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Chronology of Major Events 461

Appendix 1 Chronology of Major Events

Prelude

Late Ming Period 1600 First Dutch maritime traders arrive on Chinese coast 1602 Dutch East India Company (VOC) founded at Amsterdam; Dutch-Portuguese War begins 1603 Dutch establish first trading post in Indonesia 1608 Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius publishes Mare Liberum 1610 Dutch traders introduce Chinese tea in Europe 1619 Dutch establish colonial rule in Java with headquarters at Batavia 1621 Dutch West India Company (WIC) founded at Amsterdam 1622 Dutch attack Portuguese at Macau (Battle of Macau); seize Pescadores (Penghu) 1624 Dutch establish colony in southern Formosa (Taiwan) 1634 Dutch establish colony at Curaçao 1642 Dutch oust Spanish from northern Formosa (Taiwan), expand colonial rule

Early Qing Period 1644 Qing dynasty established in China 1648 Eighty Years’ War between Netherlands and Spain ends (Peace of Westphalia) 1656 Dutch embassy led by De Goyer and De Keyzer pays tribute to Chinese emperor 1661 Chinese Ming loyalist troops led by Koxinga attack Dutch at Formosa (Taiwan) 1662 Dutch surrender to Koxinga; Dutch colonial rule in Formosa (Taiwan) ends 1663 Dutch embassy led by Nobel and Van Kampen pays tribute to viceroy of Fuzhou 1667 Dutch embassy led by Van Hoorn pays tribute to Chinese emperor; Dutch establish colony at Suriname 1675 Dutch trade envoy Van Hoorn introduces Confucius’s Analects in Europe 1686 Dutch embassy led by Paets and De Keyser pays tribute to Chinese emperor

Mid-Qing Period 1727 Dutch East India Company establishes trade post (factorij) at Guangzhou 1728 Dutch East India Company establishes direct trade line from Netherlands to China 1795 Dutch embassy led by Titsingh and Van Braam Houckgeest pays tribute to Chinese emperor 1800 Dutch East India Company dissolved; Indonesia becomes Dutch East Indies 1815 Kingdom of the Netherlands formally established 1822 First Dutch consul appointed at Guangzhou

Late Qing Period 1840.06 First Opium War begins 1842.08.29 Britain and China sign Treaty of Nanjing 1843 First Dutch trade representative establishes permanent presence at Guangzhou 1851 First Dutch consuls appointed at Shanghai and Xiamen 1856.10.08 Second Opium War begins 1858.06.27 China and foreign powers sign first series of Treaties of Tianjin 1859 First Dutch consul appointed at Fuzhou 1862 First Dutch consul appointed at Shantou 1863.10.06 Netherlands and China sign “unequal” bilateral treaty at Tianjin (Treaty of Tianjin) 1864 First Dutch consuls appointed at Tianjin and Yantai 1865.07.26 Netherlands and China exchange ratifications of Treaty of Tianjin at Guangzhou 1872.06.29 Ferguson appointed Dutch consul general and chargé d’affaires in China 1873.06.29 Dutch chargé d’affaires Ferguson presents credentials at Beijing 1875.08.06 Dutch engineers De Rijke and Escher start survey of Huangpu River 1879 Dutch chargé d’affaires Ferguson takes up permanent residence in Beijing 1880.06.13 Ferguson appointed consul general and minister resident in China 1881.09.24 Chinese minister Li Fengbao presents credentials at The Hague 1884.04.14 Ferguson appointed minister resident and consul general in China 1885.12.24 Chinese minister Xu Jingcheng presents credentials at The Hague 1887.09-10 Massive flooding of Yellow River kills hundreds of thousands of people 1888.03.25 Chinese minister Hong Jun presents credentials at The Hague 1889.03.31 Dutch engineers Schermbeek, Visser, and Blijdenstein start survey of Yellow River 1891.06.18 Chinese minister Xu Jingcheng presents credentials at The Hague 1895.10.20 Dutch minister Knobel presents credentials at Beijing