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Society and Culture distribute or post, copy, not Corbis/Cameron Davidson DoSociety 3 and Culture Hardware and Software of Our Social World Depending on what resources are available where we live and what is consid- ered usable and edible, we put something out to eat. It might be a juicy ham- burger, dog meat, or bugs. What we consider food is influenced by the structure Copyright ©2016 by SAGE Publications, Inc. This work may not be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without express written permission of the publisher. ME (AND MY FAMILY) LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS AND COMMUNITY Local soccer teams and scout troops have a microculture. MICRO NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, INSTITUTIONS, AND ETHNIC SUBCULTURES Ethnic groups have a subculture. MESO distribute or post, SOCIETY A nation hascopy, a national culture. LEARNING OBJECTIVES 3.1 Describe the structure MACRO GLOBALnot COMMUNITY (the “hardware”) of Multinational organizations like the World our social world. Health Organization have a global culture. 3.2 Illustrate how culture Do affects individuals. 3.3 Provide examples of microcultures, subcultures, countercultures, and global cultures. 3.4 Compare key ideas in the symbolic interactionist, functionalist, and conflict perspectives on culture. of society, including the organization of food production, dis- 3.5 Explain why culture (the tribution, and technology, and by the culture—the ideas about “software”) from one society what is edible. In the opening photo, an international market is does not always “fit” with bustling with activity as people shop for the kinds of foods con- the structure (“hardware”) sidered nutritious and tasty in their culture. of another society. Copyright ©2016 by SAGE Publications, Inc. This work may not be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without express written permission of the publisher. 54 Part II: Social Structure, Processes, and Control THINK ABOUT IT Micro: Local Community How do microcultures (such as your fraternity, study group, or team) influence you? Meso: National Institutions; How do subcultures (such as your ethnic group) and countercultures (such as Complex Organizations; youth gangs) shape the character of your nation and influence your own life? Ethnic Groups Macro: National and Global How do your nation’s social structures and culture influence who Systems you are and how you dress, eat, work, and live your life? hat do people around the world eat? Mrs. Although most diets include some form of grain Ukita, the mom in the Ukita family, rises and starch, locally available fruits and vegetables, and W early to prepare a breakfast of miso soup perhaps meat or fish, broad variations in food con- and a raw egg on rice. The father and two daughters sumption exist even within one society. Yet all of these eat quickly and rush out to catch their early morning differences have something in common: Each rep- trains to work and school in Kodaira City, Japan. The resents a society with a unique culture that includes mother cares for the house, does the shopping, and what people eat. Food is one aspect of our way of life prepares a typical evening meal of fish, vegetables, and what is necessary for survival. Ask yourself why and rice for the family. you sleep on a bed, brushdistribute your teeth, or listen to music The Ahmed family lives in a large apartment build- with friends. Our way of life is called culture. ing in Cairo, Egypt. The 12 members of the extended Culture refersor to the way of life shared by a group family include the women who shop for and cook the of people—the knowledge, beliefs, values, rules or food—vegetables, including peppers, greens, pota- laws, language, customs, symbols, and material prod- toes, squash, tomatoes, garlic, spices, and rice, along ucts (such as food, houses, and transportation) within a with pita bread and often fish or meat. The adult men societypost, that help meet human needs. Culture provides work in shops in one of the many bazaars, while the guidelines for living. Learning our culture puts our school-age children attend school, then help with social world in an understandable framework, provid- the chores. ing a tool kit we can use to help construct the mean- In the Breidjing refugee camp in Chad, many ing of our world and behaviors in it (Bruner 1996; Nagel Sudanese refugees eat what relief agenciescopy, can 1994). We compare culture to software because it is get to them—and that food source is not always reli- the human ideas and input that make the society work. able. Typical for the Aboubakar family, a mother and Otherwise, society would just be structures, like the five children, is rice or some other grain, oil for cook- framework of a house. ing, dried legumes, occasionally somenot root plants or A society is an organized and interdependent group squash that keep longer than fresh fruits and vegeta- of individuals who live together in a specific geographic bles, and a few spices. The girls and women go into the area; who interact more with each other than they do desert to fetch firewood Dofor cooking and to get water with outsiders; who cooperate for the attainment of from whatever source has water at the time. This is a common goals; and who share a common culture over dangerous trip as they may be attacked and raped or time. Most often societies are the same as the coun- even killed outside the camps. tries that make up the world. Each society includes The Walker family from Norfolk, Virginia, grabs din- key parts called institutions, such as family, educa- ner at a fast-food restaurant on their way to basketball tion, religion, politics, economics, and health care or practice and an evening meeting. Because of their medicine, that meet basic human needs. This structure busy schedules and individual activities, they cannot that makes up society is what we refer to here as the always find time to cook and eat together—a behav- hardware, like the structure of a computer. Culture, the ior that would be unthinkable in most societies around software, is learned, transmitted, shared, and reshaped the world. from generation to generation. All activities in the Copyright ©2016 by SAGE Publications, Inc. This work may not be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without express written permission of the publisher. Chapter 3: Society and Culture 55 © Amanda Koster/Corbis society, whether educating young members, prepar- ing and eating dinner, selecting leaders for the group, finding a mate, or negotiating with other societies, are guided by cultural rules and expectations. In each soci- ety, culture provides the social rules for how individuals carry out necessary tasks. Society—organized groups of people—and culture—their way of life—are interdependent. The two are not the same thing, but they cannot exist with- out each other, just as computer hardware and soft- ware are each useless without the other. This chapter explores the ideas of society and cul- ture and their relation to each other, what society is Traditional, rural Mayan women make tortillas or “boxboles.” and how it is organized, how it influences and is influ- Food preparation, as well as consumption, is a deeply communal enced by culture, what culture is, how and why culture experience among these people. develops, the components of culture, cultural theo- ries, and policy issues. After reading this chapter, you will have a better idea of how you learn and make use is important to note that not all societies go through of your society’s culture. all stages. Some are jolted into the future by political events ordistribute changes in the global system, and some resist pressures to become modernized and continue SOCIETY: THE HARDWARE toor live in simpler social systems. The structures that make up society include micro- level positions (parents, students, and workers); the Evolution of Societies groups to which we belong (family, work groups, The Saharan desert life for the Tuareg tribe is pretty and clubs); and the larger groups, organizations,post, much as it has been for centuries. In simple tradi- or institutions in which we participate (education, tional societies, individuals are assigned to compara- political, and economic organizations). This “hardware” tively few social positions or statuses. Today, however, (structure) of our social world provides the framework few societies are isolated from global impact. Even for “software” (culture) to function. the Tuareg are called on to escort adventurous tour- copy, ists through the desert for a currency new to them Thinking Sociologically and unneeded until recently. In 2012, al-Qaeda in the What major changes took place in your grandparents’ Islamic (or Arabian) Maghreb challenged the Tuareg’s lifetimes that affect the way you and your family live control over their desert homeland in a war in north- today? not ern Mali, Africa. The Islamists have been pushed out, but the Tuareg continue to struggle for autonomy as a Societies are organized in particular patterns people (“Mali ‘at War’ With Tuareg Rebels” 2014). shaped by Dofactors including the way people procure In such traditional societies, men teach their sons food, the availability of resources, contact with other everything they need to know, for all men do much the societies, and cultural beliefs. For example, people same jobs, depending on where they live—hunting, can change from herding to farming only if they have fishing, or farming and protecting the community the knowledge, skills, and desire to do so and only in from danger. Likewise, girls learn their jobs from their environments that will support agriculture. As societies mothers—such as child care, fetching water, food develop, changes take place in the social structures preparation, farming, weaving, and perhaps house and relationships between people.
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