Journal of Indonesian Tourism and p-ISSN: 2355-3979 Development Studies e-ISSN: 2338-1647

Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Development Studies

EDITORIAL BOARD Chief Editor Luchman Hakim Ecotourism – Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Brawijaya,

Team Editor

 Akira Kikuchi  Yusri Abdillah Faculty of Administrative Sciences Department of Environmental University of Brawijaya, Indonesia University of Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia  Soemarno Soemarno  Rukavina Baks Department of Soil Science Faculty of Agriculture Faculty of Agriculture University of Tadulako, Indonesia

University of Brawijaya, Indonesia  Regina Rosita Butarbutar University of Sam Ratulangi, Indonesia  Iwan Nugroho Widyagama University – Indonesia  Hasan Zayadi  Devi Roza K. Kausar Department of Biology Faculty of Tourism Faculty of Mathematicsand Natural Pancasila University, Indonesia Sciences Islamic University of , Indonesia

Managing Editor Jehan Ramdani Haryati Muhammad Qomaruddin

Editorial Address 1st floor Building B of Postgraduate School, University of Brawijaya Mayor Jenderal Haryono street No. 169, Malang 65145, Indonesia Phone: +62341-571260 / Fax: +62341-580801 Email: [email protected] Website: jitode.ub.ac.id

TABLE OF CONTENTVol. 7 No. 3, September 2019

Trickle-Down Economics’ Arthur Lewis Fails: an economic development study of in Ngadisari Village, Sukapura District, Probolinggo Regency, East Renny Candradewi Puspitarini, Isrofiatul Anggraini ...... 131-139 DOI: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2019.007.03.01

Three Pillars Partnership in The Tourism Destinations Management in Order to Actualize Good Tourism Governance (Study on a Rafting Tour in Probolinggo Regency) Lely Indah Mindarti, Muhammad Fahmi Lazuardi ...... 140-145 DOI: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2019.007.03.02

Halal Tourism: Its Attractiveness to Domestic Tourists Based on Their Religious Perspectives Ambara Purusottama, Gregorius Dimas Hapsoro Prastowo ...... 146-155 DOI: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2019.007.03.03

Development of Community-Based Tourism in Pinusan Kragilan, Pogalan Village, Magelang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia Gatot Sasongko, Bagus Trianggono, Pamerdi Giri Wiloso ...... 156-165 DOI: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2019.007.03.04

Village Development Index and ICT Infrastructure in Tourism Region AR. Rohman Taufiq Hidayat, Yanuar Eka Prasetya, Dian Dinanti ...... 166-174 DOI: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2019.007.03.05

Policy Implementation of Tour Guides License in Maintaining the Quality of Tourism in Bali Province Kadek Rianita Indah Pratiwi, Choirul Saleh, I Gede Eko Putra Sri Sentanu ...... 175-183 DOI: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2019.007.03.06

Risk Management of OHS for Landfilling Construction in Talangagung Edu- Tourism Landfill Dhymas Sulistyono Putro, Arief Rachmansyah, Bagyo Yanuwiadi ...... 184-190 DOI: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2019.007.03.07

Water Quality Evaluation of Kromoleo Swamp Tourist Area using Phytoplankton and Periphyton as Bioindicators in the Sumberpucung Sub- District, Malang, Indonesia Nudia Mella Pratikasari, Endang Arisoesilaningsih, Catur Retnaningdyah ...... 191-199 DOI: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2019.007.03.08

Socio-economic and Environmental Sustainability of Ecotourism Implementation: A Study in Monkey Forest-Bali, Indonesia Omar Sambou, Harsuko Riniwati, Zaenal Fanani ...... 200-204 DOI: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2019.007.03.09

Strategy for the Development of Kampung Sasirangan as Edutourism Village Nasruddin Nasruddin, Ellyn Normelani, Rosalina Kumalawati ...... 205-210 DOI: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2019.007.03.10

Journal of Indonesian Tourism and doi: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2019.007.03.01 Development Studies E-ISSN : 2338-1647 http://jitode.ub.ac.id

Trickle-Down Economics’ Arthur Lewis Fails: An Economic Development Study of Mount Bromo in Ngadisari Village, Sukapura District, Probolinggo Regency,

Renny Candradewi Puspitarini*, Isrofiatul Anggraini

Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Panca Marga University, Probolinggo, Indonesia

Abstract In this paper, we will examine if the trickle-down effect has ever taken in rural Indonesia. One of the cases draws attention in economic development study is poverty and income gap from wealthiest people to the less fortunate larger group of people. The argument goes as trickle-down effect appears to be the best solution to eradicate poverty as well as to solve the income gap. Tourism has become a strategy targeted by the government to spread the trickle-down effect to the less fortunate larger group of people. The government believes by sustaining the growth in tourism would accelerate the trickle-down effect and brings a less fortunate group of people to better living. In its fundamental theory, the trickle-down effect has offered delusion where jobs would be created as the conditions are met. However, this paper argues that even in tourism the trickle-down effect strategy has served less for what it has promised. Through qualitative research in Ngadisari Village, a remote area, where Mount Bromo has been a tourism landmark globally, this paper finds that trickle-down effect has come with little benefit to uplift the living standard of the poor. Thus, the trickle-down effect has served only as delusions of growth government has ever aspired. Keywords: humanism, Mount Bromo, tourism economics, tourist destination, trickle-down economics.

INTRODUCTION economic growth and development, better than The two-sector growth theory is often seen as them. Government intervention is considered to a goal that inspires many development targets impede balanced economic growth. and economic growth. In the two-sector growth Arthur Lewis's two-sector growth theory theory proposed by Arthur Lewis, growth may presents a growth process that runs occur if it can take advantage of the abundant vertically. For example, in the context of tourist employment opportunities in the agricultural destinations, many investors are interested to sector to encourage manufacturing and industrial develop a particular tourist destination. This growth in urban areas. This is what is prescribed investor was supported by the low levy of capital as a precise recipe for boosting economic growth income tax, laid-back regulation that exist and in developing countries throughout the 1980s [1- build various places of entertainment, place to 3]. stay, a place to eat, and others as a package This theory could gain popularity because it of capital invested around tourist destinations had become an icon of economic policy in Ronald [5,6]. Reagan’s administration [4]. Therefore, such a Places of entertainment, restaurant, familiar economic policy is called Reaganomics. homestay and hotel and others that opened will The economic strategy that became the essence create employment opportunities for the of Reagan economic policy that is supply-side community around. The community then took economics or often known as trickle-down advantage of the tourist destinations. The economics. Trickle-down economics is a term for community can benefit by doing economic economic policy that encourages growth in activities such as cheap labor, hotel employees, government spending, federal income tax cuts, employees at entertainment venues, and and capital income taxes, reduces unnecessary others. This potential opens opportunities for government regulation and tightens money residents to earn income [7-9]. In the end, the supply to curb inflation [3]. This was promoted by purpose of developing tourist destinations both the government. The government believes the as a leading destination in the region and market has the best capability of realizing nationally is an effort to reduce poverty. Through Home Visits construction of trickle- Correspondence address: down economics is not without its flaws [10-13]. Renny Candradewi Puspitarini The drawback lies in the opportunity for Email : [email protected] investors to invest in technologies that precisely Address : Dept. Public Administration, Panca Marga University, Probolinggo suppress the absorption of labor-intensive

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workforce and the opportunity for investors to The fact that growth not always followed by job invest out to trigger capital flight [14,15]. This is creation. Thus Trickle-down economics cannot also the main criticism of the theory of the run if growth goes on its own while not development of two sectors at the same time accompanied by the creation of labor. doubt the effectiveness of trickle-down Trickle-down economics theory is developed economics development [15]. Based on recent first by Arthur Lewis (1954) and expanded by news, the Indonesian government has its Ranis and Fei (1968). The theory became one of strategic plan to develop tourism. Business the important topics in the literature on tourism become the objective to seek what it economic development in developing countries calls New Bali. This plan also include developing a (Least Develop Countries/LDCs) in the 1950s and chain of Bromo Mountain-Tengger- 1960s. This trickle-down theory became popular Region as one of its roadmap [16]. Therefore, the in America in Reagan's ex-President, but this author wishes to examine the extent to approach has long since appeared in the United which this theory is applicable to be used in a States. The application of this theory in the form developing country's economic approach, such as of supply-side economics by President Reagan Indonesia. The author wants to know the extent known as Reaganomics quite successfully to which trickle-down economics theory is suppress inflation and economic congestion in applied to build a local economy in Mount the United States. Among other things, there are Bromo. two reasons for the success of Reaganomics. The proposition of trickle-down economics Trickle-down economics has the roots of the idea emerged first in the post-World War II era, which of classical liberalism revived by supporters of often used as a claim to success western Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher so often economic growth of its time [1,4,10,11]. Cutler also called the school of neoliberalism. So and Katz [14] express Trickle-down economics that trickle-down economics is closely related to was Okun first upgrading process in 1973. the economic ideology of neoliberalism [18]. Anticipating many recent developments in the Trickle-down economics theory explains that imperfect labor market theory, Okun believes the progress of a group of people will themselves that general growth can reach a hierarchy of trickle down to create jobs and economic skills, attract as many unemployed as possible opportunities, which in turn will cultivate and increase employment dealing with those conditions for the uniform distribution of trapped in cheap labor. At least until 1983, Cutler economic growth outcomes. The theory implies and Katz [14] thought Okun’s argument was that economic growth followed by the vertical acceptable [12]. flow from the rich to the impoverished In summary, trickle-down economics drawn inhabitants themselves. The benefits of economic from traditional relationships between growth growth will be felt by the rich people first, and and poverty, which is why trickle-down then in the next stage, the poor will begin to economics able to run. This rate of growth raised benefit when the rich start spending on the through public intervention, in which policy also economic growth it has received. provides the means to overcome poverty and low This research is considerably less if not income. Strategy trickle-down economics usually comparing with the previous research as rely on political fetishism. While focused on comparison material. The comparison of the first raising overall average earnings, growth policies study was Kurniawan [19] and the second was promise additional assistance to help those at the Santoso [20]. Kurniawan [19] and Santoso [20] bottom of the growth pyramid. explain specifically on the impacts of the tourism Trickle-down economics implies that growth objects development in Umbul Sidomukti and by itself will overcome the existing poverty with Songa Rafting. Meanwhile, it is explained the the assumption that growth will invite labor economic impacts of tourism development. surplus [17]. Arestis questioned if growth could However, it lacks of explaining how economic create excess employment, so based on Lewis's growth theory is useful for providing two-sector growth theory would automatically comprehensive answers [21]. also create labor demand. Research conducted The objective of the research was to examine by Arestis on inland villages in India resulted in trickle-down economics capability to answer the different conclusions. Arestis believes that problems in developing country, thus they can economic growth followed by employment build its lagging region. The author wants to growth will make Trickle-down economics walk. know the extent of trickle-down economics

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theory can promise local economic development. traveled out of the country. The fact that The research approach of Arthur Lewis’ Trickle- Indonesians love to go for travel is no longer a down economics on tourism was conducted for public secret. Indonesian people recorded to the economic development studies on the Mount spend IDR 33 billion. It proved by the slump in Bromo tourism destination in Ngadisari Village, the amount of revenue from online travel Sukapura District, Probolinggo Regency, East Java booking segment throughout 2017. From the Year 2017-2018 need to be done given the lack of data reported by Statista, the total revenue from research around the same topic. the segment online travel booking in Indonesia until September 2017, reaching USD 2,417 MATERIAL AND METHOD million or almost IDR 33 billion [25]. This research is basic research that departs According to Sharpley and Telfer [7], tourism from a sense of interest in the theoretical gap is an effective tool that spurs income generation, between the two sectors theory which contains employment, and creating a prospering downward trickle-down economic growth. community. Local governments who aware the Location of the study where data were tourism potential in their region can design collected located in Ngadisari Village where development plans in the regions. Development Mount Bromo became a favorite tourist in the area will trigger connectivity to the area destination [22]. This research intends to [26-28]. Easy road access, adequate road recognize and obtain information on the guidance, adequate street lighting, which characteristics possessed by Mount Bromo in supported by the level of security will increase explaining if there is a trickle-down economics the tourist convenience during their visit. This process. needs strategic planning and policy maturity so Data Collection that it can be realized [7]. This research involves the process of In the current era of globalization, the collecting data that is analyzed qualitatively in tourism sector is the largest and strongest which researchers can be involved in the test, industry in financing the global economy. The reflect on the perception to achieve an tourism sector will be the main driver of the understanding of human activities and social world economy in the 21st century and become activities [23]. The researchers visit the location one of the global industries [29-33]. Tourism has and made direct observations on the Ngadisari provided considerable foreign exchange for many Village. Researchers conducted in-depth countries [34]. Indonesia as the world's largest interviews to 20 respondents who can answer archipelago country consisting of 17,508 islands the research questions. These answers and or also known as the archipelago or maritime observations company researchers to get the country, has realized the importance of the picture and formulate the conclusion. Snowball tourism sector to the Indonesian economy as the sampling is applied to collect approximate- growth of Indonesian tourism is always above the ly 100 people which encompasses workers in economic growth of Indonesia. culinary and lodging sectors mini-stall owners. The tourist’s expenditures can boost the income of the local population. The tourism RESULT AND DISCUSSION industry is directed towards prioritizing large Tourism in Indonesia value-added, sustainable and inclusive tourism. Globalization in the field of technology and Shopping for business travelers is always bigger information has now allowed people to have the than tourists in general. So, the tourism business desire to travel across many interesting places is chosen as one of the important strategies [16]. [24]. Supported by more diverse and Indicators of improving the quality of life seen on accommodative modes of transportation, people the level of connectivity both transport and data travel more easily in less time than they used to. connections, the level of public participation in Traveling is one form of movement of people trade souvenirs typical area, as well as the level from one place to another temporarily of communication between the community and [24]. Often, we find more and more people tourists. upload photos when visiting a particular tourist Visits of both foreign and domestic tourists destination. It is transmitted to others around it are an economic blessing for people living around to do the same thing that we are familiar with the tourist area. With the presence of adequate traveling. Not only the traveling to domestic road connectivity and security and comfort, local tourist destinations, have even more people people can quickly utilize it by building stalls.

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These stalls provide the needs that tourists can Ngadisari Village is a subsistence traditional easily get at a reasonable price. The development economic society. and advancement of remote areas can encourage Fourth, the tourist destination of Mount the rising standard of living and the economic Bromo has not become a favorite tourist level of the tourist destination. Hopefully, if destination for tourists because of the tourism in the region is encouraged to go connectivity is still far from significant. The charm forward so that many tourists visit, the local of Mount Bromo is still inferior to the charm of economy will improve and the local area will the beach and culture in the city of Denpasar and grow to offset other famous tourist destinations surrounding areas. Undeniably, the road that such as Bali, Manado, , and others [35]. leads closer to Mount Bromo can only be traversed by a single car line. As a result, if there Issue of Tourism Development happens to be a car that passes, then one of the Unfortunately, the local government cannot cars must give in and ready to touch the turn a blind eye to the latent issue surrounding rocks. The problem is when certain occasions the development of tourist destinations and the were hels. For example, when Jazz Mountain was surrounding areas. First, the level of the highest held the path density and congestion happens competitiveness of Indonesia's tourism industry along this path. which is still being dominated by big cities. Fifth, the connectivity that did not develop at The city of Denpasar is ranked highest in the all or very little progress made potentially Indonesian Tourism Index. From the range of the perpetuating oligopoly power over tourist index scale of 0 to 5, the city got a score of destinations. Almost ten years of public 3.81. Environmental aspects of business support, transportation paths to Mount Bromo as if not governance, and infrastructure are the main getting the attention of the local government proponents of excellence. Batam City was ranked even have the impression of omission. For almost next with a score of 3.73. Many tourist ten years there is no widening of roads and destinations are not less interesting, although the minimal presence of security forces around this location is far from the residential population. path. At night, this path included on the path of Around 285 (57%) districts/cities are below the crime-prone. No wonder the emergence of the national average score [32] . As a result, the assumption that the deterioration of connectivity number of foreign and local tourists visiting deliberately utilized to perpetuate the business Mount Bromo is still far from significant. rental car of hardtop. Streets that are rocky, less Secondly, there is a classic problem spanning secure, prone to crime, and other security-prone tourist experiences during their visit. Namely, the areas cause only certain people who already needs around or near tourist destinations are know the terrain that can pass through without always sold at an unusual higher price. If this problems. requirement is sold at a price above the market Supported by vehicle specifications, then price, then it is impossible for tourists to return the hardtop vehicle made the best choice to go to buy products sold. As a result, the food and through the gut test field. This is what makes beverage sales sector and other mild needs will foreign and local tourists directed to rent be sluggish. a hardtop rather than driving alone in the tourist Third, investments invested in Ngadisari and area of Mount Bromo. This is the obstacle why surrounding areas, based on findings, came from tourist destination Mount Bromo has not become residents who live in cities and cities such as an attractive tourist destination in terms of Surabaya and Jakarta. The hotels and inns built connectivity is different from the city of Denpasar around Ngadisari Village are partly owned by Bali, Batu City, and several other cities with the residents of Surabaya, Jakarta and Malang. same tourist opportunities. Generally, this owner is a class of people who are already in the middle or upper society. Ngadisari Trickle-down Effect in Tourism Development villagers are generally the bottom of their society The economy is sluggish amid US and China take advantage of economic opportunities by trade wars. That it needs a strategy to keep the opening food stalls, drinks, and cigarettes. economy running attractively for investors. Unfortunately, the stall that opened this was Foreign exchange diversification become a most of the buyers are citizens who happen to considerable alternative [36]. One of the drop in from daily activities. Thus it can be development strategies that can sustain the concluded that the type of economic society in economy is the tourism sector. Deputy Director

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of Bank Indonesia has compiled studies in several from ordinary tourists. Business tourism can also countries and concluded that tourism can be a function as an alternative when it is quiet. The source of new growth which is relatively more government targets foreign tourists coming to resilient to global economic shocks and Indonesia as many as 17 million in 2018 and 20 uncertainties [37]. million in 2019. The foreign exchange target is 17 The relevance of business tourism is also due billion US dollars in 2018 and 20 billion US dollars to the current trend of millennials spending in 2019 [16]. which places expenditure on traveling as a Head of the Center for Economic priority. It also amplified by the increasingly and Public Policy Studies, Gadjah Mada advanced digital technology that enables University, stated that foreign exchange proceeds traveling easier than before. Though we are from exports. However, not all tourism foreign recently entering the new industrial revolution exchange can become foreign exchange reserves. era, local authenticity such as natural beauty, From around 1,100 US dollars per tourist visit, it unique culture, and friendliness of the population estimated that only 700 US dollars converted into cannot be produced by technological factors. rupiah. This happens because there are still many This sector can be endowment resource of foreign hotels and travel services using overseas inclusive economic growth to reduce poverty and payment services. Regarding foreign exchange reduce unemployment for its engagement to tourism, most of the foreign hotels already businesses growth/local-based industries, such as owned by Indonesian. However, there are still the handicraft industry, culinary, vehicle rental, payment systems that use foreign operator and hospitality sectors. Moreover, the services with an average cost of around 7 percent importance of developing tourism is due to its per transaction [41]. Meanwhile, village tourism reasonably ready to sell that it provides quick can develop optimally if infrastructure yielding. developed. In addition to that, the village needs However, even though tourism potential is to be encouraged to create entrepreneurs who very large, space for performance improvement can package the tourism potential of the village. and aggregate competitiveness are still extensive. In line with the national government, local Based on the Travel and Tourism governments are also aggressively developing Competitiveness Index (2017) by the World community-based tourism also known as Economic Forum (WEF), Indonesia places an ecotourism. This form of tourism aims to pioneer impressive increase in competitiveness by 42nd and sustain the village economy. It is believed rank, from the previous 50th rank. However, that this form of business tourism would escalate when compared to other emerging economies, people's income. Ecotourism is also proven to such as Malaysia (ranked 26th), Thailand [36], reduce the number of unemployment and reduce India [38], and China [15], we are still relatively urbanization [37,42]. lagging [39]. The trickle-down effect occurs in many tourist Accordingly, data from the World Travel and destinations in the form of ecotourism in the Tourism Council (WTTC) show that Indonesia's Special Region of Yogyakarta. In the Special total tourism contribution has only reached 5.8 Region of Yogyakarta, villages such as Pentingsari percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2017, Hamlet, Umbulharjo Village, Cangkringan Sub- while Thailand is 21.2 percent and Malaysia is District, Sleman Regency, and Bejiharjo Village, 13.4 percent. The supply of foreign exchange Karangmojo District, Gunungkidul Regency recorded for Indonesia reached 14.4 billion US become desired tourist destinations [38]. dollars, which still behind Thailand 59.6 billion US Of that income, 90% of which is enjoyed by dollars and Malaysia 18.5 billion US dollars [40]. the local community, while the remaining 10% is It has been the spirit of the government, to improve infrastructure, conservation, and business tourism as one of the strategic plans to tourism development. Communities who used to advance the tourism industry in 2020-2024. The be working in agricultural sector, now receive implementation was planned to target 10 additional income from the tourism sector. national priority destinations that have been Manager Ecotourism in Pentingsari Village admits established as New Bali. In the list, the Bromo- residents would receive additional income of IDR Tengger-Semeru tourist area is a strategic target 1-2 million per month, including in-house for its development. services, village specialties, and tour guides [38]. Business tourism was chosen because the Village income previously averages IDR 5 tourist expenditure of this category is three times million per month, now rises to IDR 200 million

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per month. The youth who migrated also began mention the matter of investment climate and to return to the village because the wages of bureaucracy that are not encouraging. Thus, working in the village had exceeded the market and private investors are hesitating to minimum wage of the DI Yogyakarta Province build ports, roads, airports, expensive and which this year was IDR 1.45 million per month. unprofitable electricity transmissions. If the This condition is captured by Noor et al [43] government wants to be present in the economy, which confirms the effect of ecotourism that’s these parts become homework that must be being amplified by social media engagement done immediately [41]. towards the local economy. Former Minister of Tourism and Creative Even so, the impact of the trickle-down effect Economy writes how important it is to pay is unique. It doesn’t guarantee that it would attention to facilities to realize the potential of generate the same success on all tourist tourism's contribution to foreign exchange. One destinations. It caused by many factors such as of the recommendations proposed is the synergy of institutions, political will, foreign enactment of a visa-free policy and facilities for payment systems, infrastructure, and sustainable entering and leaving Indonesia so that tourists tourism management. can visit comfortably with secure funds. She also First, the weakness of political will was adds that the friendly and efficient airport lattice voiced by Former Minister of Community Issues is the speed of goods collection, access and of President Abdurrahman Wahid Administration smooth transportation to and from the airport, who wrote an opinion column in Kompas Cetak cleanliness and comfort, as well as tourism on March 13, 2010. According to him, political information services regarding the city/country independence must include the determination of concerned. Indonesia's national tourism strategy. For Besides, it is also important to design example, by reviving tourism destinations that readiness of human resources. Preparation is in have been unnoticed, but only need a small terms of services and human resources to touch to make them active again and become the infrastructure. For example, if you want to main destination of tourists while reducing the welcome many tourists from China, you must be pressure of excessive tourist burden that prepared with tour guides and human resources destroys Bali culture and nature. in various elements of tourism services that can Improving Indonesia's tourism must be done speak Mandarin. The adequate infrastructure is as quickly as possible, and the main requirement related to airports or ports, transportation is to change the fundamental way of thinking of connectivity, including direct flights, policy makers. The President must declare that infrastructure, and tourism facilities. Finally, she tourism is a national priority and central or suggests that there are plans to prepare tourist regional authorities, both government and destinations and various tourism products. This private, are obliged to cooperate in this business. variety of products can be local because it has His recommendation includes building integrative added value that cannot be replicated by infrastructure. With infrastructure investment, technology. Variety of product is also a channel four places that are currently less well known can for quality home industry products and high become potential tourist centers. It needs to be ethnic values added. Thus, tourists will stay done to maintain the long-term continuation of longer and expend more foreign exchange. the Indonesian tourism industry. As it reflected The basic paradigm of tourism says more on research findings, Bromo Mountain and its tourists who come to appreciate the tourism area still lack integrative infrastructure. distinctiveness of a tourist destination, more Adequate improvements need to be built by the local people who will feel proud of their cultural municipal government. and natural heritage so that they are more Second, infrastructure problems. Chairperson motivated to preserve it. It will then bring more of the Institute for Research and Community tourists into harmony. All this will result in a Service at Atma Jaya University Jakarta writes mutually upward spiral of support between the predicaments faced by the tourism sector and local community and tourists who come together the creative economy are typical of real to strengthen the local heritage. This paradigm economic problems in Indonesia. The must be understood well by municipal competitiveness of the Indonesian economy in governments. many cases held hostage to the poor availability Third, the synergy between institutions and of infrastructure and logistics systems. Not to local governments. Taking into account the

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results of the WEF's Travel and Tourism owned by investors. From the problem then the Competitiveness Index, three main factors that authors conclude that trickle-down economics become records for tourism in the country, not running maximum in Ngadisari Village. especially for the lowest competitiveness index, Trickle-down economics does not run namely the availability of information and optimally due to a number of latent problems communication technology, tourism service such as lack of infrastructure, institutions infrastructure, and health and hygiene issues. synergy, and unintegrative support payment. It Indeed, the current government regime doesn’t mean that no one takes advantage of through relevant ministries has been economic blessing from the existence of Mount enthusiastically active and highly committed to Bromo Tourist Area. advancing the tourism industry over the past few Mount Bromo located in Ngadisari region is a years as outlined in the National Tourism blessing of its local economy. Local people have Development Master Plan (2010-2025). Tourism chances to run various business opportunities development strategies designed include zoning that can be offered to the tourists not only (strategic areas), development of tourist domestic but also the scope overseas ranging destinations (creating 10 New Bali, ranging from from selling knick-knacks, specialty foods, horses, Toba in North to Morotai in North jeeps, T-shirts, hotels, inns, and others. It makes Maluku), accessibility (facilities, infrastructure, the people's economy gradually increased, plus and transportation), and community empower- the community continues to do economic ment (tourism awareness). Then, promotion activities or the main livelihood of cultivation. strategies (branding, advertising, and selling), Agriculture is the main livelihood of rural including the implementation of international communities Ngadisari, given Ngadisari Village is events; Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, suitable for agricultural activities, so many local Exhibitions (MICE); and halal tourism. people still farmed despite seeking additional However, strategies and policy measures that economy by utilizing Mount Bromo Sightseeing have been intensively and extensively compiled [22]. by the central government, and the key to From the trickle-down economics in Ngadisari success is strongly influenced or dependent on Village explanation above, it is necessary for the conditions/characteristics and responses of public to be open minded with towards all each region (province, city, and district). developments which will aim to improve economy of society. The society should utilize Trickle-Down Economics in Ngadisari Village investor which open business opportunity that There is central problem occurs in Mount exploited its existence to become job Bromo Tourist Area near Ngadisari Village. opportunity for local community of Ngadisari Business tourism as a response to the Village. Therefore, equality of development can development of Mount Bromo tourism was not be realized in the poor society. This attitude can mainly enjoyed by residents of Ngadisari Village be realized by allowing the presence of local but also from various regions outside Sukapura governments to make progress in the field of District. According to trickle-down economics road connectivity and other public infrastructure, approach, the advances promoted by private as well as the presence of law enforcement to sectors will trickle instantly downward, creating ensure the security to the tourist destinations. jobs and economic opportunities; which in turn will foster conditions for a uniform distribution of CONCLUSION economic growth outcomes. However, this The existence of the development of the condition is found inapplicable in Mount Bromo tourist destination of Mount Bromo that makes Tourist Area. an economic change is an unavoidable thing. The The theory implies that economic growth result from the investment of private party and followed by the vertical flow from the rich to the effort from society to improve the economy of its self-impoverished population. As interviews have family, makes the society to find a gap that can been conducted, we found that those who utilize increase its daily income as well as society in the employment opportunities in Ngadisari Ngadisari village though not maximal. Based on Village are not natives of Ngadisari Village but the findings, trickle-down economics in Ngadisari from the regions other outside Sukapura District. is a business opportunity for the tourism Meanwhile, local people prefer to open their destination of Mount Bromo, which is utilized by own business and do not work on the hotel some people of Ngadisari. Although only a small

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Three Pillars Partnership in The Tourism Destinations Management in Order to Actualize Good Tourism Governance (Study on a Rafting Tour in Probolinggo Regency)

Lely Indah Mindarti*,Muhammad Fahmi Lazuardi

Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Administrative Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia

Abstract Three pillars partnership in the tourism destinations management in orderto actualize Good Tourism Governance has been studied with a special case on a rafting tour in Probolinggo Regency. In tourism development, the synergy of the three pillars (state, private companies, and society)is necessary. Probolinggo Regency Government in the management of the rafting tour services conducts a partnership with private sectors and society. According to the objectives of the study that have been set, the type of this research is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. In data collection, the data were collected from observations, interviews, and documents of agreement. The method of data analysis used the analysis of Miles and Huberman. The result of this research showed that Probolinggo Regency Government has conducted a partnership with the private companies and the society in managing the tourism destinations. In this case, the three pillars have their responsibility to manage the rafting tour. However, the partnership of those three pillars has to be conducted continuously to actualize Good Tourism Governance. Keywords: Good tourism governance, Partnership, Three pillars, Tourism

INTRODUCTION the tourist inflow in Probolinggo and on the Indonesia as a developing country should economy increase of the surrounding society. emphasize that development is a significant Therefore, with the existence of tourism objects mechanism to increase the society life quality. in Probolinggo, society can be more empowered. One of the important development sectors to be Consequently, upon all efforts of the tourism expanded is Tourism. Indonesia as an archipelago destination service improvement, Probolinggo country which has natural wealth makes needs good cooperation among the three pillars Indonesia as a tourism destination that has of Governance. They are State, Private ahuge contribution for increasing economy Companies, and Society to reach their common aspect. It can be shown from the Ministry of goal of a good tourism destination service. Tourism and Creative Economy datainformed The objective of this study was to analyze the that the tourism sector contributes foreign performance and the partnership between the exchange of US$ 10.69 billion, equivalent to three pillars of Governance in Probolinggo Rp.136 trillion [1]. Thus it proved that the Regency. In the case of Probolinggo Regency of tourism sector is a potential sector which is Tourism and Culture Department regarding the enthused by all levels not only local but also private parties and the societies about the international tourists. management of tourism destination service to Indonesia is as a country which has natural actualize good tourism government. wealth and becomes the area for tourism Good Governance development. Probolinggo Regency is one of the Public administration is a process where the regencies in East Java has tourism wealth. One of resources and public personnel are organized the famous tourism in Probolinggo is rafting. The and coordinated to formulate, implement, and rafting tourism is located at Pekalen River that is manage public decision and policy [3]. According originated from springs of Mount Argopuro [2]. to the World Conference on Governance, UNDP However, Probolinggo still needs to increase in module 1. C, D, E on Education and Leadership the service management in terms of tourism Training level II of State Administrative Agency destination so that it can give a positive effect on (LAN) Study Paradigm (SPIMNAS) in Education and Training Centre in Leadership sector, Jakarta, Correspondence address 2012, Good Governance is a process of a good Lely Indah Mindarti government system management, involving Email : [email protected] stakeholders toward various economic, social, Address : Department of Public Administration, Faculty of and politic activities and the utilization of various Administrative Science, Universitas Brawijaya

[140] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 Three Pillars Partnership in the Tourism Destinations Management (Mindarti & Lazuardi) natural, financial, and human resources for Governance, there are some performance society interest that is conducted based on the principles. principles: justice, equalization, equity, efficiency, Participation of Related Society transparency, and accountability [4]. In this case, society should be involved in Eight Good Governance Principles according deciding the vision, the mission, and the purpose to The United Nations Development Program’s of tourism development. (UNDP) are as follows: Participation, Rule of Law, Involvement of All Stakeholders Transparency, Responsiveness, Consensus The stakeholders should involve actively and Orientation, Equity, Efficiency and Effectiveness, productively in tourism development. The and Accountability. Sjamsuddin [5] explained the stakeholders here include the Non-Governmental elements of Governance stakeholder consist of Organization (LSM), volunteers, Local three sectors, as follows. Government, Tourism Industry Association, State Business Association, and the other related The definition of the state generally covers all parties. political agency and public sectors. The state or Partnership of Local Ownership government’s role and responsibility involve Tourism development should be able to give public service performance, power enforcement a contribution to the society that is the local to rule/government duty, and creating a people who live in the surrounding area. conducive situation to reach the development goals either in local, national, or international Continuously Resources Utilization level. Continuously Utilization means that tourism development should avoid the use of irreversible Private sectors resources excessively. Private sectors, in this case, involve some companies in market system interaction, such as Society Aspiration Accommodation manufacture, trading, banking, cooperatives, and Society suggestion and aspiration should be also the other informal sectors. The role of able to be accommodated in the tourism private sectors is very important for the activities program to generate harmonic government and development since their duty is relationship among the tourists, the business as an opportunity to fix productivity, people, and the surrounding society. employment/job provider, income source, public Environment Support Capacity investment, business expansion and, economic Environment support society should be growth. adjusted in developing various tourism facilities Civil Society and activities. Civil society is an individual or a group of Monitoring and Evaluation Program society who interacts and socializes socially, Program of monitoring and evaluation in politically, and economically. Civil society does tourism development covers from guidelines not only do check and balances toward the creation, tourism activities effect evaluation, government authority and the private sectors but indicators development in measuring tourism also gives a contribution to strengthen the other effect, up to monitoring and evaluation. elements. Environment Accountability Good Tourism Governance Tourism development program strategy Good Tourism Governance is a coordination should pay attention to the job opportunity, the and synchronization program among the income and the health of the surrounding stakeholders and the actively synergic society, which are listed in the tourism involvement (integrated and mutually development policy, program, and strategy. reinforcing) among the government, private Training for the Related Society sectors/tourism industry and the related Society needs to be empowered. The society surrounding society [6]. In Good Tourism empowerment through education and training Governance, public sector needs a change in the programs in order to give knowledge and skill for way of thinking or acting, especially leaving the the society and to improve their business skill old centralistic government paradigm vocationally and professionally. (Constitution No. 32/2004). In Tourism

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Promotion and Advocacy of Local Culture Value 4. Internal Tourism is a combination of Good tourism development and management Domestic Tourism and Outbound need promotion and advocacy of its local culture Tourism value. It means maintaining and conserving the 5. International Tourism is a combination of cultural identity of the local society very well for Inbound Tourism and Outbound Tourism. visitors and tourist’s satisfaction. There are three main elements of tourism [13]. Public Services 1. Tourist is an important actor in tourism Public service is an endeavor that is done by a activities community or an individual or a bureaucracy to 2. Geography Elements give help to society in reaching a certain goal [7]. The tourist original area; is an area where Public service principles [8] consist of: the tourists are and do daily routines. From 1. Transparency; Means that openness and the tourist original area, they can access accessibility for all parties. information related to the tourism 2. Accountability; Can be accountable based destination they want. on the applicable provision. Transit area; is an area which is made as 3. Conditional; Adjust with the principal an area where tourists can stop temporarily condition toward efficiency and and continue their journey again. effectiveness. Tourism destination area; is the targeted 4. Participative; Support the society role in area by the tourists and should be managed public service. well so that area can provide entertainment 5. Rights Safety; There is no discrimination for the tourist. 6. Balance of Rights and Duties; Rights and 3. Tourism Industry is an element which offers duties fulfillment between the service service, attractiveness, and excursion. provider and the service receiver, in this Tourism industry consists of travel agencies term, they are the government and the which provide tourist accommodation. society. Indonesian Constitution No. 10 of 2009, Partnership article 5 about tourism, explained the principles Public-Private Partnership is a work unit of of tourism performance are: government service provider or government • Upholding the religious norms and business unit, such as Indonesian State-Owned cultural values as an embodiment from Enterprise (BUMN) or Regional Owned Enterprise the life concept in the balance of the (BUMD) which cooperate with the private sectors relationship between human beings and and the third sector [9]. Public-Private God, the relationship among the human Partnership is a cooperation of half government beings, and the relationship between authority allocation toward the private sectors to human beings and the environment. conduct half or whole development activities and • Upholding human rights, cultural infrastructure operation [10]. diversities, and local wisdom. • Giving benefits for society welfare, justice, Tourism equality, and proportionality. Tourism is various tour activities which are • Maintaining the nature conservation and supported by various facilities and services environment. provided by society, entrepreneurs, government, • Empowering the local society. and local government [11]. Tourists in tourism • Guaranteeing the coherence among can be divided into five classifications [12]: 1. Domestic Tourism is tourism caused by sectors, among regions, between the people who stay and live in that country. central government and local government 2. Inbound Tourism is tourism as the arrival which becomes one systemic unity in of people who are not the natives of that regional autonomy framework, and the country. coherence among the stakeholders. 3. Outbound Tourism is tourism as a visit of • Obeying tourism ethic codes and natives of one country to another International agreement in the tourism country. field. • Strengthen the integrity of the Republic of Indonesian (NKRI).

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Tourism Development Partnership which are managed by Probolinggo Regency According to Medium-Term Regional Government are: Development Plan of Probolinggo Regency period 1. Mount Bromo 2013-2018, tourism partnership is listed in point 2. Madakaripura C in the program of Regional Work Units (SKPD) 3. Bentar Beach Culture and Tourism Department, on the other 4. Rafting hand, the terms of tourism development is based 5. Ronggojalu Water Tourism on point C that is listed in Medium-Term Regional 6. Ranu Segaran Development Plan program. 7. Wisma Ucik (lodging house) MATERIAL AND METHOD The tourism destinations above are managed In this research, the researcher used a by Probolinggo Regency Government through descriptive type of research with a qualitative Culture and Tourism Department. It means that approach [14]. The focuses of this research are the income goes to Local Own-source Revenue (1) Tourism destination in Probolinggo Regency (PAD). However, among all seven tourism and (2) Partnership form among the three pillars destinations mentioned, there is only one that is of Governance in the rafting tour service managed by the government, private sectors, management as an effort to actualize Good and society, it is Rafting. For the other five Tourism Governance. tourism destinations, they are managed fully by The data source of this research was obtained Probolinggo Regency Government. On the other through primary and secondary data.Data hand, Mount Bromo is managed together with collection was obtained from the results of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS) observations, interviews, and document of [17]. agreement. Data collectionwas carried out for Rafting Tour in Probolinggo Regency four monthswith detailed observations; According to Head of Tourism Division of interviews with five informants (head of the Culture and Tourism Department of Probolinggo department, marketing staff, tourists) also Regency, rafting in Probolinggo Regency is document of agreement. located in Ranu Gedang Village, Tiris District, Next, in data analysis, the researcher used Probolinggo. It is located at Pekalen River that is data analysis steps based on Miles and originated from springs of Mount Argopuro and Huberman in Sugiyono they are: data reduction, Mount Lamongan [2]. The width of the river is data display, and conclusion drawing/verification about 5-20 meters and the depth is about 1-3 [15]. meters. The rafting distance of the river is more RESULT AND DISCUSSION or less than 12 km that takes three and a half Tourism Destination in Probolinggo Regency hours with the rafting difficulty level is on grade II Probolinggo is a region which has excellent and grade III+. natural resources. It makes Probolinggo Regency The rafting tourism of Probolinggo Regency as a region which has national and international Government via Culture and Tourism level tourism potency [16]. Probolinggo also has Department conducts a partnership with the the other tourism destination in other sectors, private sectors and society. The private sectors or such as beaches, lakes, and water sport, such as the operators of the rafting that is trusted to rafting which pumps adrenaline. The work units conduct the partnership are: program in Medium-Term Regional Development 1. PT. Condong Pandawa Nusantara (NOARS) Plan (RPJMD) of Probolinggo Regency listed in 2. PT. Songa Alam Lestari some points: 3. PT. Regulo Lintas Nusantara 1. Tourism Marketing Development Program Next, the society party consists of Tourism 2. Tourism Object Development Program Awareness Community and Tourism Care Citizens 3. Tourism Service and Partnership Program who take a part in cooperating, maintaining, and According to the Head of Tourism Division in conserving the beauty of tourism objects and Culture and Tourism Department of Probolinggo giving tourism education toward the local and Regency, there are hundreds of tourism objects international tourists [18]. in Probolinggo Regency. However, they need to be improved and developed together by the three pillars of governance. Tourism destinations

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Partnership Form among the Three Pillars of 3. Making reports periodically toward Governance in Managing the Rafting Tourism Probolinggo Regency Government through Object in Probolinggo Regency Culture and Tourism Department about the The partnership form among the three pillars tourism activities and visit flow. of Governance in managing the rafting tourism 4. Empowering the potency of the society object in Probolinggo Regency has been set in around the rafting location in every rafting the cooperation agreement between Probolinggo activity in line with the capacity needed by Regency Government as the first party and the the second party. three operators of Rafting service provider by 5. Guaranteeing the visitors safety and involving the society role as stated in the comfort at the rafting location. agreement number 181/87/428.12/212 (PT. 6. Providing rafting facilities and Condong Pandawa Nusantara), number infrastructure, safety tools, and insuring 181/88/426.12/212 (PT. Regulo Lintas every rafting participant [18]. Nusantara), and number 181/89/426.12/212 (PT. 7. Obeying the rules related to the flow/route Songa Alam Lestari). that has been set. Probolinggo Regency Government in Managing Society and Developing the Rafting Tourism Service The society role in managing and developing Probolinggo Regency Government as the first rafting tourism service is very important [19]. It is party has several responsibilities. known that society consists of various 1. Providing the management access of rafting components; they are Tourism Awareness attractiveness with some routes: Community, Tourism Care Citizens, and the local - Pekalen Atas River including the river society. The roles of the society components to stream in Ranu Gedang Village, support rafting tourism service are: Jangkang Village, Pesawahan Village, 1. Participating in maintaining the Racek Village in Tiris District environment and the rafting site. - Pekalen Bawah River including the river 2. In the document agreement, it is stated to stream in Pesaahan Village, Racek empower the potency of the society Village in Tiris District, Brabe Village in around the rafting site in every activity. Maron District, and Condong Village in 3. Maintaining security around the site and Gading District. becoming the direction indicator for the 2. Giving license and infrastructure facilities, tourists. such as path, bridge, and the other public 4. Taking a part in monitoring the facilities in order to accelerate the implementation of the rafting tourism management of rafting attractiveness [18]. service. 3. Giving support in the form of promotion of rafting attractiveness in order to increase From the discussion above, the three pillars the number of tourist visits in Probolinggo have strategic roles in managing rafting Regency [19]. destinations. Government, private sectors, and society have a sustainable relationship (Fig. 1). In The Three Operators of Rafting Service Provider this case, the government is as the authorized In this case are PT. Condong Pandawa party in monitoring the rafting tourism activities. Nusantara (NOARS), PT. Songa Alam Lestari, and On the other hand, private sectors, in this case, PT. Regulo Lintas Nusantara. In managing and are the three operators as the rafting service developing the rafting service, the three provider. It also involves society as a form of operators as the second party have some society empowerment [19]. responsibilities, they are: The partnership between government, 1. Paying contribution for Local Own-source private sectors, and society should be Revenue (PAD) toward the first party, in continuous. It means that it does not stop and this case, is Probolinggo Regency keeps trying to improve the tourism service Government. especially the rafting, because with the 2. Ensuring the first party to stay maintaining continuous tourism service management, the the river characteristics and will not related parties, in this case, are government, change or build the other building facilities private sectors, and society can actualize Good at the river and will maintain the aesthetics Tourism Governance [19]. in the river environment.

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[5] Sjamsuddin, S. 2006 Kepemerintahan dan kemitraan. CV. Sofa Mandiri Publisher. Malang. [6] Sunaryo, B. 2013. Kebijakan pembangunan destinasi pariwisata. Gava Media Publisher. Yogyakarta. [7] Moenir, A.S.1995. Manajemen pelayanan umum di Indonesia. Bumi Aksara Publisher. Jakarta. [8] Sinambela, L. P. 2008. Reformasi pelayanan publik. Bumi Aksara Publisher. Jakarta. Figure 1. The Chart of Three Pillars Partnership [9] Mahmudi. 2007. Kemitraan pemerintah CONCLUSIONS daerah dan efektivitas pelayanan publik. The three pillars partnership in managing the Sinergi 9(1), 55. rafting tourism service in Probolinggo Regency [10] Irianti, A. F. 2011. Kemitraan pemerintah has worked well. It can be proven by the roles dan swasta dalam pengelolaan and the responsibilities of each three pillars; they pariwisata. Bachelor Thesis. University of are government, private sectors, and society. In Brawijaya. Malang. this case, government is as the party that [11] Republic of Indonesia Constitution. 2009. provides tourism access to support the rafting Number 10 about tourism. Republic of tourism, provides license facilities, and monitors Indonesia , Jakarta. tourism service activities that are conducted by [12] Smith, S. L.S. 1998. Tourism analysis: a the private parties. The private sectors play role handbook. Longman Group. Harlow, as tourism service provider, including the England. facilities and the infrastructure to support the [13] Cooper, C., J. Fletcher, D. Gilbert, A. Fyall, S. rafting tourism service. They also take a part in Wanhill. 1998. Tourism principles and empowering the local society, and also the practice. Longman. England. participation of the other society components. All [14] Moleong, L. J. 1989. Metodologi penelitian roles and responsibilities which are conducted kualitatif. Remadja Karya Publisher. among the three pillars need to be continued in Bandung. order to actualize Good Tourism Governance. [15] Sugiyono. 2012. Metode penelitian kuantitatif kualitatif dan R&B. Alfabeta REFERENCES Publisher. Bandung. [1] Ayu, K.2017. Kota-kota besar sebagai [16] Bahiyah, C. W.H.Riyanto, and S. Sudarti. pemilik pariwisata Indonesia.Available at 2018. Strategi pengembangan potensi https://www.kompasiana.com/kartikaayusr pariwisata di Pantai Duta Kabupaten /5901d7116ea8345f078b4567/kotakota- Probolinggo. Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi 2(1), 95- besar-sebagai-pemilik-pariwisata-indonesia. 103. [2] Aulia, A. N. and L. Hakim. 2017. [17] Wira, N.N.2018. Jakpost explores Mount Pengembangan potensi ekowisata sungai Bromo. Available at: Pekalen Atas, Desa Ranu Gedang, https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/20 Kecamatan Tiris, Kabupaten Probolinggo. 18/07/28/jakpost-explores-mount- Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan 5 (3), 156- bromo.html. 167. [18] Rachmawati, Y. 2014. Wisata arung jeram [3] Chandler, R. C. and J. C. Plano. 1988. The Pekalen, Probolinggo. Avaliable at: public administration dictionary. John Wiley https://www.merdeka.com/gaya/wisata- & Sons. arung-jeram-pekalen-probolinggo.html. [4] World Conference on Governance. 2012. [19] Sunarta, N. and N. S. Arida. 2017. Pariwisata UNDP in module 1. C, D, E on Education and berkelanjutan. Cakra Press. Bali. Leadership Training level II of State

Administrative Agency (LAN) Study Paradigm (SPIMNAS) in Education and Training Centre in Leadership Sector. Jakarta.

J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 [145] Journal of Indonesian Tourism and doi: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2019.007.03.03 Development Studies E-ISSN : 2338-1647 http://jitode.ub.ac.id

Halal Tourism: Its Attractiveness to Domestic Tourists Based on Their Religious Perspectives

1* 2 Ambara Purusottama , Gregorius Dimas Hapsoro Prastowo

1School of Business and Economic, Universitas Prasetiya Mulya, Tangerang, Indonesia 2Business Venture and Development Institute, School of Business and Economic, Universitas Prasetiya Mulya, Tangerang, Indonesia

Abstract One of Indonesia’s government programs to boost tourism as the basis of Indonesia’s economy is Halal tourism. This study aimed at exploring the behavior of domestic Muslim tourists when considering halal tourist destinations. It also looked at Muslim tourists’ behavior as they selected and recommended halal tourist destinations and compared the results according to the degree of taqwa in performing their religious rituals. This study used judgmental sampling in the selection of respondents and successfully collected 511 valid questionnaires. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) was used to analyze the study subjects, namely domestic Muslim tourists when they intended to select and recommend halal tourist destinations. It revealed that when domestic Muslim tourists intended to select and recommend halal tourist destinations, they influenced by Behavior Control. Attitude and Subjective norm did not influence the intention to select and recommend halal tourist destinations. Moreover, there was an adverse relationship between Attitude and Subjective Norm in the intention. The result of this study may contribute to the behavior theory and expand the use of TPB in the field of halal tourism study. Keywords: Degree of taqwa, domestic tourists, halal tourist destinations, theory of planned behavior.

INTRODUCTION* approximately US$ 24 billion, exceeding other Tourism has become an important activity sectors. and has grown rapidly into a global phenomenon A study conducted by Talib and Johan [3] and a major industry. In 2007, UNWTO estimated revealed that people’s daily activities, especially that by 2020, there would be 1.6 billion the Muslims, were strongly influenced by the worldwide tourists spending around US$ 2 faith they held, and this included the choices they trillion. The reality, however, has exceeded the made for holidays. The halal label became a way prediction. Data from UNWTO in 2016 recorded of finding out whether or not a certain choice 1.235 billion tourists and the tourism industry was in line with Islamic teaching and worth contributed 10% to the GDP, 30% to the service selecting [4]. industry, and 7% to the export value worldwide In other words, the halal label became the [1]. determining factor between products that were Its growth in the Asia Pacific has had a close deemed permissible according to the religious link to that of regional tourism. Throughout 2016, teaching and products that were still deemed the number of international tourists in the region questionable, although they met several other reached 113.23 million with 5 (five) countries criteria of being halal. In buying a product or responsible for the largest number of tourism using a service, an individual also influenced by visits: Thailand 32.58 million; Malaysia 26.75 his/her degree of taqwa. A decision for purchase million; Singapore 16.40 million; Indonesia 12.02 was strongly influenced by the faith that people million, and; Vietnam 1.01 million [2]. Indonesia’s held and devote Muslim would strictly adhere to financial performance showed that the revenue the teaching of the faith when making decisions from the tourism industry ranked the fourth [5]. largest under fossil fuel, crude palm oil, and coal. In some countries, tourism constitutes the Ministry of Tourism in 2016 projected that the backbone of its economy [6,7]. Halal tourism is a tourism sector would become the highest breakthrough concept for Indonesia in its effort contributor to the revenue in 2019 with to increase the number of international tourists visiting the country and to increase the chance of tourism becoming the main contributor to the country’s economy. The main market targets for *Correspondence Address: this industry are countries with Muslim Ambara Purusottama Email : [email protected] populations, Middle Eastern and African Address : Jl. R.A. Kartini, RT.14/RW.6, Cilandak Barat, South countries, and local tourists from Indonesia – a Jakarta, 12430.

[146] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 Halal Tourism for Domestic Tourists (Purusottama & Prastowo) country with the largest Muslim population in the social pressure which influences a person’s world. desire. The control belief or Behavior Control is a Halal tourism is an extension of the halal perception made by an individual in their concept that has become a more and more behavior. It may reflect the person’s experience important consideration for the Muslim in the past and symbolize anticipation of future community since halal products themselves are obstacles. still not popular, especially among the TPB has advantages compared to other community [8]. The term halal, which is behavior theories. First, TPB applies to various synonymous with a certain religion, becomes a disciplines. TBP is also able to provide a closer challenge to other religions since their religions illustration of an individual’s or an organization’s do not prescribe the same belief [9,10]. behavior than other theories. For many The objective of this study is to explore researchers, a few elements of TPB provide people’s perception of halal tourism concept and better values, and the theory itself has been used to evaluate the concept using Lombok Island, multiple times to support studies from other Indonesia as the sample since the island set as disciplines using various approaches. Some one of the world’s halal tourist destinations. This studies used TPB to analyze consumer’s behavior study used the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in purchasing products and services [13-15]. TPB to explore the relationship between the was also specially used to analyze the halal behaviors of domestic Muslim tourists and the concept to explain the desire and behaviors of concept of halal tourism. consumers of halal products [16,17]. This study is a breakthrough study in the field TPB on Tourism of halal tourist behaviors that used the TPB as its In the context of tourism, a few scholars have basis to link the halal concept with tourism. To used TPB as the basis of their studies. A tourist strengthen the result of the study, the destination requires 4 basic attributes, namely researchers used the degree of taqwa as the attraction, access, amenities/facilities and variable moderator to find out the effect of such additional services [18]. TPB also used to variable on the intention of the selection of halal evaluate the effectiveness of TPB in predicting tourist destinations. This study used the cross- the intentions of the visitors in selecting a tourist sectional approach by targeting domestic tourists attraction/destination [19]. who possessed some knowledge of halal tourism. From the perspective of transport/access Planned Behavior (TPB) selection, TPB applied to predict the behavior of Although other theories can be used to study prospective passengers in selecting Low-Cost behaviors of individuals or organizations, the Carriers (LCCs) in South East Asia region [20] and theory of planned behavior (TPB) as pioneered by accommodation selection [21]. TPB also used to Ajzen in 1980 especially discusses the study the desire of the consumers in purchasing involvement of participants in the selection of food [22]. While others used TPB explained that products and services [11]. TPB is used to there was a time-lapse between the intention of understand the decision-making process done by traveling and arriving in the destination, which individuals and organizations [12]. The main caused a specific difference between planning objective of the theory is to show a more and realization of choices made by the tourists comprehensive understanding of an individual’s [23]. or an organization’s behavior. The application of TPB seen in the study on TPB explains that the desire and behavior of the selection of worldwide tourist destinations individuals influenced by three main factors: [24]. The study revealed that the Social Attitude, Subjective Norm, and Behavior Control. Environment and Behavior Control contributed to The behavioral belief or attitude is a person’s the selection of worldwide tourist destinations attitude when receiving a positive and negative while Attitude only applied to certain response to something that he or she feels. This destinations. The three factors of TPB feeling derives from what the person believes to contributed positively to the selection of tourist be the consequences of the action. The destinations by using Word of Mouth (WOM) as normative belief or Subjective Norm is a the marketing medium [25]. In this digital era, perception or an opinion built by other WOM has become important as it can reach individuals, which is considered influential to a wider consumers. person’s desire. Subjective norm can also mean a

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TPB and the Selection of Halal Products hypotheses are to find out whether Attitude The behavior to purchase halal products has influences the Intention of people to select halal been the source of attraction for researchers, tourism. Therefore, the hypotheses are: although the scope of such products is still Ha1: Religiosity moderating the relationship limited to food and drinks. The prior study between Attitude and Intention to visiting argued that in selecting halal products, halal tourist destinations. individuals positively influenced by three factors: Ha2: Religiosity moderating the relationship Attitude, Social Environment, and Behavior between Attitude and Intention to Control [22]. The study revealed that Attitude recommending halal tourist destinations. became the dominating factor for predicting

Malaysian consumers’ selection of halal products, Attitude followed by Social Environment, and Behavior (ATT) Control. However, social Environment no longer became a consideration in selecting food and Selecting Halal drink products [26]. For the Muslims, religious Subjective Norm Tourist Destination (SUB) synonymity attached to halal products such as (ITV & ITR) food became the main consideration. A Muslim consumer would try to obtain halal products, and they were willing to make extra efforts to ensure Perceived their life was in line with Islamic teaching [27]. Behavioral Control Another study on the selection of halal (PBC) products revealed that Social Environment factor did not affect the selection of halal products [28]. Figure 1. Framework of TPB-Based Study The study also stated that the selection of halal Subjective Norm is a pressure from the products was mainly influenced by Attitude and environment on an individual against something Behavior control, consecutively. While other that the individual believes in. In this context, the study revealed the opposite by revealing that hypotheses are to find out whether social Social Environment still played a role in the pressure encourages the Intention of an selection of halal products [17]. Other individual to select halal tourist destinations. The researchers argued that Attitude and Behavior hypotheses are: Control more often became the determining Ha3: Religiosity moderating the relationship factors compared to Social Environment. between Subjective Norm and Intention to RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS AND FRAMEWORK visiting halal tourist destinations. The study used TPB as the guideline as it was Ha4: Religiosity moderating the relationship believed to be able to provide a more between Subjective Norm and Intention to comprehensive perspective in the study of recommending halal tourist destinations. human and organizational behavior, see Figure 1 Behavior Control is feelings an individual has for the detail. Studying behavior is nothing simple when he/she encounter difficulties or easiness in since many factors influencing an individual. deciding how to behave. It influenced by a locus Therefore, this study was limited to the Intention of control which is an individual’s belief on the indicator. situation he/she faces and may change at any The intention considered representative and time depending on the situation. Behavior much simpler since it has a higher chance of Control becomes the sole factor that influences accuracy compared to Behavior. There was not an individual in their actions or in making enough evidence to see the difference between decisions. In this context, the hypotheses are to Intention and Behavior [29]. Other researchers find out whether Behavior Control influences the said that there was a moderate relationship Intention of an individual to select halal tourist between Intention and Behavior in the decision destinations. The hypotheses are: to purchase products [30]. Ha5: Religiosity moderating the relationship An attitude is a form of individual response to between Behavior Control and intention to positive or negative influences an individual is visiting halal tourist destinations. exposed to and will influence the subsequent actions of such individual [12]. In this context, the

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Ha6: Religiosity moderating the relationship statements, which were made based on the between Behavior Control and intention to degree of taqwa or the discipline individuals had recommending halal tourist destinations. in performing their religious rituals, namely Devote Muslim and Cultural Muslim. The Religiosity statement for Devote Muslim was “As much as I could, I perform all religious rituals prescribed by God on time” while the statement for the Cultural Muslim was “If I have the time, I perform ATT Ha1 all religious rituals prescribed by God.” Ha2 ITV The framework of this research became the Ha3 basis to build research instruments that employ 5 latent variables: Attitude, Social Environment, SN Behavior Control, Intention to visit, and Intention Ha4 to recommend. Lombok Island used as the Ha5 ITR selected halal tourist destinations. To make it

Ha6 easy for the respondents to understand and fill PBC out the questionnaires, the researchers only created three measurement variables from each

Figure 2. Research Hypothesis latent variable. Description: ATT = Attitude The statement for Attitude variable was SN = Subjective Norm based on the knowledge and/or experience the PBC = Perceived Behavioral Control respondents had. The Subjective Norm variable ITV = Intention to Visit consisted of norms which should be done by the ITR = Intention to Recommend individual and was more descriptive. Behavior MATERIAL AND METHOD Control referred to the individual’s independence Data were collected using a survey method and capacity. with questionnaires. Individuals with Islamic faith The Intention referred to the will that the and the ability to reach halal tourist destinations decision-maker desired. The researchers adjusted in Lombok Island were selected as respondents the variables to fit the halal tourism context, using the purposive sampling method. The use of which was the objective of the study. Details of purposive sampling method is to support this the instruments seen in Table 1. study where information obtained from a certain RESULTS target group [31]. Profiles of Respondents The sample collected was limited to The data collected from 511 respondents, all individuals who were able to provide the are urban residents (Table 2). Based on age, information needed for the study according to respondents with the age of <=30 are the most the criterion set. The purposive sampling suiting 155 respondents (30.3%), >= 40 and < 50 with this study was the judgment sampling whereby 135 (26.4%), > 30 and < 40 with 134 (26.2%), and the sample collection involved subjects who were >= 50 with 87 respondents (17.0%). Based on most beneficial for the study and in the best their educational background, diploma/ positions to provide the information. undergraduate was the largest with 381 The survey used the questionnaire instrument respondents (74.6%), followed by graduate and measured by the Likert scale. The Likert scale high school with 105 (20.5%) and 25 (4.9%) shows the strength of an agreement or consecutively. When grouped based on their disagreement on a statement. The range of the monthly spending, respondents with 5-10 million scale is 1 for Strongly Disagree, 2 for Disagree, 3 and >10 million were the most with 178 (34.8%) for Fairly Disagree, 4 for Neutral, 5 for Fairly and 177 (34.6%) consecutively. Agree, 6 for Agree, and 7 for Strongly Agree. The Based on the variable moderator namely the range 1 – 7 was used to obtain optimum data degree of taqwa, 333 respondents (65.2%) felt reliability compared to other ranges in the Likert that they performed all religious rituals on time scale, and this scale was commonly used [32]. (Devote Muslim) while the rest, which was 178 Moreover, the researchers also used the (34.8%), felt that they would only perform the context of faith/belief and taqwa and used the religious rituals if they had the time (Cultural degree of taqwa as a moderator variable. The Muslim). researchers grouped the subjects based on two

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Table 1. Research Instrument [33-35] No Statements Code 1 Based on the information I have had, halal tourist destinations are safe destinations. att_1 2 Visiting halal tourist destinations is a pleasant experience. att_2 3 Halal tourist destinations are the best place for self-actualization. att_3 4 I have the fund, time and opportunity to go on a holiday. pbc_1 5 I am the decision-maker for visiting halal tourist destinations pbc_2 6 Tough difficult, I prioritize going to halal tourist destinations. pbc_3 7 My close friends influence my decision in selecting halal tourist destinations. sub_1 8 My close relatives influence my decision in selecting halal tourist destinations. sub_2 9 My role model influences my decision in selecting halal tourist destinations. sub_3 10 I intend to purchase a packaged tour to a halal destination. itv_1 11 I intend to visit a halal tourist destination soon. itv_2 12 I am more interested in purchasing a packaged tour to a halal destination than to other destinations. itv_3 13 If asked, I encourage people to select halal tourist destinations. itr_1 14 I will always recommend halal tourist destinations to people. itr_2 15 When the opportunity arises, I will immediately recommend halal tourist destinations to people close to me. itr_3

Table 2. Profile of Respondents (0.777). It concluded that the variables tested Profile Range Frequency Percent fulfilled the requirement of discriminant validity. <= 30 155 30.3% Table 3. Data Validity and Reliability > 30 and < 40 134 26.2% Age >= 40 and < 50 135 26.4% ATT SUB PBC ITV ITR Standard >= 50 87 17.0% 2.013 2.178 1.277 2.147 2.589 High School 25 4.9% Loading Measurement Educational Diploma/Under 0.540 0.294 0.311 0.547 0.301 Background Graduate 381 74.6% of Error >= Graduate 105 20.5% CR 0.883 0.949 0.815 0.904 0.975 3-5 million 156 30.5% AVE 0.720 0.845 0.737 0.739 0.882 Monthly 5-10 million 178 34.8% Decision S S S S S Spending >10 million 177 34.6% Notes: ATT= Attitude, SUB= Subjective Norm, PBC= Religiosity Cultural Muslim 178 34.8% Perceived Behavioral Control, ITV=Intention to Visit, ITR= Approach Devote Muslim 333 65.2% Intention to Recommend (S) Supported, if CR > 0.6 and AVE > 0.5 Validity and Reliability (NS) Not Supported, if CR <=0.6 and AVE <=0.5 The result of data testing showed that the Table 4. Discriminant Validity data obtained were valid and reliable (Table 3 ATT SUB PBC Decision and Fig. 3). The values reflected in the CR and ATT 0.848 0.442 0.817 S AVE were according to the requirement with CR > SUB 0.442 0.919 0.777 S 0.6 and AVE > 0.5. The CR values on the latent PBC 0.817 0.777 0.859 S variable showed that they fulfilled the Notes: ATT= Attitude, SUB= Subjective Norm, PBC= requirement with ATT (0.883), SUB (0.949), PBC Perceived Behavioral Control. (S) Supported if SQRT AVE > (0.815), ITV (0.904), and ITR (0.975). It shows that correlation with other variables; (NS) Not Supported if SQRT AVE <= correlation with other variables the data were reliable. The AVE values also fulfilled the requirement with ATT (0.720), SUB Goodness-of-fit (0.845), PBC (0.737), ITV (0.739), and ITR (0.882) Table 5 explains that the model created was which shows that data collected were valid. suitable since it fulfilled the required values. The results were a few indicators of goodness-of-fit Discriminant Validity that were used according to the values required. The exogeny variable data have fulfilled the The CMIN/df produced the value of 1.836 or requirement of discriminant validity (Table 4). lower than the value required which was <2 The discriminant validity may occur when two while the values of CFI, TLI, and RMSEA produced different variables do not have a strong the required values with CFI with 0.933 > 0.90, correlation or are smaller than the correlation in TLI with 0.914 > 0.92, RMSEA with 0.075 < 0.08. the same variables. The values of ATT (0.848), On the other side, the GFI indicator was not able SUB (0.919), and PBC (0.859) are bigger than the to fulfill the value required with 0.880 or smaller correlation of different variables with ATT -> SUB than the value required. However, the value of (0.442), ATT -> PBC (0.817), and SUB -> PBC

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0.880 belonged to the marginal fit category and could be assumed to be a suitable model [35].

Figure 3. Data Testing Result Description: ATT= Attitude, SUB= Subjective Norm, PBC= Perceived Behavioral Control, ITV=Intention to Visit, ITR= Intention to Recommend.

Table 5. The Result of Goodness of Fit Testing relationship between PBC and its endogeny Goodness of Match variables was positive and significant. Estimation Fit Fit Level Result Measurement Measurement Target General Hypothesis X2 = 48.752 Not all the relationships among the variables X2 ≤ 2-5 X2/df = Good Fit developed were able to fulfill the requirement of 0.836 being a significant relationship (Table 6). The CFI > .92 0.933 Good Fit result of the testing shows that only the TLI > .92 0.914 Good Fit relationship between the PBC variable and its Values RMSEA 0.075 Good Fit < .08 endogeny variables was able to fulfill the GFI > .90 0.880 Marginal Fit criterion set. The relationship between PBC variable and ITV and ITR variable was able to gain Hypothesis Testing the P-value of 0.000, which suits the minimum The relationships among the variables were criterion of significance level 99% with the P- only all consistent (Table 6). The relationship value < 0.001. between ATT variable and its endogeny variables Meanwhile, this result was in contrast to the - ITV and ITR - produced two different results. relationship between other exogeny variables: While the ATT and ITV produced a negative result ATT and SUB. The relationship between ATT and (-0.246), ATT and ITR produced a positive result (- SUB variable and their endogeny variables - ITV 0.029). However, the relationships between SUB and ITR - was not able to produce the value set. variable and ITV and ITR variable were consistent Each was only able to produce the P value with both variables producing negative results. between ATT and ITV and ITR variable of 0.226 The relationship between PBC variable and and 0.839 consecutively. Also, the relationship ITV and ITR variable was also consistent with between SUB variable and ITV and ITR variable both variables producing positive results. From was 0.873 and 0.454 consecutively. Therefore, it all relationships among variables, only the can be concluded that Ha1, Ha2, Ha3, and Ha4 relationship between PBC variable and ITV and hypotheses are rejected while Ha5 and Ha6 ITR variable was able to fulfill the significance hypotheses are accepted. criterion. Therefore, it concluded that only the

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Table 6. General Hypothesis Test Result Hypothesis Relationship Estimate (U) Estimate (S) P-Value Decision Ha1 ATT ---> ITV -0.266 -0.246 0.226 NS Ha2 ATT ---> ITR 0.031 0.029 0.839 NS Ha3 SUB ---> ITV -0.022 -0.023 0.873 NS Ha4 SUB ---> ITR -0.079 -0.080 0.454 NS Ha5 PBC ---> ITV 1.126 1.237 0.000 S*** Ha6 PBC ---> ITR 0.849 0.932 0.000 S*** Notes: (S) Supported; (NS) Not Supported *significant at 0.05; **significant at 0.01; ***significant at 0.001

Table 7. Religiosity-Based Hypothesis Test Estimate (S) P-Value Decision Hypothesis Relationship Cultural Devout Cultural Devout Cultural Devout Muslim Muslim Muslim Muslim Muslim Muslim Ha1 ATT ---> ITV -0.231 -0,220 0,451 0,433 NS NS Ha2 ATT ---> ITR -0.267 0,144 0,439 0,373 NS NS Ha3 SUB ---> ITV -0.189 0,030 0,466 0,885 NS NS Ha4 SUB ---> ITR -0.423 0,010 0,167 0,939 NS NS Ha5 PBC ---> ITV 1,282 1,185 0,005 0,005 S** S** Ha6 PBC ---> ITR 1,383 0,752 0,008 0,002 S** S** Notes: (S) Supported; (NS) Not Supported *significant at 0,05; **significant at 0,01; ***significant at 0,001

Religiosity-Based Hypothesis inconsistent. ATT and ITV variable produced a Table 7 shows that the hypotheses based on negative coefficient (-0.220) while ATT and ITR the degree of taqwa had the same results. In the variable produced a positive coefficient (0.144). two degrees of taqwa groups, only the Also, SUB and ITV and ITR variable produced a relationship between PBC and its endogeny positive coefficient with 0.030 and 0.010 variables - ITV and ITR - was able to produce the consecutively. The same went for PBC and its required P values which were 0.005 and 0.008 for endogeny variables with positive coefficients for the Cultural Muslim group and 0.005 and 0.002 PBC and ITV with the coefficient of 1.185 and ITR for the Devote Muslim group. Other relationships with the coefficient of 0.752. did not produce a significant relationship. In the Devout Muslim group, the relationship The ATT and SUB variables and their between ATT variable and ITV and ITR variable endogeny variables were not able to produce the produced negative coefficients with -0.231 and - required P values. For the Cultural Muslim group, 0.267, respectively. The relationship between the relationships between ATT and SUB and their SUB variable and ITV and ITR variable also endogeny variables were ATT -> ITV (0.451), ATT - produced negative coefficients with -0.189 and - > ITR (0.439), SUB -> ITV (0.466), and SUB -> ITR 0.423 consecutively. The relationship between (0.167) while for the Devote Muslim group, the P PBC variable and ITV dan ITR variable, however, values for ATT and SUB and their endogeny produced positive coefficients with 1.282 and variables were ATT -> ITV (0.433), ATT -> ITR 1.383. (0.373), SUB -> ITV (0.885), and SUB -> ITR Based on the result of the hypothesis testing, (0.939). Therefore, it can be concluded that the only the relationship between PBC variable and hypotheses based on the degree of taqwa were ITV and ITR variable is significant from the two the same as the general hypotheses: Ha1, Ha2, groups divided based on their degree of taqwa. Ha3, and Ha4 are rejected while Ha5 and Ha6 are Therefore, although all relationships among the accepted. variables have coefficient values, only the The strength of the relationship among the relationship between PBC and its endogeny variables during testing based on the degree of variables can be considered as an influential taqwa produced varied results. For the factor. The relationship between PBC and ITV and Opportunist group, the relationship between the ITR in both degree of taqwa groups is positive ATT variable and ITV and ITR variable was and significant.

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DISCUSSION to be avoided. The narrow understanding of halal Whilst the intentions of individuals selecting to consumables with direct effects on individuals certain products or services are generally has become a challenge for the expansion of believed to be influenced by three elements, halal as a concept, especially for use as tourist namely: attitudes, subjective norms, and destinations. behavioral control [21], this study reveals that This research identifies some gaps existing the intentions to visit and recommend halal between tourists and halal tourism organizers. tourist destinations in Indonesia are influenced On the demand side, there is a need for solely by behavioral control. The insight contrasts continuous education so that the concept of halal with the commonly held view that, as some tourism can be received and captured positively previous studies confirmed [16,26], the intention by all levels of Indonesian society, who are very to select halal products dominated by subjective diverse in culture, ethnicity, race, religion, and attitudes and norms. group within the archipelago. The gap exists due to the narrowly held Next, there is a need for improved perception of halal as something attached to implementation of halal tourism that refers to consumables, such as food, that affect individuals the halal tourism foundation in terms of directly. As such, the concept of halal in broader policy/legal standardization and availability. contexts, for instance, as a tourist destination, Finally, there is a need for collaboration among has yet to become a mainstream thing to stakeholders that are better known as the consider by the society. Pentahelix, namely: institutions, the media, A similar situation holds for subjective norms associations, and academics. [25]. These factors do not emphasize to the CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION intentions of choosing and recommending halal Behavior Control becomes a single factor in tourist destinations. Moreover, most people in TPB that has a close relationship with the the immediate surrounding also view the halal selection of halal tourist destinations. Domestic concept in the context of consumables that affect tourists did not consider the selection of halal them directly. It is this view that affects one's tourist destination as something difficult to do. interest in halal tourist destinations. Attitude and Subjective Norm not only did not Furthermore, to most people in the community, influence the selection of halal tourist halal tourism is not something to consider when destinations but also gave an adverse effect. choosing and recommending a halal tourist When seen from the perspective of piousness, destination. there was very little difference in the result Behavioral control is the only variable that between Devote Muslim and Cultural Muslim. places emphasis on those decisions [21,26,27]. The only difference is that Attitudes and For individuals, the confidence in executing the Subjective Norms of the Devout Follower aligned selection of halal tourist destinations is actually with the selection of halal tourist destinations. not difficult. Even if it is, individuals tend to be Meanwhile, Attitude and Subjective Norm of the able to convert the difficulty--in accessing halal Cultural Muslim tended to contrast with the tourist destinations--into an amenity. What selection of halal tourist destinations. comes out of this conversion is a good starting This study gives a new understanding of the point for future development of halal tourist behavior theory, especially in the context of halal destinations. tourism. This study also expands the use of TPB The finding of this study is authentic in theory in other disciplines. The result of the study revealing that attitudes and subjective norms revealed an adverse relationship among the tend to have a reverse relationship, especially for variables, Attitude, and Subjective Norms against the Cultural Muslim group. This finding differs the selection of halal tourist destinations and from that of previous studies that have invariably inconsistency between the individual perception reveal positive relationships [16,25,26]. Further and the halal concept of tourism. investigation of information on the Cultural Further studies are needed to find out more Muslim respondents discloses that there is quite about the inconsistency, especially in the context a wide difference between the halal concept as of domestic Muslim tourists. The government as understood by the community and the real halal the maker of the halal tourism program needs to concept [7]. Halal tourist destination, as a explore further the inconsistency revealed in this concept, is not considered as a need but rather study so that the halal tourism concept does not as something unnecessary and, therefore, tends

J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 [153] Halal Tourism for Domestic Tourists (Purusottama & Prastowo) only concern trust in the provision of halal food applied to consumption decisions. Rivista di and drinks for tourists, but also that of their Economia Agraria LXX(2), 121-138. comfort and safety, particularly in an equal level [12] Ajzen, I. 2012. The theory of planned of trust. behavior. In: Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology Vol. 1. UK: Sage. 438-459. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT [13] Vabo, M. and H. Hansen. 2016. Purchase This research was fully supported by intentions for domestic food: a moderated Universitas Prasetiya Mulya. We thank our TPB-explanation. British Food Journal colleague, Dr. Eka Ardianto, who provide insight 118(10), 2372-2387. and expertise that greatly assisted the research. [14] Irianto, H. 2015. Consumers’ attitude and REFERENCES intention towards organic food purchase: [1] UNWTO. 2017. UNWTO tourism highlights. an extension of Theory of Planned Behavior United Nation World Tourism Organization in gender perspective. International Journal (UNWTO). Madrid. of Management, Economics and Social [2] Ministry of Tourism. 2016. Laporan Sciences 4(1), 17-31. akuntabilitas kinerja Kementerian Pariwi- [15] Wang, Y. 2014. Consumers’ purchase sata. Ministry of Tourism, Republic of intentions of shoes: theory of planned Indonesia. Jakarta. behavior and desired attributes. [3] Talib and Johan. 2012. Issues in halal International Journal of Marketing Studies: packaging. International Business and Canadian Center of Science and Education Management 5(2), 94-98. 6(4), 50-58. [4] Sukesti, F. and M. Budiman. 2014. The [16] Haro, A. 2015. Understanding TPB model, influence halal label and personal availability, and information on consumer religiousity on purchase decision on food purchase intention for halal food. products in indonesia. International Journal International Journal of Business and of Business, Economics and Law 4(1), 150- Commerce 5(8), 47-56. 153. [17] Khalek, A. A. and S. H. S. Ismail. 2015. Why [5] Siala, H. 2013. Religious influences on are we eating halal - using the theory of consumers' high-involvement purchasing planned behavior in predicting halal food decisions. Journal of Services Marketing consumption among generation y in 27(7), 579-589. malaysia. International Journal of Social [6] Rahman, M. K. 2014. Motivating factors of Science and Humanity 5(7), 608-612. islamic tourist’s destination loyalty: an [18] Zabkar, V., M. M. Brencic, and T. Dmitrovic. empirical investigation in malaysia. Journal 2010. Modelling perceived quality, visitor of Tourism and Hospitality Management satisfaction and behavioural intentions at 2(1), 63-77. the destination level. Tourism Management [7] Khan, A. H., A. Haque, and M. S. Rahman. 31(4), 537-546. 2013. What makes tourists satisfied? an [19] Wang, S. and Y. Y. Fu. 2015. Application of empirical Study on malaysian islamic tourist planned behavior and place Image to visit destination. Middle-East Journal of Scienti- intentions: a casino gaming context. fic Research 14(12), 1631-1637. Advances in Hospitality and Leisure 11, 67- [8] Battour, M. and M. N. Ismail. 2016. Halal 87. tourism: concepts, practices, challenges, [20] Buaphiban, T. and D. Truong. 2017. and future. Tourism Management Evaluation of passengers` buying behaviors Perspectives 19(Part B), 150-154. toward low cost carriers in Souteast Asia. [9] Yousaf, S. and M. S. Malik. 2013. Evaluating Journal of Air Transport Management 59, the influences of religiosity and product 124-133. involvement level on the consumers. [21] Verma, V. K. and B. Chandra. 2018. An Journal of Islamic Marketing 4(2), 163-186. application of theory of planned behavior [10] Essoo, N. and S. Dibb. 2004. Religious to predict young Indian consumers' green influences on shopping behaviour: an hotel visit intention. Journal of Cleaner exploratory study. Journal of Marketing Production 172, 1152-1162. Management 20(7-8), 683-712. [22] Alam, S. S. and N. M. Sayuti. 2011. Applying [11] Ajzen, I. 2015. Consumer attitudes and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in behavior: the theory of planned behavior

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J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 [155] Journal of Indonesian Tourism and doi: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2019.007.03.04 Development Studies E-ISSN : 2338-1647 http://jitode.ub.ac.id

Development of Community-Based Tourism in Pinusan Kragilan, Pogalan Village, Magelang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia

Gatot Sasongko1, Bagus Trianggono*2, Pamerdi Giri Wiloso2

1Faculty of Economic and Bussines, Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga, Indonesia 2Faculty of Interdiscipline, Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga, Indonesia

Abstract The purpose of this study is to describe community involvement in the development of Kragilan Top Selfie Pinusan tourist destinations (TSPK) and explain the role of Tourism Awareness Groups (Pokdarwis) in developing TSPK tourist destinations. This study uses the concept of Community-Based Tourism (CBT) as an analytical framework. The method used in this study is a qualitative research method. Data collection techniques were carried out by observation, documentation, and in-depth interviews with parties related to TSPK tourist destinations. The results of the study indicate that community participation in the process of developing the TSPK was encouraged by the local community namely Pokdarwis (tourism-aware group). Pokdarwis, in this case, plays a role in the division of labor; financial management; and managing cleanliness. Pokdarwis conducts division of labor to encourage community participation. The forms of community participation in TSPK include workforce and the contribution of ideas in developing TSPK. Next, the existence of TSPK also empowers the economy of the people in Kragilan Hamlet. Pokdarwis also empowers the community to manage the environment around the destination. Then TSPK shows that the CBT model that is different from CBT in general, in TSPK empowerment is carried out independently by Pokdarwis. Only after Pokdarwis initiated this empowerment and brought economic benefits, the government (Mount Merbabu National Park Office) took part in helping TSPK management. Keywords: Community Based Tourism (CBT); Community Engagement; Participation; Top Selfie Pinusan Kragilan (TSPK)

INTRODUCTION1 tourism on local communities and environmental Tourism is interpreted as the new industry that resources [5]. Besides, according to Muallisin, CBT can produce rapid economic growth in the was born from a community development strategy provision of employment, increasing income, by using tourism as a tool to strengthen the improving living standards and stimulating other capabilities of rural/local organizations [6]. Some sectors [1]. Therefore, tourism can be said to be a definitions of CBT have been put forward by strategic sector for the development of a country. several experts. Murphy considers that the Therefore, the Indonesian government sets the community must be involved in tourism planning. tourism sector as one of the national development Suansri emphasizes that CBT is a tool for priorities. This sector has enormous potential to community development and environmental continue to be developed. It supported by 14.04 conservation and that in community development, million foreign tourists visiting in 2017 – an several things must be considered, including increase of 21.88 percent compared to 2016 [2]. It management and learning [7]. Pantin and Francis means that with this percentage, there is still an emphasize that tourism will positively correlate opportunity to grow the Indonesian economy with improving the economy of a community [8]. through tourism. This growth can occur if tourism Therefore, in general, CBT consists of 4 (four) main planning carried out consistently and continuously. dimensions, namely community involvement, One way to make the tourism sector sustainable is community development, community economic the existence of community involvement, starting empowerment, and environmental conservation from the planning process [3]. Such involvement [7,8,9]. will encourage the emergence of community- There have been many studies conducted based tourism. This concept began to develop in related to aspects of CBT. Research on community Indonesia since 1980, and Yogyakarta was the first participation and community involvement had region to develop tourism in this model [4]. been carried out by Su and Wall [10], Yulianie [11], The concept of community-based tourism (CBT) Bambar and Anoma [12]. Su and Wall focused on is a new paradigm in tourism development. CBT is the development of China Wall tourism where they very different from mass tourism. CBT is not a found a positive correlation between community tourism business that aims to maximize profits for involvement and increased community income [9], investors. CBT is more related to the impact of while Yulianie focused on community participation and empowerment in managing Ceking's rice Correspondence address: terrace attraction, Gianyar Bali while [10]. Bambar Bagus Trianggono and Anoma focused on community participation in Email : [email protected] the development of Pandawa Beach tourism in Bali Address : Jl. Diponegoro 52 – 60, Salatiga 50711

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[12]. The three studies above present community the development of tourism objects in the involvement in certain tourism objects, but they perspective of CBT. have not yet described the involvement of the One of the destinations which the model of community as a group in developing tourism community involvement which developed as a objects. group is Top Selfie Pinusan Kragilan (TSPK). TSPK is Research on community involvement as a one example of a destination that adheres to the group in tourism had been carried out by several CBT system. At TSPK, the community has a role to researchers. Purnamasari found that there was a empower local people and involve local people in need to increase the capacity of the community to the process of developing TSPK. The destination create tourism products that had a competitive development model is carried out by the and comparative advantage in the international community with a bottom-up model. Initially, this market in Toddabojo Village [13]. Putra focused on destination opened in 2015 under the name Hutan the role of Pokdarwis in the development of the Pinus Kragilan (Pinus Forest of Kragilan), but in attraction of Tembi tourism village, Sewon sub- 2016 this destination changed its name to TSPK. district, Bantul Regency [14]. Noho focused on the Within three years, this destination was in great management of the Gorontalo Bongo religious demand by tourists. Based on data from the tourism village which in this study, he found that Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis) in TSPK, there was a need for increased capacity in religious there were 31,008 tourists coming from May to tourism, attraction management and tourist July 2018. Therefore, this is the reason for services [15]. Community is described as an entity choosing TSPK as the location of research in this in togetherness in terms of formulating common study. Based on the explanation of the interests, division of labor, and environmental background, the researchers will focus on the conservation. description of community involvement as a group Research on economic empowerment in the in the development of tourism objects. The field of tourism had been carried out previously. researchers use the concept of CBT as an analysis Arieta focused on the success of coastal tourism tool. The four dimensions in CBT will be for from the point of view of community exploration of community-based tourism at TSPK. empowerment as a concept of generating MATERIAL AND METHOD community strength in a bottom-up manner and Study Area improving the quality of life of the community [16]. This research was conducted in the Top Selfie Dewi focused on social and economic Pinusan Kragilan (TSPK) tourist destination. This empowerment of rural communities in the destination located in Kragilan Hamlet, Pogalan management of [17]. The results of the Village, Pakis District, Magelang Regency. Kragilan study show that the community can provide Hamlet is part of Pogalan Village, Pakis District, material benefits in the form of additional income Magelang Regency which located at an altitude of that can help the economy of the family and the ± 1330 masl. Kragilan Hamlet borders several community. Rahayu et al focused on community villages, including Jambewangi Village in the east, economic empowerment strategies in Kulon Progo Kajangkoso Village in the west, Gumelem Village in Regency, Yogyakarta [18]. However, the three the south, and Kaponan Village in the north. The studies only focus on economic empowerment and population in Kragilan Hamlet is 267 consisting of opening up the field for the community, but have 136 male residents and 131 female residents. not touched on environmental conservation. Then most of the people of Krgailan Hamlet Research on environmental conservation had work as vegetable farmers. The commodities been carried out by Dewi and Rosyidie, which planted by the people of Kragilan Hamlet are focused on the development of the Capolaga vegetables such as cabbage, chili, and other Region as an Ecotourism Attraction [19]. vegetables. Then since 2015 the Kragilan Hamlet, Meanwhile, Saraswati et al focused on assessing Pogalan Village, Pakis Subdistrict, Magelang sanitation facilities for tourists at Depok Beach Regency has become famous for the emergence of [20]. Kragilan Top Selfie Pinusan tourist destinations. Based on previous studies on aspects of CBT, This destination is one example of a tourist there has been no research that focuses on the destination that developed and managed description of the concept of CBT in a tourism independently by the community. Visually the destination. Besides, no research focuses on Kragilan Hamlet map is shown in Figure 1; then the tourist sites that are truly built, managed, and TSPK destination and vehicle at TSPK are shown in developed independently by the community. Figure 2. Therefore, there is still an opportunity to examine the involvement of the community as a group in

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Figure 1. Map of Pakis District, Magelang Regency activities of workers, tourists, and traders around TSPK. The observations were carried out by researchers until the end of December 2017. January 2018 researchers began looking for informants who would be asked for information related to TSPK, starting from the history of the formation of the TSPK until its development to date. Based on observations made since November 2017, the researchers finally found several key informants namely the Pokdarwis head of TSPK, the Pokdarwis field coordinator, parking Figure 2. TSPK Destination Location (Source: Personal attendants, photographer officers, shop owners, Documentation, 2018) and tourists. The process of in-depth interviews with informants was carried out by researchers for Data Collection and Analysis one month, January 2018 to February 2018, there This study uses an ethnographic approach.In were various obstacles experienced by researchers the process of collecting data, researchers such as obstacles when the informant suddenly conducted observation, documentation, and in- canceled the interview at the appointed time. depth interviews. This research was conducted However, finally the process can be overlooked from November 2017 and ended in June 2018. In and finally the researchers get all the information November 2017, researchers conducted prelimina- needed related to TSPK. The data analysis was ry observations and adaptations to the research carried out in several stages, including finding and environment. compiling systematic data through interview In the process, the researcher begins to map transcripts, field notes, and accumulated out the actors involved in the TSPK destination. documentation that add the researchers’ Then the researchers also observed various understanding of what were found [21].

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION Therefore Pokdarwis is normatively violating the Process of TSPK Establishment rules regarding land use because it did not ask The village of Kragilan is a region that may not permission from the National Park Office. Then in be widely known to people before the forming of 2017, Pokdarwis submitted a proposal to manage a TSPK. It is not an easy endeavor to create TSPK portion of the Kragilan pine forest. In February since various processes must be passed through 2018, the Mount Merbabu National Park Office until finally formed. Starting from 2015, residents gave management recommendations to Pokdarwis of Kragilan village are working together to improve covering 4 hectares. The consequence of this is the infrastructure of the village entrance. In the that Pokdarwis cannot manage the TSPK by development process, several young men took themselves because they must involve the Mount pictures in the construction area against a Merbabu National Park Office and this agreement backdrop of pine forests. The result of the selfie was finally agreed by both parties. With this joint then uploaded to social media (Facebook). After management, on February 14, 2014, the Top Selfie uploading, the netizens who saw the photo gave a Pinusan Kragilan tourism destination (TSPK) was response by asking where the photo was taken. officially opened, but the name of Pokdarwis Starting from this event, many people came to the changed into KSWT (Top Selfi Tourism Awareness Kragilan pine forest. The arrival of tourists then led Group). to the initiative of the youth of the village to It shows that there is a unique feature in the develop the Kragilan pine forest into a new tourist emergence of Pokdarwis at TSPK. Where destination. pokdarwis emerged at the initiative of the local The first step they did was to ask permission community, then, in the end, the community from the Head of village, to manage and build a formation committee could collaborate with tourist destination for Kragilan pine forest, and he government (Mount Merbabu National Park Hall) finally allowed this idea. The young people ask the to collaborate in managing the TSPK. Therefore, Karang Taruna (village’s youth organization) to the findings at TSPK are an interesting finding form security and parking teams with the where this is an antithesis of the CBT concept that permission of the head of the village to maintain only puts forward the bottom-up model, but the security around the destination. Throughout May- findings at TSPK show the collaboration of bottom- December 2015, about 30-50 tourists came every up and top-down models. day (personal communication, 2018). On this basis, The bottom-up model is the formation of the Karang Taruna took the initiative to form a Pokdarwis by the local community, and the top- special community to manage the Kragilan pine down model is the state (Mount Merbabu National forest destination. Through various processes at Park) intervention on the land at TSPK. Thus, the the beginning of 2016, the Top Selfie Pinusan findings at TSPK became interesting (Figure 4). It Kragilan Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis was different from the findings of Wirajuna and TSPK) was finally formed which consists of young Supriyadi who found that the Pokdarwis formed in people and the Kragilan village community, and Jerowaru West Nusa Tenggara was initiated by the they inaugurated the name of this tourist village government [22]. The difference shows that destination as Top Selfi Pinusan Kragilan (TSPK). Pokdarwis TSPK was formed at the initiative of a The name of Top selfie was given because it has new community that later penetrated the become a trend in the current era. The leader of government. A different finding was in line that Pokdarwis in 2016 was SB, and he is still in office Pokdarwis in Bendosari village formed by the up to now. After Pokdarwis was formed, problems village government to improve the community's arose related to land ownership. economy [23], while in TSPK Pokdarwis was Juridically, the land is owned and managed by formed to accommodate community interest in the Mount Merbabu National Park Office. developing TSPK.

2015 2016 2017 2018

Karang Taruna Forming the Top Pokdarwis Pokdarwis TSPK

requested Selfie Pinusan applied for a changed into Top permission from Kragilan Tourism management Selfi Tourism the Village Head Awareness Group permit for the Awareness Group

and formed a (Pokdarwis TSPK) Kragilan Pine (KSWT) collaborated parking division for Forest with Mt. Merbabu tourists National Park

Figure 4. Process of TPSK establishment

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Community Participation in Building of TSPK Based on the exposure of the research findings The community of Kragilan village is the main above, it shows that TSPK destination was formed actor in the TSPK development process. The and developed because of the community community plays an active role in the process of involvement. Community involvement in TSPK was developing TSPK. This active role was supported by provided by Pokdarwis. Pokdarwis itself was the existence of the Tourism Awareness Group formed due to community initiatives to develop (Pokdarwis). Pokdarwis has a role in building the TSPK. It is similar to the findings by Bambar and tourism system in TSPK by involving the Anoma, who found that community participation community, including the involvement of the shown by the active participation of the community as laborers at TSPK, providing ideas for community in making decisions to improve the TSPK development. The process was carried out quality of Pandawa beach tourism [12]. during meetings between divisions every month. However, it was not specifically mentioned that During the meeting, Pokdarwis members and the form of community activity was community members who were present free to accommodated by the government. It is different express their opinions. from the findings at TSPK, which shows that community activity was encouraged by the local “Sir, for the progress of top selfie, all may give their community – Pokdarwis. Related to this issue, ideas. Anyway, all ideas can be submitted every Yulianie found that the people of Tegallalang and 12th date as long as they are important for the sake Kedisan villages could not be maximally of top selfie, they are will be accepted. Sir, the empowered because of the lack of tourism support inspiration to make a tourist park as a comparative facilities in which people could not feel the impact study such as the fruit garden in Jogja can be an of the tourist attraction offered [11]. Therefore, example of it. Other examples are Kalibiru and table 1 will briefly explain the role of Pokdarwis Pecici. From the Internet, there are also many development process TSPK. examples like Maribaya, which is nearly the same as here” -S Table 1. The Actors and Its Participation in TSPK Phase Actor Role The statement shows that Pokdarwis has Karang Taruna and Hold meetings with fulfilled the criteria of Dahl about democracy, Pokdarwis TSPK the community which is about freedom of organization and Kragilan Village Provide input to the expression [24]. Freedom of organization and TSPK Community TSPK development expression reflected in active participation in pioneering process and assist in contributing ideas for the development of the the development of the TSPK by working tourist area and the community was also involved together by Pokdarwis to determine the price of Kragilan Village Building new land on photographer services. The ideas of the Community TSPK community were discussed at regular Pokdarwis Leader Pokdarwis Provide various inputs meetings every month. The tariff for each tourist TSPK for the development area varies from IDR 5,000 to IDR 20,000. of vehicles at TSPK These findings indicate that there is the Photographer Agree on photo service rates at TSPK TSPK existence of one CBT concepts, namely the Pokdarwis Parking Agree on parking Developing involvement of local communities in tourism Division and rates at TSPK development planning. Such involvement was Kragilan Village supported by Pokdarwis. The community Community involvement was also influenced by social capital. Pokdarwis and Agree on vehicle rates Putnam stated that social capital is in the form of Kragilan Village Community social organizations, beliefs, norms, and networks Pokdarwis TSPK Share the workload of (from community ties) [25]. the workforce at TSPK In the context of TSPK, the involvement of the local community in TSPK development planning The findings at TSPK show almost the same seen in social bonds in the form of trust and thing related to facilities, but the lack of Pokdarwis networks. Trust was built because of the common facilities continues to encourage the development vision between members and administrators of of better TSPK. It also supported by active Pokdarwis. The network will form a common bond community participation in advancing TSPK. It is for the progress of the TSPK. In the tourism because the existence of TSPK improves the planning process, the parties involved were the economic life of the community of Kragilan village. management and members of the Pokdarwis TSPK. Regarding the economy of the community, TSPK

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shows the same phenomenon as the findings of Su Regarding financial management, includes the and Wall in China, which showed that community sources of income came from parking fees, involvement positively correlated with increasing retribution for photos, and retribution for rides in community income [10]. The fact in Kragilan shows the tourist areas. With the average number of that although there had been no involvement of visitors reaching 500-1,000 people, it raises the government or the private sector (investors), questions about the usage of the money. TSPK was still able to develop and improve the Retributions were used to develop TSPK such as for economy of the community through the existence the construction of new areas and buying cameras of community collectivity. for photographer services. In addition to developing TSPK, the results of retribution used for Pokdarwis Role in TSPK Development the organization, namely for social funds. Those Community development is one of the who managed the money were the treasurer of elements in CBT. In the context of the community Pokdarwis TSPK. Meanwhile, the cleaning division of TSPK, it refers to the Group of Top Selfie was responsible for the cleanliness of the area. Tourism Awareness (Pokdarwis TSPK). Pokdarwis is Regarding the above findings, in the context of the main agency that drove the TSPK and formed community development, Pokdarwis TSPK in 2016. The establishment of Pokdarwis aimed as managed to regulate a good tourism system. a place for the community of Kragilan village to Pokdarwis organized TSPK from the planning to develop the TSPK. The Pokdarwis plays a role in the development stages (Table 2). job division for workers in TSPK; it played the role of the financial manager at TSPK and it was Table 2. The Role of Pokdarwis TSPK responsible for the cleaning of TSPK. Pokdarwis Division Role hierarchy consists of a chairman, secretary, Parking Division Divide the tasks of the parking treasurer, and there are 3 divisions who play their members and divide the parking role in the field, namely parking and security member shift Photographers Divide the photographer's shift at TSPK division, photographer division, and the cleaning Division division. The job division of workers at TSPK was Hygiene Division Ensure TSPK cleanliness and cleanliness carried out by each relevant division, for example, of supporting suggestions at TSPK such in creating job shifts for photographers and as toilets parking. The creating of such job shift was fully Treasurer of Manage finances from parking fees, carried out by the division of the photographer, Pokdarwis photographer services and rides and pay workers (photographers, parking and the parking and security division. members, and janitors) at TSPK) “Sir, the division of labor has been arranged in the The findings in the TSPK are different from the organization, so as I said before, in each division, findings of Putra who found that Pokdarwis only there is someone in charge. In the past, the job played a role in the development of tourism shift was set daily, so if someone got Monday shift, attractions in the Tembi Tourism Village of Sewon then he would get Monday again. But now, Sir, we District, Bantul Regency [14]. The findings at TSPK use the Javanese calendar, so the shift of work day indicate that Pokdarwis organized the overall can change according to the calendar. Sir, the elements of tourism at TSPK. TSPK can exist from parking is arranged by the parking division, and the community initiatives so that the entire because I’m the chairman, I know that each planning process until the development process division also has its chairman. Sir, the chairman is was carried out entirely by the community. the one who manages the shift.” -S It is also different from the findings of The carried out shift model was twice shift Purnamasari which shows that the community is period i.e. morning shift starting at 7 am to 12 pm involved in tourism development because they get and the afternoon shift starting at 1 pm to 6 pm. In support from the government [13]. It means that one shift, there were 7 (seven) photographers. the people of Kragilan village were independent Why was the shift model chosen, and why does it and unwittingly they were empowered. consist of 7 people? It is because there had been This independence was encouraged by the local an agreement in Pokdarwis. With such divisions, it community, namely Pokdarwis. The TSPK tourism is expected that the entire community of Kragilan development model through Pokdarwis was village may earn the economic benefits from the carried out with a bottom-up model, and the existence of TSPK. In addition, the shift division for government with private sector had no role in parking was the same model with the model for developing TSPK. CBT that existed in TSPK was parking and security officers. different from the CBT concept in general, which states that community involvement occurs if there

J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 [161] Community-Based Tourism in Pinusan Kragilan, Magelang (Sasongko et al) is already a destination made by the private sector strategy taken [28]. It showed the weaknesses of or government in the form of partnerships. the strategy carried out by the government of Bendosari Village, and there was no involvement Capacity Improvement for Workers at TSPK from the Malang Regency government [27]. Pokdarwis TSPK besides performed its Different findings took place at TSPK. Although management function in organizing a community the carried out capacity building was still limited, also performed a learning function. The purpose of but it was more effective in improving the quality the learning is to improve the quality of Human of human resources, especially photographers at Resources (HR) for workers at TSPK. The forms of TSPK. Even so, the capacity of the community learning carried out by Pokdarwis were still limited. increased, especially in the field of photography, The learning was carried out every 9th date at a because the photographers held meetings every meeting among photographers. The purpose of the month to overcome the community who did not meeting was to discuss any issues related to know how to use a camera properly. After photography. The fact is that SB as the chairperson discussion at the meetings, the knowledge of the of Pokdarwis TSPK was the actor who played a role community increased, and the creativity of in improving the quality of human resources at photographers at TSPK also increased as well. TSPK. SB shared his knowledge with photographers about how to take pictures according to the New Economic Potential for the Community of applicable standards. The carried out learning KragilanVillage process was photography class sessions. A The existence of TSPK had a positive correlation photography class was held to discuss with each with the development of tourism supporting other about photography. The learning model in businesses, including parking, photography this class was done by brainstorming and photo services, and food stalls. The existence of these practices. The person who gave lesson materials in businesses opened up new jobs for the Kragilan the photography class session was the Chairperson people who previously worked as vegetable of Pokdarwis TSPK. farmers. This class session was very useful for Based on the observations of researchers, photographers of TSPK destination. The perceived income for Pokdarwis from the parking sector was benefit is that photographers would understand very large. Retribution for car parking at TSPK was more about how to take good pictures. It means IDR 10,000 and IDR 3,000 during the initial opening that Pokdarwis had succeeded in the building of of TSPK. Determining parking fees was very capacity for photographers in TSPK tourist dynamic at TSPK. However, at the beginning of destination. The main purpose of capacity building 2017, the retribution had been changed where in learning comes from the needs of something there was an additional cleaning fee for IDR 2,000. and facing changes [26]. The context of learning The change occurred again when the Mount that comes from the needs of something is the Merbabu National Park Agency became part of the need to improve the skills and results of TSPK manager. Retribution for one person was IDR photographs while dealing with changes that 10,000 consisting of IDR 5,000 for TSPK and IDR happen when there are protests from visitors 5,000 for the national park agency. However, about the photo quality of photographers. Both of noted that through various dynamics of changes in them had become the capacity building carried out retribution costs, the positive thing from it was the by Pokdarwis TSPK. opening of jobs for the people of Kragilan village. Based on these explanations, by improving the People who were in charge of parking quality of human resources through monthly management at TSPK got paid IDR 25,000 per meetings of photographers, Pokdarwis had assignment. The assignment was valid once a performed the learning function. In addition, week. Pokdarwis had the ability to develop TSPK. Besides the involvement of the community in To increase the capacity of Pokdarwis, it needs managing TSPK parking, they also involved in the to increase the capacity of individuals involved in services of photographers at TSPK. The rate for Pokdarwis. However, different things found by photographers for one photo was IDR 2,500. In Damayanti et al which shows that there was a addition to photo division, there was also photo complexity in increasing the capacity of the services for visitors who wanted to use the tourist community of Bendosari Village of Pujon Sub- area as the background of their photo. However, district, Malang Regency [27]. That is improving the prices for background photos were set the quality of human resources, strengthening the separately, i.e. IDR 2,500 only for photo services, organization, and institutional reform. The effect while for the background (in this case the tourist of this complexity was the ineffectiveness of the

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area) was case dependent (the benchmark price Arieta proved that the community collectivity was between IDR 5,000 to IDR 20,000). increased their quality of life [16]. The findings in For the community involved as parking staff Kragilan also show that the community’s quality of members and photographers, they earned IDR life, especially in the economic sector improved 25,000 every day. On average, each month the because of the existence of TSPK. It was through participated people might get IDR 400,000 per the development of businesses and involvement of month. It would not be the case if they were the community as workers in TSPK. dependent on the agricultural sector, in which Dewi found that people earned additional prices based on market prices. It shows that income from the tourism of Tanah Lot in Bali. The tourism that was built by the community at TSPK findings in Kragilan show differently, where some can improve their economy. However, these staff people especially youth, relied on jobs at TSPK as was obliged to deposit money into the community their main source of income [17]. Some say that cash with an amount of IDR 50,000 every time they TSPK as the side income in addition to income as were on duty. The deposit was imposed on seven vegetable farmers. It means that TSPK had reduced people on duty, meaning that each staff got unemployment in the Kragilan village, in which deduction from their salary of IDR 7,000 per one there were 53 out of 267 community members assignment. This deduction used for the cash of who involved as workers in TSPK. Pokdarwis. The involvement of the community in The findings of Rahayu et al show that the the development of the TSPK had resulted in TSPK obstacles leading to economic empowerment that to develop rapidly, and the community can be runs non-optimally, i.e. unsupported infra- more prosperous with the presence of TSPK. It is in structure, community participation is still low in line with Damanik's statement that community developing of tourism, and partnership that has involvement is the key to improve welfare through not maximally built [18]. These three factors also tourism development [29]. experienced by actors in the TSPK, but the The next business that also developed at TSPK difference was related to participation. The was food stalls. The existence of these stalls was a community in Kragilan was very enthusiastic to direct effect of festive TSPK. Based on the develop TSPK. With this high community observation of researchers, there are four food enthusiasm, the economy of the community will stalls actively trading. The owners of the stalls increase. The economy improved because of the were local residents. The things that sold at the absorption of the community as workers in TSPK. stalls include: Community Awareness in Managing the “Sir, here we offer coffee, tea, and pop noodles. Environment There are also snacks. See that those are the CBT cannot be separated from environmental newest things we can offer. Besides, coffees and conservation. Environmental conservation in the teas are suitable for the atmosphere here. Sir, this context of TSPK is a type of conservation viewed by site is quite cold, so drinking a hot drink would TSPK. Pokdarwis, through the hygiene division, was make the atmosphere warm. Those who run the responsible for managing waste around the stall businesses here are the local people, who used destination and cleaning up the supporting to have no work at all and now they have activities facilities, such as toilets. To carry out this task, the to manage food stalls here,” -F hygiene division cannot work alone, and it needed participation from tourists. It means that the The existence of these food stalls had improved cleanliness of the TSPK environment was a shared the economy of the local community and reduced responsibility between Pokdarwis and tourists. the unemployment rate at the village of Kragilan. In general, supporting facilities at TSPK that The food stall business in TSPK will continue to produced waste include toilet and food stalls, so grow in line with the growing of TSPK. TSPK is the two supporting facilities must always be currently one of the favorite tourist destinations in monitored. If facilities at TSPK are dirty, tourists the Magelang Regency. The food stalls were will think twice to come to TSPK. The toilet at TSPK managed independently by stall owners. However, is a very important supporting facility. For tourists the arrangement of trade location was regulated who came from outside the city, they usually look by Pokdarwis, i.e. by parking and security divisions. for toilets first to urinate or just to wash their The divisions regulate the trading location to faces. Therefore, with this crucial function, toilets prevent crowded stalls at TSPK. must be kept clean. With a clean and comfortable Based on these findings, it seems that the toilet, it will give a positive impression to tourists. existence of TSPK had a positive effect on the Related to this issue, the division that had a role in community, namely the growth of employment for toilet hygiene at TSPK was the Pokdarwis hygiene the people of Kragilan village. The findings by

J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 [163] Community-Based Tourism in Pinusan Kragilan, Magelang (Sasongko et al) division. The cleaning division had the task of Acknowledgement checking up tap water and ensuring that all toilets The author thanks to those who have helped are always clean and comfortable for tourists. the writing of this article. Those parties include This process indicates that people in Kragilan informants who were willing to provide village who are members of Pokdarwis realized information and Dr.Ir. Suwartiningsih, M.Sc for that aspect of comfort is important in the tourism input on the concept of community business. It means that with the awareness of empowerment. maintaining cleanliness, the community was at the REFERENCES stage of apathy. The apathy stage is the stage [1] Pendit, N. S. 1980. Ilmu pariwisata sebuah where people accept tourists as a normal thing and pengantar perdana. Pradya Paramita the relationship between people and tourists Publisher. Jakarta. dominated by commercial relations. The planning [2] Ministry of Tourism. 2016. Data jumlah that was carried out in a tourist destination in this wisatawan asing ke Indonesia. Ministry of phase generally only emphasizes the marketing Tourism, Republic of Indonesia. Jakarta. aspect [29]. [3] Ross, G. F. 1998. Psikologi pariwisata. Related to environmental conservation, Dewi Yayasan Obor Indonesia Publisher. Jakarta. and Rosyidie found that there needs to be [4] Baiquni, M. 2017. Pariwisata berbasis awareness from the community about the masyarakat yang berkelanjutan: pariwisata environmental quality and education in developing oleh, dari dan untuk masyarakat. Available ecotourism [19]. Therefore, to improve the quality at: http://www.kombinasi.net/pariwisata- of sanitation and hygiene at TSPK, the role of the berbasis-masyarakat-yang-berkelanjutan- government is needed to encourage people to pariwisata-oleh-dari-dan-untuk-masyarakat/. continue maintaining cleanliness at TSPK so that [5] Hadiwijoyo, S. S. 2012. Perencanaan tourists will feel comfortable visiting TSPK. pariwisata perdesaan berbasis masyarakat Next, the findings of Saraswati et al that the (sebuah pendekatan konsep). Graha Ilmu condition of sanitation facilities in Depok Beach Publisher. Yogyakarta. Bantul was stated to be healthy [19]. Sanitation [6] Mualissin, I. 2007. Model pengembangan hygiene is important in a tourism system, which pariwisata berbasis masyarakat di Kota findings at TSPK indicate that toilet hygiene in TSPK Yogyakarta. Jurnal Penelitian BAPPEDA Kota needs to be improved. Therefore, in the future it is Yogyakarta 2, 5-15. expected that there will be improvements in the [7] Murphy, P. E. 1985. Tourism: a community toilet as a supporting tool at TSPK. With these approach. Routledge Library Editions. New improvements, it is expected that the satisfaction York. of tourists visiting TSPK will be increased. [8] Suansri, P. Handbook of community based CONCLUSION tourism. Rest Project. Thailand. Pokdarwis becomes an institution that plays an [9] Pantin, D. and J. Francis. 2005. Community important role in the planning process of TSPK based sustainable tourism. UWISEDU. UK. development. Pokdarwis organizes various aspects [10] Su, M. and G. Wall. 2014. Community to make TSPK continue to develop, such as participation in tourism at a world heritage establishing a system of division of labor, site: Mutianyu Great Wall, Beijing, China. managing finances resulting from retribution, and Journal Tourism Research 16, 146-156. improving the quality of human resources in [11] Yulianie, F. 2015. Partisipasi dan pember- Kragilan village. In the planning and development dayaan masyarakat dalam pengelolaan daya process, TSPK Pokdarwis always involves the tarik wisata “Rice Terrace” Ceking, Gianyar. community, and this involvement is shown by JUMPA 2(1), 165-184. accommodating the opinions of Pokdarwis [12] Bambar, A. F. and I P. Anoma. 2016. members and community members in monthly Partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengembangan meetings. The existence of TSPK empowers the pariwisata di Pantai Pandawa, Desa Kutuh, economy of local communities in the form of Selatan, Badung. Jurnal Destinasi employment through parking and photographer Pariwisata 4(2), 36-43. services, and the emergence of food stall [13] Purnamasari, A. M. 2011. Pengembangan businesses around the destination. The cleaning masyarakat untuk pariwisata di Kampung division of Pokdarwis TSPK plays a role in Wisata Toddabojo Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. environmental conservation at TSPK. The CBT Ministry of Marine and Fisheries, Republic of model in Kragilan differs from CBT, theoretically, Indonesia. Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah dan CBT in TSPK done with a pure bottom-up model. Kota 22(1), 49-64.

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J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 [165] Journal of Indonesian Tourism and doi: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2019.007.03.05 Development Studies E-ISSN : 2338-1647 http://jitode.ub.ac.id

Village Development Index and ICT Infrastructure in Tourism Region

AR. Rohman Taufiq Hidayat*, Yanuar Eka Prasetya, Dian Dinanti

Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Engineering, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia

Abstract The tourism sector is one of the sectors that can be integrated with the village community empowerment, namely by utilizing the unique natural potential of the village. Tourism is one of the ways to improve the status of village development. Tourism needs technological support to develop. Sukapura District is a strategic area for the development of tourism activities and has a low level of teledensity in Probolinggo Regency. This research aimed to examine the relationship of tourism region development related to ICT and village development in Sukapura District, Probolinggo Regency. This study used village development index analysis and literature review. The results of the analysis indicated that ICT infrastructure affected village development index which was related to the geographical conditions of the Sukapura area which was far from urban centers. Telephone service has been proposed as the main strategy to overcome geographical weaknesses which were related to its use in dealing with rural problems.

Keywords: ICT Infrastructure, Tourism, Village Development Index.

INTRODUCTION* rural areas. At present, village development can The development of rural areas by utilizing be measured using the Village Development the local potential and empowering rural Index, which is developed to strengthen efforts communities is one of the effective ways to to achieve the development goals of the Village improve the village economy. One of the sectors and Rural Areas. The Village Development Index that can be integrated with village community is not only useful for knowing the development empowerment is tourism, namely by utilizing the status of each village that is closely related to its unique natural potential of the village. Tourism characteristics, but it can also be developed as an has proven to be a catalyst for economic growth, instrument to assess the 2015-2019 RPJMN’s capital, income and worker transfer from (Regional Medium Term Development Plan) industry, urban areas and developed areas to target and coordination in village development non-industrial areas [1]. [4]. Current tourism developments must be One of the Regencies that has a Village accompanied by the support of adequate Development Index lower than the average Information and Communication Technology. ICT Village Development Index of Province is provides support to improve the competitive- Probolinggo Regency, with a value of 0.6303 [4]. ness, efficiency, and performance of the tourism This shows that there is still a need to improve business [2]. Therefore, it is necessary to use ICT and develop villages to create an independent in developing tourism. village in Probolinggo Regency. The development of information and In Probolinggo, there are still areas that have communication technology not only concerns not equipped with phone signal service, cities but also in rural areas, which are still rarely especially in the southern region of Probolinggo touched by telecommunications networks. In Regency [5]. The gap occurs between the addition, ICT is widely applied efficiently in the northern and southern regions of the form of a village telecommunications center. ICT Probolinggo Regency. The northern region has a has an important impact on community relations, high level of teledensity, which has a high level of local capacity building, as well as on education, ICT service. Whereas in the southern region, the agricultural systems, and also on women and level of teledensity is still relatively low. One of youth empowerment in rural areas [3]. the areas with the lowest teledensity level is The existence of tourism activities and Sukapura District. information and communication technology Besides being a region with a low level of support has an impact on the development of teledensity, Sukapura District is one of the strategic areas contained in the Spatial Plans of * Correspondence Address: Probolinggo Regency [6]. Sukapura District is a AR. Rohman Taufiq Hidayat strategic area for tourism because there is one of E-mail : [email protected] the seven main destinations for Indonesian Address : Dept. Urban and Regional Planning, University of Brawijaya, MT Haryono 167, 65145, Malang.

[166] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 Village Development Index and ICT Infrastructure in Tourism Region (Hidayat et al) tourism located in this area, namely Mount Σ 퐼푛푑푖푐푎푡표푟 푋 Index = Bromo. 푀푎푥푖푚푢푚 푉푎푙푢푒 (푋) Sukapura District located in the entrance area Indicator value represents the current to Mount Bromo. Based on data from village condition. The maximum value Probolinggo Regency in 2018 (in figures) [7], 40% represents the highest value of the of tourists visited Mount Bromo. In addition, indicator that the village aims to. This there are also several other tourist attractions equation can solve an unequal number of such as Mentigen Hill which has beautiful natural variables in every dimension. scenery, Umbulan Waterfall, Lowo Cave or d. Calculating the Village Development Index unique bat cave, Seruni Tourism Village which using the following formula: showcases activities of Tengger tribal VDI = 1/3 (SSI + ESI + EVSI) communities [6]. The existence of these tourism activities certainly can support the development Description: of villages [8], especially in Sukapura District. VDI : Village Development Index Based on these issues, this study examined SSI : Social Security Index ESI : Economic Security Index the relevance of the issue with the Village EVSI :Environmental Security Index (Ecology) Development Index in Sukapura District. The study examined the characteristics of the use of Table 1. Research variables ICT infrastructure in Sukapura District, which was Dimension Variables categorized as having a low level of teledensity indices for phone signal, even though this area located in Health facility Community health Health tourism region that required ICT Infrastructure empowerment support. The two will be reviewed by linking the Health insurance Village Development Index in each village. Access to elementary

education MATERIAL AND METHOD Access to informal Education This study used the Village Development education Index calculation as well as literature studies, Access to community library which included collecting data from related Social solidarity agencies, as well as reviewing theories from Tolerance

Social security index security Social Social capital existing journals so that a descriptive analysis Security obtained. The Village Development Index (VDI) Social welfare Access to clean water used data sourced from Village Potential, which Sanitation Settlement was compiled by the Central Bureau of Statistics. Electricity VDI is a composite index consisting of social, ICT economic, and cultural Security indices that Community products Commercial center represent the sustainability dimension [4],[8]. Access to distribution and The three indices had a variable, and each logistic services variable was derived into 52 indicators. Here is Economic Access to credit and how to calculate the Village Development Index financial institutions Availability of community [4]: financial institution a. Every variable followed by an indicator. index Economic security Regional openness Number indicator in every variable is vary.

Environmental quality Each indicator has five options with an Ecology

ordinal scale. index

Ecology security security Natural disaster prone b. A value is given to each indicator between 1 to 5. The higher the score, the better the condition. e. Classifying composite index values into c. Village achievement’s value was calculated one of the Village status using the by summing up all indicators value in every following guidelines: variables. Then, calculating the value of all - Very Disdvantaged Village (< 0.491); - Disadvantaged Village (>0.491 - <0.599); variables in every dimension (social, - Developing Village ( >0.599 - <0.707); economic, and ecology, Table 1). - Developed Village ( >0.707 - <0.815); Calculating each index using the following - and Independent Village ( > 0.81) formula:

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This study examined the Village conflict occurs, it has the potential to make the Development Index in villages in Sukapura Disadvantaged Villages to fall to Very District. This study then descriptively discussed Disadvantaged Villages. ICT with VDI towards tourism development with Meanwhile, the ability of the Developing a literature review approach. In this study, ICT Villages to manage power, especially related to variables included the number of telephone potential, information/value, innovation/ connections, number of households with internet initiative, and entrepreneurship, will support the access, number of BTS, number of households progress of the Developing Villages into with radio, and number of households with Developed Villages. The classification of village television. status based on the Village Development Index also directed at strengthening efforts to facilitate Data Collection the promotion of the Villages towards This study used data derived from primary Independent Villages. and secondary surveys. A primary survey was VDI employed a sustainable development conducted using unstructured observation and concept that consists of social, economy, and interview techniques related to tourism ecology. Those explained into variables and development variables and infrastructure indicators. Equity in this context only considers conditions. Respondents of this research were 12 social and economic dimensions. According to village chiefs. They have the capability and the three E’s sustainability theory, equity affects knowledge regarding tourism and infrastructure ecology and economy. This concept ensures that development issues. Data collection for VDI and development is beneficial in economic, social, ICT variables used secondary data sourced from and ecological aspects at the same time [8]. government documents. While the relationship VDI compilation has 2 main objectives [4 ,[8 . of VDI, ICT infrastructure, and tourism using ] ] secondary data sourced from the literature. First is the determination of the status of progress and autonomy. Second, VDI aims to Village Development Index provide basic village data and information. Based Village Development Index [4],[8] (Ministry of on these two objectives, village development Village, Development of Disadvantaged Regions oriented towards increasing VDI. VDI is and Transmigration, 2015 and 2016) classified composed of 3 indices, namely social, economic, villages in five (5) status, namely: (i) Very and ecological Security. The three indices have 22 Disadvantaged Village; (ii) Disadvantaged Village; variables, where the variables explained in 52 (iii) Developing Village; (iv) Developed Village; indicators. and (v) Independent Village. The classification is aimed to show the level of the development status of each village in the range of scores of 0.27 - 0.92. The classification in the five village statuses is also aimed to sharpen the determination of the status of village development, and at the same time, recommend the necessary policy interventions. Dealing with Very Disadvantaged Villages will differ in the level of affirmation of their policies compared to Disadvantaged Villages. Developing Village related to the situation and conditions in the status of Disadvantaged Villages and Very Disadvantaged Villages can be explained by vulnerability factors. Figure 1. Dimension of Village Development Index (VDI) If there is pressure on vulnerability factors, [4][8] such as the occurrence of economic shocks, ICT infrastructure natural disasters, or social conflicts, it will make People often misunderstand ICT. Often, ICT the status of developing villages fall to always connected with things related to disadvantaged villages. And usually, if a natural computers and the internet. ICT is covering all disaster factor dealt without rapid and technologies related to tools for communication, appropriate handling, or a prolonged social both electronic and non-electronic. ICT is

[168] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 Village Development Index and ICT Infrastructure in Tourism Region (Hidayat et al) generally grouped based on the duration of the seen as a fundamental part of the tourism ICT used. Greenberg [10] divided ICT into 3 business’s modernity [13]. The tourism industry categories, namely new ICT (e.g. computers, has undergone several important changes to satellites, wireless communication, internet, e- innovative developments brought about by ICT mail, and multimedia); old ICT (e.g radio, [14]. television, telegraph and telephone); very old ICT ICT has gradually produced a paradigm shift, (newspapers, books and letters). changed the structure of the tourism industry, Currently, new ICT dominates the use of ICT. and developed various opportunities and threats ICT users take advantage of the progress of the in the tourism industry [13]. ICT provides a internet and technology to communicate. For powerful tool to bring benefits to the promotion example, there is social media use on mobile and strengthening of the tourism industry in the phones. The development of ICT requires a form of strategy and operations in general [15]. qualified infrastructure. New ICT is no longer As a result, the use of ICT in the tourism industry dependent on cables, but on wireless networks, cannot be underestimated because ICT becomes namely BTS and satellite connections. Wireless an important driving force in society today [16]. networks are very suitable for Indonesia, which Relationship between ICT Infrastructure, has geographical challenges. Therefore, the Tourism and Village Development development of the cable telephone network has ICT provides social-economic, social- not experienced a high increase. psychology, and socio-cultural benefits to its The internet as one of the ICTs uses both users [17]. From the socio-economic aspect, ICT wired and wireless networks. Due to the provides opportunities and benefits in the increasing quality and quantity of wireless welfare of rural communities. On the social- networks, internet users prefer to use mobile psychological aspect, ICT can increase prestige phones rather than computers. The use of mobile (pride) for the region. Increasing the closeness of phones has an impact on the way people the relationship between families and neighbors communicate. is a benefit of ICT. The situation and atmosphere Relationship between ICT Infrastructure and of the village are synonymous with silence. ICT Tourism supports the mobility of the population to access The synergistic relationship between the region more easily so that there is crowded information and communication technology (ICT) traffic in the rural areas. and tourism in recent times has brought The influence of ICT in these 3 aspects [17] necessary changes in the tourism industry in a have a relationship with the Village Development growing and increasingly developing context [11]. Index. In VDI, there are indicators related to ICT, ICT has reformed the entire process of namely the villagers have cellular phones and developing tourism services, management and strong signals; there are local, national and marketing, and the entire tourism industry [12]. foreign television broadcasts; and there is With the impact of increasing the efficiency and internet access. Thus, ICT and village effectiveness of tourism companies, ICT can be development cannot be separated.

Figure 2. Economic, Social, and Environmental Security Index of Sukapura District

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION 0.33, because there are no economic facilities Overview of Sukapura District and the location is very far from the cities. Sukapura District in Probolinggo Regency has The average value of the Environmental an area of 102.08 km². This district is located in Security Index in Sukapura District is 0.70. Even the southern part of the region at the foot of the though it located in an area that prone to Tengger mountain range and is 33 kilometers volcanic disasters, adaptation and mitigation away from the capital city of Probolinggo efforts in Sukapura District already exist so that Regency. Sukapura District located on the slopes the value of the Environmental Security Index in of the Tengger Mountain, which is famous for the Sukapura District classified at the developed Mount Bromo with an altitude between 650- level. 1800 meters above sea level. The land of Characteristics of ICT Infrastructure Services in Sukapura District contains minerals that originate Sukapura District from volcanic eruptions in the form of sand and Telephone Service stone, mud mixed with gray clay, the nature of Based on ICT Indicator Infographics [17], this kind of soil has a high fertility rate, so it is current telephone use in Indonesia has a service suitable if planted with vegetables and level of 4.5% with the characteristics of use in horticulture. urban areas at 8.5%, while in rural areas only at The composition of the population in 1.4%. Sukapura District has the characteristics of Sukapura District as in other regions in Indonesia a rural area. In Sukapura District, Telephone has a greater female population than the male Service Characteristics tend to spread with population. The population of women is 10,347 almost every village having a telephone network. and the population of men is 10,055, with a sex The level of telephone service in Sukapura ratio of 103. District is 3.3%, with the highest level of service For transportation facilities, most of the being in Ngadisari village. Based on the average existing roads can be passed by four-wheeled telephone service in rural areas in Indonesia, vehicles even though there are still many roads Sukapura District is in line with a higher level of from the Sukapura District area that built without service compared to the level of service in road pavement. At present, all villages can Indonesia. Sukapura Village is the center of receive mobile phone signals even though there activity in the Sukapura District so that the are also villages where the signal reception is existing infrastructure facilities centered on very low/bad. Sukapura Village. It needs to be supported by the Village Development Index of Sukapura District existence of telephone networks as a form of The average value of the Social Security Index service to the community. Nevertheless, the in Sukapura District is 0.59. It means that the highest level of service is in the village of Average Value of the Social Security Index in Ngadisari, which is a tourism region of Mount Sukapura District is at the disadvantaged level. Bromo. Six villages have a Social Security Index below the It is related to land use in the form of Guest average, with the lowest score of 0.54, namely Houses and inns, which then equipped with Kedasih Village. The highest Social Security Index facilities such as telephone networks. Telephone in Sukapura District is in Sukapura Village network services in Sukapura are not only because there are junior and senior high school supporting activities at the activity center but education facilities, and health facilities in the also in the tourism region as a form of supporting form of Puskesmas (Community Health Center) tourism activities. and post office facilities in this village. Wireless telephones, also known as The average value of the Economic Security cellphones, are experiencing the fastest Index in Sukapura District is 0.51. It means that development compared to fixed-line telephones. the Average Value of the Economic Security The use of mobile phones in the Sukapura District Index in Sukapura District is at the disadvantaged is higher than cable telephones. BTS in Sukapura level. The highest Economic Security Index in District supports the use of mobile phones even Sukapura District is in Sukapura Village because though the range of services is still limited and there is a District capital with economic facilities experiences geographical challenges. Each in the form of markets, shops, and banking in this household has at least a cellphone. Even junior village. The lowest Economic Security Index is in high school students have cellphones. So the Ngadirejo and Kedasih Villages with a value of number of uses and ownership of cable phones is

[170] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 Village Development Index and ICT Infrastructure in Tourism Region (Hidayat et al) very small. Village communities use more wired Internet service in Sukapura District relies on networks to connect to the internet. wired and wireless networks. Cable networks Mobile phones provide better flexibility and only enjoyed by residents. Tourists can enjoy economic value than wired telephones. Tourism wired internet at public or private visitors use mobile phones to record tourism accommodation. Although wired internet is attractions. Moreover, the use of mobile phones available, almost all tourists use wireless with internet facilities is increasingly widespread. internet. In fact, most residents of the Sukapura District use wireless internet service. Therefore, Internet Service the existence of BTS and signal quality is very The level of internet service in Sukapura necessary. Moreover, the use of social media by District is 1.1%. In Sukapura District, there are tourists and the community is very high. only 2 villages, namely Ngadisari Village, with 12 The use of the internet for social media can networks and Sukapura Village, with 56 encourage the development of tourism [19 [20]. networks. The characteristics of the two villages ] are Sukapura Village as a District center and Tourism managers and the public can use social trade and public services, whereas Ngadisari media as a means of promotion. Tourists use Village is a Mount Bromo tourism village so that social media as a means of self-actualization. both villages have an internet network that is Indirectly, the use of social media by tourists can used to support its service functions. be a means of tourism promotion. Based on ICT Indicator Infographics [17], BTS Service internet usage in Indonesia currently has a Towers in Sukapura District installed along service level of 7.8% with the characteristics of Local Roads. The results of plotting existing use in urban areas at 14.3%, while in rural areas towers in Sukapura District, ten towers are in a it only reaches 7.4%. In Sukapura District, the medium-density residential area. The tower level of service available still does not meet the distribution only found in two villages, Sukapura average internet service due to the limited Village, with six towers and Ngadisari Village, number of networks and geographical difficulties. with four towers. In addition to the two villages, There is a need for other ICT infrastructure in line there are no BTS towers, which makes Sukapura with the absence of the internet which is District has a low level of teledensity. constrained by geographical and installation The condition of BTS service in Sukapura problems. District is currently not evenly distributed. BTS In addition, geographical location and services are only located in Sukapura and transmission distance affect the stability of the Ngadisari Villages, this causes the level of internet connection [19]. Sukapura District teledensity in Sukapura District to be relatively located in a mountainous location that is far from low because there are still many locations that the urban center so that the internet is very have no signal service. It also relates to the limited and can only be used to support tourism geographical condition of the steep area so that activities. it does not meet the requirements in the BTS installation process.

Table 2. Comparison of ICT Infrastructure Services and Village Development Index of Sukapura District

Village Telephone Internet BTS TV Radio VDI Status Wonotoro 0.16% 0.00% 0.00% 2.65% 0.35% 0.57 Disadvantaged Wonokerto 0.14% 0.00% 0.00% 5.80% 1.14% 0.66 Developing Sukapura 1.49% 0.89% 60.00% 16.56% 2.03% 0.78 Developed Sariwani 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.80% 1.53% 0.51 Disadvantaged Sapikerep 0.14% 0.00% 0.00% 11.48% 1.32% 0.61 Developing Pakel 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.67% 0.81% 0.59 Developing Ngepung 0.22% 0.00% 0.00% 7.22% 4.71% 0.63 Developing Ngadisari 0.89% 0.19% 40.00% 6.31% 2.24% 0.66 Developing Ngadirejo 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 5.96% 2.38% 0.55 Disadvantaged Ngadas 0.17% 0.00% 0.00% 2.97% 0.68% 0.58 Disadvantaged Kedasih 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 3.59% 0.68% 0.49 Very Disadvantaged Jetak 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.58% 0.35% 0.57 Disadvantaged

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One of the things that need to be considered the regency/city center but has a large number of in the process of building BTS is the topography telephone lines. It proves that telephone service of a region, this is related to towers that are able can be a strategy in overcoming problems of to work optimally [21]. Sukapura District has a distance and accessibility in Sukapura District. It mountainous topography with many hills and is also according to Johnson’s opinion [23], which valleys, this has an impact on the technical stated that instead of direct or face to face planning of BTS development. In Sukapura communication, telecommunications encourages District, the requirements for establishment are decentralization from cities to suburbs and rural certainly more difficult because of the uneven areas. topography, which influences the number of BTSs Telecommunications development has a built based on flat topography, namely Sukapura special impact on location selection for and Ngadisari villages, because in other villages businesses [23]. Customers from regional the location tends to be hilly and there are also operating companies may buy shares of many valleys that do not allow BTS towers. telephone companies that provide their services than other telephone companies [24]. With Television and Radio Service regard to business, there is Mount Bromo There is a TV connection in all villages in Tourism in the Sukapura District area, which has Sukapura District, even though it located in a an impact on the surrounding economy, including mountainous area. The most uses are in the provision of accommodation services. Sukapura villag, which has 1042 TV connections Accounting services such as travel and lodging while the least number is in Jetak Village, which certainly require telephone connections to has 162 units. facilitate service. In terms of achievement of ICT indicators for For tourism business actors, the internet Television Services, Indonesia has a service level provides big benefits. Innkeepers use the reaching 87.7% with characteristics of use in internet as a promotional medium. Even tourists urban areas amounting to 94.2% while in rural who have stayed contributed to their posts on areas only reaches 82.6% [17]. In Sukapura the social media pages they have or spread District, the level of service available still does information through their communication tools. not meet the average television service available. Jeep rental car owners use ICT in the same way. The level of television service in Sukapura They use SMS and chat to communicate with District is 74.6%, with each village serving more potential customers. They even met for the first than half of the total number of households. time when consumers came to the jeep owner’s Television in Sukapura District serves every place for a tour. village, which then acts as a substitute for ICT Sukapura District is a strategic tourism region. Infrastructures such as the Internet, BTS, and Therefore, many tourists visit the location, Telephone, which has geographical aspects. especially to Mount Bromo. However, most Television can be accessed by every household in tourists only visit Mount Bromo. Tourists only Sukapura District, even though there are visit a small part of the tourist attraction that is geographical constraints, due to the existence of on the area. technology, which is in the form of a satellite For creative people, farming activities can dish, which then helps in terms of access to become a tourist attraction. Village communities television. It can be used as an input in the in Sukapura District can make agricultural-based development of other ICT infrastructure, namely tours to attract tourists visiting Mount Bromo, in the form of technology and innovation, so that for example, agricultural education tours such as access to each ICT infrastructure can be achieved, in Lembang Village of Bandung Regency, and even though there are obstacles in the form of picking fruit like in Gubukklakah Village of geographical location constraints. Malang Regency. The attraction is an option for Effect of ICT Infrastructure on Tourism tourists visiting Sukapura District. Development ICT, through online promotion, provides The telephone service system stated as the opportunities for new tourist attractions to main strategy to overcome geographical develop. Because of the importance and benefits weaknesses, which is related to its use in of ICT, ICT infrastructure support needs to be addressing rural problems [22]. It is related to the added. With the existence of a better ICT distance of the District to the regency/city infrastructure, all parts of Mount Bromo tourism center. Sukapura District has a great distance to

[172] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 Village Development Index and ICT Infrastructure in Tourism Region (Hidayat et al) region can be served so that visitors interested to overcome geographical weaknesses, which is and visit the location. related to its use in dealing with rural problems. The ICT infrastructure is not only for tourists. ICT has a significant influence on the For the community, ICT can encourage to development of villages in the Sukapura District increase knowledge and economic welfare. ICT related to the provision of tourist services and provides an opportunity for users to get accommodation. Accommodation services such information, especially information about prices as travel and lodging certainly require telephone and development of agriculture in accordance and internet connection to facilitate service. In with the livelihoods of the residents of Sukapura addition, limitations in terms of geographical District. problems also cause other ICT infrastructure ICT provides an opportunity for farmers to get installations such as BTS cannot be carried out economic benefits from farming activities. even though its’ coverage area is wide enough to Because at this time, they are very dependent on reach remote areas. the existence of wholesalers. The existence of Villagers can utilize ICT availability to gain wholesalers is not completely wrong because better social and economic conditions. Such as they provide an opportunity for farmers to sell using the internet to promote their products. It their crops. However, wholesalers intentionaly leads to a better livelihood. As an effect, they can determine price according to their perspective access facilities outside the villages, such as rather than a market mechanism. Farmers do not health facilities (e.g. Hospital). have other options in selling crops. With the REFERENCES existence of ICT, farmers can access markets and [1] Lane, B. 1994. Sustainable rural tourism buyers directly, so that they can strengthen their strategies: a tool for development and bargaining position when dealing with conservation. Journal of Sustainable wholesalers. Tourism 2(1), 102-111. Improving the economic condition of the [2] Berné, C., M. García-González, M. E. García- community affects village development. The Uceda and J. M. Múgica. 2015. The effect of community has the financial power to access ICT on relationship enhancement and several public services outside the village, for performance in tourism channels. Tourism example, Puskesmas (Community Health Center), Management 48, 188-198. High Schools, and Hospitals. Therefore, the effect [3] World Bank. 2005. Information and of the absence of these facilities in the village can communication technologies for rural be reduced because the construction of these development Volume II: an evaluation of facilities is uncertain due to the limited financing telecenters in Indonesia. Available at: of village development. It allows the VDI status to http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/e be low, but the welfare status experiences an n/428521468044102261/pdf/335030v20IN increase. It becomes capital for rural D0w1ver0P09151401PUBLIC1.pdf communities to improve the conditions of the [4] Indonesian Ministry of Village, Development village and VDI independently. of Disadvantaged Regions and Almost along the main road, there are stalls Transmigration. 2015. Village Development that sell people’s needs. With the ease of Index. Ministry of Village, Development of transportation routes to the village, it is used by Disadvantaged Regions and Transmigration. several residents who offer services in the form Jakarta. of motorbike taxi drivers so that the community [5] Office of Regional Development, can empower motorized vehicles owned to get Probolinggo Regency. 2015. Cell Plan income in meeting their needs. Kabupaten Probolinggo. Probolinggo. CONCLUSION [6] Government of Probolinggo Regency. 2011. The ICT infrastructure influences the value of Regional Regulation No. 3 in 2011 about the village development index, such as telephone Spatial Plan for Probolinggo Regency. network services (fixed-line and cellphone, that Probolinggo. use BTS infrastructure). It is related to the [7] Central Bureau of Statistics, Probolinggo geographical conditions of the Sukapura area. Regency. 2018. Probolinggo Regency in which is far from urban centers, telephone figures. Probolinggo. service has been proposed as the main strategy

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[174] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 Journal of Indonesian Tourism and doi: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2019.007.03.06 Development Studies E-ISSN : 2338-1647 http://jitode.ub.ac.id

Policy Implementation of Tour Guides License in Maintaining the Quality of Tourism in Bali Province

Kadek Rianita Indah Pratiwi*1, Choirul Saleh2, I Gede Eko Putra Sri Sentanu2

1Master of Public Administration, Faculty of Administrative Sciences, University of Brawijaya Malang, Indonesia 2Faculty of Administrative Sciences, University of Brawijaya Malang, Indonesia

Abstract Bali Regional Government intervenes tour guides profession by implementing the licensing policy. This phenomenon is associated with the increasing number of tourist visits to Bali and the important role of tour guides in maintaining tourism quality. This research aimed to analyze the implementation of the licensing policy for tour guides in Bali. Practically, this research can provide an understanding of policy implementers to pay attention to aspects of implementation in tour guide licensing policies in Bali. Then academically, this research can be a reference for tourism policy research related to implementation theory. A qualitative approach with the case-study analysis applied to this study. The research conducted semi-structured interviews, observations, and documentation studies in gaining insights from research data. In this research, we found that licensing policy for tour guides in the process of implementation found deficiencies in aspects of policy objectives and standards, policy resources, communication, socio-economic and political environments, and characteristics and disposition implementers. Keywords: License, Policy Implementation, Tour Guides.

INTRODUCTION1 (DTW) and tourist satisfaction [4,5]. The research Bali Tourism is still a prime area for both projects, if the tour guide carries out his role with domestic and foreign tourists. It is evident from good quality and ethics, then the quality of the data of Province Bali Central Bureau of tourism activities in Bali is also maintained. Also, Statistics (BPS Provinsi Bali) that the number of the increase in the number of visits to Bali must tourist visits to Bali has increased every year (Fig. be supported with qualified tour guides [6]. 1). Bali tourism development certainly involves The Regional Government of Bali strives to various parties, both the macro party, i.e. the improve the quality of the tour guide profession government, and the micro party, i.e. tour as an indicator of maintaining the quality of guides. tourism in Bali. This is done by implementing a The main responsibility of tour guides is to policy instrument that can be used to control in accompany tourists. More importantly, they have the form of Bali Regional Regulation Number 5 of a role to create tourism quality [1,2,3]. It is due 2016 concerning Tour Guides. Regional to the tour guides’ function as the bridge of regulations require that everyone carrying out communication between local host communities tour guide activities must have a license. Tour and visitors [2]. Much of the quality of the tourist guide licenses are government regulations so experience depends on how tour guides do their that tour guides have legitimate administrative job [3]. In Indonesia, tour guides are often recognition. In addition, the licensing policy for referred to as the nation's ambassadors or tour guides is an acknowledgment of their frontline because they connect tourist attractions professionalism because basically, the license is and visitors. Tour guide's quality and the fulfillment of standardization and professionalism are the prerequisites for this professional certification. commitment because tour guides need to The license policy for tour guides in Bali is maintain a good and positive image about the implemented as an effort by the regional area they present to tourists. Research shows government to achieve the goal of controlling tour guides service quality that guides provide and improving tour-guide quality. Implementa- influences the positive image of tourist attraction tion is always in connection, specifically with policies or as a specific response to problems that exist in society [7]. *Correspondence address: Nowadays, several studies have put their Kadek Rianita Indah Pratiwi attention on implementation studies because Email : [email protected] Address : Faculty of Administrative Sciences, University of implementation focuses more on problems Brawijaya, Mayjen Haryono No. 163, Malang, commonly faced when the government tries to 65145.

J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 [175] Tour Guides License in Maintaining the Quality of Tourism in Bali Province (Pratiwi et al) achieve its policy intentions through structured interviews conducted with implementation [8,9]. The problems in the informants, namely interview, which in line with tourism policy implementation are due to the the research focus, but not to limit the lack of the institutional management, informants’ opinions to provide more clear and relationship, and coordination structure between free information. Informants were selected using organizations, and socio-economic environments a purposive sampling technique based on the [8]. consideration that they were directly related to In addition, implementation problems are the implementation of a tour-guide license in associated with the relationship and bargaining Bali. power between interest groups [9], and the tendency of implementing attitudes that Foreign Domestic influence the implementation process [10,11]. 6 These aspects form the relationship between 5 4 policy and the performance of policy 3 implementation [11]. With that, the fate of the 2 policy implementation will lead to success or 1 0 failure in the implementing depends on the 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 complexicity of the organization and the parties Year involved. (millions) Visitors of Number Based on the above consideration, this research aimed to analyse the implementation of Figure 1. Number of Foreign and Domestic Guests in Bali, the license policy for tour guides in Bali Province 2013-2017 in the form of Regional Regulation No. 5 of 2016, Source: Bali Province in Figures [1] which focuses on the aspects of the policy The informants are the ranks of tour-guide implementer and tour guides' attitudes on the and executor policymakers in tourism activities in government policy that regulates their work. This Bali. The informants selected fourteen people, research contributes to the understanding of including the Head of Institutional Section of the license policy implementation for tour guides by Bali Government Tourism Office (Disparda Bali), considering aspects that link the complexity of Chair of the Association of Bali Regional implementing organizations and the Indonesian Guides Association (DPD HPI Bali), implementor's attitude. Head of Research and Development section tour MATERIAL AND METHOD associations and Bali travel agencies (ASITA Bali), This research is qualitative research with a Investigators Civil Servants of Bali Public Order case-study approach. In specific, the research Enforcers (PPNS Satpol PP Bali), and ten tour- location restricted to the research area, Bali guides to explore more in detail the Province. Bali is one of the provinces in Indonesia implementation of licensing policies towards the that has regional regulations for tour guides and target group. Ten guides selected purposefully is currently still potentially high in bringing are limited to, tour guides who have managed tourists (Fig. 1). licenses and are still actively working. The The research sites include Bali Government selection of tour guides with the stated criteria Tourism Office, the Office of the Regional was done by ensuring that the targeted tour Leadership Council of Tour Indonesian Tour guide is a member of the DPD HPI Bali and uses Guides Association of Bali (DPD HPI Bali) and the Tour Guides' Identity Card (KTPP). several tourist attractions on Bali Island including The secondary data were from observation in Tirta Empul Gianyar Temple, Kerta Gosa the field and documents related to the tour- Klungkung Park, Penglipuran Village Bangli, Bajra guide licensing policy. The interview data were Sandhi Museum in Denpasar, Pura Tanah Lot juxtaposed with the events during the Tabanan, and Pura Besakih Karangasem. observation and the analysis results of several The research began with determining data documents that the researcher found in the field. collection techniques. The primary data were These two techniques are useful in providing obtained through interviews, while the deep understanding and feedback to develop secondary data obtained through non-participant interview guidelines for informants. observation and documentation studies. Semi-

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Define and Design Prepare, Collect and Analyze Analyze and Conclude

Conduct 1st Write Draw Cross-Case Case Study Individual Conclusions Case Report Select Cases Modify Theory Conduct 2nd Write Develop Case Study Individual Theory Case Report Develop Design Policy Data Write Implications Collection Conduct Individual Protocol Remaining Case Case Reports Studies Write Cross- Case Report

Figure 2. Case Study Data Analysis [12]

Data Analysis License Policy for Tour Guides in Bali The data analysis follows the case-study The researcher adopted the implementation analysis technique by Robert K. Yin, which theory as recommended by Van Meter and Van consists of three steps, namely (1) define and Horn to provide a comprehensive understanding design; (2) prepare, collage and analyse; and (3) of policy implementation in the context of the analyse and conclude [12]. The analysis used implementer and his attitude. Thus, this section because it allows the researcher to explore social divided into three parts. The first part discusses cases and analyse conditions in the field as a the License Policy for tour guides consisting of whole and specifically. The stages of the case- policy objectives and standards, and the study analysis process can be seen in Figure 2. resources needed in implementing. The second part discusses the implementors of the license RESULT AND DISCUSSION policy. This section consists of sub-sections of Characteristics of Informants inter-organizational communication, organiza- The characteristics of the informants in this tional characteristics, and economic, social, and study were selected by informants involved in political environments. The third part discusses implementation of tour-guide license policy, both the tendency of tour guides' attitudes towards policy makers and policy objectives. A brief the licensing policy for their work. explanation of the characteristics of informants can be seen in (Table 1). Characteristics consist of License Policy Objectives and Standards gender, age, and education. Bali Tourism is currently developing. Local Table 1. Characteristics of Informants governments are always trying to make No. Category Total improvements to all components to maintain its 1. Gender quality. One of them is by ratifying Bali Regional Male 11 Regulation Number 5 of 2016 concerning Tour Female 3 Guides. This regulation requires tour guides to 2. Age be licensed. The implementation of accreditation, professional certification, and 21-30 years 4 licensing is a number of quality assurance 31-40 years 1 measures [13]. It is in accordance with the Law of 41-50 years 6 the Republic of Indonesia Number 10 of 2009 >50 years 3 concerning Tourism, which mandates every local 3. Education government to have standardization and Senior High School 6 certification for tourism workers and from the Bachelor (S1) 7 Government Regulation of the Republic of Masters (S2) 1 Indonesia Number 52 of 2012 concerning Competency Certification and Business Doctorate (S3) 0 Certification in Tourism. Based on these laws, the

J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 [177] Tour Guides License in Maintaining the Quality of Tourism in Bali Province (Pratiwi et al) provision of license ownership for tour guides in guiding tourists. However, tour guides have a Bali Province was carried out by standardization different view from the government on the and certification. standards. In general, tour guides argue that 1) Tour guides who fulfill the license the requirements required by the regional requirements will get a Tour-Guide Identification regulation cannot measure their ability Card (KTPP) (Fig. 3). These requirements include compared to their experience, and 2) the Indonesian citizen, having a valid National standards provided are not in accordance with Identity Card (KTP), residing/domicile in a the challenges for work complexity as said by the Regency/City in the Province of Bali for a Chair of DPP HPI Bali: minimum of 2 (two) years, age of 19 years or “The association has different perspective married, having Knowledge Test Certificate on from the government. It is okay if the Balinese Culture held by the Bali Government prospective tour guide joins competency Tourism Office, having a Tour-Guide Competency certification. However, for the tour guide who Certificate held by Professional Certification has an experience of 15 to 20 years, a Institutions, lowest educational level of Senior professional in the field of guidance, the High School (SMA or SMK) and/or having a certification test does not provide additional minimum 2-year internship experience as a tour knowledge. It is actually a contradiction with guide at the Travel Agent in Bali, being drug free, the basic meaning of competency physically and mentally healthy, and free from certification.” police records. The different views of tour guides and the Regional Regulation Number 5 Year 2016 government are essentially objection to the generally aims to control and improve the quality competency certification requirements that must of tour guides in Bali. Bali Tourism Development, be extended every three years, which causes which based on Bali Culture, is the main tour guides to be reluctant to comply with the attraction for tourist visits to Bali Province. The applicable rules. It is important to understand government encourages the license policy to the intent of a standard and policy objectives. regulate a number of tour guides who are not The implementation may fail because they reject responsible for maintaining Balinese culture. It or do not understand the objective of policy [11]. caused by the fact that unlicensed tour guides The government requires competency tend to walk tourists to shop and cannot explain certification to maintain and improve the Balinese Culture. Given that the tourism situation performance of tour guides who are always in Bali is still considered a concern, as one of the dynamic in global developments. However, they nation's ambassadors, the tour guide must be think that their work is not solely enforced by extra careful and critical in explaining tour-guide certification by Professional information to each tourist guided [6]. Certification Institutions (LSP), but appears in

their work routines. This view arose because the certification material and system tested did not provide additional knowledge compared to their experience in the field. Concerns in this certification program development still occur in developing countries [14]. Objections to guides for license policy standards lead to impeding implementation. Resource Required a b The resources needed for a policy certainly vary from access to information, finance, to Figure 3. Tour Guides Identification Card (KTPP), a) Front, human resources, and others. Resources needed b) Back. (Source: Personal Documentation) in the implementation of tour-guide policies are Based on interviews about the objectives, the in the form of human resources and financial tour guides agree with the government because resources. what they understood and preserved in Bali is The number of human resources needed in the expectation that tour guides could also the service and issuance of KTPP and the control maintain a positive image of Bali tourism while of legal tour guides shown in Table 2. The KTPP service is one-door service in DPP HPI Bali, but

[178] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 Tour Guides License in Maintaining the Quality of Tourism in Bali Province (Pratiwi et al) the number of available HR is only four persons. sufficient to conduct Balinese cultural knowledge The quantity in the organization is not sufficient testing for 120 people and 1 document (Table 3). because the employees at DPD HPI Bali are also The budget provided is still not effective, as seen busy to work as a tour guide. It inhibits KTPP from the large amount of the budget used for issuance service, causing complaints from KTPP Jegeg Bagus Bali election activities by 62%. applicants. For example, the applicant had Therefore, the budget cannot be maximized for submitted the files in September 2018, but until training activities for tour guides. This financial January 2019, the process had not finished. It resource limitation makes the tourism service caused the applicant to complain because the unable to carry out its activities other than KTPP issuance service was too long. Balinese cultural knowledge testing and to Table 2. Agencies, Activities and Number of Human provide strong KTPP card printing facilities. The Resources (SDM) KTPP card only printed to plain paper along with the signature of the Head of the Bali Government Number of Tourism Office (Fig.3.b). This weakness made it Agencies Activities human resources possible to duplicate illegal KTPP. This budget DPD HPI Bali KTPP Services 4 limitation has hampered the implementation of activities. Bali Government Issuance of KTPP 5 Meanwhile, the costs for fulfilling other Tourism Office requirements in accordance with the prevailing Bali Public Order Enforcement of 11 law directly charged to each tour guide. Some Enforcers Violations in KTPP tour guides responded that the costs incurred should be balanced with welfare for their work: This condition also occurs in the "As tour guides have been willing to do implementation of illegal tour-guide control licensing, spend expenses and carry out activities. The institution in charge of carrying out certification, I hope that tour guides in Bali are tour-guide control is Bali Public Order Enforcers well organized. Therefore, policies can also help (Satpol PP Bali). In terms of quantity, there was a tour guides increase their income, have a shortage of members of Satpol PP (Civil servise positive effect on the sustainability of tour Police Unit), which were only 11 compared to the guides." complexity of their work because Satpol PP is responsible for enforcing not only the Regional Based on the explanation above, the budget Regulation for Tour Guides but also other 21 limitation for tour guides has an impact on the regional regulations. less optimal performance of Bali Government On the other hand, financial resources also Tourism Office. Besides, it influences the needed in implementing the tour-guide policy. In tendency of tour guides’ attitudes. When the Bali Tourism Service, the budget allocation for government lacks the budget and charges each tour-guide training activities is small (only 19%) tour guide, it needs to be balanced with compared to other activities. The fund is only incentives or benefits for the people served [10].

Table 3. Tourism Institutional and Human Resource Development Program Budget for 2019

Program Performance Indicator Target Budget (IDR) Percentage Increasing the role of The number of tourism coaching 630 persons 229,314,416 19% the community in the participants to tourism awareness development of groups and high school. tourism Increasing the role of The number of tour guides given 120 persons 229.314.416 19% tourism institutions training and service standards and 1 academic study document Increased tourism The number of participants in the 18 tourist 729,314,416 62% human resources election of Jegeg Bagus Bali. ambassador

Source: Bali Government Tourism Office, 2019

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Policy Implementors Although the organizations involved have carried This section divided into three sub-sections, out communication, the clarity dimension is also namely inter-organizational communication, an important factor to consider. It means that organizational characteristics, and social, politic, the contents of a policy that are more clear and and economic environments. detailed will reduce miscommunication between organizations. The research results support the Inter-Organizational Communication viewpoint of the two opinions above. The Communication between organizations must communication factor in the implementation of meet the dimensions of consistency and clarity the tour-guide policy in Bali still faces many [10]. Stakeholders involved in tour-guide policy obstacles, especially in the clarity factor. The implementation in Bali are Bali Government informant Chair of DPD HPI Bali interviewed Tourism Office, DPD HPI Bali, and Bali Public identified miscommunication between the Order Enforcers. Hence, good communication organizations due to the lack of clarity in the among the three must be established. The information provided, such as the costs needed. established communication is coordinative (Fig.

4).

Bali Government Tourism Office

Bali Public Order DPD HPI Bali Enforcers Figure 5. Audience between Implementors. (Source: DPD HPI Bali Documentation) Figure 4. Implementor Relationship Pattern in Tour "We experienced some obstacles because we Guide Lisence (Source: Results of Analysis, 2018) Note. = coordinative relationship had misunderstood, like the obstacle of competency certification. At first, we thought In the consistency dimension, Bali that the government would subsidize the Government Tourism Office always intensively license extension. In fact, there were no coordinates with DPD HPI Bali and Bali Public subsidies for us." Order Enforcers. Communication is intertwined at the events of the Bali Cultural Knowledge Organizational Characteristics Testing carried out every year as well as event Organizational characteristics can be seen invitations or hearings in incidental meeting from its bureaucratic structure. The bureaucratic forums (Fig. 5). The hearing is used to discuss and structure is defined as characteristics, norms, and coordinate important matters related to the patterns of relationships that occur repeatedly in implementation of tour-guide policies. In executive bodies that have both potential and addition, coordination is done by utilizing social real relationships [11]. media such as WhatsApp or instant messaging. The research results show that the bureaucratic structure is one of the obstacles to "During the policy-making till the the implementation of the tour-guide policy in implementation of policies, there is always Bali. This obstacle is due to the fact that Bali coordination among Bali Provincial Government Tourism Office as the leading sector Government, DPD HPI Bali, ASITA, Bali Public of tour-guide policies in its bureaucratic structure Order Enforcers, and Bali Government Tourism does not have the authority to carry out the tour- Office. The communication has been well guide recruitment process. It only has the established. If there are problems related to authority in issuing KTPP. tour guides, these parties will conduct a Furthermore, the Bali Government Tourism problem-solving hearing." Office cooperates with DPD HPI Bali in the The implementation order must not only be recruitment and service procurement for KTPP acceptable but must how the activities are applicants. In this condition, problems arise carried out must also be clearly stated [10,14]. because the involvement of DPD HPI Bali has not

[180] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 Tour Guides License in Maintaining the Quality of Tourism in Bali Province (Pratiwi et al) supported by bureaucratic structures, adequate support the implementation of this tour guide human resources, or financial resources. It policy. The obstacle is that the local Balinese resulted in the KTPP service to seem too slow enthusiasm to pursue jobs as tour guides has and bureaucratic. Although there has been decreased, as stated by the Chair of DPD HPI Bali: coordination, the absence of procedures on clear "The community's enthusiasm for working as a authority and responsibility can inhibit the tour guide decreased because the orientation of coordination structure between organizations some communities is only to get paid with a [8]. Limited resources do not become a problem guide fee, not a basic salary. We were asked to if the implementation of this licensing policy has provide tour guides for tourists from certain a precise and clear production process. countries, but there were no applicants in that The bureaucracy structure conception is the segment." extent to which the program mechanism or flow Based on the condition, some parties take is capable of supporting the policy advantage of opportunities as tour guides implementation, so that the programs can be without following the prevailing regulations or determined from above through existing become illegal tour guides. The thing that needs procedures. One of the aspects is the availability to be considered to assess the performance of of SOP (Standard Operating Procedures)[10]. policy implementation is the extent to which the SOPs help agencies to use the available time and external environment contributes to the success standardize the employees’ actions in their daily of the public policy. The social, political, and activities to be in accordance with agreed economic environments that are not conducive procedures. This view illustrates that the can fail in the policy implementation [11]. unavailability of SOPs in the one-stop service of KTPP in DPD HPI Bali can inhibit the policy Disposition of Tour Guides implementation. This confused for tour guides Implementer's attitude is one of the regarding KTPP recruitment and control important factors that influence the success of mechanism and procedures. the policy in achieving its objectives [11]. The tendency of the tour guide's attitude towards Political, Economic, and Social Environments license policies is indeed diverse. There are tour Policy implementors’ attitudes is an external guides who comply with the policy rules seen environment unreachable by the implementors, from the issuance of KTPP every year (Fig. 6). The such as the political, social, economic tour guides who tend to be positive have a good environment. In terms of the economy, Bali understanding of policy objectives, obtain tourism is still relied upon to provide information on the implementation of activities, opportunities for the Balinese economy, viewed and financial reasons and comply with coercion. from the increase in the number of tourist visits to Bali every year (Fig. 1). In context, it is 12000 undeniable that tour guides play an important 10000 role in supporting tourism development in Bali, 8000

so their existence will still be recognized and 6000 Issuance enforced by tourists and existing travel agents 4000 [6]. It means that tourism development in Bali of KTPP Number 2000 still opens up job opportunities for tour guides. 0 However, viewed from the political and social 2015 2016 2017 2018 perspective, the increasing number of visits can Years inhibit the successful implementation of the Figure 6. Number of KTPP Issuance for 2015-2018. tour-guide policy. The inhibition on the political (Source: Bali Government Tourism Office) side is that the number of tourist visits is a On the other hand, some guides are actually political decision in the central government. indifferent. They are objected to the conditions Consequently, tourism is oriented to what is taken, the difficulty in getting the KTPP, or the called 'mass tourism'. It means that the decisions view that the policy objectives were not in determined do not consider the quality, but the accordance with their work conditions. This quantity of visits, the impact of which is that it is condition makes tour guides demanding more on difficult to provide licensed tour guides to certain policies that are truly able to add to their segments of the tourist market. experience, not burdening some aspects through In addition, social conditions also do not licensing.

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Regional Regulation No. 5 of 2016 in Bali the code of conduct are believed to be able to requires tour guides to have official permits in provide good service to tourists. the form of KTPP (Tour Guide Identity Card) License policy is used by the government to within one year from the date this regulation determine whether someone has the right to applies. However, the presence of illegal tour guide or not. If the government found tour guides and guides who do not wear traditional guides who tend to be negative about the policy, Balinese clothing and those who do not extend it will lead to non-compliance with tour guides, their KTTP is a tendency for negative attitudes such as not having a license or not extending it. It towards the policy (Table 4). is feared that the existence of unlicensed tour This disposition inhibits the successful guides can harm licensed tour guides and can not implementation of the tour-guide policy in Bali. It be accounted for compared to licensed tour seems that the implementation of the tour-guide guides. policy in Bali may be somewhat different from Bali Provincial Government, with the the objectives stated in the regional regulation. associations (Tour Guides Association (DPD HPI Table 4. Result of Sweeping Violations Tour Guides, 2014- Bali), and Travel Agents Association (ASITA)) and 2018 the Bali Public Order Enforcers (Satpol PP No. Year Yustisi* Non Yustisi* Provinsi Bali) always carry out meetings or 1. 2014 38 43 hearings related to the activities of tour guides. 2. 2015 0 118 After regular joint meetings about licensed tour 3. 2016 70 134 guides, the shortcoming referred to, is the lack of 4. 2017 136 64 supervision of tour-guide activities, therefore 5. 2018 91 28 Total 335 387 many people do tour-guide jobs illegally. The lack Source: Bali Public Order Enforcers, 2018. of supervision may have negative consequences Note. Yustisi for tour guides violations without because the implementation is more dependent KTPP ownership, non-yustisi for violations on on administrative authorities than judicial dress ethics and KTPP has a grace period. authorities [8]. Skillful and sustainable Problems in the process of implementing the supervision is needed. The license policy predicts licensing policy for tour guides were either that only tour guides who have a KTPP can directly or indirectly related to the problems of conduct guidance in Bali region, but if there is no inadequate tour-guide quality. Even though it supervision and continuous control, it will be was very clear, it helped to determine tourism difficult to achieve. quality in Bali. Tourism quality is low. One of the CONCLUSION reasons is the low quality of tour guides. This The license policy for tour guides in Bali research raises that the problem of tour guides according to Bali Regional Regulation Number 5 must be resolved comprehensively, not only of 2016 concerning Tour Guides implemented by related to the administration, but also related to Bali Regional Government states that the all aspects, namely welfare, education, and implementation process has not run according to professional protection. expectations yet. It is due to the lack of Tour guide professionalism is built through understanding of tour guides for policy objectives the license policy needed to do the work. The and standards, limited financial resources license policy fulfills the requirements of the because the source of costs is charged to each competency certificate for tour guides and tour guides, errors in receiving information due certificates of Balinese cultural knowledge. Tour to lack of communication clarity between guides as professionals are required to constantly organizations, lack of clear authority and improve their abilities, insights, and creativity in responsibility procedures in the organization's guiding tourists. In tourism, tour-guide services bureaucracy structure resulting in the delay of are one of the keys that determine the KTPP issuance service, and the challenges faced improvement of tourism quality because it is by tour-guides in current social and political directly related to the tourists guided. Qualified conditions that do not support the policy tour guides are always coveted and expected by implementation. travel agents and the government because tour These obstacles can substantially lead to the guides who have knowledge of Balinese Culture ignorance attitude of tour guides towards the and adequate skills and attitudes according to tour-guide policy in Bali. The license policy implementation process that has not been

[182] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 Tour Guides License in Maintaining the Quality of Tourism in Bali Province (Pratiwi et al) optimal resulted in poor compliance and [7] Hill, M. and P. Hupe. 2002. Implementing supervision. Preferably, government intervention public policy governance in theory and in in the form of a policy is very important, pratice. Sage Publications. London. considering the aspects that influence the [8] Ap, J. and D. Wang. 2013. factors affecting implementation process. tourism policy implementation: a The research results suggest for further conceptual framework and a case study in research is related to the research on policy China. Journal of Tourism Management 36, implementation, particularly government 221-233. regulations on human resource licenses in the [9] Krutwaysho, O. and B. Bramwell. 2009. tourism sector. This research can be further Tourism policy implementation and society. developed with more cases in other provinces in Annals of Tourism Research 37(3), 670-691. Indonesia with different economic, social, and [10] Edward III, G. C. 1980. Implementing public political conditions. This condition can be seen policy. Congressional Quarterly Press. from the challenges and gaps in tourism Washington. activities. In addition, there is an opportunity to [11] van Meter, D. and C. van Horn. 1975. The do the research on the tour guide's view of policy implementation process: a certification, both the content and the impact or conceptual framework. Administrasion and the results of its implementation for tour guides. Society 6(4), 445-88. [12] Yin, R. K. 2009. Case study research, design Acknowledgments and methods 4th Ed. Sage Publications. The author thanks the Bali Government California. Tourism Office (Dispar Bali), Bali Public Order [13] Black, R. and S. Ham. 2005. Improving the Enforcers (Satpol PP Bali), Association of Bali quality of tour guiding: toward a model for Regional Indonesian Guides (DPD HPI Bali), and tour guide certification. Journal of the tour guides who are members of the DPD HPI Ecotourism 4(3), 178-195. Bali who have been involved and provided [14] Mazmanian, D. H. and P. A. Sabatier. 1983. information in this research. Implementation and public policy. Harper REFERENCES Collins. New York. [1] Ap, J. and K. K. F. Wong. 2001. Case study on tour guiding: professionalism, issues and problems. Journal of Tourism Management 22(5), 551–563. [2] Sharma, S. and N. Chowdhary. 2014. stakeholders’ expectations from tour guides. Asia-Pacific Journal of Innovation in Hospital and Tourism 3(1), 41-60. [3] Lovrentjeva, S. 2015. Education of tourist guides: case of Croatia. Journal Elsevier Procedia Economics and Finance 23, 555- 562. [4] Darmawan, I P. E., M. K. Negara, and I P. Sudana. 2017. Pengaruh pelayanan pramuwisata lokal terhadap citra daya tarik wisata Besakih. Jurnal Analisis Pariwisata 17(2), 93-97. [5] Putra, I GA. G. L. W., I P. Sudana, and N. P. E. Mahadewi. 2016. Analisis kualitas pelayanan pramuwisata terhadap kepuasan wisatawan di PT. Bali Sun Tours. Jurnal Industri Perjalanan Wisata 4(2), 58-63. [6] Putri, I D. A. H. and N. K. S. Ratmini. 2018. Strategi komunikasi pramuwisata dalam menjaga eksistensi pariwisata Bali. Jurnal Pariwisata Budaya: Jurnal Ilmiah Pariwisata Agama dan Budaya 3(1), 1-19.

[183] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 Journal of Indonesian Tourism and doi: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2019.007.03.07 Development Studies E-ISSN : 2338-1647 http://jitode.ub.ac.id

Risk Management of OHS for Landfilling Construction in Talangagung Edu- Tourism Landfill

Dhymas Sulistyono Putro1*, Arief Rachmansyah2, Bagyo Yanuwiadi3

1Master Program of Environmental Management and Development, Graduate Program, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia 2Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia 3Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia

Abstract Talangagung Edu-Tourism Landfill is one of the landfills in Indonesia that leads to the Edu-Tourism Landfill. Thus, there is a need for Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) risk management for workers to improve service to tourists. Aim of the study is to determine, identify, analyze, and compile hazard sources or injury potential and risk assessment in activities from technical workers in the work area of Talangagung Edu-Tourism, as well as risk control that can be applied to reduce the consequences of each hazard sources or injury potential. The data collected through observations, interviews, and brainstorming to all technical workers and a chief. The processing of occupational health and safety risk management data was based on the Job Safety Analysis (JSA) concept. The hazard source or injury potential identification finds 7 activities. Each of which several steps along with their hazard source or injury potential and consequences identified. There are 43 hazard sources or injury potentials, from which, based on the risk assessment, 14 are extreme (E), 12 are high (H), 2 are medium (M), and 15 are low (L). The control divided into two. Eight of the controls conducted by the management of Talangagung Edu-Tourism and seventeen of the rest controls suggested by the researcher. By applying OHS Risk Management, they will increase the number of tourists because it improves the quality of the workers in service. Keywords: Job Safety analysis, OHS, risk management.

INTRODUCTION* and risk control [7]. Talangagung Edu-Tourism Waste is a serious problem for humans, has visitors, which written in the guest book and including Indonesians. Therefore, further the schedule of visits that have been made. It is processing is required [1]. Wastes in Indonesia is necessary to conduct OHS risk management, to processed by establishing a landfill, one which protect tourists along with the activities in the operates in Malang Regency, namely landfill. Thus OHS risk management needs to be Talangagung Edu-Tourism Landfill. Talangagung applied in advance to the technical workers then Edu-Tourism Landfill is one of the landfills in the management can provide OHS risk Indonesia that leads to the Edu-Tourism Landfill. management education to the tourists. This One of the supporting components is the study aimed to determine the hazard sources or workers. Workers who are in the work area of injury potential and risk assessment in activities Talangagung Edu-Tourism will have the potential from technical workers in the work area of to be affected by sources of danger or potential Talangagung Edu-Tourism, as well as risk control injuries originating from the work environment that can be applied to reduce the consequences [2,3,4]. of each hazard sources or injury potential. The Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) METHOD Risk Management for workers will increase Research Location workers’ productivity, which will have an impact This research was conducted at the landfill of on maximum service to tourists of Talangagung Talangagung Village in Kepanjen District, Malang Edu-Tourism Landfill [5,6]. The maximum service Regency, located at 8°07’14.81’’ S and application of OHS risk management in the 112°33’43.00’’ E. This research was conducted in operation of landfills includes hazard source or November - December 2018. The land area injury potential identification, risk assessment, Talangagung Edu-Tourism is ± 2. 66 Ha. The landfill is fully managed by the Environmental * Correspondence address: Office of Malang Regency and managed by 13 Dhymas Sulistyono Putro technical workers and a chief. Its location Email : [email protected] showed in the following Figure 1. Address : Postgraduate School, University of Brawijaya, Mayjen Haryono No. 169, Malang, 65145.

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substitution, technical engineering, administra- tion control, and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) usage. Based on the guidelines, a risk management strategy to suppress likelihood, severity, and consequences, as well as risk transfers, are developed [9]. Table 1. Qualitative Measure of Likelihood Level Description Detail A Almost Certain Can happen at any time B Likely Possibly frequent C Possible Might happen occasionally

D Unlikely Rarely happen Figure 1. Talangagung landfill area, Kepanjen, Malang, E Rare Only in certain condition East Java. (a) Office, (b) Hall Source: AS/NZS 4360:2004 [9] Data Collection Table 2. Qualitative Measure of Severity The data of this study collected through Level Description Detail observations, interviews, and brainstorming. The 1 Insignificant No injury, small financial loss observation carried out to observe and record 2 Minor Mild injury, medium financial loss directly the object of the study, namely hazard 3 Moderate Medium injury, require medical sources or injury potential. Observation of hazard treatment, big financial loss sources or injury potential was based on 4 Major Severe injury of more than one person, big financial loss, activities from all technical workers of the production disruption Talangagung Edu-Tourism Landfill. 5 Catastrophic Fatal to more than one person, The interviews conducted to all technical massive losses and long-term workers of the Talangagung Edu-Tourism Landfill extensive effect, activity shut about their activities. The interviews will help in down determining the hazard sources or injury Source: AS/NZS 4360:2004 [9] potential, risk assessment of hazard sources or Table 3. Risk Matrix injury potential, and appropriate risk control Severity Likelihood based on each hazard sources or injury potential. 1 2 3 4 5 The brainstorming or group discussion was A H H E E E conducted in all OHS Risk Management stages B M H H E E using competencies from the researcher and all C L M H E E technical workers involved in the work area; they D L L M H E are 13 technical workers and a chief. It discussed E L L M H H hazard source or injury potentials identification, Notes: E= Extreme Risk, H= High Risk, M= Medium Risk, risk assessment, and risk control in their work L= Low Risk Source: AS/NZS 4360:2004 [9]. area so far. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Data Analysis Hazard Source or Injury Potential Identification The objective of the hazard source or injury and Risk Assessment potential identification is to determine hazard Landfilling Construction consists of seven potential for the employees based on their tasks. activities (Table 4). They are digging, coral stone The identification uses Job Safety Analysis (JSA) arrangement, leachate drainage installation, because this concept emphasizes the relationship methane harness installation, temporary landfill between humans and their job [8]. In addition, covering, and final landfill covering. In all seven the concept was selected based on the types and activities, there are several steps along with their steps of the tasks. Once hazard potentials hazard source or injury potential and identified, risk assessment took place, using a risk consequences. The digging consists of three matrix based on [8] standard, divided into the steps, excavator mobilization, excavator footing qualitative measure of Likelihood (L) and Severity determination, and excavation until the (S). The following Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 predetermined depth. During excavator mobiliza- were used in the risk assessment. tion and excavator footing determination, landfill OHSAS 18001 provides risk control guidelines covering takes place. with several approaches; they are elimination,

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Table 4. Result of Hazard Source or Injury Potential Identification and Risk Assessment Hazard Source or Risk Matrix Activity Steps Consequences Injury Potential S LL RR Soil Digging Excavator Mobilization Operators do not Heavy equipment does not 1 C L have OHS license operate optimally Distance with other Heavy equipment endangers 4 D H workers other workers Excavator footing Operators do not Heavy equipment does not 1 C L determination have OHS license operate optimally Distance with other Heavy equipment endangers 4 D H workers other workers Waste slide Buried 2 D L Slippery Surface Slipped 2 D L Excavation until the Operators do not Heavy equipment does not 1 C L predetermined depth have OHS license operate optimally Landslide Buried 5 A H Slippery Surface Slipped 2 D L Distance with other Heavy equipment endangers 4 D H workers other workers Coral stone Inserting the mold drum into Landslide Buried 3 A E arrangement the soil Slippery Surface Slipped 3 C H Ambient air quality Respiratory problems 3 A E arranging the coral stone in Landslide Buried 3 A E the drum Slippery surface Slipped 3 C H Ambient air quality Respiratory problems 3 A E Leachate drainage Cutting holes of installation Sharp drill tip Injured worker’s hands 2 D L installation pipes Pipe splinters Entering the body 2 C M Putting pipes vertically on Landslide Buried 4 A E the landfill base Slippery surface Slipped 3 C H Ambient air quality Respiratory problems 4 A E Methane harness Cutting holes of installation Sharp drill tip Injured worker’s hands 2 D L installation pipes Pipe splinters Entering the body 2 C M Putting pipes vertically on Landslide Buried 4 A E the landfill base Slippery surface Slipped 3 C H Ambient air quality Respiratory problems 4 A E Connecting pipe lines on Blower electric Electric shock 3 C H landfill to blowers current Ambient air quality Respiratory problems 2 B E Temporary landfill Tarpaulin mobilization Slippery surface Slipped 1 E L covering Tarpaulin spreading Landslide Buried 4 A E Slippery surface Slipped 3 C H Final landfill covering Excavator mobilization Operators do not Heavy equipment does not 1 C L have OHS license operate optimally Distance with other Heavy equipment endangers 4 C E workers other workers Excavator footing Operators do not Heavy equipment does not 1 C L determination have OHS license operate optimally Waste slide Buried 1 A H Slippery surface Slipped 2 D L Distance with other Heavy equipment endangers 4 C E workers other workers Landslide Buried 4 C E Soil digging around the Operators do not Heavy equipment does not 1 C L landfill have OHS license operate optimally Waste slide Buried 1 A H Slippery surface Slipped 2 D L Distance with other Heavy equipment endangers 4 C E workers other workers Landslide Buried 4 C E Notes: S= Severity (1-5), LL=Level of Likelihood (A-E), RR =Risk Rate; E= Extreme Risk, H= High Risk, M= Medium Risk, L= Low Risk.

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There are several hazard sources or injury because workers do not have to go into the potentials of the landfill covering. First, operators landfill during the former activity, while workers of excavators do not have an OHS license, which have to go into the landfill during the later cause suboptimal equipment operation, hence activities, exposing them with the risk of a increasing the operational hour. Since the hazard landslide from the surface. source or injury potential does not cause either Hazard source or injury potential from a financial or physical loss, the risk categorized as slippery surface is different from the previously low (L). mentioned, which endangers workers. The risk is Second, the distance between the excavator high (H), similar to those from leachate drainage and other personnel is close. Therefore, the risk installation and methane harness installation and is categorized as high (H) and extreme (E). The final landfill covering when workers are difference in risk level caused by the fact that spreading the tarpaulin. However, the risk of some workers are still in the landfill location tarpaulin mobilization during the temporary during the final landfill covering to check the final landfill covering is low (L). The difference is condition of methane harness and leachate caused by the fact, that the soil inclination and installation. It was different from the condition structure during the tarpaulin mobilization is during the digging. relatively stable, and the mobilization takes place The hazard sources or injury potentials during in different spots. The landfilling produces foully the excavator footing determination are the smelled Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), causing a operators of excavators do not have OHS license, decrease in ambient air quality and disturb waste slide, and slippery surface. Waste pile human respiration [11,12]. The risk is extreme exceeding the excavator’s height has the (E), but the severity is different. potential of a waste slide that may bury the The severity of the coral stone arrangement is operating excavator. This hazard source or injury 3 because workers are surrounded by other potential is categorized into low (L) and high (H). landfills that are decomposing and producing The difference caused by the fact that the soil methane byproducts that disturb respiration. surface around the pile during the digging is During the methane harness installation, when more stable than during the final landfill workers set pipes vertically on the landfill base, covering, so the later activity has a higher risk. the condition of the workers is similar to the The location of the Talangagung Edu-Tourism condition during the coral stone arrangement, landfill tends to be slippery due to rainwater and which requires workers to go into the landfill for scattering waste, becoming a hazard source for methane harness installation. So the potential of excavators during the digging and landfill having respiratory problems is higher with a covering, making it loses his footing. The risk score of 4. In the same activity, during the step of assessment of both activities is low (L) risk. A connecting pipelines in the landfill to the blower, similar risk assessment result is based on a the severity is 2, because the step is far from the similar hazard source or OHS risk and a similar landfilling location. unsafe condition [10]. The hazard sources or injury potentials of The next hazard source or injury potential is a leachate drainage installation are sharp drill tip, landslide that might happen to excavators. The pipe splinters, landslide, slippery surface, and risk level is high (H) and extreme (E). The high (H) ambient air quality. The sharp drill tip can harm risk happens during the digging, where the soil is the worker’s hand. The risk of this hazard source relatively stable, and the extreme (E) risk or injury potential is low (L) because the happens during the temporary landfill covering prevention is easy and the consequence is easy, and final landfill covering, where the dug soil is to handle. The drilling causes pipe splinters that relatively unstable and potential for collapsing. can enter the worker’s respiration. The risk is The coral-stone arrangement consists of two medium (M) because the splinter is invisible, and steps; they are inserting the mold drum into the the consequence is indirect. Both hazard sources soil and arranging the coral stone in the drum. and injury potentials found during methane The extreme (E) risk occurs in land sliding, which harness installation. The environmental condition is different from the previous identification, i.e. of the hazard sources or injury potentials is the on workers. The severity (S) of coral stone same, so the risk levels are the same. arrangement is 3, while the severity of leachate The hazard sources or injury potentials of drainage installation and methane harness methane harness installation are sharp drill tip, installation is 4. The different severity occurs pipe splinter, landslide, slippery surface, ambient

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air quality, and electric current of the blower. All be well determined in excavator operation by the hazard sources and injury potentials have making prohibiting signs toward the operation of been identified previously except the electric heavy equipment. Prohibition signs have the current. The distribution of methane to the potential of reducing or eliminating conse- community uses blowers that use electricity, quences [14]. Waste slide makes excavators exposing workers to the danger of electric shock. buried during the operation. It is advisable that Since the consequence directly felt, the risk is the footing of the excavators set away from high (H). waste pile potential for sliding. Keeping the body The hazard sources or injury potentials of away from hazard source or injury potential is a temporary landfill covering are slippery surface risk control [15]. and landslide, while those of final land covering The hazard source or injury potential of are operators of excavator do not have OHS slippery surface is excavator and worker. In terms license, the distance between workers, waste of the excavator, it is advisable to do slide, slippery surface, and landslide, described in maintenance, especially on the wheel system. In the previous activities. Table 4 is the result of terms of the worker, the suggestion is on hazard source or injury potential identification elimination control and PPE usage. For the and risk assessment. former, it is advisable to pay attention to the Risk Control slippery surface before entering the dugouts, The result of risk assessment derived by while for the latter, it is advisable to provide applying risk control over each hazard source or appropriate protective shoes, such as those that injury potential. Thus the consequences can be do not absorb water and those with soles that minimized or even eliminated. Risk control help firm footing. Failure to use PPE and divided into existing control, which has been inappropriate use of PPE increases hazard or conducted by Talangagung Edu-Tourism Landfill, injury potential and its consequences [16]. and suggestion, which is the risk control As in the above, hazard source or injury recommended by the researcher (Table 5). potential of landslide is excavator and worker. In Lifting and transporting instruments must be terms of the excavator, risk control accomplished operated by lifting and transporting instrument by prioritizing non-landslide-potential soil. In operators with OHS license and workbooks terms of the worker, landslide potential should according to their types and qualifications [13]. be checked the before entering the dugouts and Therefore, excavator operators must join training intensify the communication with other workers to obtain OHS license and must increase their on duty to inform the incoming hazard or injury knowledge in operating the equipment. Distance potential. One of the obstacles to risk control is between workers and heavy equipment should poor communication among workers [17]. Table 5. Result of Risk Control Existing Control Suggestion Excavator operators have received training from heavy Sending excavator operators to trainings to obtain OHS license equipment producers Determining heavy equipment footing that is safe from Determining a minimum distance during heavy equipment slippery surface and collapsing potential operation Using protective shoes Keeping the footing of heavy equipment away from waste pile with collapsing potential Cutting off the working time by involving all workers Maintaining the heavy equipment available Medical checkup for all workers of the site Prioritizing non-landslide-potential soil Keeping a safe distance between hand and sharp drill tip Check the landslide potential before entering the dugouts Keeping a safe distance between nose and pipe Intensifying the communication with other workers on duty Choosing a more relatively stable footing Check the landslide potential before entering the dugouts Providing appropriate protective shoes Using appropriate breathing masks Wearing appropriate protective gloves Improving communication among involved workers Wearing well insulated protective equipment Using tools that help improve footing Sending excavator operators to trainings to obtain OHS license Determining minimum safe distance during heavy equipment operation

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One of the hazard sources or injury potentials eliminated so risk control can provide that is difficult to control is ambient air quality appropriate protective shoes and breathing since it is difficult to identify. The controls that masks given to tourists or appealed before have been done are cutting off the working time visiting. by involving all workers available, and medical CONCLUSION checkup by doctors from Kepanjen Health Center The landfilling construction at Talangagung once in three months. Workers should use Edu-Tourism Landfill divided into several appropriate breathing masks, which can reduce activities; they are digging, coral stone the effect of low ambient air quality. There is a arrangement, leachate drainage installation, relationship between PPE usage and respiration methane harness installation, temporary landfill health [18]. covering, and final landfill covering. Each of Sharp drill tip poses direct and immediate which several steps has it’s with their hazard consequences, harming worker’s hands. In source or injury potential and consequences. addition to keeping a safe distance between the We identified that there are 43 hazards hand and sharp drill tip, workers should wear sources or injury potentials, from which, based appropriate gloves when operating drills to on the risk assessment, fourteen are extreme (E), reduce the hazard or injury potential. The twelve are high (H), two are medium (M), and particle of pipe splinter is very small, so it is fifteen are low (L). Risk control is required to difficult to see using bare eyes, and keeping a reduce the existing risk. The controls are as safe distance between nose and pipe during the follows. Eight of the control has been done by drilling is not enough to reduce hazard or injury the management of Talangagung Edu-Tourism, potential. Therefore, for risk, it is advisable to use and seventeen of them suggested by the appropriate breathing masks. researcher. By applying OHS Risk Management, it The blower was used during methane harness will increase the number of visitors because it installation. The blower uses electricity, thus it improves the quality of the workers in service. has potential for electric shock. The advisable risk Acknowledgement control is intensifying communication with other The researcher would like to express his workers on duty and using well-insulated PPE gratitude to the Environmental Office of Malang such as those made of rubber, plastic, and cloth. Regency as the manager of Talangagung Edu- Table 5 is the result of risk control in the Tourism and all employees of the site for their landfilling construction. hard work in helping the accomplishment of this OHS Risk Management in Development of Edu- research. Tourism REFERENCES OHS risk management in Talangagung Edu- [1] Mulasari, S. A., A. H. Husodo, and N. Tourism Landfill will also have an impact on Muhadjir. 2014. Kebijakan pemerintah tourism development [19,20]. The application of dalam pengelolaan sampah domestik. OHS Risk Management to the workers is one of KESMAS National Public Health Journal 8(8), the supporting factors for increasing service to 404-410. tourists, accompanied by an increase in workers’ [2] Kasam. 2011. Analisis resiko lingkungan productivity while in the work area [21]. The pada Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA) enhancement in service will be increasing the sampah (Studi Kasus: TPA Piyungan Bantul). number of tourists in Talangagung Edu-Tourism Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Lingkungan 3(1), Landfill [22-25]. 19-30. In addition, tourists will get information [3] President of Republic of Indonesia. 1970. regarding the hazard sources or injury potential Law of Republic of Indonesia No.1 about and consequences of the Talangagung Edu- work safety. Republic of Indonesia. Jakarta. Tourism Landfill. The results of OHS risk [4] Harjanti, W. S, Y. H. Darundiati, and N. A. Y. management resulted in 2 hazard sources or Dewanti. 2016. Analisis risiko kesehatan injury potential, namely the ambient air quality lingkungan pajanan gas amonia (NH3) pada and slippery surface. These are found in the work pemulung di TPA Jatibarang, Semarang. area of the Talangagung Edu-Tourism Landfill so Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 4(3), 921-930. that it will have an impact on the condition of [5] Denik, K., M. Al. Musadieq, and M. Djudi. tourists. Both hazard sources or injury potential 2017. Pengaruh Keselamatan Kerja dan and their consequences can be minimized or Kesehatan Kerja (K3) terhadap motivasi

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Water Quality Evaluation of Kromoleo Swamp Tourist Area using Phytoplankton and Periphyton as Bioindicators in the Sumberpucung Sub-District, Malang, Indonesia

Nudia Mella Pratikasari*, Endang Arisoesilaningsih, Catur Retnaningdyah

Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia

Abstract Kromoleo swamp located in Sumberpucung Malang is used as tourism, fishing, agricultural and fisheries area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the water quality in Kromoleo Swamp based on physical, chemical and biological parameters (phytoplankton and periphyton). Water biotic and abiotic factors were taken at upstream, middle 1 (left and right sides), middle 2 (left and right sides), and downstream (left and right sides). Measurements of water chemical and physics quality included temperature, brightness, solar intensity, turbidity, conductivity, pH, DO, nitrate, orthophosphate, and BOD content, as well as determined by phytoplankton and periphyton as bioindicators. TDI index (Trophic Diatom Index) was used to determine trophic status. Meanwhile, %PTV (Pollution Tolerant Value) was used to determine the level of organic pollution. The results of this study indicated the parameters of water temperature, pH, DO, nitrate and conductivity were still in normal levels, while BOD, turbidity, orthophosphate and water brightness reflected high organic matter pollution. Water quality based on the Shannon-Wiener diversity index of phytoplankton and periphyton was classified as clean water (H'=3.3 – 4.3). However, aquatic trophic status based on TDI index value on phytoplankton and periphyton (69.10 – 86.71) were categorized as eutrophic to hyper eutrophic water. While the pollution level based on % PTV in phytoplankton and periphyton ( 27.62 - 66.88%) grouped into lightly - heavy organic polluted. Keywords: Periphyton, Phytoplankton, Swamp, Tourism, Water Quality.

INTRODUCTION* farming, fishing, bathing, washing, and tourist Malang is a regency in East Java that has attractions change the aquatic ecosystem. diverse tourism potential with its natural beauty. Therefore protection of swamps is urgently Kromoleo swamp and its spring have a tourist needed by monitoring water quality. Its attraction that is managed by Senggreng village monitoring can be done by measurements of located in the Sumberpucung sub-district, physical, chemical and as well as aquatic biota Malang Regency. Kromoleo swamp has high parameters as bioindicators. potential natural resources to develop floating Aquatic bioindicators are used to assess the restaurants, water sports, and fishing ponds. This health and integrity of ecosystem. The study of potential may improve local community organisms in disturbed ecosystems will provide economics. important information on changes in water The development of tourism activities in the quality, which are usually recorded based on Kromoleo swamp increased. Unfortunately, the existing species and abundance, as well as their positive benefits followed by negative impacts. If presence or absence of patterns of distribution the water quality is poor and or polluted, it may [1]. produce an unpleasant smell and unsafety for Phytoplankton is highly recommended as a visiting tourists. The water conditions used for bioindicator of water because it has a variety of tourism was concerned by society, because good spatial and temporal distributions [2]. Water quality and clean water conditions are important quality can be determined by using periphyton as for sustainable tourism destinations. a bioindicator. It is due to its high reproduction The survey results showed that the activities rate and a very short life cycle. Thus, it is of the surrounding community who often use expected to reflect the impact of water quality swamps with various activities such as intensive changes [3]. Based on the background above, this study aimed to evaluate the water quality of Kromoleo * Correspondence address: swamp used as a tourist attraction. To improve Nudia Mella Pratikasari tourism competitiveness of existing ecosystems, Email : [email protected] Address : Dept. Biology, Universitas Brawijaya, Veteran the development of nature-based tourism Malang, Malang 65145. requires the sustainability concept, integrated by the conservation concern. Measurement of

J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 [191] Kromoleo Swamp Tourism in Malang Regency (Pratikasari et al) water quality includes the water physical and measurements. We took 1 liter of water samples chemical and biotic indices analyzed using the using a water sampler in depth of 3-5 meters and TDI index (Trophic Diatom Index) and %PTV then filtered using a plankton net, then put into a (Pollutant Tolerant Value) as bioindicators. flacon bottle with 10 drops of 4% formalin and 5 drops of CuSO4. Whereas for periphyton RESEARCH METHODS Study area observation held by using artificial substrate (5 x The study was conducted on January 2018 - 5 cm). April 2019 in the Sumberpucung Sub-District, The substrate with buoys applied in the water Malang Regency at ordinate 08°09'35.8'' S and during 2-3 weeks at each station, so the 112°30'44.6'' E to 08°09'51.2'' S and 112°30'34.6'' substrate submerged in the water as periphyton E. It is located in the upstream, middle 1 (left and growing media. Three substrates were applied as right sides), middle 2 (left and right sides), and a replication at each station. Then periphyton downstream (left and right sides) stations (Fig. 1). samples were taken by sweeping on the surface The water, periphyton, and phytoplankton were of the substrate and put in a shallow pan and sampled. Physical and chemical water filtered using on the plankton net and sprayed parameters, periphyton, and phytoplankton with water. Periphyton samples were filled in a density were measured and analyzed in the flacon bottle and dripped with formalin and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, CuSO4. Periphyton and phytoplankton sampling Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, at seven stations with three replication, so the University of Brawijaya Malang. total was 42 samples. Determination of Physical and Chemical Water Data analysis Quality The physical and chemical water quality data Physical and chemical water parameters were were analyzed using a multiple comparison test measured. Water temperature measured with a among research stations using ANOVA by Turkey thermometer, brightness with Secchi disk, the HSD (if data distribution was normal) and the solar intensity with a lux meter. We also use pH Brown-Forsythe test. It then continued by the meter, DO meter, conductivity meter, and Games-Howell test (in case of the data was not turbidity meter. Orthophosphate was measured homogeneous). Profile of phytoplankton and by using the molybdate method and BOD using periphyton were determined based on the INP potentiometry [4]. Value, Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H'), Taxa Richness, Trophic Diatom Index (TDI) and Phytoplankton and Periphyton Sampling percentage Pollution Tolerant Value (% PTV) Phytoplankton samples were taken in the [5,6]. same sites with water physical and chemical

Figure1. Research location map in Kromoleo Swamp Note:* station 1 to 4 were sampling sites

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION conductivity value was in the upstream station Physical-Chemical Parameters and the lowest in downstream (left side) station. The physical and chemical water parameters Conductivity comes from nitrate, phosphate, in Kromoleo swamp showed in Table 1. The chloride, sulfate, iron, calcium, and aluminum. water temperature ranged from 26.9°C to 28.4°C. These ions were contained in domestic waste. The highest water temperature located upstream Conductivity values that are too high can damage (location 1) with 28.4°C. It was because of the aquatic organisms [12]. A decrease in water different time while measure-ments affect the quality disrupted aquatic organism within. temperature. Measurements at station 1 carried The pH value of Kromoleo Swamp ranged out during the day. The water surface from 6.06 to 7.4. The lowest pH value was in temperature in Indonesia generally ranged from downstream (left side), while the highest was in 23°C to 31°C. Naturally, the surface water location 1 (upstream). Water pH stability is temperature is warmer because it gets solar strongly influenced by the growth of radiation during the day [7]. Temperature is a phytoplankton, in this case, related to CO2 as an limiting factor for aquatic organisms because ingredient for photosynthesis. pH influenced by aquatic biota is susceptible to the increase in biological activities such as photosynthesis and water temperature [8]. respiration of organisms. pH values changes in The highest water brightness found in the waters can affect the growth of the biological middle 1 (left side) station with 67.3 cm and the activity of aquatic organisms [13]. Drastically lowest value is in an upstream station with 23 increasing the acidity of the water can be due to cm. The high brightness in the middle 1 (left side) acid rain [14]. station because this site was a central area of the Dissolved oxygen (DO) value ranged from swamp that is open and relatively calm so that 4.48 mg.L-1 to 6.23 mg.L-1. The highest DO in the the light can be deeper entering the waters. upstream station, while the lowest was in Brightness values expressed in meters and downstream (left side) station. The low level of strongly influenced by weather conditions, dissolved oxygen can be influenced by several measurement time, turbidity, suspended solids, factors, which can be due to organic pollution as well as the accuracy of the researcher. The and the lack of oxygen producers [15]. Low measurements of brightness parameters should dissolved oxygen value in an ecosystem can be conducted during sunny weather [9]. disrupt aquatic life [16]. It will also affect the The highest solar intensity in Rawa Kromoleo community respiration in a water ecosystem was in the middle 1(right side) station, its belong [17]. 131.5klux, while for the lowest value in middle 2 Nitrate value in Kromoleo Swamp ranged (left side)22.3 Klux. Location middle 2 (right side) from 0.62 mg.L-1 to 0.77 mg.L-1. The highest had the highest solar intensity value because nitrate value is in the middle 1 (right side) station there were no trees around the swamp while and lowest at downstream (left side) station. The sampling, it make the sunlight easier to fill the increasing of nitrate can be due to decomposer waters. Factors that caused the difference in activity and the presence of several aquatic solar intensity are the presence of sunlight and organism wastes [18]. the position (latitude-longitude) of the waters to Orthophosphate value ranged from 1.13 the sun. The coming angle of sunlight depends on mg.L-1 to 1.48 mg.L-1. The highest orthophos- different times (morning or evening), even phate was in the upstream station and the lowest differences can occur at any time [10]. was in downstream (left side) station. The Turbidity value ranged from 6.39 to 101.63 orthophosphate value in the upstream station NTU. The highest turbidity value was in the was higher than other stations caused by the upstream and lowest in the downstream (left agricultural waste flowing into the swamp; this side) station. Turbidity indicate the brightness of station intersects directly with rice fields. In the water, which is determined based on the general, orthophosphate used for plant amount of sunlight that entering the waters. High metabolism in the process of its growth. turbidity can be caused by high levels of organic Therefore, human activities such as agriculture, and inorganic materials that dissolved and orthophosphate parameters can be used in the suspended into water [11]. growth of crops. The rest of the orthophosphate Conductivity value in the Kromoleo Swamp will flow to the river [19]. Orthophosphate is the ranged from 303.66 - 370.33 µS.cm-1. The highest limiting factor used for the growth of algae in lakes and rivers [20].

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Table 1. Water Physical and Chemical Parameters in Kromoleo Swamp Sumberpucung Malang

Upstre Middle Middle 1 Middle 2 Middle 2 Downstrea Downstream *Government Parameters am 1 (L) (R) (L) (R) m (L) (R) regulation Water 28.4 27.36 28 27.7 28.2 26.9 27.6 Deviation 3 temperature (°C) Brightness (cm) 23 67.33 40.66 68 48 66.33 56.33 >400**** Sunlight intensity 63.70 54.80 131.47 22.33 82.70 24.63 767.67 - (klux) Turbidity (NTU) 101.63 7.69 9.54 7.72 7.3 6.39 7.93 5 – 30 Conductivity 370.33 338.33 351 331.33 310.67 303.66 311.66 0-3000*** (µS.cm-1) pH 7.4 6.29 7.03 6.13 6.52 6.06 6.09 6-9 DO (mg.L-1) 6.23 5.1 4.7 4.96 4.95 4.48 4.74 >4 Nitrate (mg.L-1) 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.67 0.66 0.62 0.7 10 Orthoposphate 1.47 1.13 1.16 1.12 1.16 1.13 1.17 0,04 – 0,16** (mg.L-1) BOD (mg.L-1) 14.13 12.13 12.27 9.97 10.59 12.32 12.02 3 Description: *Indonesia Goverment Regulation No.82, 2001, ** Retnaningdyah et al. [26]. *** FAO [27], ****Carlson and simpson [28] The activity of decomposers in decomposing dominated by Nitzchia palea (13.65%), Nitzchia organics matter is determined by BOD value. filiform (13.20%), and Nitzchia minerals(12.75%). High BOD value reflects the high organic content Downstream (right side) station was dominated that can be degraded biologically. BOD value by Navicula gregaria (13.69%), Pediastrum ranged from 9.97 mg.L-1 to 14.13 mg.L-1. In simplex (12.89%), and Nitzchia palea (12.09%). natural waters, dead plants and animals are sources of organic matter. In addition, domestic and industrial waste also affect BOD value [9]. Based on the result above, it was known physical and chemical water parameters that not qualified in standards were BOD, turbidity, orthophosphate, and water brightness. Those parameters had high value, caused by domestic waste, organic waste, and mud sedimentation through into the waters. Figure 3. The Taxa Richness of Phytoplankton in Kromoleo Swamp Water Quality in Kromoleo Swamp Based on Phytoplankton Based on the results of IVI analysis (Fig. 4), The highest taxa richness of phytoplankton there were two groups of plankton which always (Fig. 3) in Kromoleo Swamp was in downstream appear in large quantities than others, (left side) station (25), and the lowest middle Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta. Bacillariophyta 1(right side) station (18). IVI (Important Value group showed the highest appearance in the Index) showed that each station dominated by waters. It caused by a high ratio of N and P values different species. In the upstream station was in the Kromoleo Swamp. With a high N/P ratio in dominated by Pediastrum simplex (19.60%), water, the composition of the Bacillariophyta Navicula gregaria (17.64%), and Nitzchia palea group plankton will increase [21]. N is an (15.06%). In middle 1 (left side) was dominated important nutrient to support the growth of by Pediastrum simplex(17.30%), Nitzchia palea diatom phytoplankton (Bacillariophyta) [22]. (15.72%), and Skeletonema (14.57%). In middle 1 Phytoplankton Diversity Index based on (right side) was dominated by Mastogloia Shannon-Wiener (H') (Fig. 5) ranged from 3.62 to (27.19%), Navicula gregaria (23.13%), and D. 4.36. The highest was in downstream (right side) Vulgaris (19.27%). In middle 2 (left side) was station, which means that the condition of the dominated by Synedra ulna (17.95%), D. Vulgaris aquatic ecosystem at the station was good and (17.83%), and Achnantes (16.68%). In middle 2 classified in clean waters. The low diversity index (right side) was dominated by Nitzchia filiform value in other stations can be due to the (17.04%), Synedra ulna (16.15%), and Nitzchia presence of water temperature conditions and amphibia (15.38%). Downstream (left side) was pollutants (nitrates and phosphates) [23].

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Figure 4. Important Value Index (IVI) of Phytoplankton in Kromoleo Swamp

Figure5. Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index of Phytoplankton in Kromoleo Swamp

Figure 6. Trophic Diatom Index (TDI) value of phytoplankton in Kromoleo Swamp

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Figure 7. Percentage of Phytoplankton Pollutant Tolerant Value in Kromoleo Swamp Trophic Diatom Index (TDI) was an index that (IVI) of periphyton in the upstream station was used to determine the aquatic trophic status dominated by species between Ulothrix (18.66%), based on the richness and composition number Nitzschia palea (16.58%), and Nitzschia acicularis of diatoms in the waters. Otherwise, the value of (15.41%). In middle 1 (left side) there was co- %PTV (Percentage Pollution Tolerant Values) is dominance of Synedra ulna (24.45%), Nitzchia used to analyze the condition of waters, which filiformis (22.39%), and Navicula gregaria indicates the contamination of organic matter (20.42%). In middle 1 (right side) station was grouped in several classes. If the value of %PTV is dominated by Ulothrix (28.27%), Scenedesmus less than 20% means that the waters are free of (27.51%), and Navicula gregaria (22.95%). In organic pollutants, 21-40% means it polluted middle 2 (left side) station was dominated with light organic matter; 41 - 60% means it between Skeletonema (31.03%), Achnanthes polluted with moderate organic matter, and if (26.40%), and Synedra ulna (22.90%). In middle 2 the value of more than 61% means it polluted by (right side) there was-dominance of Achnanthes heavy organic matter [24]. TDI values can be (33.69%), Navicula gregaria (24%), and grouped into four groups, oligo eutrophic (0-25); Skeletonema (22.20%). In downstream (left side) meso-eutrophic (25-50); eutrophic (50-75); and station there was co-dominance between hyper-eutrophic (75-100) [6]. The results of TDI Synedra ulna (18.82%), Skeletonema (18.82%), values on phytoplankton (Fig. 6) in Kromoleo and Ulothrix (14.09%). And in the downstream swamp ranged from 70.85 to 85.96 and included (right side) station there was co-dominance of in the eutrophic - hypereutrophic category. Synedra ulna (16.43%), Ulothrix (16.31%), and The results of the % PTV analysis on Pediastrum simplex (13.93%). phytoplankton (Fig. 7) ranged from 39.13% to 63.33%. The highest %PTV value was in the upstream station (63.33%), which means the water polluted by heavy organic matter. Meanwhile, the lowest %PTV value is in the middle 1 (right side) station (39.13%), which means contaminated with lightly organic matter. So it could be concluded that the %PTV value of phytoplankton in Kromoleo Swamp was lightly- heavy contaminated organic pollution category.

Water Quality in Kromoleo Swamp Based on Figure 8. The Taxa Richness of Periphyton in Kromoleo Periphyton Swamp The highest periphyton taxa richness (Fig. 8) in Kromoleo swamp was in downstream (right Three periphyton groups appeared in the side) station (22), and the lowest is in the middle waters based on the observation, namely 1 (left side) location (15). Important Value Index Bacillariophtya, Cyanobacteria, and Chlorophyta

[196] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 Kromoleo Swamp Tourism in Malang Regency (Pratikasari et al) groups. Whereas in the results of the Periphyton from 3.33 to 3.99, the highest is in Important Value Index (IVI) analysis (Fig. 9), the downstream(right side). It implies that the two highest groups dominate, namely condition of the waters can characterize in clean Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta. Achnantes waters. genus is the highest number of the The results of Periphyton TDI analysis (Fig. 11) Bacillariophyta group. Achnantes is a genus that showed that the tropical status of Kromoleo is sensitive and tolerant against organic swamp has ranged from 69.10 to 86.71. The pollutants [6]. Whereas the highest Chlorophyta highest TDI value was in the middle 1 (right side) group was from Ulothrix Genus. station and the lowest in the middle 2 (right side) Periphyton Diversity index based on Shannon- station, which means that TDI value can be Wiener(H’) (Fig 10) in Kromoleo swamp ranged classified as eutrophic to hypereutrophic class.

Figure 9. Important Value Index (IVI) of Periphyton in Kromoleo swamp

Figure 10. Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index of Periphyton in Kromoleo Swamp

Figure 11.Trophic Diatom Index (TDI) value of Periphyton in Kromoleo Swamp

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Figure 12. Percentage of Periphyton Pollutant Tolerant Value in Kromoleo swamp The pollution level based on Periphyton %PTV lightly organics polluted to heavy organics analysis (Fig. 12) in Kromoleo swamp ranged pollution. The impact of high pollution can from 27.62% to 66.88%. The highest value was in decrease tourism attraction due to bad swamp the middle 1 (right side) station, and the lowest condition, like unwell smell in Kromoleo swamp was in the middle 2 (left side) station. Based on which can also decrease the income of this value can classify as lightly organics polluted surrounding communities whose depend on their to heavy organics pollution. Diatoms are an economies in Kromoleo swamp tourist area. organism that usually used as bioindicators to Acknowledgment determine water quality that indicated the The author would like to thank the staff and pollution level of organic matters [25]. surrounding community of Senggreng village in Periphyton and phytoplankton will have an Sumberpucung Sub-district who provided very impact on Kromoleo swamp tourist area that has useful information and allowed researchers to been designated as tourist centers. There are take samples at Kromoleo Swamp. We also two types of aquatic organisms that have a thanks all colleagues and staff Laboratory of the special attraction for tourists. Based on using Ecology and Animal Diversity, University of them as a bioindicator, tourists can appreciate Brawijaya Malang. about conditions in the tourist area and application of the ecological tourism concept, not REFERENCES only business-oriented but also regard to the [1] Onyema, I. C. 2013. Phytoplankton bio- environment. Tourists that focus on seeing the indicators of water quality situations in the existing natural-tourism conditions will report, Iyagbe lagoon, South-western Nigeria. discuss, and follow up when they found a tourist actaSATECH 4(2), 93-107. spot that has a lot of pollution. Aquatic pollution [2] Chellappa, N., F. Camara, and Rocha. 2009. in Kromoleo swamp that caused by the lack of Phytoplankton community: an indicator of tourism manager’s attention will relate to the water quality in the Armando Ribeiro sustainability of tourism itself. Gonçalves Reservoir and Pataxo Channel, Rio Grande de Norte, Brazil. Brazilian CONCLUSION Journal of Biology 69(2), 241-251. Water quality in Kromoleo swamp based on [3] Li, L., Z. Binghui, and L. Lusan. 2010. its phytoplankton and periphyton indicated that Biomonitoring and bioindicators used for the water polluted by organic matter and river ecosystems: definitions, approaches, nutrient content. It reflected by high levels of and trends. Procedia Environmental BOD, turbidity, orthophosphate, and water Sciences, 1510-1524. brightness. It exceeds the water quality [4] Clesceri, L. S., A. E. Greenberg, and A. D. standards set in all study sites, while other Eaton. 1998. Standard methods for the parameters (water temperature, pH, DO, nitrate, examination of water and wastewater 20th and conductivity) were still normal levels. edition. American Public Health Association. Shannon Wiener diversity index categorized in Washington D.C. clean waters, which did not indicate toxic [5] Jorgensen, S. E., R. Costanza, and F. Xu. pollution. Trophic status based on the TDI index 2005. Ecological indicators for assesment of (Tropic Diatom Index) on phytoplankton and ecosystem health. Taylor and Francis periphyton were in eutrophic to hypereutrophic Group. CRC Press. USA category. Last, based on the %PTV on [6] Kelly, M. G., C. Adams, A. C. Graves, J. phytoplankton and periphyton were classified as Jamieson, J. Krokowski, E. B. Lycett, J. M.

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Socio-economic and Environmental Sustainability of Ecotourism Implementation: A Study in Ubud Monkey Forest-Bali, Indonesia

Omar Sambou1*, Harsuko Riniwati2, Zaenal Fanani2

1Master Program of Environmental Resource Management and Development, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia 2Postgraduate School, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia

Abstract Ecotourism is the fastest growing sector in the global tourism industry and provides for environmental conservation, socio-economic development, cultural preservation, employment and empowerment of indigenous people of ecotourism destinations. This study seeks to find the socio-economic and environmental sustainability of ecotourism practices in Ubud Monkey Forest-Bali under the three dimensions of sustainable development; economic progress, environmental protection and conservation, and socio-cultural preservation. Both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies used with the following conduct: (1) Questionnaire administration, (2) Interviews, and (3) Observations. Data was analized using Content Analysis and Multidimensional scaling (MDS) techniques to describe: (1) the susainabiliti of ecotourism in Is ecotourism in Ubud Monkey Forest (2) sustainability index of each of the dimensions under study in Ubud Monkey Forest, and (3) describes the level of sensitivity of sustainability of each dimension in Ubud Monkey Forest. The Kite Diagram of Sustainability Analysis presents that the sustainability status of all the used dimension which classified as sustain. The overall sustainability status of ecotourism is sustainable with an index of 76.49. The most sustainable dimension is education and recreation, while the least is the participation dimension. It shows that the dimensions under study support sustainability in ecotourism. The results of this study confirmed that within the parameters of the study, the forest maintained an ecological balance, socio-economic advancement, and cultural preservation. Ecotourism has high attraction potentials for both tourist and local businesses while impacting less on the culture, environment and the traditional practices of the Balinese people. Notwithstanding, there is a general problem of land-use change and waste management in Bali. Keywords: Ecotourism, Environment, Monkey Forest, Socio-economic, Sustainability.

INTRODUCTION* become one of the world leaders in ecotourism, Tourism is continuously seen as a basic with Bali playing a key role. instrument in progressing economic The role of the indigenous people in development, alleviating poverty, and advancing maintaining the island in a way that attracts food security [1]. There are different attraction tourists and also enables them to carry out their factors to tourist visits in every destination. It is socio-economic activities and agricultural widely believed that modern-day tourism is practices is of great importance and pivotal in the increasing in politically stable countries with a quest for sustainable ecotourism and human rich culture, beautiful nature, and biodiversity, development in the area. Cultural landscapes which is referred as ecotourism. Exploring local that link human and natural systems are not only people's contributions to ecotourism places of natural beauty but also provide destinations should be a prerequisite for background information about the history of sustainable tourism, particularly if the human adaptations to nature but also provide destination’s characteristics are associated with background information about the history of local culture and tradition [2]. human adaptations to nature [3]. Bali is a tropical island in Indonesia famous Bali is chosen for this research as it is the for tourism due to its beautiful nature, green biggest/highest tourist destination In Indonesia vegetation mountains, beaches, coral reefs, and and metaphorically referred to as the Paradise on rice production, etc. With its exceptional natural Earth. The research intends to find out; (1) the sites and indigenous cultures, Indonesia could susainabiliti of ecotourism in Is ecotourism in Ubud Monkey Forest (2) sustainability index of each of the dimensions under study in Ubud Monkey Forest, and (3) describes the level of sensitivity of sustainability of * Correspondence Address: each dimension in Ubud Monkey Forest. Omar Sambou This paper highlight the existing trend in the E-mail : [email protected] practice of ecotourism towards sustainable Address : Postgraduate School, University of Brawijaya Jl. MT. Haryono 169, Malang 65145 development and economic growth in Bali by; (1)

[200] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 Ecotourism in Ubud Monkey Forest-Bali (Sambou, et al.) analyzing the index of sustainability of each and the attraction potentials. Sixty (60) dimension understudy on the ecotourism site, (2) questionnaires were administered in the forest analyze the sensitivity of sustainability of each and the surrounding environment. The forest dimension in Ubud Monkey Forest, and (3) employees, tourists, elderly farmers, analysis to improve the sustainability of each businessmen, tourist taxi drivers, and tour guides dimension understudy in Ubud Monkey Forest. were respondents to the questionnaires. The questionnaire is about the sustainability index

and the level of sensitivity of sustainability under MATERIAL AND METHOD five (5) dimensions namely Conservation, Study Area Participation, Education and Recreation, Bali Island is situated east of Java and the Economy, and Control. west of the in the Indonesia Interviews: Employees of the forest, close archipelago. The island covers an area of business owners, tourist taxi drivers, elderly 5,632.86 km2 and is the primary home of the farmers, and tourists were interviewed, and a Hindu community in Indonesia [3]. Ubud Monkey general opinion of people about the forest were Forest is located in Padangtegal Village. It has sought out of casual discussions. spiritual connections as well as nature RESULT AND DISCUSSION conservation and socio-economic activities Nature destruction is a threat to sustainable through tourism. It has a total land area of 12.5 tourism in a destination. Therefore tourism hectares, and according to the staff, it’s a habitat development must include the environment as for approximately 700 crab-eating macaques part of tourism resources that need to be (Macaca fascicularis) commonly called the developed in terms of quality and its variety [4]. Monkey Temple. Ubud Monkey Forest is considered to be one Method and Analysis of the most famous parks in Bali and has over the In this study, exploratory research applied to years been visited by thousands of tourists. The deeply explore the topic from the perspective of park welcomes approximately 10,000 tourists sustainable development under three areas of every month. Over 30,000 visitors reviewed their interest; Environment, Economic progress, and experience in the park, and 20,236 people rated social equity through a Descriptive Qualitative the site. The following information acquired from Research Method. However, the quantitative the internet (Table 1). method was used due to the nature of the topic, Table 1. Rating by Visitors and the combination of these two methods in Rating No. of People Percentage research is called a Mixed Method. Content Excellent 9,412 47 Analysis and Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) Very Good 7387 37 were used in the date analysis to know the Average 2582 13 sustainability status of the forest. Poor 481 2 Terrible 374 1 Data Collection Total 20,236 100 Mixed methods research focuses on Sources: collecting, analyzing, and mixing both https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Rev quantitative and qualitative data in a single study iew-g297701-d378969-Reviews or series of studies. Data was collected through The above table indicated that 97% of the purposive sampling using observations, ratings are within the acceptable satisfaction of questionnaires, and interviews. the visitors. Total 47% of the visitors rated the Observation: Non-verbal observation was forest as excellent, 37% rated as Very Good, done on the site based on the interest of the while 13% rated it as average. The above can be research, online observation of reviewers, and considered as acceptable satisfaction whereas rates of the forest. Personal observations on the 2% rated it as bad and 1% as terrible. site include the activities on the site, tourist and The park maintains a good management nature interaction, and available sustainability practice and visitor satisfaction from a programs. Reviews and ratings on the website of management point based on the ratings. the forest were used to acquire information or Acceptably, the park has registered an improved data. socio-economic advancement both for staff and Questionnaire: They are used to know the community through its attraction factors. It level of sustainability of ecotourism, its problems,

J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 [201] Ecotourism in Ubud Monkey Forest-Bali (Sambou, et al.) attracts tourists and small businesses within the area, thereby improving the income level of the locals while maintaining an ecological balance within the park and providing high visitor (tourist) satisfaction. The randomly picked reviewed comments indicated that most of the visitors have a positive impression on the park which means that the park is properly managed and nature is maintained. Questionnaire A questionnaire was administered on the research site and surrounding businesses to Figure 1. Kite Diagram of Sustainability Analysis people with some understanding of the subject Sources: Primary Data Processed, 2019 matter. The total number of respondents is 60, in Figure 1 presents the sustainability status of which 39 (65%) of them are males, and 21 (35%) all the used dimension classified as sustain. The are female. A total of 50 respondents are native overall sustainability status of ecotourism is Indonesian Balinese, which represents 83.3% of sustainable, with the index as many as 76.49. The the total respondents, and ten tourists most sustainable dimension is education and representing 16.7%, among whom four are male recreation, while the least is the participation and six are female. Among the native Indonesian dimension. The maximum attainable figure is Balinese, 35 are male, and 15 are female. A total 100, which is the highest level of sustainability. of 12 (20%) are employees of the park, 11 The higher the figure, indicates the higher the (18.3%) are local businessmen, 10 (16.7%) are rate of sustainability, and the lower the figure, elderly (farmers), 9 (15%) are tour guides, and 8 indicates lower the sustainability. (13.3%) taxi drivers. Table 2 : Characteristics of Respondents Interview The information of the respondent is Description No. of People Percentage Park Employees 12 20.0 presented as follows. GW is an employee of the Businessmen 11 18.3 Monkey forest as a security guard for many Tourist 10 16.7 years. The following information was acquired The eldery (farmers) 10 16.7 willingly from him. Tour Guide 9 15.0 Tourist Taxi Drivers 8 13.3 “Environmental conservation and manage- Total 60 100 ment is a key component of any sustainable Sources: Primary Data obtained, 2019 development quest including sustainable ecological tourism, which cannot be attain MDS Rapfish Results Analysis without the participation of local The result of goodness-of-fit calculation for communities”. MDS-Rapfish analysis is displayed in Table 3. According to Table 3, the S-Stress value of the Joint management of natural resources four dimensions is less than 0.25, and the R- between a community and tour operator can squares are more than 0.90. It means that the offer a means of sustainable utilising resources result of MDS-Rapfish analysis can be accounted [5]. Ceding of authority to a local community and for or veritable. Since the criteria for goodness- allowing its members to decide how local of-fit fulfilled, then the analysis to assess resources are used, can be a powerful incentive sustainability status for each dimension can be to alter behaviour towards conservation and carried. thereby protection of natural resources. At the Ubud Monkey forest, the Tri Hita Table 3. Summary Goodness-of-fit MDS-Rapfish Analysis Karana concept is used to manage the park. It is a

Dimension Stress (S) R-Square (R) Balinese doctrine which values the existence of Conservation 0.2267 0.9262 God and reconciles the environment and society Participation 0.2081 0.9262 Education and recreation 0.2304 0.9379 for a sustainable livelihood without destruction. Economy 0.2353 0.9195 Ecotourism has been proposed as a viable Control 0.2430 0.9055 economic activity that can minimize negative Source: Add-ins Ms. Excel Rapfish, 2019 human impacts on wildlife habitat and provide an

[202] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 Ecotourism in Ubud Monkey Forest-Bali (Sambou, et al.) incentive to preserve natural areas. The potential although generally linked to tourism. While of ecotourism as a wildlife conservation strategy ecotourism attracts businesses that were lead to is limited by its inability to ensure the long-term land-use change in the area. protection of environmental assets and by its tendency to contribute directly to environmental degradation [6]. Economically, the forest employs many people directly and indirectly. Many businesses around the park are established because of the high tourist attraction potential of the park. Local people are employed, and they earn a good living from the existence of the forest. Many direct and indirect jobs are created; tour guides, tourist taxi drivers, local businesses, restaurants, homestay apartments, hotels, etc. Yet, these activities are Figure 2. Illustration of the Tri Hita Karana Doctrine not completely positive as land-use changes Source: Illustration by author, 2019 while other members of society are involved in CONCLUSION other activites as ecotourism is an expensive Ecotourism is considered to be the fastest venture. In practice, ecotourism has often failed growing sector in the global tourism industry. It to deliver the expected benefits to indigenous has the potentials to protect and conserve the communities due to a combination of factors, environment, promote the economic including shortages in the endowments of development of local people, bring human, financial and social capital within the infrastructural development, and promote the community, lack of mechanisms for a fair culture and tradition of local people of distribution of the economic benefits of ecotourism destinations. The Balinese doctrine ecotourism, and land insecurity [7]. Tri Hita Karana is very essential for the quest for Bali is a Hindu dominant province of sustainable ecotourism in Bali. It has inculcated a Indonesia, where over 80% of the people are sense of responsibility and common concern in Hindu in a Muslim dominated country. WWF [8] the Hindu people of Bali in their quest for believe that there is an enormous common sustainable development. ground between the attitudes of faith towards The Ubud Monkey Forest is a sustainable the environment and the current international ecotourism site based on the Indonesian efforts to complete a global, ecologically- regulation, ecotourism, and sustainability representative protected area network. Both are principles, within the context of the three rooted in a shared ethical view that humans have dimensions of sustainable development; econo- an obligation to avoid destroying the rest of my, environment, and society. The Kite Diagram biodiversity through their actions, and both are of Sustainability Analysis presents that the based on the concept of setting aside areas of sustainability status of all the used dimensions land and water to facilitate the conservation of classified as sustain. The overall sustainability wild nature. status of ecotourism is sustainable with the index Tourism has contributed significantly to the 76.49. The most sustainable dimension is economic and social advancement of the people education and recreation, while the least is the of Bali but has also contributed negatively to participation dimension. their cultural values and lifestyles a little. The results of this study confirmed that within Youngsters copy some western lifestyles, but the parameters of the study, the forest dominantly, our cultural values are highly maintained an ecological balance, socio respected and maintained. The employees of the economic advancement, and cultural preserva- forest dress in a traditional outfit to promote our tion. Ecotourism has high attraction potentials culture. for both tourist and local businesses while In summary, the interviews conducted impacting less on the culture, environment, and conclude that the activities of the Balinese the traditional practices of the Balinese people. towards sustainability is not by chance, but it is Land-use change is dominantly the problem principally part of their religion and culture. associated with ecotourism destinations. The There is a general problem of waste surrounding environment attracts businesses due management, which is not due to ecotourism,

J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 [203] Ecotourism in Ubud Monkey Forest-Bali (Sambou, et al.) to the high attraction potential of the ecotourism destination, which often results to change in land-use from farming (rice production) to business centres, hotels, restaurants, etc. There is a high rate at which local people lose lands to national and international investors. Acknowledgement I acknowledge the support and assistance of Susan Stage and Nick Burgoyne. Big thanks to IDB. REFERENCES [1] Čerović, S., M. Knežević, V. Matović, I. Brdar. 2015. The contribution of tourism industry on the GDP growth of Western Balkan Countries. Industrija 43(3), 497-15. [2] Hakim, L., J. E. Kim, and S. K. Hong. 2009. Cultural landscape and ecotourism in Bali Island, Indonesia. Journal of Ecology and Environment 32(1), 1-8. [3] Hakim, L. 2008. Planning for nature-based tourism in East Java: recent status of biodiversity, conservation, and its implication for sustainable tourism. ASEAN Journal on Hospitality and Tourism 7, 155- 167. [4] Sutawa, G. K. 2012 . Issues on Bali Tourism development and community empower- ment to support sustainable tourism development. Procedia Economics and Finance 4, 413-422 . [5] Hill, J. L. and R. A. Hill. 2011. Ecotourism in Amazonian Peru: Uniting tourism, conservation and community development. Geography 96(2), 75-85. [6] Isaacs, J. 2000. The limited potential of ecotourism to contribute to wildlife conservation. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 28. 10.2307/4617284. [7] Coria, J. and E. Calfucura. 2012. Ecotourism and the development of indigenous communities: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Ecological Economics 73, 47-55. [8] Worrld Wildlife Fund. 2005. The arguments for protection series: beyond beliefs, linking faiths and protected areas to support biodiversity conservation. World Wide Fund for Nature, UK.

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Strategy for the Development of Kampung Sasirangan as Edutourism Village

Nasruddin, Ellyn Normelani*, Rosalina Kumalawati

Department of Geography Education, Faculty of Teaching and Education Science, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin, Indonesia

Abstract Kampung Sasirangan is one of the centers of traditional textile production of Banjarese called Sasirangan in South . Sasirangan was produced by the local community in the home industry scale with traditional process and production. The aim of the research is to identify and develop strategy to develop Kampung Sasirangan as an edutourism destination. The methods consist of direct observation in the home industry of Sasirangan traditional textile, in-depth interview, literature study, and focus group discussion. Research result shows that strategy to create edutourism sites of Sasirangan textile should include local community and local government participation. The Sasirangan product should be able to create a competitive product, reasonable prices, and high quality of the textile product. To provide edutourism attraction for educational purposes, it is important to provide a program for tourist to directly observe the traditional process to make Sasirangan. A guide from local people or craftsmen was important to ensure the interpretation of the traditional process was delivered properly. In such a case, the community development is crucial. The local government should be able to promote community development program through the establishment of a community group which is work in edutourism in the village. There also important to provide training, working capital, production tools, and assistance in promotion and marketing. Keywords: Edutourism, traditional textile, Sasirangan.

INTRODUCTION* to local community development. The term of Traditional fabric produced by Banjarese in ecotourism has been proposed to illustrate the South Kalimantan is one of the intangible cultural alternative of tourism, which can support heritage of Indonesia. This traditional textile biodiversity conservation, local culture called Kain Sasirangan was produced by local conservation, and local economic development. community in Banjarese village, through the The recent definition of ecotourism argues that traditional process. Like many form of Indonesian education is important part of ecotourism. In fabric, these traditional textile identified has high such a case, it is clear that interpretation is an cultural value, represent the important spiritual important part of the recent ecotourism program and economic value [1]. This traditional textile is and activity. Through ecotourism, it is expected one of the ten important commodity of South that local culture and tradition were promoted to Kalimantan Province. As far, Sasirangan textile the global community, especially the young has been marketed and sold as textile and cloth. generation [3]. The Sasirangan textile has been sold as a Using tourism as education tools are also souvenir of tourism in South Kalimantan. known as Edu-Tourism [4,5,6]. In edutourism, Threats to the Sasirangan textile, however, the student traveling to a particular area, which comes from textile which area produced through provides material to increase student modern technology. Modern textiles have rich in understanding about some particular subject. terms of the motif and cheap. Support for Through edutourism, it is expected students technology and modern machines influence the increase their knowledge and perspective on massive production textile [2]. particular subjects and issues. Edu-tourism has Using tourism as education media has been been reported as a significant strategy to promoted widely. Tourism has been reported as increase student awareness. Edutourism provides potential strategy to promote biodiversity opportunities to learn directly, and therefore it is conservation, cultural preservation, and local important to increase student knowledge [7,8,9]. economic development. Tourism also contributes The area with potential resources for education programs should develop a strategy to meet Edu-tourism market needs. Planning and * Correspondence Address: development strategies are a crucial factor to Nasruddin ensure the sustainability and competitiveness of E-mail : [email protected] Address : Lambung Mangkurat University, Brigjen Haji tourism destinations, especially in the high Hasan Basri, Banjarmasin 70124 competition era of the tourism business. The

J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 [205] Development of Kampung Sasirangan as Edutourism Village (Nasruddin et al) proper strategy will provide a blueprint for the to collect basic information regarding the recent significant action to meet destination objectives status of Sasirangan textile production. The [10]. Scholars point out that one of the important observation of villages and their daily life were methods to build the proper strategy is based on implemented. The observation also conducted in the community and local government traditional textile production sites, which was perspectives. The objectives of the study were to focused on observing methods and processes of describe the strategy for the development of the Sasirangan textiles production. Sasirangan production area as a sustainable and In-depth interviews implemented to collect competitive edu-tourism destination. data and information related to the aspects of traditional textile production. Observation was METHODS done at 11 production sites in Sasirangan Village. Before to the focus group discussion, authors The key informant of this research includes the visit Sasirangan Village to get permission and staff of the Tourism Office of Banjarmasin City general information related to the objective of and the local community in Sasirangan Village. the study. Meeting with villages leader and Data were analyzed descriptively. The location of traditional textile producers were implemented study is shown in Fig. 1.

Figure. 1 The location of Sasirangan villages (Kampung Sasirangan) in Banjarmasin Source: Shella Oktaviani Sholehah, 2018.

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION The motif also subjects of consumer order, in The Sasirangan Textile which consumers able to request specific motifs In 2018, 64 home industry producing and colors. Sasirangan textile recorded in Banjarmasin city, There are some steps in the production of in which 11 home industry found in Sasirangan Sasirangan textiles. According to the informant, Village. There were some important steps to the first step was drawing motif in sheets of produce Sasirangan textiles, in which traditional cloths. In the drawing step, a pencil used to draw techniques have been implemented in a motif. The next was include sewing cloth, or in production process. Sasirangan textile is one of Bajarese called menyirang with the needle, then the traditional textiles created and produced by pulled out to create wrinkles impact to the the local community in South Kalimantan, called sheets of cloth. The sheets of cloth were colored Banjarese. There are numerous motifs and colors using the dye solution. of the textile, represent the rich idea of After the coloring process, the sheets of cloth Banjarese to produce unique Sasirangan (Fig. 2). washed using cold water, and the tied cloths Sasirangan is well-known as a cloth with were released to produce motifs. To ensure the diverse and exotic colors. Interestingly, a durability of color and motif in sheets, local different area often produces different motifs craftsmen of Sasirangan use a chemical solution and colors, lead to the high diversity of the called fixanol. The final step for the process was Sasirangan motif in South Kalimantan. The include drying. The dry by air recommended traditional process has been influencing the ensuring the durability and high quality of diversity of motif and color of Sasirangan cloth. Sasirangan. The complete steps shown in Fig. 3.

Naga Balimbur and Jumputan Kulat Karikit Ombak combination

Kulat Karikit and Naga Balimbur Kulat Karikit and Gagatas Modern Kangkung Kaombakan

Iris Pudak Iris Pudak combined with Gagatas Turun Dayang Figure 2. Some motif of Sasirangan textile produced by Banjarese in Kampung Sasirangan (Source: Afni Zulaika Pratiwi, 2018)

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Drawing motif Sewing cloth Dye preparation

Coloring process Washing Air dry Figure 3. Some illustration of traditional processing of Sasirangan (Source: Afni Zulaika Pratiwi, 2018) Strategy for the Edu-tourism Development the high competition of the textile product. The result of the FGD outlined into two Problems, however, found in the human strategy approaches, namely strategy related to resources, especially traditional craftsmen to the community and strategy that belong to the produce Sasirangan. There are important issues local government responsibility. According to the to produce Sasirangan following high standard discussion participant, these strategies should be products in an environmentally acceptable integrated and basically cannot be separated process. from each other. Developing a new motif and color combination also becomes an important aspect Local Community Strategy to be considered in production. The innovation For the local community strategy, the appears to be crucial issues in the development important strategy explained as follows. First, it is of Sasirangan fabric. The recent innovation of important to create an attraction which is able to local craftsmen includes making numerous goods attract tourist to actively learn about the history based on Sasirangan, such as shoes, sandals, a and traditional techniques to produce woman’s bag, pencil box, head cap, table-cover, Sasirangan. Tourists should have direct bed linen, and other product following market experiences with Sasirangan processing, from demand. Innovation is the key to the success of a material preparation motif design and processing product in market competition. In Indonesia, the (Fig. 3). Attention to produce interesting innovation to produce numerous goods is one of Sasirangan, however, should be paid in dye the strategies to increase the market sales of materials. As far, the coloring solution to produce small and medium enterprises products [13,14]. a motif in a sheet of fabric consist of chemical Thirds strategy included promoting tourism dye. It was reported that the coloring process awareness programs (Sadar Wisata) to the results in significant waste [11]. In which it community in Sasirangan village. Seven principles potentially contributes to environmental of tourism awareness promoted by the Indonesia pollution. The alternative for reducing pollutant government (Sapta Pesona) should be material included promoting natural dye [12]. introduced. It includes secure, orderly, clean, Second, it is important to produce Sasirangan fresh, beauty, hospitality, and memory. The local with high-quality standard products and atmosphere to meet seven principles of Sapta processes. It is especially important in the era of Pesona should be introduced and implemented

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as one of the keys to the success of tourism in tourism, 2) Developing tourism attraction which Sasirangan Village [15]. provides opportunities to enjoy Sasirangan processing and production, 3) Increasing product Local Government Strategy competitiveness through human resources Local government strategy in the development to produce traditional textile with development of Sasirangan villages as an local wisdom characters, and 4) Providing capital edutourism area includes the following support and marketing assistance. explanation. First, it is important to local government to promote local community REFERENCES organizations to initiate and manage tourism in [1] Gittinger, M. 1979. Splendid symbols: the community level. The development of Sadar textiles and tradition in Indonesia. The Wisata community seems to be crucial. In such a Textile Museum. Washington, DC. case, training and other activity to improve local [2] Hill, H. 1992. Indonesia's textile and community knowledge and skill in tourism garment industries: Developments in an implementation are important. As far, these Asian perspective (No. 87). Institute of action has been poorly implemented. Other Southeast Asian. issues related to the local community tourism [3] Hakim, L. 2004. Dasar-dasar ekowisata. development related to the ability of the local Bayumedia. community to find and manage potential [4] Holdnak, A. and S. Holland. 1996. attraction becomes an attractive tourism object. Edutourism: vacationing to learn. Parks and It is especially important as an effort to diversify Recreation, 72-75. tourism products for educational purposes [10]. [5] Gibson, H. 1998. The educational tourist. The second strategy includes improving Journal of Physical Education: Recreation human resources knowledge and skill in fabric and Dance 69 (4),32-34. production. The ability of human resources in [6] Vieira, O. A. D. 2018. Developing edu- managing potential resources is one of the keys tourism in an urban indigenous community: to community-based tourism. It is especially the case of Aldeia Bananal (Brasília–DF– important in rural tourism, in which human Brazil). International Journal of Tourism resources sectors are important. Rural tourism Anthropology 6(2), 133-153. has been identified to yield many economical [7] Smith, C. and P. Jenner. 1997. Educational benefits to the resident [16]. tourism. Travel and Tourism Analyst 3, 60- The third strategy includes providing capital 75 to ensure the sustainability of craftsmen in [8] Ma’rifah, D. R., and I. G. P. Suryadarma. producing Sasirangan. The production of 2015. Penyusunan panduan Edutourism Sasirangan requires many different kinds of Hutan Wisata Tlogo Nirmolo guna material, in which it is often difficult to access by memunculkan karakter peserta didik Kelas the local craftsmen. The small enterprise's group X. Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan IPA 1(2), 126- in villages often lack capital, skill, and knowledge. 137. Several factors have been identified as factors to [9] Hayati, R. S. 2017. Edutourism Taka the competitiveness of products in the market, Bonerate National Park through scientific including packaging. Post-production tools are approach to improve student learning also important, especially for packaging fabric outcomes. Journal of Physics: IOP products. Conference Series 812(1), 012023. Fourth, it is crucial for local government to [10] Attar, M., L. Hakim and B. Yanuwiadi. 2013. assist the marketing aspect of Sasirangan. The Analisis potensi dan arahan strategi local community often has a limitation in skill, kebijakan pengembangan Desa Ekowisata knowledge, and networking to sell their product. di Kecamatan Bumiaji–Kota Batu. Journal of In a situation where access to the market Indonesian Tourism and Development difficult, it is important to support marketing Studies 1(2), 68-78. intensively. [11] Utami, U. B. L. and R. Nurmasari. 2007. Pengolahan limbah cair sasirangan secara CONCLUSIONS filtasi melalui pemanfaatan arang kayu ulin The four strategies of the development of sebagai adsorben. Jurnal Sains MIPA 13(3), Sasirangan edutourism villages established by the 190-196. local community and local government are as follows: 1) Establishing community awareness to

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[12] Fauziyah, N. and L. Hakim. 2015. Plants as natural dyes for Jonegoroan Batik processing in Jono Cultural Tourism Village, Bojonegoro, East Java. Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Development Studies 3(2), 41-44. [13] Setiawan, H. 2012. Pengaruh orientasi pasar, orientasi teknologi dan inovasi produk terhadap keunggulan bersaing usaha Songket skala kecil di Kota Palembang. Orasi Bisnis 8(2), 12-19. [14] Dewi, N. W. P. N. and G. Suparna. 2017. Peran inovasi dalam memediasi pengaruh orientasi kewirausahaan terhadap keunggulan bersaing industri kain Endek. E- Jurnal Manajemen Universitas Udayana 6(9), 5144-5174. [15] Rahmawati, S. W., S. Sunarti, and L. Hakim. 2017. Penerapan Sapta Pesona pada desa wisata (analisis persepsi wisatawan atas layanan penyedia jasa di Kampung Wisata Kungkuk, Desa Punten, Kota Batu). Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis 50(2), 195-202. [16] Purmada, D. K., and L. Hakim 2016. Pengelolaan desa wisata dalam perspektif community based tourism (studi kasus pada Desa Wisata Gubugklakah, Kecamatan Poncokusumo, Kabupaten Malang). Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis 32(2), 15-22.

[210] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.7, No.3, September 2019 MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSION

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References [4]. Syafi’i, M., Hakim, L., dan Yanuwiyadi, B. 2010. Potential Analysis of Indigenous 1. Primary references include journal, patent, Knowledge (IK) in Ngadas Village as Tourism dissertation, thesis, paper in proceeding and Attraction. pp. 217-234. In: Widodo, Y. text book. Noviantari (eds.) Proceed-ing Basic Science 2. Avoid self citation. National Seminar 7 Vol.4. Universitas 3. Author should avoid reference in reference, Brawijaya, Malang. (Article within conference popular book, and internet reference except proceeding) journal and private ana state institution. [5]. Dean, R.G. 1990. Freak waves: A possible 4. Author was not allowed to use abstract as explanation. p. 1-65. In Torum, A., O.T. references. Gudmestad (eds). Water wave kinetics. CRC 5. References should been published (book, Press. New York. (Chapter in a Book) research journal or proceeding). Unpublished [6]. Astuti, A.M. 2008. The Effect of Water references or not displayed data can not be Fraction of Stellaria sp. on the Content of used as references. TNF-α in Mice (Mus musculus BALB-C). Thesis. 6. References typed in numbering list (format Department of Biology. University of number 1,2,3,…), ordered sequentially as they Brawijaya. Malang. (Thesis) appear in the text (system of Vancouver or

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[1]. (Calibri 10 Justify, citation labelling by references numbering) [2]. Vander, A., J. Sherman., D. Luciano. 2001. Human Physiology: The Mecanisms of Body Function. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. New York. (Book) [3]. Shi, Z., M. Rifa’i, Y. Lee, K. Isobe, H. Suzuki. 2007. Importance of CD80/CD86-CD28 interaction in the recognation of target cells by CD8+CD122+ regulatory T cells. Journal Immunology. 124. 1:121-128. (Article in Journal)

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