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The Road Materials WASHING'fON GEOLOGICAL SURVEY HENRY LANDES, State Geologist B U LLE TIN No. 2 The Road Materials OF WASHINGTON B y HEN R Y L ANDES Assisted by O l af S tromme and C lyde G r ainger OLYMPIA, WASH. E. L. BOARDMAN, PUBLYC PIWITBR 19LI. BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Governor M. E. IL\Y, Chairman. State Treasurer J. G. LEw1s, Secretary. President T. F. KANE. President E. A. BRYAN. HENlt.Y LANDES, State Geologist. SOLON SlU!:DD, Assistant State Geologist. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. GO'[)erno1· M. E . Hay, Chairma1n, and Members of the Board of Geol,ogical Survey: G~ntlemen-I have the honor to submit herewith a report entitled "The Road Materials of Washington," with the recom­ mendation that it be printed as Bulletin No. ~ of the Survey Reports. Very respectfully, HENRY L ANDES, State Geologist. University Station, Seattle, March 1, 1911. CONTENTS Page lLLUSTRA'l'lONS 7 INTRODUCTION •••.••..•..••• , ••.•.•.••.•...•..•.•.••..•••.••••••• 9 CRAPTEll I. The varieties of rocks tested for use as road materials, with their general distribution. 13 Igneous rocks . 13 Sedimentary rocks . 21 Metamorphic rocks ......................................... 23 CRAPTER II. Methods of testing road materials, with the results of the tests made upon Washington rocks.................. 27 Examination of rock in the ledge............................ 27 Practical use of the rock . 29 Laboratory tests upon selected samples....................... 30 Table A. Maximum and minimum results of tests of rock sam- ples, taken from all parts of the United States. 33 Table B. Results of tests made upon certain road materials of Washington . .. 34 CHAPTER III. The distribution of road materials within the state, by counties . 40 Adams ...................................................... 40 Asotin . ... 43 Benton . 47 Chehalis . .. 61 Chelan . ... 65 Clallam . 59 Clarke . 60 Columbia . 63 Cowlitz . ... 66 Douglas . ... 74 Ferry . ... 77 Franklln . 86 Garfield . 88 Grant . .. 90 Island . ... 95 Jefferson . 95 King . .. ... 99 Kitsap ...................................................... 106 Kittitas ..................................................... 108 Klickitat . .. 113 Lewis ....................................................... 117 6 Table of CO'ntents. CIIAPTEB III. Distribution of Road Materlals-Oontinuea: Page Lincoln . 121 Mason ...................................................... 128 Olcanogan . 131 Pacific . 134 Pierce ...................................................... 140 San Juan .. .. ............................................... 144 Skagit ...................................................... 148 Skamania . 164 Snohomish . .. 167 Spokane . 162 Stevens . 168 Thurston .................................................... 178 Wahkiakum ................................................. 182 Walla Walla ................................................ 186 Whatcom . 191 W111tman ................................................... 196 Yakima ........ ............................................ 199 ILLUSTRATIONS Plates Facing Page I. Map of Washlngton . 40 II. Southern part of Chehalis county....................... 53 III. Parts of Ferry county. 79 IV. East central part of Grant county. 90 V. Northern part of King county. 100 VI. Part of Kittitas county, near Ellensburg ................. 108 VII. Central part of Klickitat county ................... .. .. 115 VIII. Eastern part of Lincoln county. 123 IX. Western part of Pacific county ............ ............. 134 X. Western part of Skagit county .......................... 148 XI. Western end of Snohomish county ...................... 159 XII. Central part of Spokane county ......................... 162 XIII. Stevens county: Along the Colville valley from Loon Lake to Arden ............................................. 168 XIV. Stevens county: Along the Columbia and lower Colville valleys . 170 XV. Stevens county: Parts of the Pend Ore!lle valley ......... 172 XVI. Southwestern part of Walla Walla county ............... 186 XVII. Northern part o! Whitman county ....................... 196 Figures Page 1. Central part of Adams county. 41 2. Position of basalt quarry near Lind. 42 3. Eastern part of Asotin county. 44 4. Basalt quarry near Asotin.................................. 46 6. Rogers mountaln, near Zindel. 47 6. Central part of Benton county. 48 7. Location of basalt quarry, near Hoquiam.................... 54 8. East central part of Chelan county. 56 9. Southwestern part of Clarke county. 60 10. Basalt quarries near Fisher. 62 11. Northern part of Columbia county. 64 12. Southwestern part of Cowlitz county... .... .. ..... .. ..... 66 13. A-Basalt quarries near Stella. B-Quarry and crusher at Ladu . 72 14. Southern end of Douglas county......... ................. .. 74 16. A-Basalt ledges near Vulcan. B-Clitts near Columbia River Station . ... 76 16. Basalt outcrop near Republic.. 79 17. Southeastern part of Franklin county......... .. ............ 86 18. Basalt cliff near Kahlotus. 87 19. Northern part ot Garfield county. 89 20. Southeastern part of Jefferson county...................... 96 8 n zustrations. Figures Page 21. A-Basalt outcrops north of Port Ludlow. B- Basalt ledges south of Brlnnon. 97 22. A-County qua.rry one mile south of Snoqualmie. B-Basalt quarry and crushing plant between Riverton and Duwamish 101 23. A-Granite quarry at Halford. B-Quarry of Seattle Park Board, near Franklin . ............................... .. 104 24. Central part of Kitsap county. 106 25. Quarry 21h miles south of Charleston . ..... ..... ... .. .. 108 26. A-Basalt quarry near Umptanum. B- Basalt cliffs near Kountze .. ... .. .... ................................... 112 27. Northwestern part of Lewis county . .... .......... ..... .. 118 28. State quarry and crushing plant at Meskill .... ............. 120 29. Part of Lincoln county, around Wilbur . ............ ......... 123 30. A-Some basalt ledges at Wilbur. B-Basalt cliffs near Sprague 126 31. North central part of Mason county. 129 32. North central part of Okanogan county ...................... 131 33. Location of the basalt quarry near South Bend ............. 136 34. South central part of Pierce county .... ... ..... ... ...... 140 35. Map of San Juan county. 145 36. Fidalgo Island and state quarry. 160 37. A-Some quarries and crushing plants near Burlington. B- Plan of quarry and crushing plant at state quarry on Deception Pass . ..... ......... ..... ... ... ..... ..... .... 151 38. Southern part of Skamania county. 155 39. Basalt cliffs near Cape Horn ...... ......................... 166 40. Rock outcrops and quarries at Granite Falls ... .. .. ........ 160 41. Plan of state quarry and crushing plant at Marshall ... .. .. 166 42. A-Ledge of basalt at Springdale. B-Deposit of volcanic ash at Meyer's Falls. 175 43. Western part of Thurston county ......... ..... ... .. ... 179 44. A-Basalt quany west of Olympia, on Mud Bay. B-Ledge or rock three miles northeast of Gate .... ... .. ........... 181 45. Map of Wahhlakum county ..... .. .. ... ............... 183 46. Basalt ledges neat· Skamokawa. 185 47. A-Outcrops of basalt In the vicinity of Lamar. B-State quarry at Dixie. 189 48. Western part of Whatcom county . .... .. .... ... ...... 191 49. A- Basalt quarry near Pullman. B-Outcrops of basalt at Rosalia . ..
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