DOCSLIB.ORG

Volume 3 O L I A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Volume 3 O L I A P 1988 H volume 3 O L I A Laboratoire de Phonétique et Linguistique Africaine CRLS - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 Pholia 3-1988 PHOLIA est une publication périodique qui rassemble des contributions consacrées à la PHOnétique et à la LInguistique Africaine. Elle contient des articles écrits en français et en anglais par les membres du Laboratoire de Phonétique et Linguistique Africaine du CRLS (Centre de Recherches Linguistiques et Sémiologiques) ou par des chercheurs dont les travaux sont directement liés aux projets du laboratoire. Cette équipe, implantée à l'Université Lumière-Lyon 2, fait partie du LACITO (Laboratoire des Langues et Civilisations à Tradition Orale, LP 3- 121 du CNRS) et collabore avec le GRECO Communication Parlée. Les thèmes de recherche de l'équipe sont : - l'analyse interne et comparative des langues bantu ; - la phonétique expérimentale comme aide à la décision phonologique : application aux systèmes synchroniques et diachroniques ; - l'utilisation de l'informatique dans l'étude des langues africaines : traitement de la parole, bases de données et systèmes experts ; La collecte des données s'effectue en laboratoire à Lyon avec des informateurs de langues bantu ou sur le terrain ; elle peut occasionnellement concerner d'autres zones linguistiques. Parmi les contributions incluses dans PHOLIA, certaines sont dans leur version définitive, d'autres constituent une version préliminaire. Les auteurs tiennent à remercier les institutions qui permettent ces recherches et cette publication. Pholia 3-1988 SOMMAIRE BANCEL P. - Doubles reflexes in Bantu A.70 languages 7 BANCEL P. - Réflexions sur la méthode de calcul en lexicostatistique 17 BANCEL P. - A bon A.P.I. bon C.P.I. (pour un Codage Phonétique vraiment International) 27 BLANCHON J.A. - Tonalité des nominaux à thème dissyllabique dans groupe bantou B 20 37 BLANCHON J.A. - Une langue mixte en voie de disparition : le geviya 53 BLANCHON J.A. - Relèvements tonals en eshira et en massango : Première approche d'une tonologie comparée du groupe bantou B 40 71 FONTANEY L. - Mboshi : Steps toward a Grammar : Part I 87 HOMBERT J.M. - Tonper, un test de perception pour langues tonales. Application au bulu (Sud-Cameroun) 169 HOMBERT J.M. et M. MOUELE - Eléments de phonologie diachronique du wanzi (langue bantu du Gabon - groupe B 50) 183 KWENZI MAKALA J.T. - Quelques remarques sur la transcription des textes oraux en langues africaines 207 LOUALI N. et J.M. HOMBERT - Contribution à l'évolution des occlusives dentales du proto-berbère 213 PUECH G. - Codage de l'Alphabet Phonétique International 227 PUECH G. - Augment et préfixe nominal en ngubi 247 ALEKO H. et G. PUECH - Notes sur la lagune ngové et les Ngubi 257 VAN DER VEEN Lolke - Caractéristiques principales du groupe B 30 (Gabon) 271 Pholia 3-1988 DOUBLE REFLEXES IN BANTU A.70 LANGUAGES Pierre BANCEL Résumé Nous présentons dans cet article de nouvelles données concernant les doubles réflexes consonantiques dans les langues bantu du groupe A.70. Ces données nous amènent à subdiviser ces réflexes en deux séries opposées par un trait [±Fortis]. L'examen des réflexes lexicaux, dans lesquels ni *C1 ni *C2 ne sont soumises à une neutralisation de ce trait, montre que la vaste majorité de ces réflexes lexicaux présente une harmonie entre les deux consonnes en ce qui concerne ce trait. Ce phénomène a déjà été observé en tunen A.44, une langue de la même zone, qui présente de plus, en synchronie, une harmonie vocalique de hauteur croisée. Une telle harmonie est basée sur l'existence du trait [RLA]. Ce dernier fait, ainsi que d'autres données provenant du basaa A.43a, et des dialectes du dyola (langue ouest-atlantique) suggèrent fortement que le trait [Fortis] ait été une coarticulation localisée dans la cavité pharyngale. Les préfixes nominaux, et particulièrement ceux comportant une consonne nasale, semblent également avoir joué un rôle important dans cette évolution phonétique complexe. The northwestern Bantu languages present a range of divergences from the currently reconstructed proto-language. Attention has been drawn in this respect to double reflexes of oral obstruents in languages of this region, and especially from zone A (Cameroun, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea). Guthrie (1967-71) was the first to formulate this phenomenon explicitly and attributed it to the supposed length of neighbouring *vowels. But this opinion was hardly supported on phonetic grounds, nor was his reconstruction of vowel length in the lexical items concerned always very convincing. To our knowledge, the only studies which have seriously investigated the question from a comparative point of view deal with Tunen A.44. In this language, a 7 Pholia 3-1988 synchronic Cross-Height Vowel Harmony (based on the [ATR] feature) and a word-internal harmony of Proto-Bantu (P.B.) consonantal reflexes have been demonstrated to be extant (van Leynseele, 1977; Stewart and van Leynseele, 1979; van Leynseele and Stewart, 1980). In Basaa A.43a, Janssens (1984) suggested the existence of double consonantal reflexes, without drawing any conclusions from it. This paper aims at presenting new data from the A.70 group (Ewondo A.72, Bulu A.74, Fang A.75) concerning this problem, whose solution could modify the internal classification of the Bantu languages as well as the phonemic inventory and therefore the lexical reconstructions of the proto-language. These data consist of the reconstruction of the part of Proto-A.70 lexicon which is to be traced back to Guthrie's Common Bantu lexical reconstructions. This reconstruction has been based on an exhaustive list (about 400 items) of A.70 reflexes found in Fang (Galley, 1964), Bulu (Bates, 1926), and Ewondo (Tsala, 1958). I. Split of reflexes of P.B. consonants in A.70. In A.70 languages, as in Tunen, we find several reflexes for a number of reconstructed oral obstruents (and this can also be suspected for certain nasal *C). In certain cases, this can be attributed to the vocalic environment, although not, contrary to Guthrie's statements and as already pointed out about Tunen, to its putative length. In fact, we have to consider evolutions of *C1 in three different contexts : after a vowel, after a syllabic nasal and after a non-syllabic nasal. But even with those distinctions there remain divergent evolutions of the same *C. This leads us to split reflexes into two categories, according to a [± Fortis] feature. This split itself is operated according to the classical conception of "weakening" and "strengthening" of articulations in historical phonology. Thus, we obtain two series of reflexes, as is shown in table 1. The first thing to notice is that the feature is neutralized in the case of two [+Voiced] consonants, namely *b and *g (and *p2 in A.72a Ewondo and A.74 8 Pholia 3-1988 Bulu). Neutralization operates in favour of the [+Fortis] variant after syllabic segments, and of the [-Fortis] one otherwise. Neutralization also occurs for every *C1 after a non-syllabic nasal. The neutral variant is [+Fortis] in the case of [-Voiced] *C1 as well as for the [+Voiced] one which is not submitted to general neutralization, i.e. *d1. It must be noted that this bidirectional neutralization could raise a doubt about the theory according to which Proto-Bantu would have inherited only [Lenis] consonants from the preceding stage (Stewart, quoted in van Leynseele, 1977). *C1 *C2 P.B. Ctxt. Fortis Lenis Fortis Lenis V- *b *b *p *p *b >N- *b *b *‚ $*‚ N- *v *v - - V- *f *v *p (*‚) *p >N- *f *b - - N- *f *f - - V- *d/l *y *l *y>*‚ *d >N- *l *n *‚ $*‚ N- *d *d - - V- *t *l *t *l *t >N- - - N- *t *t - - V- *k *k *k ( ‚ ) *g >N- *k *k *‚ $*‚ N- *g *g - - V- *k *w/y *k *‚ *k >N- *k *g N- *k *k - - table 1. Double reflexes of Proto-Bantu consonants in Proto-A.70. 9 Pholia 3-1988 II. Harmony in lexical reflexes. We have then to examine reflexes in which neither *C1 nor *C2 are submitted to a neutralization of this feature. In the great majority of cases (42 vs 14), both consonants harmonize as regards this [±Fortis] feature (see table 2). N.B. : P.B. reconstructions are from Guthrie (1967-71). The 7 *V system is transcribed as *i *e *E *a *O *o *u. T, C, V : Tone, Consonant or Vowel not regularly reflected. F : harmonizing in Fang (preserving 2 reflexes of *p2). table 2. C1 - C2 [Fortis] harmony in lexical reflexes of Proto-Bantu in Proto-A.70. [Fortis] - [Lenis] [Lenis] - [Fortis] P.B. A.70 Gloss P.B. A.70 Gloss *-dèdò * n-nè 3/4 boundary *-d`Og- * -y`Ok curse *-k&O&Od- * -k&O&O`E cough *-d&Ok- *m2-y^2k 6 rain V *-dòdò * a-yòl 5 bitterness *-k&adì * N-g&al 1/ wife b2-y&al 2 wives *-k&Odì *vi-^Ol 19 hawk sp. *-p&adè * e-v&al 7/8 polygamy *-p`Ed- * -v`2l`2 finish *-p&o&od- * -f&oè thresh corn *-p&udù * a-vûl 5/6 foam *-t&ig- * -l&ik leave *-t&igad- * -l&igì remain *-t&og- * -l&ok bale out water 2a. Non-harmonizing reflexes. 10 Pholia 3-1988 [Lenis] - [Lenis] [Fortis] - [Fortis] P.B. A.70 Gloss P.B. A.70 Gloss *-d&a&ad- * -y&a`E sleep *-d&ig- * -dîk become burnt *-dàp- * -y`O`O F become long *-dìtù * a-dìt 5 heavy *-d&Ed- *mi- $2 3/4 birth *-d&Ok- * e-l`Ok 7/8 rain T *-d&Ed&E* e-y&e 7/8 cloth *-dùt- * -dùtù pull *-dèd- * -yì cry *-k&ad- * -k&at cease C2 *-d&ok- * -yô vomit *-k&Okòdà * e-k&utà 7/8 elbow *-k`Otì * d-&Ol 7/8 neck T (*-k`Otì * k`Ot 9 neck ) *-k&od- * -w&oè, y&oè grow up *-kòòg&o* N-k$ok 3/4 sugar-cane *-k&utà *m2-wûl 6 oil *-k&utù * N-kùt 3/4 bag T *-p&Edim- * -v&2s flash C2 *-pàk`O* a-f&ak 5/6 tree-hollow T *-p&Ep`O* a-v&O 5 F cold *-pàp&a* a-f$ap 5/6 wing *-p&ip- * -vy&o F suck *-p&E&Eped- * -f&2p fan *-p&od- * -v&oè become cold *-p&E&Ep`E* m-f^2p 3/4 wind *-p&uk- * -v&u become mature *-p&ot- * a-v&ol 5/6 run *-t&ad`E* e-l&a`E 7/8 iron > arrowhead *-p&ukò * m-f^2k 3/4 bag V *-t&ap- * -l&O`O F draw water *-tààt&E* tàt&2 1a/2 father *-t&atò * -lâl three *-t&a&atek- * -t&atè begin *-t`O`Ok`E* o-dz`O`E 11/5 banana *-t&Edam- * -t&2l&2 stand *-t&ud- * -l&uì forge *-t`Ek- * -t`2k become soft *-t&ukò * a-lû 5/6 night *-t&i&id- * -t&itàn C2 run away>pursue *-tòòg- * -tòk boil up *-t&u&udì * e-tûl 7/8 shoulder *-t&u&ut&u* e-t&ut 7/8 bump 2b.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Proceedings of the 15Th SIGMORPHON Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology, Pages 1–10 Brussels, Belgium, October 31, 2018
    SIGMORPHON 2018 The 15th SIGMORPHON Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology Proceedings of the Workshop October 31, 2018 Brussels, Belgium c 2018 The Association for Computational Linguistics Order copies of this and other ACL proceedings from: Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) 209 N. Eighth Street Stroudsburg, PA 18360 USA Tel: +1-570-476-8006 Fax: +1-570-476-0860 [email protected] ISBN 978-1-948087-76-6 ii Preface Welcome to the 15th SIGMORPHON Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology, to be held on October 31, 2018 in Brussels, Belgium. The workshop aims to bring together researchers interested in applying computational techniques to problems in morphology, phonology, and phonetics. Our program this year highlights the ongoing and important interaction between work in computational linguistics and work in theoretical linguistics. This year, however, a new focus on low resource approaches to morphology is emerging as a consequence of the SIGMORPHON 2016 and CoNLL shared tasks on morphological reinflection across a wide range of languages. We received 36 submissions, and after a competitive reviewing process, we accepted 19. Due to time limitations, 6 papers were chosen for oral presentations, the remaining papers are presented as posters. The workshop also includes a joint poster session with CoNLL, on the CoNLL–SIGMORPHON 2018 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection. We are grateful to the program committee for their careful and thoughtful reviews
    [Show full text]
  • Studies in African Linguistics Volume 45, Numbers 1&2, 2016 Didier
    Studies in African Linguistics Volume 45, Numbers 1&2, 2016 CLICKS, STOP BURSTS, VOCOIDS AND THE TIMING OF ARTICULATORY GESTURES IN KINYARWANDA Didier Demolin Laboratoire de phonétique et phonologie, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris 3 This paper shows that differences in timing and coordination of articulatory gestures in Kinyarwanda’s complex consonants trigger the emergence of epiphenomenal clicks. Acoustic and aerodynamic data show that click bursts of weak intensity appear in sequences of front (bilabial or alveolar) and velar nasals. The possible consequences of this phenomenon for sound change are briefly discussed. The emergence of short vocoids due a different timing of articulatory gestures allows discussing the status of syllabic constituents in complex nasal consonants. Keyword: Kinyarwanda, clicks, phonetics, vocoids, articulatory gestures 1. Introduction This paper provides evidence for the existence of epiphenomenal (i.e., non-phonemic) clicks in Kinyarwanda. This phenomenon was noted during a study of the phonetics of Kinyarwanda prenasalized consonants (Demolin & Delvaux 2001, Demolin, 2007) but was not analyzed at the time. Even if epiphenomenal clicks are not phonemic in the language (occurring randomly as free variants), their presence is an important phenomenon to consider for a number of reasons. The first is because bursts that appear between front and back nasal consonants are clicks of weak intensity. Traill (1995) suggested that from an acoustic perceptual point of view, clicks (at least the [+ abrupt] component) are bursts of stronger intensity when compared to the noise produced at the release of stops. Therefore, he suggested an acoustic similarity between the burst of clicks and the burst produced by stop consonants.
    [Show full text]
  • Phonemic Inventory of Khowar Language: an Acoustic Analysis
    Global Regional Review (GRR) URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(IV-IV).40 Phonemic Inventory of Khowar Language: An Acoustic Analysis Vol. IV, No. IV (Fall 2019) | Page: 369 ‒ 380 | DOI: 10.31703/grr.2019(IV-IV).40 p- ISSN: 2616-955X | e-ISSN: 2663-7030 | ISSN-L: 2616-955X Ayaz ud Din* Umaima Kamran† Zubair Khan‡ Khowar, the lingua franca of people living in district Chitral, is a rich language from a linguistic perspective, Abstract possessing links with Old Indo-Aryan (OIA) languages in its inventory and lexical similarity with the Sanskrit language. The aim of the current study is to redefine and document its phonemic inventory with the possible, latest and authentic linguistic tools. The findings of this study will benefit both native speakers and educational institutions with their Khowar language script and will provide an easy way for interested researchers. This descriptive study followed both qualitative and quantitative scales, with segment acoustic description, explanation and charting formant values. The data has been collected in the form of recording from native speakers of Khowar language for segments included in the reading list proposed by the researchers. The recorded corpus has been analyzed using Praat software (2017). The research outcomes are updated and acoustically redefined phonemic inventory of Khowar Language. Key Words: Khowar Language, Acoustic analysis, Phonemic Inventory, Consonants, Vowels Introduction The paper offers a brief acoustic description of phonemic inventory of Khowar language with related studies conducted by (Johnson, 2003; Yule, 2010; Ball & Rahily, 2013; Lisker, 1957; Shadle, 1991; Ladefoged & Maddieson, 1996; Fant, 1968; Ladefoged, 1967; Maddieson & Gandour, 1977; Fant, 1960; Bladon, 1979; Ashby & Maidment, 2005; Ladefoged, 1971; & Ladefoged and Disner, 2012) and Khowar linguistics contributions by (Endreson & Kristiansen, 1981; Munnings D, 1990b; Solan, 2006; Bashir, 2003; & Razi, 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Articulatory-Based English Consonant Synthesis in 2-D Digital Waveguide Mesh
    Articulatory-Based English Consonant Synthesis in 2-D Digital Waveguide Mesh Anocha Rugchatjaroen PhD Department of Electronics University of York June, 2014 0 1 Abstract In articulatory speech synthesis, the 3-D shape of a vocal tract for a particular speech sound has typically been established, for example, by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and this is used to model the acoustic output from the tract using numerical methods that operate in either one, two or three dimensions. The dimensionality strongly affects the overall computation complexity, which has a direct bearing on the quality of the synthesized speech output. The digital waveguide mesh (DWM) is a numerical method commonly used in room acoustic modelling. A smaller space such as a vocal tract, which is about 5 cm wide and 16.5-18 cm long in adults, can also be modelled using DWM in one, two and three dimensions. The latter requires a very dense mesh requiring massive computational resources; these requirements are lessened by using a lower dimensionality (two rather than three) and/or a less dense mesh. The computational cost of 2-D digital waveguide modelling makes it a practical technique for real-time synthesis in an average PC at full (20 kHz) audio bandwidth. This research makes use of a 2-D mesh with the advantage of the availability and flexibility of existing boundary modelling and the raised-cosine impedance control to study the possibilities of using it for English consonant synthesis. The research was organized under the phonetic ‘manner’ classification of English consonants as: semi-vowel, nasal, fricative, plosive and affricate.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling the Structure and Dynamics of the Consonant Inventories: a Complex Network Approach
    Modeling the Structure and Dynamics of the Consonant Inventories: A Complex Network Approach Animesh Mukherjee1, Monojit Choudhury2, Anupam Basu1, Niloy Ganguly1 1Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India – 721302 2Microsoft Research India, Bangalore, India – 560080 animeshm,anupam,niloy @cse.iitkgp.ernet.in, { [email protected]} Abstract ior through certain general principles such as max- imal perceptual contrast (Liljencrants and Lind- We study the self-organization of the con- blom, 1972), ease of articulation (Lindblom and sonant inventories through a complex net- Maddieson, 1988; de Boer, 2000), and ease of work approach. We observe that the dis- learnability (de Boer, 2000). In fact, there are a tribution of occurrence as well as co- lot of studies that attempt to explain the emergence occurrence of the consonants across lan- of the vowel inventories through the application of guages follow a power-law behavior. The one or more of the above principles (Liljencrants co-occurrence network of consonants ex- and Lindblom, 1972; de Boer, 2000). Some studies hibits a high clustering coefficient. We have also been carried out in the area of linguistics propose four novel synthesis models for that seek to reason the observed patterns in the con- these networks (each of which is a refine- sonant inventories (Trubetzkoy, 1939; Lindblom ment of the earlier) so as to successively and Maddieson, 1988; Boersma, 1998; Clements, match with higher accuracy (a) the above 2008). Nevertheless, most of these works are con- mentioned topological properties as well fined to certain individual principles rather than as (b) the linguistic property of feature formulating a general theory describing the emer- economy exhibited by the consonant inven- gence of these regular patterns across the conso- tories.
    [Show full text]
  • English Phonetics: Consonants
    Unit 6 Consonants (2) English consonants from a German point of view Print version of the English Phonetics lecture given on 19 prairial, an CCXXIII de la République / 08 June 2015 Robert Spence, Angewandte Sprachwissenschaft, Universität des Saarlandes 6.1 English Phonetics: Unit 6: [ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ fəˈnetɪks ˈjuːnɪt ˈsɪks] Consonants (2) [ˈkɒnsənənts ˈtuː] (broad) [ˈkʰɒnsənəns ˈtʰʊ͜u] (narrow) [ˈkʰɒnsənəns ˈtʰʊu̯] (alternative representation of diphthong) English consonants from a German point of view [ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ ˈkʰɒnsənən(t)s fɹəm ͜ ə ˈdʒɜːmən ˈp(w)ɔ͜ɪnt ͜ ə(v) ˈvjuː] Robert Spence [ˈɹɒbət ˈspens] based on material by William Barry and Ingmar Steiner [ˈbe͜ɪst ͜ ɒn məˈtʰɪ͜əɹɪəɫ ba͜ɪ ˈwɪljəm ˈbæɹi ͜ ən ͜ ˈɪŋmaɹ ˈsta͜ɪnɚ] Fachrichtung 4.6, Universität des Saarlandes [ˈfaxʁɪçtʊŋ ˈfɪ͜ɐ ˈpʰʊŋkt ˈzɛks ˌʔuˑnivɛ͜ɐziˈtʰɛːt dɛs ˈza͜ɐlandɘs] 19 prairial, an CCXXIII de la République / 08 June 2015 [diz.nœf pʁɛ.ʁjal (pʁɛ.ʁi.al) | ɑ̃ dø.sɑ̃.vɛ̃t.tʁwɑ də la ʁe.py.blik][ˈeɪt̪θ ͜ əv ˈdʒuːn ˈtw̥enti fɔːˈtʰiːn] 6.2 1 Initial consonants (and consonant clusters) The system of ‘initials’ in English • See the list in your handout, also available at: http://spence.saar.de/courses/phonetics/syllablestructure/initials.pdf • This is a list of consonants and consonant-clusters that can occur ‘word-initially’ (i.e. ‘as the Onset of a syllable which is the first syllable in (the phonological realization of) a word’). • It is based on a formula put forward by Benjamin Lee WHORF in a popular-science arti- cle originally published in the 1940s (‘Linguistics as an exact science’. In: B. L. Whorf, Language, Thought and Reality. ed. J.
    [Show full text]
  • This Study Compares the Sound Systems of Cree and English
    DOCUMENT IteSUPOS ED 025 755 AL 001 673 By Sover an. Marilylle From Cree to English. Part One: the Sound System. Saskatchewan Univ., Saskatoon. Indin and Northern Curriculum Resources Centre. Pvb Date 1681 Note- 80p. EDRS Price MF-$0.50 HC-$4.10 Descriptors-*Contrastive Linguistics, *Cree, *English(SecondLanguage),InstructionalMaterials. Interference (Language Learning). *Language Instruction, Phonemes, *Phonology,Teaching Guides, Teaching Techniques This study compares the sound systems of Cree and English, withspecial attention given to identifying the differences between the two systemswhich are likely to cause interference or confusion. Specificteaching suggestions are provided for those who are teaching the English sound system to studentswho are more familiar with the Cree 'system. Facial diagrams illustrating the oralproduction of difficult sounds and suggestions for making drill sessions interesting areincluded with each drill. The pronunciation drill is described in some detail in the section"Teaching the Voicing Distinction: A technical knowledge of linguistics is not assumed onthe part of the reader. (AMM) WELFARE U.S. DEPARTMENT OFHEALTH, EDUCATION & OFFICE OF EDUCATION EXACTLY AS RECEIVEDFROM THE THIS DOCUMENT HASBEEN REPRODUCED OPINIONS ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR PERSON OR ORGANIZATION OFFICIAL OFFICE OFEDUCATION STATED DO NOTNECESSARILY REPRESENT POSITION OR POLICY. FROM CREE TO ENGLISH Part One: The Sound System By Mrs. Marilylle Soveran Indian and NorthernCurriculum Resources Centre College of Education University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan AL 001 673 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS all of the authors listed in the I am indebted to bibliography, but particularly to Dr. C.D.Ellis, who personally studied the first draft ofthis book and gave many helpfulcriticisms and suggestions. Most of the diagrams are based on thoseused in the book by Gordon and Wong.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sound Structure of English, Website 3
    1 The Sound Structure of English (McCully) CHAPTER 3: Website CHAPTER 3: CONSONANTS (CLASSIFICATION) COMMENT ON IN-CHAPTER EXERCISES 3.1, PAGE 35 You’ll find in-text commentary on this one. 3.1, PAGE 36: Can you work out what such pairs of consonants are [ie. consonants that show voiceless/voiced distinctions]? It might help to begin to make a list, something like the following. I’ve helped you by filling in the first terms. I included … Voiceless Voiced /s/ /z/ /f/ /v/ We might add /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /SSS/ (‘sh’) /ZZZ/ (the sound found in leisure and rouge ) Further pairs of consonants are added in-text. 3.3, PAGE 40: Before we match English consonants to their appropriate places of articulation it might help to try another small experiment. Purse your lips into an ‘O’ shape (don’t actually close your lips), and breathe normally. On an out-breath, lightly flick your middle finger against your right cheek, and at the same time, modify the ‘O’ shape of your lips into an ‘OR’ shape, into an ‘AH’ shape, and then back again. What do you hear? This is answered in-text. * 2 CHAPTER 3: SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER EXERCISES Exercise 3.A. This is an exercise concerning what we have symbolised so far as /r/. There’s no need at this stage to make transcriptions, but study the following list of words, pronounce each one as neutrally and normally as possible, and note where, and to what extent, /r/ is present in your variety of English: rip reap ripe bring pray try hard burp blurt fear lure fair Now study - and pronounce – the following list of words and phrases, and once again, note the presence or absence of /r/: fairies fear is car car is Armada Armada is never never in beater in beta in What can you observe about the distribution and deployment of /r/, as this occurs in your own variety of English? If you detect an /r/ in your pronunciation of eg.
    [Show full text]
  • Phonetics the Science of Speech
    Phonetics This page intentionally left blank Phonetics The Science of Speech Martin J. Ball School of Psychology and Communication, University of Ulster at Jordanstown and Joan Rahilly School of English, The Queen's University of Belfast First published in Great Britain in 1999 by Arnold, a member of the Hodder Headline Group, Published in 2013 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 ThirdAvenue,New YorkNY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 1999 Martin J. Ball and Joan Rahilly All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanically, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without either prior permission in writing from the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying. In the Uni ted Kingdom such licences are issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency: 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE. The advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, but neither the authors nor the publisher can accept any legal reponsibility or li ability for any errors or omissions. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 978-0-340-70009-9 (hbk) ISBN 978-0-340-70010-5 (pbk) Production Editor:
    [Show full text]
  • Types of Consonant Sounds Acquired by a Malaysian Bilingual Child
    Types of Consonant Sounds Acquired by a Malaysian Bilingual Child Types of Consonant Sounds Acquired by a Malaysian Bilingual Child Kuang Ching Hei Abstract Child language acquisition is a field of research that generates intense interest and yet can be so debatable, particularly, in specific areas of acquisition. Debates abound suggesting that biological endowment (Chomsky, 1957, Pinker, 1994) is the reason that enabled language acquisition while others (Vygotsky, 1986) believe that it is the environmental support which the child gets, besides his cognitive development. Where sounds precede words in acquisition, it has also been argued that children acquire vowels prior to consonants whilst naming words are more frequently articulated than action words. Nonetheless, from close observations of one Malaysian child, this study provides the vocalisations made by a child who had been brought up in a multilingual setting. This paper will show evidence of the acquisition of consonant sounds which are illustrated in the vocalisations he had made from the time he was born until age 12 months. Analysis of data will indicate that vowel sounds were acquired first but they were limited to only a few which were hypothesised to be easy to produce. In discussing the issue on the acquisition of consonants, this study also argues that only consonant sounds which are easier to develop are produced first. The findings of this study further suggest that the maturation of the vocal tract and the changes it incurs may have an impact on the child’s ability to produce certain consonant sounds, some of which require more effort to produce as they are comparatively difficult.
    [Show full text]
  • 18 the Representation of Clicks
    TBC_018.qxd 12/10/10 16:49 Page 416 18 The Representation of Clicks Amanda Miller 1 Introduction Click consonants are a type of complex segment. Complex segments are defined as single segments that have two oral constrictions that are nearly simultaneous (Sagey 1990). Click consonants have an anterior constriction, which is either labial or coronal, and a posterior constriction, which is uvular in those Khoesan languages in which posterior place of clicks has been investigated with articulatory methods. The posterior place of clicks in Zulu starts out as velar in the closure, and releases at a uvular place of articulation. Clicks are unique in that they are produced with an ingressive lingual (also known as velaric) airstream mechanism, which is produced by trapping air between a lingual or linguo-labial cavity formed between the two oral constrictions. The tongue moves, in different ways for different clicks, to expand this oral cavity and thus to rarefy, or decompress, the air within it. When the anterior constriction is released, air rushes in to make the characteristic popping sound. The lingual ingressive airstream differentiates clicks from pulmonic stop consonants, which are produced on an outward flow of air from the lungs, and from other complex segments, such as labial-velars and labial-coronals, which are produced using a pulmonic or glottalic airstream. Clicks have played an important role in phonological theory because of the phonological complexity that they exhibit, and the large number of click contrasts found in Khoesan language inventories. Clicks exhibit at least three major areas of complexity that are not found in most other consonants: (1) the double place of articulation features; (2) the overlap of the two constrictions for the length of the segments; and (3) the non-pulmonic airstream mechanism.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Analysis of Hindi Phonetics and a Method for Extraction of Phonetically Rich Sentences from a Very Large Hindi Text Corpus
    2016 Conference of The Oriental Chapter of International Committee for Coordination and Standardization of Speech Databases and Assessment Technique (O-COCOSDA) 26-28 October 2016, Bali, Indonesia Structural Analysis of Hindi Phonetics and A Method for Extraction of Phonetically Rich Sentences from a Very Large Hindi Text Corpus Shrikant Malviya∗, Rohit Mishray and Uma Shanker Tiwaryz Department of Information Technology Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, India 211012 ∗Email: [email protected] yEmail: [email protected] zEmail: [email protected] Abstract—Automatic speech recognition (ASR) and Text to which contains all the phonemes in most of the possible speech (TTS) are two prominent area of research in human contexts, when recorded, would produce a phonetically rich computer interaction nowadays. A set of phonetically rich and balanced speech corpus [3], [4]. sentences is in a matter of importance in order to develop these two interactive modules of HCI. Essentially, the set of Compare to some studies which are based on employing phonetically rich sentences has to cover all possible phone units words, syllables and monophones, most of the current research distributed uniformly. Selecting such a set from a big corpus in the development of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) with maintaining phonetic characteristic based similarity is still and Text to Speech (TTS) systems widely focused on how the a challenging problem. The major objective of this paper is to devise a criteria in order to select a set of sentences encompassing contextual phone units e.g. triphones and diphones could be all phonetic aspects of a corpus with size as minimum as possible.
    [Show full text]