9 Chung-K'ai and Ho Hsiang-ning Translated by Ma Wen-vee CH!NESE PAINNNGS IN THE SHANGHAI HK$20.00 Cloth ISBN 962.04.0038.0 MUSEUM 12.00 paper tSBN 952.04.0039.9 HK$60.00 De Luxe Edition tSBN 962.04.0096.8 ,OTIIT PUBLTSHTIIG CO. (HOITG KOING BRAflGH) A Comprehensive Publisher-Distributor Corporation : Publisher of Chinese and English Books Distributor of Chinese Publications from the People's Republic of China 9 Queen Victoria Street, Hong Kong 58 CEINA RECONSTRUCTS Ydg"rth Servfrce e0 l1rus in Shonghmi DONG XIJIAN nNE n"lorninp, five voung men hands and given them an in- u arrived at ifre home of Zhang dependent spirit. Many have Jinrong, an old worker at the learned woodworking. lacquering Shanghai tsicycle Factory No. 3, and construction skills; some have with hanrmers and sauz$ and went learned tailoring. In February, to work. In one day, they nailed 1980, the Communist Youth about 500 laths on the ceiling and League branch in the workshop plastered them. Nor,v the upstairs organized a discussion on "the hubbub can't be heard downstairs, meaning of life". Tho discussion and Old Zhang's rest is not becatne particularly lively when disturbed. they The young talked aboul the tendency of men were neither some young people to pay too much relatives of Old Zhang, nor attention to clothing and good food, carpenters, buf members of his but not attending to their work. factory's youth service team, who Yuan Dingfa, an electrician who help fellow workers in their spare time. is the Youth League secretary, said, "We'd do better to try to change things with our actions, The First Youth Service Team not by sitting here talking. The first youth service team was We have a lot oI skills among us. f ormed in the machine main- Let's get organized to serve the tenance workshop of the factory a people free of charge in our spare year ago. The ''cultural revolu- time and to improve social moral- tion" had deprived many young iiy with our own actions." So the people of the chance to get an Iirst youth service team, consist- education, but physical labor has ing of 13 young volunteer workers, taught them to work with their was formed. They put out an Youlh servioe team nrerlbels in th€ Shaughai Heavy Ma,chine 'fool Factor)' Yuan Dingfa (!eft), head of the first you[h service team wit,h fellow worker Lii repair rubber shoes for passers-bv' Jianzhong" yu Xinbao Ya Xinbao announcement: "W'e are Com- munist Youth League members determined to do something f or the personnel of our factorY. Please make an aPPointment in advance if you want to have a water or electric meter installed, household electric aPPliances repaiied, furniture Painted or a loft put up. We will do this work ,t .\lio, free of charge, and promise you'll be satisfied with our work." 'li Cultivate Socialist Morality Sr The founding of that Iirst youth service team attracted quite a lot of attention from young PeoPle. Like a snowball, the team grew bigger and bigger, exPanding from SEPTEMBER 198I 59 ,.i l) father is anl invalid and his youth team, he moved his family's mother sufters from high blood sewing machine to the shop and pressure, so he has to do most of has felt more respectable now that the housework. But he never people praise him for his work- allows family affairs to interfere manship. He says it makes him with his twice-a-week service happy that he can do sornething activities. As an electrician, he's for others. front and center when his team Liu Chi, a painter in the machine repairs electric appli.ances. But on rnaintenance workshop, has other jobs, he's a layman. Doing learned many skills including home repairs, he'Il prepare plaster living the easy life and- not asking and pass bricks; if the job is anyone's advice. Of course he was painting furniture, he'll sand the not ready to join a service team. surfaces. On a rvater-rneter insial- But early this year, helping his lation, he delivered tools. But he elder brother decorate his house works hard no matter what he does. for marriage, he was baffled by His mother sometimes asks, "Can't an electrical circuit. He had to your team dB without you?" "No," ask the service team for help. Two he says, "I can't leave the service electricians from the team spent team." He feels at ease only when three evenings finishing all the doing something for others and for installations, "Real happiness is to socialist construction. be eager to help those in need,'/ he Other members of his team have said with emotion. Since then he Wang Guiyin (left) of Shanghai Bicycle the sarne attitude. Wang Guiyin, a too has joined the team. Factory No, 3 makes sumrler garments tailor, is well-known throughout Young workers make one for his co-workers' small children. up Yu Xinbao his factory for making a very good third of the work force of the garment. Someone joked, "On the China Pencil Factory No. 1. For street after work, you could earn quite a long tirne there had been at least five yuan in a few hours." an obvious estrangement tretween He replied, "If I lived only for the younger and older workers. money, I'd think my life was Last August, a youth service team worthless." was formed in the factory and it Xiao Qiao, 25, works in the mobilized the young people to forge. An ex-convict (theft and contribute waste keys (semi-finish- assault), he returned to the factory ed keys were in short supply in feeling he had to atone for his Shanghai) to make over 200 keys crime. Invited to serve on the for other workers. The older Giving hospital patients haircuts is one service of the youth team of the Shanghai construction company's mechanization team. Zhang Yaozhi Two members of the Shanghai Sewlng Machine Factory No. S youth service team rcpair sewing rnachines without charge ln people's oo^o*"nonn yaozhi one workshop to the whole factory, from one factory to many a wrist watch factory, a pencil- factory, a sewing machine factory. In Shanghai now there are over 6,000 youth service teams, according to incornplete statistics, with about 100,000 young people. Carying forward the revolu- tionary tradition serve the people they have- become an advanee- guard in cultivating pub lic spiritedness. Yrran Dingfa, 27, is one of the sponsors and head of the first service team. His 60 CHINA RECONSTBUCTS workers . changed. their views. They'd seen the spirit of serving the people again. Develop Their Ability With the increase in the number of service teams, many young people want to improve their skills and enrich their knowledge. The Youth League committee of Bicycl.e Factory No. 3 has organ- ized weekend Iectures on medi- cine, tailoring, weaving, painting, cooking, repairing household electric appliances, photography .rs and fine arts. The speakers are themselves young people, and those Black chickens, prized for their medicin&l qualities, &re now raised at a hatcherl' attending the lectures are not only outside Beijinc. Zhang Jingde young people, but veteran workers as well. Young worker Lii Jian- zhong liked to assemble radios when he was a child, but since he The iledicinal Bird went to work in the factory forge he hasn't had much time for that YOU XIYUAN s,ort of thing. Now the service team provides him with a chance to put his ability to good use. He FHEY'RE called black chickens, Today, the chicken is made into bought a soldering iron, an electric I not from the color of their Black-Chicken-White-Phoenix Pills meter and small components with feathers, which are white excePt (Wuiibaifengwan) by the Tong- his own money. He often works in a rare black-feathered sPecies, rentang Pharmaceutical Plant in late jnto the night repairing radios but because their bodies are full Beijing, o,ne of the country's prime and TVs for others. When the of a black pigment called me- producers of traditional remedies. Youth League committee decided lanin. From comb to claws, and These are esteemed for efficacy in to give him a subsidy for his from skin and flesh to bones and treating women's disorders. electric biII, he turned it down, and internal organs, they are totallY The earliest extant offieial his mother said no. "I'd like to black. Hence another name for records about the raising of black spend money for my son to have them - black-bone chicken. chicken date back about 380 years. this chance to use his skill," she Long ag'o, people discovered These fowl were bred by the in- said. A year of this has improved that the flesh of this fowl was habitants of Xiyanwangpo, a his skilt considerably, to the point highly nutritious and medicallY viilage in the Wushan mountains that he's been made a professional useful. The Com"pendium of Ma- in Jiangxi province. The village China's electrician at the factory. teria Medica written by was so isolated the chickens trOth-century pharmacolog- Many tearn members have ancient had no opportunity to cross with ist Shizhen (1518-1593) quotes a obtained a good command of one Li other breeds. Prolonged in-breed- Tang dynasty (618-907) PrescriP- or two skills through the "serve ing gradually produced a pure type tion: "Fry a thoroughlY cleansed the people" Iectures. Yuan Ding- with stable hereditary traits. Then who used be good only at biack chicken with five different fa, to 1759, a loca1 scholar presented appliances repair, now has learned spices," it says, "then seal it in a in some biack chickens to the em- seven skills. He is expert in one jar with two pints of wine and let thing and good at many in his it stay overnight. The brew peror., 'who ordered them raised by team. can be thken as a tonic or to treat peasant families in the outskirts of The youth service teams of the nausea and stomachache, and is Beijing. Shanghai Bicycle Factory No. 3 especially beneficial to lying-in In 1958, China's first fairly and the Shanghai Sewing Machine mothers." Later medical works, large-sca1e black chicken farm was Factory No. 3 visited the homes of including the modern Chinese set up at the foot of Mount Long- young people who are waiting for Pharmacopeia, recommend the shan not far outside Beijing. The job assignment and organized black chicken as a remedY for farm now raised 20,000 chickens a them to attend the lectures in the physical weakness and women's year, more than enough for the factory. With the help of older diseases. The eggs of the black present production of Wuiibai- workers they've learned a skill, chicken have also been used bY Jenguan pil1s. It also supplies which wjll be helpful in getting traditional physicians to treat black chicks and eggs for breeding a job. D many ailments. purposes in other parts of China. E SEFTEMBER U8T 61 .6ii a erffi r s gra CHEN XTACIJUN Fish at Hubei province's ,.nct Bqilianhe Beservoir ere bred in boxes.,_. a ne1l A.n lbundant eatch for brigade fisher_ method developed abroad norp successfully userl in China. men in Zhejian9 province. I_iu XinTLirLg Shen Chubai rft IIE HIGHEST annual ourpul oI and brigades are allowed to sell duction reached 1,450 kilograms. I freshwater f ish in China's all of the surplr,rs above the state 5.8 times the fixed quota, with each history was achieved year last quota of aquatic products. The commune rnember receiving tBO when the figure reached 1,240,000 state provides some f<'dder. grain, kilogr'ams of fish valued at over tons. an increase of 10.8 percent fertilizer', timber, bamboo, an 62 CIIINA N,ECONSTNUCTS Statistics from Guangzhou showed envi.ronment and affected fish pro- cians. Over 20 senior middle that the 1980 sales volume of. duction. A series of measures schools and institutions of higher freshwater fish had increased 60 have been adopted to protect fish learning specializing in aquatic percent over 1979's. The varieties r€sources and encourage the products have been set iup. of Iish on the market have increas- rational development oI fisheries. Thanks to scientific breeding ed from 20 to 70. Snakehead fish, methods and new concern for the river crab, freshwater shrimp, Better Breeding Techrniques protection and development of fish wl-rite shrimp and cod rare on resources, we can expect steadily the market up to now - appeared Ancient records show that increasing harvests of fish for in 1980. - Chinese fish production goes back China's tables T some 2,400 years. The traditional Rational Utilization methc'C was simply to catch mln- nows and put them inlo fish ponds network research institutes gives China's treshwater area is of A of one for intensive feeding. This was small-scale fisheries such as these the biggest in the world wasteful and not very produetive. brigade ponds in Jiangsu province"s i6,700,000 hectares, among them- Wuxian county access to tlre most In 1958 a team of scientists led bY advanced methods of breeding and 5,000,000 rearing fish. Besides, Zhor.g Lin created a method of managernent. Yott YunoLt there are 25,340,000 hec. of paddy speeding up the breeding and fields in which fish can be hatching process. The technique of raised simultaneously. There are artificial breeding has been 11,330.000 hec. of marshland which entirely solved for the "big four", can be developed into fish ponds. paving the way for its use on a Lying largely in the temperate and large scale. tropical zones, China's freshwater Fish breeders worked out areas are particularly good for methods for raising in one pond rearing lish. fish whose feeding and swimming At present China has over 600 habits complement one another. species of freshwater fish. Among For instance, chub and bighead the 20 most popular species are: feed on plankton and live near the herring, grass carp. chub and surface of the water; grass carP eat bighead known as the "big four" water plants and live at a middle domestic fish. Now soft-shelled depth; herring Ieed on snails and turtle, bream, dace snapper other mollusks such as eockles, and which are much liked by- live near the bottom. The drop- consumers have been added. pings of grass carp encourage the At the time- of liberation in 1949 growth of plankton, which is the the annual fish output in China favorite food of the chub and big \^ras only 150,000 tons. Annual head. The plankton-free water Attention to fisheries has added over output rose in the 1950s, amount- benefits the grass carp, which like 100,000 tons of fish to the country's food supply in iust one "vear. ing to 1,230,000 tons in 1959, 72 clear water. Such ingenious com- Yol Ytntrlu times the 1949 figure. binations have greatly increased Freshwater fishing declined in fish production. the 1960s and 70s. There were Scientists have also found ways long periods when there was in- f or communes and brigades to sufficient rational planning of fish combine fisheries with other resources, so that fishing was agricultural activities. Ferment- carried on at times and places ed manures especially livestock which disrupted fish breeding droppings -make good fish food, cycles. A one-side'd stress on as do certain- by-products of the growing grain Ied to the draining raising of silkworms. Thus many of lakes for crop land. According places in China's countryside now to the statistics for Hubei, Hunan, combine fisheries, animal hus- Jiangxi and Anhui provinces, the bandry and silkworm raising. lake area drained surpasses Aquatic products research insti- 1,000,000 hectares. The lake area tutes have been set up nationally in the "thousand-lake province", and by local governments. Ten Hubei, has decreased by three- institutes are attached to scientiflc fourths, and no measures were institutes in related fields. There taken to protect fish resources are about 2,400 scientists and u'hile water conservation projects technicians at provincial-Ievel in- were being built. Polluted water stitutes in China, and 528 populari- has seriously damaged the aquatic zation stations with 2,061 techni- SEPTEMBER T98I 63 $oRto .+e a .rE '* .9 2", tr .4D 1S LINDBLAD TRAIfEL famous for originati ng new travei destinations is now operating 2 outstanding tours designed to give an intimate glimpse of life in China today! Cruise the Yangtse aboard Travel on China's ancient M.S. KUN LUN GRAND CANAL Aboard the M.S. Kun Lun. a vessei accommo- Lindblad Travel has inaugurated a truly fasci- dating 36 passengers in stately comlort remi- nating tour on that ancient waterway. The niscent of the days and life aboard the Atlantic Grand Canal. It takes us from Suzhou to luxury liners, you can truly see China flrst- hand. From Shanghai to Chongqing you visit many sights along the shores of China's lon- gest waterway, The Yangtse River, the high- lights of which are the Yangtse River gorges. as it is lived in China today Either way, please contact Lindblad Travel at any of these locations. LINDBLAD TRAVEL, INC. 2010 Swire House 9 Connaught Road Central Hong Kong B C C Telephone.(5)263-356 Telex.66]51 LINDBLAD TRAVEL, INC. LINDBI-AD TRAVEL, INC. LINDBLAD TRAVEL, INC. VIVRE TNTERNATIONAL 8 Wright Street, PO Box 912 92 Montague Mansions P O Box 5067, FDR Station ARAI Building Westport, CT 06881 USA London, W1H1LF, England New York, NY 10022 USA 7-7 Honshio-Cho Telephone: (203) 226-4189 Telephone: 01-935-4208 Telephone: (212) 7 51 -2300 Shi nju ku-Ku Telex: 643443(WU) Telex: 9.12 881 Telex:234980 Tokyo, 160, Japan Teiephone: A3-357-0241 Telex 24840 64 CEIF{A AECONSTRUCTS .a Child ren { ,(: How llo You !(egp 485 lions Clean ? .&." s_ As they were wondering what to do, "Brain-box" Cao Guangrui sud- denly turned up with a bottle of gasoline. With this they restored the lions to their former splendor" Since then, whether it snows or .ix blows, the Pioneers have been :ar coming every Sunday to bathe the h Iions. Chinese and foreign visitors l to the bridge never fail to praise them for their good work. Once someone asked them if they knew how many lions there rvere alto- UGOUQIAO, Marco Poio T or Great WalI at Badaling and found gether on Lugou Bridge. The f--, Bridge as this world-farnous the site well looked after. A lively answer came promptly: "Four landmark is also known. was built discussion took place as they went hundred and eighty-five." in 1189 on the southwestern out-- home. "Lugou Bridge is an im- Today the lions are c1ean, and skirt-s ol Beijing proper. is "It portant historical site. too." said the children the indeed have cultivated the most wonderful and the leader of their Pioneer group. habit of taking care of public unique bridge in the world," 1 ,rote "but look how dirty the stone lions property. Before this, some of them Italian traveler Marco Polo (1254- are! We ought to wash them. what had also been guilty of scribbiing 1324) in his book Traxels of do you think?" Everyone agreed. on walls ciimbing over these Marco Polo, or Early the next Sunday, the lions. But alow if they see anyone The bridge, 266.5 meters long and Pioneers started to clean the lions. doing such things, they step for- with 11 alches, has 140 sculptur.ed It was a tough job; water wouldn't ward and say: "Flease iook after stone balusters with carved lions remove the ink and grease stains" pubtric property I'' D on top of them. The lions are ex- cellently crafted in different sizes and postures, some sitting and The lions get their bath from Young pioneers of the I-ugouqiao primary sehool. some lying. It used to be said that Cu Dehrro it is impossible to make an exact count of them as tourists have often tried to do. Over the years, the stone lions were disfigured by graffiti, or soiled by childr:en clambering over them. But today, visitors find the bridge neat and clean. How come this change? Every Sunday morning, a Young Pioneers' flag flutters over the bridge as a group of children with red scarves and basins, pails and rags "bathe" the lions. The chil- dren are from the Lugou Bridge Primary School. For nearly a year they have been giving weekly baths to these lions. Last autumn, the children happened to visit the d SEFTEMBER I98T 65 Ex-Gapitalists flid Economy LI CHUANG T picked out Guo Huafu ;tlmost boo-rimmed sieves, r.verll-known in t as soon as I r-'ntered a work- China and-sloutheasl Asia. After shop oI the Dachanglong Wire liberati.on the factory merged-with Screening Factory in its two-story others and these two brands disap- red brick building. one oI many in peared from the market. But a a .small alley in western Tianjin. shortage of such copper mesh in re- A small gray-haired man nearing cent years prompted re-establish- 60, he lvas ft.rrmerl;- a smail capi- ment of the factory in 1980 by the talist anci once manager oi the Tianjin Investment and Consulta' Zhonghua Electrical Goods Factory tion Service Corporation (ICSC) and is nr-iw director r:I the ?0- under the Tianjin l'ederation of rvolker Dactrangkrng Factory, Clad Industry and Commerce in overalis he w'a-s bustling abciut. Guo, who many years before had stopping now and then to cr:ach the been a worker at the oki Dachang- young workers, iong, was called out of retirement The Dachanglong. a ()ncc pri- to head it. He is one of a number vately-owned f actorS, opened in of Tianjin ex-capitalists in similat' i919, iv\ras the producer of the l oles. 0hen Zuying Goiden Deer and Crane brands of Initial investment providecl by copper mesh used in making bam- ICSC was regained out of the net bef ore that, during q,hich Guo profit in less tlran two and a half never took a day off. "The state LI CHUANG is a stalf reporter f or months o-[ operation There were trusts us so we should do our ut- China Reconstructs- five months t>I pr'eparatofy '.lrork most frir the country." he saYs. So fal ICSC has invested ?00,000 yuan to set up 16 tactories. stores and eorporations lor indltstry. com- What ls the Tianjin ICSC? merce and services. The directors rFUn FOUNDING o[ the Tianjin lnvestment and Consultation and managers are all former in- I Scn,icc Crrrporation by the Tianjin I'edera'uion of Industry and dustrialists and merchants. ln Comrnerce is an example of how the former capitalists are helping Tianjin there are altogether 5,800 Most +.o contribute their busincss acumen and manageriaL .skiiis at this people with such experience. some have taken time when China is seeking to extend her economy by utilizing a are retired. but variety o{ {orms. new jobs in the present Period. of Its objective is to heip develop the economv and open up more Yang Tianshou. 82. chairnran general job opportunities for young people" The initial fund for investment ICSC's board was once came from membership dues and the mutual-aid fund of the manager of the Hebei Provincial the Tianiin Federation of lnclustry and Commerce! an organizal"ion of Bank and vice-chai.rman of Nong- national capitaiists fr>unded in Octelber 1953 and continulng in board and manager of the gong (Peasant Bank. existence funclioning as a people's organization. The economic and Weirkr:r) 63, former a'ssistant units set up under ICSC are in the collectively-owned sector (a Chen Zuying. genernl cor- form of socialist, not privale. but also not state ownership), and are manager oI a trading responsible for their own losses and profits. These latter the poration, and manager of a Private enterprise may use for expansion and to improve benefits to its machinery plant. also works in workers. Wages paid are not lower than lhose in the same field ICSC now. Since they and the in provide6 oiher managers and directors ar-e state-owned enterprises. ICSC's 16 units have so far jobs 500 jobs for young peopie. retired from in state-owned enterprises, get standr.rd Most r-rf them are headed by people who once owned small or they the percent medium-sized businesses. They are experienced in operating with 70 of their former salaries a small amount of capital, and careful calculation and strict as a pensicin from these units, and in rest budgeting. With such management most units are able to make ICSC makes up the to brin$ the former total. the amount of the initial inve.stment within two months. The sum up to the government is giving them strong support. The managers hold Chen Zuying's Story after-hours classes and sympcr.siums to train young people in now manager of managerial skills, hoping that they will be able to take over as Chen Zuying, questions soon a.s possible. ICSC an-srvered my about the feelings of these former capi- talists with the story of his own RECONSTRUCTS 66 CIIIN,T lif e. Bef ore the liberation his elder brother, Chen Zupei. was general rnanager oi an jmport- export company with head offices in Hongkong and branches in Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Chongqing and four other cities. In November, 1948 as Tianiin was about to be liberated by the People's Liberation Army, the head of the Tianjin branch proposed moving the corporation to the south. Chen Zupei, however, had knirwn people in the China Demo- .cratic Natlonal Construction Ass<> ciation, a democratic party whose members national capitalist in- dustrialists- units started with assis!ance and businessmen -op- lronr the Tia,njin Iovestmenl and c.nsultarion po.sed Chiang Kai-shek's policies. service corporation: The knitting shop in the sa,'rian Kni(wear Factory (top), and a snat'k shop staffed by young peo rle Feeliirg ihat it would be possible to in f.iaqiin,s Hexi di.strict. continue the business after Tianjin came under Communist Part5' ieade.r'ship, he opposed moving and set Chen Zuying to prepare the firm for tht liberation of Tianjin, On the eve of the PLA offen^sivt: against the Kuomintang garrison. as KMT offi.cers w,ere leaving for, the south with their wives and r:hildren, Chen Zuying an'ived in Tian,jin with his family and took over as manager, rtf his firm's Tian- jin branch. The, policy of the Communist Party drflerenliated between thosc, capitalists u,ith KMT and foreign irnperiaiist connections (known as buleraucrat caplfal) and the na- tionaI bourgeoisie, and in the earlv years after liberation in 1949 prr:- tected the latter and enabled them to play a role in developing China's economy. In the course of rvork- Young stirll of lht'.{nqing (Arrange-.!'outh) Gent,ral Store, also started lvith ar s( ing together with representatives rrid. takes ils rvart's where the pcoplc aro. of the Cr.rmrnunist Party in his field, Chen Zuying sarn, that this poiicy was being observed so hc transferred part of the firm's capi- tal and equipment from Hongkr>ng to start a machinery factory in Tianjin. Those were good years lor him. He wotked hard but also lelaxed by listening to music and reading the great Chinese and filreign novels. Socialist Transformation In 1953 the government began the policy of buying out national SEPI'EMBER r98r pears and the shade of willows and flowers of riirtous colors beckon." Foll.owing the fall erf the gang of four in 19?6 the Cornmunist Party i..:iGl'r\ began to make sure that the orig- inai policy was again honored, and to re-examine accusations and re- dress wrongs. Bank accounts were returned, interest was Paid up to its termination date and the national caprtalists were again treated as part of the PeoPIe with the same rights as workers, Peas- ants and intellectuals. The assessment of Chen ZuYing as a Rightist was declared unjusti- fied and withdrawn. Elected to the People's Congress of Tianjin's Hexi district, he became a vice- chairman of its standing commit- tee. Later he was aPPointed t Hou Yi the $un-shooter and Ghang'e the Lady in the Moon WEI TANG Lf OU Yi and Chang'e are two of snakes, and becomes a hero to the lI the best-knc.iwn Iigures in people. Chinese mythology. The story of But Hou Yi has aroused the Chang'e and her flight to the moon jealousy of the other immortals, is familiar to every Chinese, lnd who slander hirn bef ore the a favorite subject of poets. In his Emperor of Heaven. Soon the poem "Chang'e". the famous archer senses an aloofness, a lack 'l'ang dynasty poet Li Shangyin of confidence, in the Emperor's (c.813-858) wrote: attitude. Finally, Hou Yi and his to Chang'e, remorseful f o, wif e are banished forever trom archer Versions differs as hauing stolen the eli,rir heaven and forced to iive by whether Hou Yi was beaten to Nightly pines am.id the uast hunting on earth. death with a peach-wood club or sea of the blue sky. This description appears in shot fronr ambush by an arrow. Tradition places Hou Yi and written form in tu'o Western Han Another version has Chang'e drink Chang'e in the reign of the dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 24) col- the elixir to keep it from Pang legendary emperor Yao, shortly lections, Shanhaijing (Classic of Meng. after that of Huang Di. A version the Mountains and Seas, a book of A recent dance drama. Flying ta of the taie known at least since the travels and tales) and. Huaiianzi the Moon,+ adds to the story of Warring States period (475-221 (scientific, historical and philo- Hou Yi and Chang'e several nerv plot twists which resolve in- B.C.) describes how, in Yao's reign, sophical articles named f or the the ten suns fillecl the sky. Their heat Prince of Huai). consistencies of the older stories parched fields, wilted crops, and and highlight the tragic fate of the left people lying breathless ang TFHERE are several versions of couple. In this version, Chang'e is unconscic-rus on the ground. I Chang'e's flight ro the moon. a village girl who marries Hou Yi. Ferocious animals and birds fled According to Huainanei, Hou yi, Pang Meng the sorcerer-chieftain, dry rivers and fiaming forests to sorry that his wife has to lead a seeing his position threatened, attack human beings. mortal's life for his sake, obtains tricks Hou Yi into beiieving that an elixir of imrnortality from the Chang'e has been unfaithful. Strll deeply in love with his wife, Hou THE immortais in heaven are goddess the Queen Mother of the -r moved by the people's suffer- West. He hopes that, even though Yi feeds her the elixir of immor- ing. The Emperor of Heaven sends condemned to earth, he and his tality and banishes her to the the champion archer Hou Yi to wife may live together happily and moon. Too late, he realizes his help Yao bring order. Hou Yi, with forever. Chang'e, however, resents error, and dies gazing at her image his beautifu.l wife Chang,e, her new hard life, and while Hou in the sky, descends to earth carrying a red Yi is away from home she swal- The noted historian Gu Jiegang (1893-1980), of bow and white arrows given him Iows all the elixir and flies to the in a study by the Emperor of Heaven. people moon. Huainanzi and other classic works, uncovered some making greet the archer joyfuliy, as a hero In his poem "Questions to stories Hou Yi's soul reincarnated in the who may save them from their Heaven" Qu Yuan (c. 340-2?8 B.C.) legendary hero Zhong Kui. Zhong torment. has Hou Yi betray his wife by Ready for battle, Hou Yi strides having Kui, appearing in a dream to a an affair with the wife of Dynasty to the center of the square, draws Hebo, Chang'e Tbng emperor, claimed therefore leaves that his mission in was to his bow and arrows, and takes aim him to live by herself in life the moon. destroy all the evils that plagued at the imperious suns. In an in- There, lonely and solitary, she stant, one after the other, nine misses human beings. Thus, as professor the companionship of Gr.r emphasized, both Hou Yi and suns are shot from the sky. As human beings and the kindness of Zhong Kui were revered by the Hou Yi takes aim at the tenth, yao her husband. stops him for the last ancient Chinese as heroes who sun might Mencius, the Warring States dedicated powers be of benefit- to people. So ends period their to the philosopher,'and Huainanzi serviee of humanity. n the story of Hou Yi and the nine say that Hou Yi was murdered by suns. Other stories tell of how he Pang Meng, one of his archer slays *See China Reconstructs December fierce beasts, birds and trainees who hopes to become top 1980. SEPTEMBER T98T 69 Wit and Borbs There ilust Be a Better WaY Wide Choice Nlenu reads: Boiled Cab- bage, Fr ied Cabbagr'. Stewed Cabbage 'fhc Snrart \Vay llcst I m exhattsled Aftet' wolk. I harze tr> buy me- dicine [, ]l n)]r nl()1hL'l'-in- l:'rw" lor:k f ot- a carPentel' I)usty Roads Cafc t o make sonle fur'niture, -'Food u.'ith a fine help my chrldi en ',r'ith .stand in f 1avor"' theil hon-rervork Custr>mer: There's dirt hnc for veget:ibles aird do biowing in through that the lar-rndr'y, rvindow! -- Then horv dti gct Waitless: Oh s oul nnY re'st 1 Iocal flavor. . In the office. r>l' COU I'Ser b'y Dinl) Cono PEACE BOOK COMPANY Hong Kong Agent of BEIJING ( Guoji Shudian China Publications Centre - Address and Telephone llandbook E)GORT SERVICE TO BOOKSELLERS ALL OVER TIHHHruffEilf;+frtr THE WORLD. BEST TRADE TERMS AVAILABLE. 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CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS 70 EtrX F.iFF- ZHONG WETI YUE ilE TIUANG \\I[N\AN Lesson 9 Aneient {lhimese Jok*rs ,, (1) Wearing the Wrong Boots {* lFr & )L ,!. + ', , l,L nL }n ,F tA chu6n tingzAi "Jidngxinsi", rA jiir h6 {' /* * t"-.I, T ;ftr-'t , boat stop at "Rir.cr Heart'l'cntple", he rhen rvith ;; ge rdn chii mdn, chuincuole xu0zi. s,l r44." One man (got our door, wear wrong boots, nf+ -& T 4* +-+ o ldngbirn tiqi xia chuirn diro sizh6ng riAnguirrg. firr.a ix J'Yi, Y, #t-t ir.. ;4, .omptnton l(rgctltcrIEleL) down boat to tentplc in rdly stroli. vi z,hl xu€zi di hou. -yi zhi xuGzi di b6o, bt' )* yi Et " One boot sole thick. one boot sole thin. n L A ;"r,s [4, " _:^ Siyuin qlinghishing xiEzhe ",Iifingxinfir" sdn Ae ,YS + tBl izt * tll1r {1\, iY* Tcmple court.vard wail on rvrjtten "River ljeart Poem" thrce zduqi lt lai -yi jino gio yi jiio di. h6n ,lt ,i; i$_ (begint ivalking (on) road. one foot bigh, one fool low. \/ert 4. +. lt fl-, lt" * ge i. Te yi jiin. huingnr6ng niii t6u jiar charaCters Iie once sse. hurri,.:dl) tunted hcad (rLntl) bir gAndiro ..JinriIn shfifu. TA hAn qiguiri, shu6: '$'rL,r&*16t "r{. EI- uncontiortable He I'eel veri, slrange. say. "Toda!, R- 6 iE,sflt, '{- plo" hAo ddo: "Zhdli ",-6u jiingxinz6i, bar kC ran. sltoul: "Hcre htve rivcrheart thief, (u,c) sl.rould not wd de tui chE mAohing le? Wdi shCnmc yi tido tui J\ " ,f**,, nry lcgs appear defect? Wh) one lcg B t lL,frl I4t+ in," i- 4 litl" Ta de tdngban shu6: ,.8[ yio huing. '' iin & + II,E *sl long iarrl'1" His corlpanion say. "Dorr,t be lrighrened chAng yi ti6o tui duin?" i{ long one ieg short?" 7.hc slti f il, bri shi 26i. " Te r'{o t6u fr4J ,* ,. - +.€rS k+ ifr 4v. &-4rt7 T This (charactcr) is poem, not rhicf Ile shake head Yi gc gud lir de r6n ghosu tA shi xu0zi shuEncud vt "*" A passerby tell him(il) is boots \rom wrong +: fr 4 * 'flt' ++{-"" huidd: "Wb ftirn r-6u xi6 z6i .virngz.i," 1 * fr T h, h-tfr-K/.&{"t1., answcr: "l scc (it) havr' -sornc thief' shape " le. "!tL{l&Ti di t6u kinlekirn, fhxiirn gudrAn r[ci, He lorvcr hcad (and) take a iook, discsvcr tnlly so. Translation ,lE .;L {l- 1.. lg T + 4x, PLt . (ll rn6ng rhng ptron hui jie qu qrl xuEzi, A nran went our with the u,rorrg boots, one wirtr a thick sole (he1 hastily ask servant return honre go bring out boors. and the other with a thin one As lre bcgan rcr walk" hi: felr un, 'EA $Aw* comfortablc for one loot was higher rhrn the orher t-{e felt fl'r.. + this strange and said. "ls thcrc somcrhtng wrong wilh rn1 legs Yihilir-*)L ptr6n kdngzhe sh6u pAohuflai today? Wlry is one of my legs long. and the other short?" A little later, servant e[tpty handcd run back. A passerbl,rold hirn that he was u'earing the q,rong boots "tr- .d1" in, /fl )*.T , 4y fi1 r4 .fl, lle lookeci dora,n and founii rhat ir was really so lle jrastilv shu6: "Bfi ydnghuirnle" jirli dc liing zht. y6 asked his se^,aot to go back home and get another pair saying, "No need change. honre in two (boots). also In a little rvhi!e the servanr rrn back empty"handed " "'[here's no necd tc chenge them." he said. "The pair at home is ft- X f+ X,S. the same. one with a thick sole and the other wilh a thin one " shi yi zhi hdu yi zht b6o," - is crne thick one thin !" (z) In olden days a nran rvho could nor read many Chinese charac- (2) Poem ( H, ) and Thief ( ni( ) ters took a boat to go out on business. One day the boat stopped at the River Center Temple, [{e and his companion got off and g+ fr t,\, iF. + T went to look around in the iemple. On the temple wall were written three characters Guoqir y6u yl ge r6n, shl zi bir "River Center Poem". As soon as he (In) past (there) had one man. knolv character not saw these, he turned anrl began to run. slrouting, "There are river- center thieves lrere. We should not tarry!" "Don'tbefright- ,, y4b *rl- 4k g€. x- ened," his companion said. "This character is 'poem', not dud zud chuAn chiiwiri zud shEngyl, YitEn 'thief'" many,(he)took boat go out(to) do business. One day Shaking his head, the man said. "It looks like 'thief 'to me," SEPTEMBER I98T 7l EverYdaY ExPressions A shi stone "- At zijioneself I 1&. zud do, make r- arL. yijing alreadY 1tr4.€ zuir sh6ngYi to do business 'rfl EllX. mingtian tomorrow tt&Xii" zuir Yifu to make clothes ) dt guirng stroll tE win ask €.a\@ guirng gdngyudn walk in the park l,il f I'il zh6ngjifln middle *-6 )A guirng shdngching stroll in the market .t qidn thousand ;&" XEi guingddrjiE stroll around the streets + g[n dry (go windcw shoPPing) t * T guinyf with regard to ot-t 1 E chu[n wear, Put itJ \Aik ytnddng exercise, movement f &,qf chudn Yifu Put on ck:thes n nt dioziknife "F l+? chufln wdzi Put on socks ++ ling bell f #!+ chudn xi6zi Put on shoes + +{ jintidntoday 4. ,* r,l gindio feel tft +ift giosu tell g, r,l A ;( gindiro gdoxing feel haPPY "fr ting hear Sr,l+'E glndho qiguii feel strange' feel :'1" ii+ qichE automobile something is strange oi chi eat Et t'l # d gindio n6ngud feel sorrY lfr- fhn meal 5. f chfr apPear, come out JR ,q jE huirbiro picture magazine *,Lfa chfi mfobing something goes wrong 2. 'One high, one low'. with The form used in yi gdo yi di - 6 - 1( is a * tE *E chfi winti Problem appears commonly-used one for two opposite adjectives. (one one frt * di t6u borv head, lower head Others: yi ch6ng yi duin -f--+e long. 1KF di shEng lower the voice short); yi hiru yi b6o -f+- E (one thick, one thin); yi ti{o tui chdng yi ti6o tui du[n - +eEK- Notes *W+s" (one leg long, one leg short); yi jilo 96o yi jiio di A-.-W4k (one foot high, one foot alike. -,&r l. characters that look almost low). Some characters are hard to-tell from some the others because they differ in only arrangement llxercises of strokes, or sometimes in just one stroke. Yet this single stroke can make a character with an l. Answer the foliowing questions in Chinese: entirely different meaning. For example, when a (l) Why did the man run away as soon as he dot is added to the character ae t (big), it be- saw the three characters "River L-enter comes tii t (very). If the dot is moved to the Poem" ? upper right part of the character, it becomes quin (2) Why was one of that man's feet high and { (dog). This phenomenon is the source of many the other low ? jokes in Chinese, as in the story above where the 2. Write out the characters fbr the words that characters fir ni (poem) and z6i n/l. (thief) looked appear below in the Chinese phonetic alphabet each pair: alike to the traveler. Here are some characters and colnpare ,i, ( ji[ il in previous lessons which look somewhat alike. r ) a\.1"1h\t 7-w-t . ,T ( 2 ) ir-; w6n 4X;1t i1 1- *t'.i, T F :4 El 16l'f+ t6ngbin comPanion - -* ,Jr Tq ffiLA1ilfr+ " .( q 4 huiji[ return home , lilr (3)*e€ shui ? E ri sun i\ ( 4 iA'{,ft zhln n yud moon ) +Jt*. '.. ( 5 g0 gi tiali'u'l'r,*"nts-i . L + E Ldo Wfng Old Wang ) ft ( 6 ming 0f *:,t2-" 7L L yir jade ) E#\-sit kLlfrf--* )i,t+ gudnghui brilliance 2. Complete the following sentences with the ru t "one...one.,,"form: : *. xiSn flrst )L A wdl ( 1) rtlll^+'6tr$tL+==_---=--o 'j Jri. zh6o look for (2)rrr6+{,ff_ . * t Yiru right (3)r!i.ai.fi*/-f__.---__" * crrrNA REcoNSTRUcrs 72 @ Yanshan Petrochemical Company 2019 PARAFFIN Our high-quality paraffins include: white paralJin, yellow paraffin, super-quality paraffin, paraffinfor food packing and for making toys. We also produce liquid paraffin, candles and othey paraffin articles. Our paraffin can be used in pharmaceuticals, packing, paper processing and detergent making"