1931 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 747 167. By Mr. HOGG of Indiana: ·petition of citizens of Social Science at Philadelphia, Pa., on November 7, 1931, on Whitley and Huntington Counties, in Indiana, members of the subject of public or private ownership. the Church of the Brethren for Middle Indiana, urging re­ The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, it is so duction of armaments and the participation of the United ordered. • States in the Geneva disarmament conference; to the Com­ The address is as follows: mittee on Naval Affairs. Because of my official position, it may be well to Saj" that I am 168. Also, petition of substitute clerks and carriers of the here speaking for myself alone. For the same reason, it may also Detroit post office, urging enactment of H. :R,. 5110 to guar­ be well to say that I am not urging either immediate or early public ownership and operation of the railroads. Because of its antee 30 hours of employment each week to suostitute em­ magnitude, that would be an undertaking which ought not to be ployees of the Postal Service; to the Committee on the Post contemplated without most careful preparation and planning, and Office and Post Roads. there has been nothing of the kind. Nor is the time ripe. Para­ doxically, it 1s not so near to being ripe as it was some years ago. 169. By Mr. KVALE: Petition of 15 residents of Marietta Transportation is now in an era of change. Competition is a and Madison, Minn., urging immediate cash payment at full bigger factor than it has been for many years. It is difficult to face value of adjusted-compensation certificates; to the visualize even in the near future. Until we can see ahead a little more clearly, at least, I am not ready to advise that steps be taken Committee on Ways and Means. toward public ownership and operation of the railroads. 170. Also, petition of 219 residents of Lac qui Parle Nor am I crusading for such ownership and operation of other County, Minn., urging immediate cash peyment at full face utilities. I have certain convictions which I am quite willing to value of adjusted-compensation certificates; to the Com­ express. But the subject is an intensely practical one, and ought to be dealt with accordingly. Without much doubt progress will mittee on: Ways and Means. be made slowly, and I am not disposed to complain of that fact. 171. By Mr. SMITH of West Virginia: Resolution of the Thought and public opinion on the subject are st111 in the de­ Business Men's Club, of Rainelle and Meadow Bluff district, velopment stage. Rainelle, W. Va., favoring the plan for forming a system My views are the product of 25 years' observation of and ex­ perience with publtc utilities, and some 17 years' participation in of mortgage-discount banks, etc.; to the Committee on their public regulation. These views may not be any the more Banking and Currency. valuable on that account, for experience does not always beget 172. By Mr. WELCH of California: Petition of sundry wisdom. But certainly they have been changing and developing in that time. At the beginning they were quite different from· citizens of San Francisco, Calif., proposing an increase in what they are to-day. . duty on antimony oxide, section 336, tariff act, 1930; to the It is still a custom to brand the idea of public ownership and Committee on Ways and Means. operation as socialistic, and dismiss it with that brand as opposed to what has been called rugged American individualism. But this is us.e of words to paralyze rather than promote thought. As a matter of fact, our individualism has always been tempered to a SENATE considerable degree with socialism, and the tendency has been to increase that degree. We have found that certain activities can FRIDAY, DECEMBER 18, 1931 best be carried on by the Government for the collective common The Chaplain, Rev. Z~Bamey T. Phillips, D. D., offered the good, instead of being left to private enterprise. Illustrations, . . which could be multiplied, are parks, highways and bridges, folloWing prayer. schools, fire protection, Postal Service, water supply. All these Almighty God, our Heavenly Father, who knoweth our I ~~~:tebe~n~:;r~:.en,;: ~~v~on;~u~~e~~a~t~~::: ~~;~~e~na~~ frame, who remembereth that we are but dust, pardon all numerous others can with advantage be socialized, and in that that we have done amiss. Strengthen our weakness and form they now have their place among accepted American institu­ make us true instruments in the fulfillment of Thy holy tions. In such inst~nces Gov~rnment has superseded, or at least . . invaded, the domam of busmess. There may be those who purpose. Help us this day. humbl~ a~d WISely ~o devote shudder at the thought, but certainly they are not conspicuous. our talents to the larger clarms of life m the serVIce of our Granting, therefore, that the public ownership and operation of fellow men. Teach us to give and not to count the cost; public utilities is socia~istic, th~ question presented is not one to to toil and not to seek for rest· to labor and not to seek be settled by th~ bandymg of epithets or p~rases, but.t~e intensely · . ' . . practical quest10n of whether these particular activities are of reward save only consCiousness of havmg done Thy will such a· kind that they can with general advantage be socialized, Give us the sense of inner happiness that comes from living in whole or in part, like many others which have already under- 1 t Th · f 11 0 h 1· with H' wh 0 b Thine own gone that change C ose. o. ee, In e V.:S P liD. Y we start, in the case of the public utilities, with the fact that a:nnomtmg was made farrer than the. children of men, whose they perfOJ;m public functions. That fact has not only been con­ bps were full of grace, who loved righteousness and hated ceded but proclaimed by our courts. They are, to use the Ian- ~ iniquity, and who lived His life in Thy sunshine's blaze that guage of the courts, "affecte~ ~th a public interest.". That is our day might brighter fairer be Jesus Christ Thy Son why we call t~em public utilities. Another fact ~hlCh 1s no • ' ' • longer the subJect of dispute is that they can not WlSely be left our Lord. Amen. .:;olely to private enterprise. It is a fact established by sore and THE JOURNAL entirely convincing experience. Consequently, we subject them to public regulation, which means, to speak baldly but yet ac­ The Chief Clerk proceeded to read the Journal of yester- curately, that within certain limits, which are capable of more day's proceedings, when, on request of Mr. FEss and by or less indefinite expansion, the Government undertakes to con· unanimous consent, the further reading was dispensed with trol and direct their management. To that extent, therefore, these public services have already been socialized. and the Journal was approved. At this point I digress to mention a rather singular thing about MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE public reg-qlation. Its original purpose was to protect the public against extortion and unsafe, inadequate, or poor service. It is A message from the House of Representatives by Mr. Hal- now regarded, also, as a means of protecting the regulated com- tigan, one of its clerks, announced that the House had passed panies against each other, against their competitors, and even the following bills, in which it requested the concurrence of against the public. The transportation act, 1920. was motived the Senate: to a very considerable extent by that thought, and in still greater degree it motives the present demand .for the extension of public H. R. 5822. An act to provide a tax on the transfers of regUlation in the case of motor busses and trucks, water carri~rs, estates of decedents; airplanes, and pipe lines. As a further illustration, I venture the H. R. 5823. An act to increase the motor-vehicle fuel tax assertion with some confidence that if the railroads had been subject to no public regulation whatsoever, a general increase in in the District of Columbia, and to provide for the better freight rates during times like these would never have been pro- administration thereof; and posed. It reqUired a solidarity which I believe could not have H. R. 5824. An act to require the registration of motor been achieved under conditions of open, unregulated competition, vehicles in the District of Columbia, to prescribe reaictration and which in fact was not in the past achieved when such con- c....., ditions prevailed. fees based upon the weight of such motor vehicles, and for Now, I am the last man to deny that public regulation serves other p:o_zrposes. very useful purposes in the general ·interest. I would not be a part of it if I thought otherwise. Nevertheless, it is open to cer­ " PUBLIC OR PRIVATE OWNERSHIP " · tain obvious criticisms. Inevitably it means a responsibility which Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to is divided and overlapping. When things go wrong, the companies can and do blame the commissions, the commissions can and do print in the RECORD an address delivered by Hon. Joseph B. biame the companies, and the public can and does blame either Eastman before the American Academy of Political and or both. Such a system runs counter to what are ordinarily re- 748 CONGRESSIONAL R·ECORD-SENATE DECEMBER 18 garded as sound -principles of · "administration~ - -The· clash. in au.;. known, and so have you, ·. many that·- were ruined by financial thority becomes more acute the more active public regulation is. exploitation o! varying degrees of atrocity. Nor is responsibillty divided only between the companies and the I have known many that were operated without enterprise or commissions. The authority of the latter is circumscribed by wastefully. And I have known many that were in ·~politics," o! statutory and constitutional law. Only the courts can finally varying degrees of malodor, up to at least their necks. Perhap~ determine what the limits are, with the -result that our judges the greatest danger in the case of private management of public become a third and very important factor in the situation, and utillties is the danger of financial exploitation. That is how most hence indirectly in management. of the great private fortunes in this field have been made. It · The part which the commiSsions play in management under may be urged that this threat has been minimized by public reg­ court surveillance is necessarily performed in a way which in ulation. Unfortunately, there are many ways of slipping out of itself is inconsistent with sound principles of administration, as that noose, and the chief of these is the holding company. When generally understood. The commissions must obtain the informa­ the full effects are realized of financial exploitation quite recently tion upon which they act, not as executives inform themselves, carried on through such companies in an era of general public but through the long drawn-out processes or judicial procedures, regulation, I venture to predict that most of us will agree that with opposing witnesses supported by batteries of counsel and this danger is still with us. Moreover, I assert with complete with the ha:z.ard, always, that the hostilities _will be prolonged by confidence that when such exploitation occurs, whether in the appeal to the courts. Such procedure consumes: time with the utility companies themselves or in corporate structures super.: utmost prodigality, and labor and money as well as time. The imposed upon them, the effect is ultimately felt all down the line burden falls alike upon the companies, the Government, and the to and including both rates and service. general public. Many such proceedings, especially when questions ·Bear in mind, also, that private enterprise is not the same thing of valuation were involved, have dragged their long way through as it once was. There is much less genuine individualism. As months and even years of time. corporations grow larger and the stock is widely distributed in Furthermore, management in part through public regulators the hands of many small holders, the voice of the actual owners has other singularities. To be done efficiently it requires, like any of the property grows faint and indistinct, and management falls other difficult undertaking, much accumulated knowledge, experi­ 1nto the hands of directors who are either selected by bankers or ence, and acquired skill. Yet there is seldom an opportunity for select themselves, and often have a most insignificant financial ' the prior training of commissioners. As a rule, they must acquire stake in the property. The thought occurs that possibly a Presi­ much of their special knowledge and skill after they assume dent or a governor could select these directors as well . as they office. They are also subjected to the ha:z.ard of reappointment are now selected. Also, the situation presents manifest possibili­ at stated intervals. And if they exhibit marked capacity, a de­ ties of common, ordinary graft, and what has been done by cer­ mand for their services elsewhere, where standards of remuner­ tain large private corporations in the way of salaries and bonuses ation are higher, is likely to develop, and particularly from the suggests that these possibilities have not been wholly overlooked. very companies which they regulate. It is no easy thing to find So far as· government is concerned, its deficiencies are many. men who are fitted for the job and willing to undertake lt, and Certainly there is vast opportunity for improvement. On the when they are willing it may be chiefiy with the hope that the other hand, the experience which I have had in government has job will prove a mere stepping-stone to more profitable occupa­ been far from discouraging in this respect. I have served in two­ tion. The result is that there are many inefficient men in public the government of Massachusetts and the Government of the regulation, and the turnover among those who are efficient is United States. From what I have observed, I am persuaded that very great. if all the lnstances of enterprise, initiative, and efficiency, to say This very condense.d summary of the situation must at least nothing of mere honesty, in these two governments were collecte~ suggest the thought that some better way can be found of directing and brought to light, the public would be astonished and heart­ the performance of the public functions which are the reason for ened by the sum total. In saying this I am leaving out of consid­ the existence of the_public utilities. And having sound principles eration the departments in which I have personally served. of administration in mind, the thought must also suggest itself Comparing the relative merits and demerits of government, on that a better and also simple way would be for the Government the one hand, and of the public-utility companies, on the other, to take over these public functions itself and assume complete and I am not sure how the balance tips. But that is really not the undivided responsibiUty for their management in place of the par­ important thing. Assuming the present superiority of private en­ tial responsibility which it has already assumed. At one stroke terprise and conceding the defects in the public service, are these this would eliminate the troublesome question of valuation, greatly defects inevitable? If government were given direct responsibility simplify financing, largely eliminate the courts as a time-consum­ for the public functions which the utility companies now per­ ing factor in the situation, and reduce cumbersome judicial pro­ form, is there nothing which can be done to safeguard the situa­ cedure in connection with questions of management to a mini­ tion with a view to eliminating or reducing the defects, and if mum. Such matters as service, issue of securities, accounting, there is, what direction should it take? It is ln the consideration new construction, and the general level of rates could ordinarily be of this question that the great opportunity for creative thought handled in normal, administrative routine. A commission or and effort lies. It opens up a field which has hardly been touched, some other tribunal might be necessary to pass upon certain ques­ at least in this country, and I believe the possib111ties are very tions where the clash of individual rights is involved, such as dis­ great. criminations in rates, but the field of such procedure would be Public ownership need not be combined with public operation. vastly narrowed. It is quite possible to contract for private management and to Throughout this paper in speaking of "government'' I use the provide in the contract such definite safeguards against exploita­ word generically. Dependent upon circumstances it might be the tion and abuse as may be desired. Personally, 1 incline toward Federal, a State, or a municipal government or some other gov­ public operation as well as ownership. But such operation need ernmental unit created for the purpose. It is unnecessary for not be through an ordinary Government department or bureau. present purposes to consider such distinctions. Instead, it can, and I believe should be, carried on just as private Other things being equal, such a system of complete and undi­ operation is carried on, through the medium of a separate corpo­ vided responsibility for management and operation has manifest ration, with the Government as the stockholder. advantages over the present sys,tem. The important question, of Not long ago I sketched out such a plan in an article in the course, is whether other things are actually equal. Would the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, not in any way as a final solution of the plan entail disadvantages which. would offset or more than offset problem but largely to provoke thought. Time does not permit its apparent advantages? going into details here, but I can indicate some of the essentials. The answer to this question most frequently voiced is in the The use of such a corporation would make it possible to conduct affirmative. It is urged that the Government is bureaucratic and the industry separate and distinct from other governmental ac­ inefficient, lacks initiative, is often corrupt, would be controlled tivities, on a self-sustaining basis, and in a form permitting ready by political expediency rather than sound business principles, and examination into its affairs, to manage it in accordance with would convert these utmty services into mere parts of political honest business practice, and to remove it from ordinary political machines. It is asserted that in all these respects government influences. A board of public trustees appointed by the executive falls, and would continue to fall, far below the high level of branch of the Government would function as directors and be private enterprise. If this indictment be true, this country must solely responsible for the management of the corporation in ac­ indeed be in a sorry pass, considering the great and vital functions cordance with its charter powers and purposes. The legislative which are already entrusted to the Government. The thought branch of the Government would be responsible for the latter occurs that even so it might not be unwise to have direct public but would be without other authority to interfere with manage­ responsibility for these public-utility services which enter so ment except through powers of investigation. In itself the proper intimately into the lives of the people. The result might be to drafting of the charter would be a very important duty. The create an irresistible demand for better government all along the trustees would be under oath to manage the property with regard line. solely to economy and efficiency and the provision o! the best But my experience with government and with the private com­ possible service at the lowest rates consistent with the full costs panies does not convince me that ~he indictment is true, or in of the undertaking, including proper upkeep and the maintenance any event that it must needs continue to be true. Bear in mind of adequate depreciation and other necessary reserves. .They that the indictment has two aspects. One is the deficiency of would be strictly prohibited from appointing or removing em­ government in certain respec:;ts, and the other is the superiority in ployees at the behest of any public officeholder. Plans could the same respects of private enterprise. easily be shaped and adopted for recognizing and rewarding espe­ Considering the latte:t: aspect first, I have known many public cial merit in officers and employees and for toning up the morale utility companies that were operated with enterprise and economy. of the entire force. I have known some whose finances were conducted soundly and If it were thought desirable, as a further safeguard, provision conservatively. I have also known some that kept out of .. poli­ could be made for the selection of a minority of the . trustees tics" in the baser sense of the word. On the other hand, I llave by nonp.olitical elements having a natural interest in sound oper~ 1931 , t ,CONGRESSIONAL_RECORD-SENATE ·749 ation and management . . The bus1ness and labor inter~sts Qf tlle fit their own selfish ends. Such infiuences operating upon govern­ community might, for example, be ~o represented. In the case of ment in one way or another are one Qf the important reasons, I a very large undertaking more than one corporation, possibly believe, for its present defects. · several, might be desirable. One final word: It is a tenet held by many that the desire for Details I am omitting. The plari is capable of a great variety .finanC?ial gain is the only motive which . will impel men to their of modifications and development along different lines. There is best endeavors. I challenge that tenet whole'-heartedly~ I was nothing original about it, for it -is largely made up of ideas which br~ught up in a minister's family; I have enjoyed the friendship have severally, and to some extent jointly, already been put into of doctors, school teachers, and professors; and I have had some practice either in this country or abroad. An excellent board of oppo~unity to observe men in public life, as well as many engaged public trustees appointed by the Governor of Massachusetts is now in business. My very profound belief is that the _best things directing the affairs of the Boston Elevated Railway Co., and after which have been done in the world have been impelled by higher 12 years f trial the people of the district served voted last year motives than the desire for financial gain; that these higher to continue the plan in operation. Less than a third voted in motives have an infiuence much more widespread than is com­ favor of return to private management. It is conceded that the monly supposed; and that the desire for gain, while it may impel company has been kept out of politics. The Canadian National to certain valuable endeavors, never impels the best and often Railway is operated by a corporation with directors appointed by impels the woret. the government, and has a most efficient management. Those who point to the deficits which that railroad system is now incurring PROGRESS IN PUBLIC-BUU.DINGS PROGRAM forget the fact that it is an aggregation of lines, many of them Mr. JONES. Mr. President, I have here a statement from built in advance of the development of the country; which ex­ perience h-ad proven could not be successfully operated by private the architect's office with reference to the condition of public enterprise. They forget the extraordinary improvements in serv­ buildings under way under our public-building program. I ice and earnings under a public management headed by a man, do not think this has been heretofore put in the RECORD. Sir Henry Thornton, conceded to be in the front rank of railroad I operators, and who, by the way, is a graduate of the University of think it ought to be in the REcoRD, as it will give informa­ Pennsylvania and got his early railr-oad training.on the Pennsyl­ tion to -Members in which they are probably interested and vania Railroad system. They forget, also, the general depression for which they will doubtless call upon the department in railroad earnings at the present time. An outstanding example unless it is available otherwise. Therefore I ask that it may in England is the Central Electricity Board, established not by a Labor but by a Conservative Government. The German railroads, be printed in the RECORD. as now operated, furnish a further lllustration, and there are The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, it is so many others. . ordered. As an illustration of the progress of thought along these lines in England, I quote the following from a leading English weekly: The statement is as follows: " The idea of public administration has hitherto connoted in Status of $700,000,000 program a.s of November 30, 1931 men's minds the idea of control by Parliament or by an elected local authority. It wlll, we hope and believe, continue to involve (Total specific authorization to date, $496,424,692.26) this idea in matters of high policy plainly concerning the public Completed 134 buildings, total 11mit ______$42, 411, 569. 04 interest. But we have to learn, as we are learning already in the Under contract, either in whole or in part, 286 case of the British Broadcasting Co., to distinguish between ulti­ projects, total limit------232,406,200.00 mate control over policy and supervision of the affairs of day-to­ Sites purchased in the District of Columbia______27,052,227.00 day administration. We have to learn that if we are to manage Bids in on market or in the specification stage, 63 public services efficiently, we shall have to leave their adminis­ projects------21,685,000.00 trators to get on with the job, reserving the right to criticize and Drawing stage: to replace them if they bungle, but leaving them :tree over a wide Supervising Architect, 97 projects, total 11mit__ 14, 281, 400. 00 field to settle current questions on their own responsibillty." Private architects, 150 projects, total limit ____ 131, 032, 023. 22 For. the financial overlords of our railroads and public ut111ty Land owned, ready for drawings, 4 projects, total companies I have no particular admiration. For many of the men limit______647,000.00 who are in direct charge of operation, however, I have the utmost Sites selected, title not yet vested, 53 projects, total respect. Given a plan for the public operation of these industries limit ______16,136,500.00 which will give the managers a degree of autonomy somewhat Sites advertised for, examined, and awaiting selec- comparable to that existing in private industry and which will tion, 14 projects, total limit------4, 625, 000. 00 protect them against continual petty and political infiuence, I am Held for amended legislation or for other reasons, confident that no difficulty would be experienced in obtaining the 15 projects, total 11mit------4, 520, 000. 00 services as executives of men of the highest ab111ty and character. Available for purchase of sites in the District of The great business executives of the present day neither own nor Columbia------1,627,773.00 control the properties which they manage. They must all serve somebody, and given a fair chance, I have little doubt that many Total specific authorization ______496, 424, 692. 26 of them would prefer serving thetr country or their State or their city to serving purely private interests and profit. Status of projects under $700,000,000 public building program That such conditions of public ownership and operation can be (specifically authorized, $496,424,692.26), as of November 30, established I thoroughly believe. The plan which I have outlined 1931 in a very general way may not be the right one, but an adequate plan can be developed if sufficient brain power is concentrated State and project Limit of cost Status upon it. It is to that end that thought should be directed. Needless to say, however, the wisdom of such a plan 1n the case of any particular government-and I have municipalities pa.rticu· larly in mind-might be affected by the existing character and Albertville ______stage of development of that government. $7Uj 000. ()() Under contract. A tbens ______------___ _ Drawing stage. This paper must perforce be brief. The subject 1s such that it w,ooo.oo Attalla---·------70, 000. ()() Under contract. would be expanded almost indefinitely. There are some points Aubum ______90, 000. ()() Drawing stage. that I would like to have expanded. Some day I hope to say Birmingham______425, 000. ()() Completed. something about the development of efficiency in the public serv­ Greenville ___ ------75, 000.00 Under contract. ice generally, regardless of whether it is broadened to include Mobile, M. H.l------­ 450, 000. ()() Specification stage. these utility services. The astonishing thing is that so much effi­ Mobile, P. 0------­ 40,000. ()() Additional land acquired. Montgomery 1_ ------­ 1, 045, 000. ()() On the market. ciency may be found when so little thought has been given to Sheffield.------95,000.00 Completed. ways and means of developing it. If time permitted, I should also Sylacauga ____ ------75,000. ()() Under contract. be glad to correct certain misapprehensions concerning the United Union Springs.------' 50,000. ()(} Do. States Railroad Administration during the war period, who ran it, what it accomplished, and what lessons it taught. I had oppor­ ARIZONA tunities for close observation of all these matters. Douglas, B. 8------$65,000. ()() Drawing stage. Let me in closing say-what it is hardly necessary to suggest­ G lobe ____ ------165, 000. ()() Completed. that no system of operating utilities can be made perfect, whether . 1, 080, 000. ()() Drawing stage. PrescottPhoenix ______1_ ------_ it be private or public. There always will be defects and room for 235,000. ()() Under contract~ improvement. The important thing is to find the system which San Luis, B. 8----·--·----- 58,500.00 Do. is potentially the best. It will be found, I believe, somewhere in Tucson __ ------·------­ 540, 000. ()() Completed. the general direction of public ownership and operation. But Yuma~------190, 000. ()() Drawing stage. even if the immediate defects of such a system of ownership and ARKANSAS operation should prove greater than I anticipate, that alone would not completely condemn it. There are impressive reasons for Blytheville ______95,000. ()() Drawing Stage believing that it is desirable for government to assume direct Brinkley------65, 000. ()() Under contract. Conway ___ ------· 90, ooo_00 Completed. responsibility for all functions which are conceded to be of a ElDorado ______425,000_ ()() Under contract. public character. Not only is such a course the only one consist­ Forrest City. ______.; ____ _ 85,000. ()() Do. - ent with a due regard for the dignity of government, but the Jonesboro ______-----·------110, ()()()_ ()() Drawing stage. moment that important public functions are delegated to private Little RoclL------­ l,~.ooo_ oo Under contract enterprise powerful bodies of men are created with a direct per­ North Little Rock.------­ llO, 000.00 Do. sonal and financial stake in government and hence having an Pine Bluff_------55,000.00 Drawing stage. incentive to meddle with it and shape its policies, if they can, to 1 Assigned to private architects. 750 ·coNGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE DECEMBER 18 Status of projects un.der $700,000,000 public building program Status of projects under $700,000,000 public building program (specifically authorizecL, $496,424,692.~6). as of Nov~mber: ~0, (specifically authorized, $496,424,692.26), as of November 30, 1931--Continued 1931--Continued ' . State and project Limit or cost Status State and project Limit of cost Status

ARKANSAS-continued GEORGIA Prescott ______------__ $60, 000. 00 Completed. Americus.------$100, 000. 00 Specification stage. Stuttgart------­ - 95,000.00 Under contract. Atlanta ______------_ 2, 975, 000. 00 Foundation under contract· super- Texarkana ~------790, 000. 00 Specifications. structure on the market. ' 55,000.00 Canton.------Columbus 1 ______Completed. _. CALIJ'ORNIA 410,000.00 Drawing stage. Eatonton.------­ 50,000.00 Under contract. Alameda------75, 000.00 On the market. MaconFort Valley------______85,000.00 Do. Berkeley------­ 190,000.00 Under contract. Madison ______395,000.00 Specification stage. Beverly Hills~------­ 300,000.00 Drawing stage. 55,000.00 . Under contract. 73, 000. 00 Do. Monroe ______: _----______60, 000.00 Do. Calerico,El Centro B. ______8------_ Rossville ______140,000.00 Do. Sandersville ______70,000.00 Do. Glendale~------455,000. 00 Do. 70,000.00 Do. Long Beach ______Savannah, M. H ______18,000.00 Held. 725,000.00 On the market. Savannah ______Los Angeles, P. 0., Ct. H. I_ 950,000. 00 Additional land accepted. 900,000.00 Under contract. Los Angeles, Q. 8------­ 70,000.00 Site accepted. ThomsonThomaston._------______95,000.00 Site accepted. 70,000.00 Marysville ~------150,000.00 Drawing stage. Toccoa ______Under contract. 65,000. 00 Do. Merced~------­ 180, 000. 00 Do. Waynesboro ______Modesto. __ ------195,000.00 Do. West Point______60,000.00 Do. Monterey~------180,000.00 Do. 65,000.00 Do. Napa~------­ 140,000.00 Do. Oakland. __ ------1, 510, 000. 00 Foundation completed; superstructure IDAHO under contract. . 440,000.00 Completed. 145,000.00 Specification stage. Boise ___ ------Oroville~------­ CoeurCaldwelL d'Alene ______------_ 110, 000. 00 . Under contract. Palo Alto ~------210,000.00 Drawing stage. 250,000.00 Completed. Petaluma __ ------165,000.00 Do. 110,000.00 Pomona ______Nampa_------Pocatello 1 ______Do. 175,000.00 Under contract. 220,000.00 Specification stage. Porterville_------­ 150,000. 00 Site accepted. 80,000.00 Completed. 95,200.00 Completed. Sandpoint ___ ------Red Bluff __ ·------Weiser 110,000.00 Drawing stage. Redlands ___ ------170,000.00 Site report in. 1------Sacramento~------1, 300, 000. 00 Specification stage. JLUNOIS San Bernardino ______325,000.00 Under contract. San Diego ______775,000.00 Held (amended legislation). Aurora ______------395, 000. oo. Under contract. San Francisco, F. 0. B.l __ _ 3, 050, 000. 00 Drawing stage. Batavia ______------__ San Francisco, M. H ______Bloomington______80,000.00 Completed. 1, 640, 000. 00 Under contrac.t. 325,000.00 Under contract. San Franciso, P. 0., Ct. H.l 750,000.00 Drawing stage. Carlinville.Carbondalb------______125,000.00 Do. • San Jose ____ ------455,000.00 Site accepted. 75,000.00 Specification stage. San PedrO------575,000.00 Condemnation, land. Carrollton ______65,000.00 Santa Ana ______245,000.00 Under contract. Under contract. Chicago, appraiser's stores 1_ 1, 150, 000. 00 Drawing stage. San Ysidro, B. S------­ 105,000.00 Drawing stage. Chicago, M. H ______Do______233,000.00 Completed. Stockton ~------­ 695,000. 00 On the market. 200,000.00 Do. Tecat~, B. S------59,500.00 Drawing stage. Do.t __ ------510,000.00 Drawing stage. V allejo __ ------185,000.00 Site acquired. g!llcago, P. 0.1 ______24, 725, 000. 00 200,000.00 Site accepted. Under contract. Ventura ______------wero ___ ------165,000.00 Do. Visalia ____ ------____ _ 150,000.00 Do. 105,000.00 20,000 00 Site and building acquired. East Moline~------Drawing stage. Watsonville.------Freeport_------­ Zl5,000. 00 Under contract. HavanaHarvey ______------_ 160,000.00 Drawing stage. COLORADO 70,000.00 Under contract. Held (amended legislation). 70,000.00 Do. Alamosa _____ ------90,000.00 jfJi~~~~---====::::::::::::: 75,000.00 Drawing stage. Boulder______------140,000.00 Specification stage. 185,000.00 Do. 120,000.00 Under contract. Joliet I_------Denver,Canon City------Cu. H ______Lake Forest'------160,000. 00 Do. 1, 235, 000. 00 Do. Lawrenceville ______100,000.00 Do. . Durango.------150,000.00 Completed. Drawing stage. 160,000.00 On the market. MonteGreeley Vista __ ------______50,000.00 75,000.00 Under contract. 120,750.00 Under contract. 00,000. 00 Completed. Montrose ___ ------141,750.00 Do. 115,000.00 Site accepted. 25,000. 00 Condemnation, land. §~~~=~=~~~~~~~~~~~~Mount CarmeL ______Pueblo._------100,000.00 225,000.00 Under contract. Completed. Sterling_------600,000.00 Drawing stage. 75,000.00 Completed. CONNECTICUT 95,000.00 Do. ~=r~;=:::::::::::::::: 60,000.00 Branford ______65,400.00 Completed. Under contract. Drawing stage. ~~--:::::::::::::::::::: 320,000.00 Held (amended legislation). Bridgeport~------1, 200, 000. 00 100,000.00 Drawing stage. Derby ____ ------125,000.00 Under contract. Do. 735,000.110 Do. Hartford~------­ 2, 000, 000. 00 850,000.00 Completed. 135,000.00 Drawing stage. Manchester------:Jzr:j~~~===:::::::::::::Spring Valley------60,000.00 Under contract. Milford __ ------140,000.00 Under contract. New Britain ______250,000.00 Do. 335,000.00 Drawing stage. · New London t ______Drawing stage. 14.0,000. 00 Do. 420,000.00 90,000. ()() Under contract. Norwalk ______------375,000.00 Site report in. Putnam ______115,000.00 Drawing stage. ;~:~~======~ Stamlord, land only ______20.000.00 Completed. INDIANA Waterbury_------570,000.00 Under contract. Anderson __ ------165,000.00 Completed. Under contract. DELAWARE Specification stage. Under contract. Dover I ___ ------100,000.00 Drawing stage. g~~~~=:::::::::::::: 1~: :: ~ Georgetown ______East Chicago______185,000.00 Completed. 75, CXX>. 00 Under contract. Evansville, M. H ______: 100,000. 00 Newark ______------_ 60, 000. 00 Completed. Specification stage. Reedy Island, Q. s ______Fort Wayne 1______1, 150,000.00 Under contract. 14,500.00 Drawing stage. French Lick ______- 85,000. oo Drawing stage. Under contract. FLORIDA 8~::~~ =::::::::::::::: 1~: ~: ~ On the market. Bradenton ______Site accepted. Hagerstown______80,000. 00 Drawing stage. 155.000.00 Hammond______155,000.00 Completed. Clearwater~------150,000.00 Drawing stage. Daytona Beach 1 ______285,000.00 Do. Kokomo __ ------175,000. 00 Under contract• . Fort Lauderdale 1______LaFayette'------375,000. 00 Do. 175,000.00 Do. Lebanon______90,000.00 Fort Myers 1 ______210,000.00 Do. Do. Jacksonville, Ct. H.l ______Do. Linton ______------60,000.00 Do. 2, 000, 000. ()() 75,000.00 Jacksonville, P. P. B.l ____ _ 575,000. 00 Under contract. Mount Vernon______Do. Key West, M. H ______Do. Muncie_------180,000. 00 Do. 25,000. 00 Noblesville______80,000.00 K~y_West, P. 0 ______Do. Do. 525,000.00 Plymouth 1______80,000.00 DraWing stage. KissliDIDee _____ ------__ 80,000.00 Do. Rushville_------100,000. oo Completed. Lake CitY------­ 125,000.00 Do. Drawing stage. Lakeland __ ------__ 90,000. ()() Completed. Salem ___ ---_------80, 000. 00 Marianna ______116,000. ()() Do. South Bend t __ ------1, 100, (j()()_ 00 Under contract. Drawing stage. Miami'------2, 080, 000. 00 Under contract. TerreVincennes Haute'------I______600,000.00145,000.00 Miami, Q. s ______65,000. ()() On the market. Do. Drawing stage. Warsaw______95,000.00 Under contract. Palm Beach~------­ 200,000.00 Whiting______130, 000. 00 Drawing stage. Sarasota ~------175,000. ()() Do. Winchester ______:____ 95,000.00 Tampa ______550,000.00 Under contract. Do. t Assigned to private architects. 1 Assigned to private architects. ·1931 -CONGRESSIONAL 'RECORD--SENATE Status of ·projects· under $700,000,000 public· building program Statw of projects under $700,000,000 public building pro{l1'am (specifically authorized, $496,424,692.26), as of November 30, (specifically authorized, $496,424,692.26), cu of November 30, 1931-Continued 1931-Continued

State and project Limit of cost Status State and project Limit of cost Status

lOWA YASSACHUSETTS-continued Haverhill ______Albia._------~- $75,000.00 Under contract. $250, 000. 00 Completed. Cedar Rapids ______725,000.00 Do. 210,000.00 Under contract. Council Bluffs ______Lawrence .•------·---- 160,000.00 Drawing stage. Leominster.Lowell ______------·----- _ 125,000.00 Completed. Davenport 1___ ------665,000.00 Specification stage. 500,000.00 Under contract. Des Moines, ct. H ______665,000.00 Completed. Lynn •------700,00).00 Drawing stage. Des Moines, P. 0 ...•.•.•.• 775,000.00 Condemnation-land. Malden .. ___ ------140,000.00 Completed. Drawing stage. Middleboro ______105,000.00 Drawing stage. Dubuque t_ ------675,000.00 Newburyport ______:_ Fairfield._------110, O:JO. 00 Completed. Norwood ______102,000.00 Completed. Iowa City------190,000.00 Under contract. 130,000.00 Site accepted. Marengo ______65,000.00 Do. Palmer_____ ------115,000.00 Under contract. Mason City------385,000.00 Do. Pittsfield ______------_ 195,000.00 Do. Newton______125,000.00 Completed. Provincetown... ______105.000.00 Drawing stage. Oelwein. ______85,000.00 Under contract. Quincy'------­ 240,000.00 Do. Sioux City •------1, 025, 000. 00 Drawing stage. Rockland •------115,000.00 Do. 1 360,000.00 Do. Spencer ------105,000.00 Do. SouthbridgeSalem •• _ ------______Springfield ______110,000.00 Completed. KANSAS 1,450,()()(). 00 Under contract. Taunton •.. __ ------215,000.00 Do. Dodge City------140,000.00 Under contract. WilliamstownWaltham'------______220,000.00 Drawing stage. Holton.. ______.------85,000.00 Drawing stage. 95,000.00 Do. Junction City------100,000.00 Completed. Winchester __ ------75,000. ()() Completed. Winthrop ______~------Lawrence.------­ 120,000.00 Do. 63,000.00 Under contract. Manhattan._------·------77,000..00 Site acquired. Worcester ------800,000.00 Do. Pittsburg •• ------85,000.00 Under contract. Topeka.------1, 065, 000. 00 Foundation under contract, superstruc­ liiCBIGAN Wichita______ture on the market. 115,000.00 Drawing stage 1, 200, 000. 00 Under contract. .Alma·------.Ann Arbor______- Do. 'Battle Creek ______75,000.00 ~o. ooo..oo Completed. KENTUCU Bay City.------475,000.00 Under contract. Benton Harbor _____ ., ______120,000.00 Do. Ashland ______Drawing stage. Barbourville ______200,000.00 Boyne City_------·----- 65,000.00 Do. 65,000.00 Under contract. Calumet._------100,000.00 Held (amended legislation). Central City------70,000.00 Do. Detroit, 1. s ______115,000.00 Drawing stage. Elizabethtown ______Do. Detroit, M. H.t______Falmouth______70,000.00 1, 200, 000. 00 First half completed; second half draw 60,000.00 Do. ing stage. Harlan... ______------. 110,000.00 Do. Detroit, P. O.t ______6, 650, 000. 00 Foundation under contract; mper· Harrodsburg ______~------Do. Leringtont ______95,000.00 structure specification stage. 760, ()()(),()() Drawing stage. 650,o00. 00 Completed. 460,000.00 Specification stage. Flint.. ------LouisvilleLouisville, ______M .H.l. ------_ Orand Rapids'------300,000.00 Held (amended legislation). 2, 985, 000. 00 Foundation completed, superstmcture 170,000.00 Drawing stage. under contract. Iron Mountain •------Madisonville ______Ironwood.. _------185,000.00 Under contract. 90,000.00 Under contract. Jackson'------515,000.00 Drawing stage. 90,000.00 Do. Murray------Paintsville ______Lansing 1_ ------· 850,000.00 Do. 70,000.00 Do. Lapeer------100,000.00 Do. Pikeville ______------•------93,000.00 Do. Ludington..------135,000.00 Do. Prestonsburg ______Do. Marshallt __ :... ______Shelbyville ______.______70,000.00 130,000.00 Do. 70,000.00 Completed. Pontiac._------~.000.00 Completed. Port Huron.------­ 115,000.00 Dmwing stage. LOUIStANA SturgisSouth Haven.------______115,000.00 Site accepted. Alexandria I ______125,000.00 Bids in. 350,000.00 Drawing stage. Wyandotte.------.------140,000.00 Completed. Baton Rouge~------465,000.00 Do. Bogalusa _____ ------__ 130,000.00 Completed. IDNNESOTA Mansfield______.. ______75,000.00 Under contract. 300, ()()().00 Drawing stage. Austin. ___ ------75,000.00 Drawing stage. Monroe •------Duluth._------1, 200, 000. 00 Completed. Morgan City------75,()()().00 Bids in. Fergus Falls ______New Orleans, M. H ______2, 000,000.00 Under contract. 150,000.00 Drawing stage. New Orleans, Q. S ______465, ()()(). 00 Do. 135,000.00 Held (amended legislation). Opelousas ______85,000.00 Do. Mankato______85,000.00 Drawing stage. Shreveport______350,000.00 Do. {i~~~~======300,000.00 Do. Minneapolis •------4, 150, 000. 00 Foundation bids in; superstructure drawing stage. 1lAlNB Montevideo______75,000.00 Completed. 125,000.00 Drawing stage. Bt1lll8Wick.------90,000.00 Under contract. Northfield 1_ ------­ Caribou______70,()()().00 Completed. Noyes, B. S------­ 78,

YON'l'ANA NEW YORK-continued Anaconda ______$140,000. 00 Specification stage, Long Island City ---•------${75,000. 00 Completed. ·- Babb-Piegan, B. 8--~-----­ 59,000.00 Under contract. · · Lyons. ____ ------75,000.00 Under contract. Billings ~------24.0, 000. ()() Drawing stage. Malone .• ------­ 175,000.00 Condemnation, land, HavreButte-----·------______295,000. 00 On the market. Medina.------115,000.00 Under contract. Helena ______250,000.00 Under contract. · Mooers, B. 8. __ ------59,300.00 Drawing stage. 357,000.00 Do. Newburgh_------­ 340,000.00 Under contract. Lewistown ______165,000.00 Do. New York City, old. ap- 600,000.00 First half completed; second hall Missoula ______-----__ 400,000.00 Completed. praiser's stores. under contract. Rossville, B. 8------­ 59,000.00 Specification stage. New York City, assay 3, 765, 000. 00 Under contract. Sweetgrass, B. 8------...! 61,000.00 Drawing stage. office.• New York City, Ct. H.t __ _ 10, 700, 000. 00 Drawing stage. NEBRASKA New York City, F. 0. B.:. 5, 000, 000. 00 Site accepted. New York City, M. H.t___ _ Beatrice ______-----______2, 500, 000. 00 Drawing stage. 50,000.00 On the market. New York City, P. P. B __ _ 11, 000, 000. 00 Under contract. Broken Bow------­ 85,000. 00 Under contract. New York City, P. 0. 9,500,000.00 Drawing stage. Central City------65,000.00 Completed. Annex. . 65,000.00 Under contract. Niagara Falls, Cu. H ______DavidCrete. ___City ------______75,000.00 Completed. 75,000.00 Drawing stage. 200,000.00 Drawing stage. NorwichNiagara Falls,! ______P. 0.•------: ____ _ Grand Island 1_ ------:------95,000. 00 Do. 130,000.00 Do. Norfolk.------145,000. ()() Uunder contract. 150,000.00 Omahai ;F. B,t ______Nyack __ ------Do. 0. 740,000.00 Drawing stage. U5,000.00 Under contract. 125,000.00 Under contract. Oneida. ____ ------Scottsb uti------~--~-- Patcho~e •------200,000.00 Drawing stage. Sidney ------. 80,000. ()() Drawing stage. PeekskllL ______: __ _ 165,000.00 Under contract. Plattsburg_------­ 120,000.00 Completed. NEVADA PotsdamPort Chester ______•------_ 320,000.00 Drawing stage. 140,000.00 Drawing stage. 135,000.00 Specification stage, Elko. __ ------_------· 1, 700,000.00 Drawing stage. Ety------"---­ 95,000. 00 · Do. RousesRochester Point, •------B. s ______Fallon.------: - 90,000.00 Completed. 153,000.00 Do. Goldfield ______' 75,000.00 Held. Schenectady •------370,000.00 Do. Las Vegas ______320,000.00 Under contract. Seneca Falls. ___ ------115,000.00 Site accepted. 565,000.00 Drawing stage. Staten Island ___ ------345,000.00 Under contract. Reno~------1, 500, 000. 00 Completed. TroutSyracuse River, ___ ------B. s ______NEW RAlLPSBIBE 60,000.00 Under contract. Utica ___ ------800,000. 00 Completed. Claremont. __ ------"''- 95,000.00 Under contract. Watertown ____ ------Z75,000. 00 Do. Wells ville. ___ ------145,000.00 Bids in. Exeter __ ------­ 90,000. 00 On the market. White Plains ______Hanover------100.000. ()() CoiDDleted . 350,000.00 Under contract. Littleton ______.------265,000. ()() Site report ln. _ _ Yonkers. ___ ------520,000.00 Completed. Manchester------450,000. ()() Bids in . .. _ . Somersworth ______75,000.00 Under contract. NORTH CAROLINA

NEW 1ERSEY Asheville. ____ ------650,000.00 Completed. Charlotte.------525,000.00 Drawing stage. Bayonne ______230,000.00 Completed. Durham •------550,000.00 Do. Bloomfield ______325,000.00 Site report in. Edenton. ------. 70,000.00 Under contract. Camden .•• ------­ 1, 100, 000. 00 Under contract. Greensboro ____ ------900, 000.00 Do. Dover------150,000.00 Site accepted. High Point t_ ------400,000.00 Drawing stage. East Orange ______285,000.00 Completed. Lenoir __ ------75,000.00 Completed. Elizabeth_------175,000.00 Do. Lumberton._------­ 105,000. 00 Under contract. Englewood ______280,000.00 Site report in. Mount Airy •------145,000. 00 Drawing stage. Mount Olive ______. ____ _ 75,000.00 Freebold.------~-- 135,000.00 Oondemnation, land. New Bern ______Under contract. Hoboken ______250,000. 00 Under contract. 325,(100.00 Site report in. 120,000.00 Jersey City~------455, 000 ..()() ' Drawing stage. Rockingham_------__ Site accepted. Millville.------90,300.00 Completed. Rutherfordton. __ ------'--­ 70,000.00 Under contract. 295,000.00 Do. Salisbury __ ------182,500.00 Do. Montclair------Wadesboro ______90,000. 00 Specification stage. Newark~------6, 150, 000. 00 Drawing stage. Wilson______Orange ______320,000.00 Site report ln. 205,000.00 Completed. 350,000. 00 Under contract. Passaic . •• ------­ NORTH DAKOTA Paterson ~------800,000.00 Drawing stage. 155,000.00 Do. Phillipsburg •------• 59,000. 00 Under contract. Princeton ~------95,000.00 Do. Ambrose,Carrington_ B. ______8------_ Red Bank ______140,000.00 Under contract. 00,000.00 Drawing stage. Salem______------80,000.00 Do. Fargo_------­ 600,000. 00 Completed. Grafton.------85,000.00 Specification stage. Somerville._------Trenton ______. 135, 000. 00 Site accepted. Jamestown ______. l 650, 000. 00 Foundation completed; superstructure Pembina ______200,000.00 Completed. under contract. 115,000.00 Under contract. 74,200. ()() Do. Union City __ ------375,000.00 Condemnation, land. St.1ohns,Portal, B. B.B------s______West New York ______3i5,000. 00 Site accepted. 69,000.00 Do.

NEW MEXICO omo Akron ______· Albuquerque ______Barberton______565,000.00 Completed. . 900, 000. 00 Under contract. 175,000.00 Drawing stage. Clovis ______------130,000.00 Do. 140,000. 00 Do. East Las Vegas ______151,000. 00 Completed. Bucyrus._------Canton 1_ ------725,000.00 Do. Gallup ______------125,000.00 Drawing stage. Cincinnati, P. P ,1 ______3, 000, 000. 00 270,000.00 Completed. Do. Santa Fe, Ct. H------­ Cincinnati, P. Ct. 1, 000, 000. 00 Held (amended legislation)~ 115,000.00 Drawing stage. 0., IL-­ Silver City• ------Cleveland 1__ ------'-----­ 5, 275,000.00 Drawing stage. · 2, 275,000. 00 Do. NEW YORK ConneautColumbus ______•------_ Delphos ______105,000. QO Under contract. 98,000.00 Site accepted.. Albany'------3, 325, OQO. 00 Drawing stage. Dover______._ Amsterdam ______:. _____ 175, 000. 00 Held (amended leg.slatioQ). Findlay! ______; ____ _. __ 110,000.00 Drawing stage. Bath______105, 000. 00 · Fostoria______230,000.00 Do. Under contract. 160,000.00 Do. Binghamton '------625, 000. 00 Drawing stage. Brooklyn. ______-:______2, 700, 000. 00 Under contract. Fremont.------=-­ 240,000. ()() Under contract. Catskillt ______:______110,000. 00 Galion. __ ------:.-~ 140,000.00 Site selected. · Drawing stage. Hamilton ______: __ _ .uo, 000. 00 Under contract, Champlain, B. 8 ..• ------56,000.00 Specification stage. 1ackson. _____ : ______:._ :~ . 100,000.00 Do. Chateaugay, B. 8 •• ------59, 100. 00 Drawing stage. Lima..Millersburg ____ ------______·----- _ 475,000.00 Completed. Dansville ~------145, 000. 00 Do. 70,000.00 Under contract. Dunkirk.------100,000. 00 Completed. Mount Vernon______135,000.00 Drawing stage. Elmira.------265,000.00 Do. Napoleon._.------­ 90,000.00 Under contract. Endicott'------190,000. 00 Drawing stage. New Philadelphia. •••••:.._ 100,000. ()() Completed. Fort Covington, B. S______56, 000. 00 Site accepted. 87,800.00 130, ooo: 00 Under contract. Fort Plain______Under contract. ~~~aik::::::::::-.=:::.;_ 160,000.00 On the marke,, Freeport •------215, 000. 00 Drawing stage. Olen Cove t ______: ___ 160, 000. 00 Site acquired. Oberlin. __ ------105,000. ()() Site accepted. Painesville •------180,000.00 Drawing stage, Hempstead •------315,000.00 Drawing stage. Portsmouth. ______(()(), 000.00 Site report in. Flushing______700,000.00 Site accepted. Drawing stage. Ravenna '------145,000.00 Drawing stage, 1amaicaHerkimer 1 ______•------;;____ 875,000.00120,000. 00 Sandusky------40,000,00 Completed. Do. Shelby------..;,_,;,_ 105,000.00. Drawing stage. Le Roy __ ------95,000. 00 Site selected. Lockport______80,000.00 Springfield •------:.:.: •••• 7t0, 000.00 Foundation specification stage; SuP«• Drawlni staae. . structure drawing stage. Assigned to private architects. • Assiined to private architects. .1931 i-CONGRESSIONAL RECORD---SENATE -753

stat1J;S of profects under $701J,OOO,OOO public building program stat1.118 of projects under $700,000,000 pubZfc building program (specifically authorized,, $496,424,692.26), as of ·November 30, - (specifically authorized, $496,424,692.26), ·as of November 30, 1931-Continued 1931-Continued State and project Limit of cost . Status State and project Limit of cost I -Status

omc:rcontinued SOUTH CAROIJNA-contd. Lancaster ______Toledo'------$960, 00>. 00 Under contract. $75, 000. 00 Completed. Troy------­ 100, OQO. 00 Drawing stage. SpartanburgRock Hill------______300,000. 00 Under contract, Wilmington_Urbana._------______130,000.00 Do. 420, 000. 00 Completed. 130, 000. 00 Completed. Wooster------80,000.00 Do. SOUTH DAKOTA Youngstown'------585, 000. 00 On the market. Chamberlain______Zanesville______100,000.00 Specification stage. 54,000.00 Completed. Hot Springs.______Milbank ______90,000.00 'Drawing stage. OKLA.HOHA 65,000.00 Under contract. Mitchell. ____ ------70,000. 00 Completed. 250, 000. 00 Drawing stage. Sioux Falls ______-- BarAda'------tlesville ______Vermilion.. ______300,000.00 Under ccntract. Duncan ______310, 000. 00 Under contract. 75, coo. 00 Do. 125, 000. 00 Condemnation, land. W atertoWIL ______Winner ______120,000.00 Drawing stage. Frederick.------95, 000. 00 Under contract. 100,000.00 Under contract. Hobart.Miami ______------______90, 000. 00 Do. 235, 000. 00 Drawing stage. TENNESSEE Norman. ____ ------160, 000.00 Specification stage. Oklahoma City------1,100, 000. 00 Under contract. Okmulgee______AthensChattanooga •- _------______90,000.00 Completed. 330, 000. 00 On the market. 1, 435, 000. 00 Drawing stag9. SapnlpaPonca City______•------_ 250, 000. 00 Drawing stage. Cleveland______----- ~ ----- 90,000.00 Do. 100,000. 00 .Under contract Elizabethton.______122,500. 00 On the market. TulsaStillw ______ater------.___ _ 135, 000. 00 Site accepted. Huntingdon.. ______; ____ _ 70,000.00 Under contract. 1, 160, ~- 00 · Under contract. 1ackscn ______------350,000.00 Drawing stage. Kingsport ______215,000.00 Under contract; OREGON 1, 575, 000. 00 Astoria ______Knoxville'------­ Drawing stage. 250,000.00 Under contract. McMinnville. __ ------­ 85,000.00 Completed. Bend. ___ ------155, 000.00 Specification stage. Memphis, M . H '------­ 175,000.00 Drawing stage. Corvallis. ____ ------190,000. ()() Under contract. Memphis_------900, OQO. !JO Under contract. Klamath Falls ______255,000.00 Do. Memphis, sub. P. 0 ______325,000. 00 Completed. MarshfieJd '------140,000. 00 Drawing stage. Nashville •------1, 565,000. 00 Drawing stage. Oregon City ___ ------115,000.00 Do. RogersvilleParis _____ -- ______------_ 50,000.00 Completed. Portland, Ct. H.l______1, 950, 000; 00 Bids in. 70,000.00 On the market. St. Iohns '------Drawing stage. 60,~. ~ - TEXAS PENNSYLVANIA Atlanta.------65,000.00 Under contract. BigBeaumont Spring ______•------_ 680,000.00 Drawing stage. Allentown'------820,000.00 Specification !tage. 165,000.00 Site accepted. 775,000.00 Under contract. Altoona •------Breckenridge.------Brownsville______140,000. 00 Drawing stage. Ambridge '------­ 145,000. ()() Drawing stage. 430,000. ()() Under contract. BloomsburgBellefonte ------______125,000. 00 Condemnation, land. Cisco._------130,000.00 Drawing stage. 140,000.00 Site accepted. Coleman..------­ 100,000.00 Under contract. Bryn Mawr'------­ 175, 000.-()(). Drawing stage. Corsicana------Crockett ______90,000.00 Completed. Chester •------• 615,000. 00 Do. 85, 000. 00 Under contract. ClearfieldCoatesville ______------_ 145,000. 00 On the market. Dallas.------1, 305,000. 00 Do. 165,000. 00 Drawing stage. El Paso, I. S.. ------­ 535, 00>. 00 Held. DuquesneDonora. ______------_ 95, 000. 00 Completed. Fort Worth, Ct. H.•------1, 215, 000. 00 Drawing stage. Ebensburg______100,000. 00 Held (amended legislation). ­ Fort Worth, P. O.t ______1, 445, 000. 00 Under contract. 15,000.00 Site acquired. Galveston, I. 8.•------375, 000.00 Specification stage, Ellwood City'------135,000.'00 Drawing stage. Galveston, M. H ______740,000.00 Under contract. Erie ______------__ 555, 000. _00 Under contract. Georgetown.. ______80,oqo. oo Do. Greenville •------175,000. 00 Drawing stage. Greenville.------__ 80,000.00 Completed. . Grove City •------• 120,000. 00 Do. Harlingen..---·------170,000.00 Site accepted. Jeannette '------155,000.00 Do. 615,000. 00 Kit tanning______145,000.00 Under contract. HuntsvilleHonston_ ------______Under contract. 1ack:sonville ______75,000.00 Do. Lancaster------500,000.00 Completed. 135,000. OQ Site accepted. Lansdale ______120,000. 00 Site report in. Lewisburg ______Lubbock.------McAllen ______335,000. ()() Under contract. 255,000. 00 Drawing stage. 135, coo. 00 Condemnation, land.. LewistoWIL------­ 108, 500. 00 Completed. Memphis_------­ 80,000. co Under contract. McKeesport_ __ ------­ 90,000.00 Specification stage. Mexia.------Pampa______100,000.00 Do. MiltonMcKees______Rocks------~ _ 85, 000.00 Completed. 180,000.00 Site accepted. 110,000.00 Drawing stage. Paris _____ ------84,000.00 Completed. Nanticoke. ____ -·------70,000. 00 Do. Plainview------152,000.00 Drawing stage. New Castle •------• 525,000.00 Do. Sabine Pass, Q. S ______Specification stage. 375, 000.00 Site acquired. New Kensington'------­ 285, 000.00 San AngelO------200,000. 00 Drawing stage. Norristown'------490, 000.00 Drawing stage. San Antonio ______Olyphant. ______------San Benito ______325,000.00 Condemnation, site. 70,000.00 Completed. 125,000.00 Under contract. Philadelphia, Cu. H.'------4, 200, 000. 00 Drawing stage. Philadelphia, M. H ______Seguin ____ ------__ s.~ . 000. 00 Site report in. 75,000.00 Completed. Stephenville.------__ 90,000.00 Site accepted. Philadelphia, P. 0,1 ______9, 750,000.00 Foundation under contract; suPer- structure drawing stage. Sweetwater------130,000. 00 Under contract. Taylor------115,000. 00 Completed. Pittsburgh •------• 7, 902,000.00 Foundation under contract; super­ : structure on the market. Texas City------80, 000.00 Specification stage. . Tylor '------­ 360,000. 00 Drawing stage. Pottsville.------325,000.00 Held (amended legislation). Waco_------150,000,00 Held (amended legislation). Rochester------­ 105, 000.00 Under contract. 725,000. 00 Under contract. Sayre __ ------­ 100,000. oo. Completed. Wichita •------1, 475, 000. 00 Scranton._------Under contract. UTAH Stroudsburg •------130,000.00 Drawing stage. Tamaqua ______125,000. 00 Do. Tarentum ______Bingham Canyon'------­ 75,000.00 Drawing stage. Tyrone______70,000.00 Completed. 125,000.00 Do. Cedar City'------150,000.00 Do. Uniontown______. 265, 000. 00 Nephi _____ ------57,750. ()() Under contract. On the market . Ogden, F. S. B ______.:, __ _ 300,000.00 Drawing stage. Warren._------290,000.00 Foundation completed; superstructure Ogden.-______.,: _____ ~---- under contract. Price______365,000.00 Under contract. Waynesboro ______Provo ______: ____ _ 96,000. 00 Completed. Waynesburg ______145,000.00 Site accepted. 45,000.00 Held (amended legislation). - 100, 000 . .00 Completed. 1, 340, 000. 00 Foundation completed; superstructure t;ellsboro ____ ------__ 80,000. 00 Under contract. Salt Lake City------·----- Wilkes-Barre ______395,000.00 Held (amended legislationJ, under contract. Williamsport'------240, 000. 00 Drawing stage. UTAH Tooele'------75.000.00 Drawing stage. RHODE ISLAND VXBKONT 95, 00 · Drawing stage. EastPawtucket Greenwich'------______oOO. Warren ______460,000. 00 Under contract Alburg, B. 8------56,000. 00 Condemnation, lan

LXXV--48 754 ·coNGRESSIONAL- RECORD~ENATE DECEMBER -18

status of projects- under 1700,000,000 public bulld.lng ·program Status of projects under 1700,000,000 public 'buUdtng program (speciftet~Hy a,.,.thoriZed., $496,424,6~2.26). 48 of November 30, (spedftcaUy authorized, $496,424,692.26), 48 of November 30, 1931-contlnued 1931-continued

State and .project Limit of cast Status State and project Limit of cost Status VERlt:GNT-COntinued Administration Building, $2, (XX), 000. 00 Completed. Rutland______----_____ : $330, 000. 00 Under con~. Springfield'------135, 000. 00 Drawing stage. Department of Agricul­ West Berkshire, B. s______59, 500. 00 Do. ture. White River Junction..•••. 125, 000. 00 Site accepted. Extensible Building, De- 1.2, 800, 000. 00 First part under contract; second part partment of Agriculture. specification stage . VIBGINIA .Archives Building •------8, 750, 000. 00 Excavation contrnct completed; super­ structure drawing stage. 380,000.00 Under contract. Central beating plsnt.~---­ 4, 857, OZ3. 22 Drawing stage. - .AlexandriaBristoL ______••••••••••------_ Coast. Oruud Building'---­ 3,000, 000.00 Do. Buena Vista______21 0,-000. 00 On the market. 70,000.00 Completed. Commerce Department 17,500,000. ()() Under contract. 77,500.00 Drawing stage. . Building. Cape Charles __ ------~---­ 2, (XX), 000. ()() Charlottesville.------22,000.00 Site acquired. Connecting wing, Labor­ Foundation under contiact; super­ 80,000.00 Drawillg stage. Interstate Commerce structure drawing stage. gw:~r~-~~::::::::::::::: 500,000.00 Do. . Commission.• _ Lynchburg______848,000.00 On the market. Economics Building, De-­ 350, 000. 00 Building parehased. Manassas.------;__ 60,000. ()() Under contract. partment of Agrlcnlture. Newport News.•••••••••••• 20,000. ()() Site acquired. Government Printing 1, 250, 000. 00 Completed. Norfolk, M. H-...... 800,000. ()() Drawing stage. Office · Internal Revenue Building. (XX), Norfolk'------1, 925, 000. 00 Do. . 10, 000. 00 Do. Portsmouth______. 140, 000. 00 Under contract. Interstate Commerce 4, 500, 000. 00 Foundation under contraci; soper­ Richmond, P. P. B __ ..: ___ _ 1, 000, 000. ()() Site report in. Building.' structure drawing stage. Richmond~ P. o______1100, 000. 00 Under contract. 1ustice Building •------• 12, 000, 000. 00 Do. 560, 000. 00 Do. Landscape work, triangle at 60, 000. 00 Drawing~ Roanoke.------Fifteenth and Pennsyl­ West Point ••••••• ~------­ 65,000.00 Do. W oodstock .•••••••••••••••.• 55,000.00 D!). vanla A venae.! Labor Building 1_ ------4, 75(t 000. 00 ,Foap.dation under contract; super­ WASBINGTON structure drawing stage. Liberty Loan Building. . --­ 375,000.00 Completed. 158,000."00 Un~er contract. Post Office Department 10, 300, 000. 00 Foundation under contr&cti scpero Blae~!J,~· 8 .. ------Building.t Ch . _------150,000.00 Drawing stage. structure drawing staee. 80,000.00 Under contrad. Power plant, Department 85,000.00 Under contract. Colfax...••••••• ------of .Agriculture. Hoquiam.------~----­ U1, 750.00 Do. Longview'------­ 210,000.00 Drawing stage. Public Health Service 003, 250. 00 Do. Metaline Falls, B. fL •••••• 58,500.00 Under contract. Building.! Oroville, B. s______59,500.00 On the market. Department of State Build­ 3, (XX), !XXl. 00 Specification stag& ing.' Pasco •• ------65,000.00 Under contract. Supreme Court site______._ Port Angeles ______190,000.00 Bids in. 1, 768,741.00 Land acquired. Pullman._------·------107,000.00 Completed. Water mains, etc__ .:_~-- 525, 000. 00 First part completed; eecond Pad Seattle, F. 0. B------2, 375, 000. 00 Foundation completed; saperstroctare under contract. under contract. Seattle, I. s ______685, 000. 00 Under contract. ·. TotaL______100,769,014.22 Seattle, M. H.I---·----~--­ 1, 725, 000. 00 Do. Sumas, B. L •.••••••••••• 65,000.00 Do. 1 .A~ign.ed to private architects. . .WEST VIRGlli'U Acquisition of land, District of Columbia, tota} authorization. •••------$40,WISCONSIN who is a patriot, and whose patriotic devotion to the coun­ try can not ]?e questioned. He is discussing a proposition .Appleton.. .••••• ______260, 000.00 Under contract. Beloit ______~~_._ 270, 000. 00 On the market. submitted to the World Court some time .ago and decided Kenosha ______300, 000. 00 Drawing stage. by it. It is the matter of the proposed customs union be­ La Crosse ______225,000.00 ' Under contract. Madison ______•• ______635, 552. 00 Completed . . - tween Austria and Germany. I think the statement should MarshtleldMenasha.. ______~------·-- ; ______120, 000. 00 Under contract. be made available to everyone, whether for the court or 120, 000. 00 Specification stage. against it. This article is by the Hon. John W. Davis, and MonroeMilwaukee ______...... '- _· 1, 850, 000.00 Under contract. 85, 000. 00 Specification stage. I ask that it may be printed in the RECORD. - Oshkosh __ ------420,000.00 Under contract. Racine ______------_ 320, 000. 00 Do. - · The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there: objection? · Sheboygan '------295, 000. 00 Drawing stage. Mr. WALSH of Mon~. Mr. .Presi4e:nt. . is this the South Milwaukee ______120,000.00 Under contract. Tomah______72, 000. 00 Completed. article contributed by Mr. Davis to the Atlantic Monthly? Two Riven~ '------130, 000. 00 DraWing stage. Mr. JONES. It is. Waupun ______~- 85, 000. 00 -Do. . Wausau______· ~• .()()(). 00 Condemnation, land. Mr. WALSH of Montana. My recollection is it has al­ Wisconsin "Rapids______125, 000. 00 Specification stage. ready been placed in t)le REcoRD. WYOMING Mr. ROBINSON of Arkansas. Yes; I think that has been Buffalo ______•• __ 85, 000. 00 Completed. done. Casper------~----­ 400,000.00 Under contract. Mr. JONES. If it has already been published, I shall Cheyenne •------200, 000. 00 Drawing stage. · Cody __ ------90, !XXl. 00 Completed. · Withdraw the request; but I am informed that it has not Green River_"'------~------75, 000. 00 Under contract. been done. ,.Kewcastle ______~- 60, 000. 00 On the lll.llCket. "Thermopolis _------00, 000. 00 Bids in. . The VICE PRESIDENT. The clerks will examine the Torrington____ ------~ •••• 90, 000. 00 Drawing stage. RECORD; and if it has been done it will not be again printed; ALASKA otherwise, without objection, the article will be printed in the Fairbanks, P. 0.-Ct. H----­ 450, 000. 00 Specification stage. RECORD, as requested. Juneau, Fed. and Ter. Bid. 795, 000. 00 Completed. · France, it was felt, · as leading advocate of restraining the restoration of German influence, and the minority the idea of a United .States of Europe, could not properly object opinion was dominated by the governments disposed to assist to th1s concrete step toward economic recovery. Besides the feel­ German restoration; that the opinion represents a triumph of ing that Austria must certainly get help from some quarter, and French financial prestige; that it dramatizes the imperialistic that Germany should be permitted by the · rest of the world to attitude of France toward the great modem movement to lower take any and all steps that would place her in a position to pay customs barriers; that it subtly attacks the whole conception o! her debts, there also came into play the characteristically Amer­ a united states of Europe advanced by France herself; that the ican ph1losophy that two sovereign states should be allowed to division illustrates the Latin versus Nordic cleavage, as to out­ limit their own sovereignty in any way they chose without the look on law and on life, and so on and so on. All -of which prior consent of third parties or the sanction of any court. speculations and inferences are sutnciently natural if we allow the These entirely natural feelings were freely expressed last May original premise that the judges, having regard to national preju­ tn complete disregard of the fact that the court would have no dices, voted like ordinary politicians for the folks back home. opportunity whatever to pass upon the very interesting question The confusion caused by criticism of the above type is worse of the desirability or undesirability of the customs union proposed confounded by certain attempts at "defense." The defenders by the Vienna protocol of March, 1931, or its advantages or dis­ accept the probability· that political motives largely affected the advantages to the future of Austria, of Germany, of Europe, or decision, but they become worldly and philosophical about it. the world at large. As a matter of fact, the court was asked to They point out that no impossible standards of perfection should pass merely upon the compatibility of three treaties, and to decide be set up for this international court; that judges are not, after whether Austria's undertakings in the customs pact of 1931 were all, archangels; that the donning of the ermine does not auto­ or were not compatible with the international obligations assumed matically release its wearer from the natural tug of political in­ by Austria in article 88 of the treaty of Saint-Germain and in the fluences; that in no court in the world are judges able to disso­ first Geneva protocol of 1922, the latter made at the time of the ciate themselves 100 per cent from their inherited prejudices; reconstruction loans to Austria. Germany is not, of course, a that this court is in its early years; and that if we followed the signatory to either of these earlier treaties, and therefore the legal · policy of doing away with a court because it had been accused propriety of Germany's action was not included in the question of responding to sectional or political inlluence we should have put to the court. The neat question upon which the court was abolished our own Supreme Court years ago. The more " philo­ asked to give its advisory opinion was as follows: sophical " of the defenders enunciate as doctrine that most courts "Would a regime established between Austria and Germany on in the end respond to the pressure of opinion and events, and the basis and within the limits of the principles laid down by the should arouse no wonder by so doing; and the less philosophical protocol of March 19, 1931, be compatible with article 88 of the hold that the real error probably lay in expecting any court to treaty of Saint-Germain and with protocol No. 1 signed at Geneva be able to rule on a question in which politics and law are inex­ on October 4, 1922? " tricably mingled. In short the court was faced with the necessity of interpreting All of this " defense " of whatever nature seems to me quite and comparing certain explicit agreements, not of announcing its beside the point for exactly the reason that impairs the criticisms opinion upon the policies they pressed. cited above. Both rest not upon a study of the case, upon analysis It was natural en

incompatible as weiJ with article 88 of the treaty of St, Germain which the coutt was called to deal. Jt is too narrow ln point of of 1919. "Anzllotti arrives .at this same conclusion, though by an law, for independence surely means something more than domin­ independent line of reasoning developed in a separate opinion. ion over a given territory or the inhabitants it contains. States The minority opinion contends that the customs pact 1s not in­ act abroad as well as a't home, and their policies are both foreign compatible with either the treaty of. Saint-Germain or the first and domestic. Inuependen~e means also something more than Geneva protocol. After a study of all of these opinions and of the the naked possession of those organic powers necessary to con­ texts on which they are based I not ·only find enough fully to stitute a state. States may retain their· powers as political or­ justify the decision but I find nothing whatever to warrant the ganisms and yet have so .. compromised " or bargained away their conclusion that" the eight judges in the majority were guided freedom of action that, although they ho-.e kept the outward by political motives from which the seven in the min-ority were shell of independence, they have lost in fact its substance. Sir miraculously delivered. Frederick Smith (afterwards Lord Birkenhead), one of the most It Is in point to review briefly the earlier engagements of Aus­ br1lliant Englishmen of our day, puts the true conception in his tria, wh.tch it was clailned the customs pact would contravene, and 'work on international law. the conditions under which they were exacted and made. Let us "An independent State is entitled to live its own lite in its own take as flrst in order the treaty of Saint-Germain. When, at the way, the sole judge within the law of its ·domestic government end of the war, various nations or national elements that had and its foreign policy." been incorporated in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, like Hungary, Or. it I may add without becoming tiresome a quotation from Poland, and Czechoslovakia, were set up as independent nations, a standard American authority, H.all on International Law: the economic situation of the remnant of Austria became very "Independence is the power of giving effect to the decisions of difiicult, and a movement began, which, as we all know, is still a will that is free in so far as absence of restraint by other per­ continuing, for the Anschluss, or the incorporation of Austria sons is concerned. The right of independence, therefore, in its with Germany. The Allies, then determining the conditions of largest extent, is a right possessed by a state to exercise its will peace at the Paris conference, felt, whether rightly or wrongly without interference on the part of foreign states in all matters is immaterial here, that it was essential to the future peace of and upon all occasions with reference to which it acts as an inde­ Europe that Austria should continue as a wholly independent pendent community." state. A provision to that effect was incorporated in the treaty I can find no fault, therefore, with the majority of the court of VersaUles (art. 80, treaty of Versailles: .. Germany acknowledges in their holding that the indepel).dence of Austria, within th!) and will respect strictly the independence of Austria within the terms of the treaty of Saint-Germain as well as of the Geneva frontiers which may be fixed in a treaty between that state and protocol, means " the continued existence of Austria within her the principal allied and associated powers; she agrees that this present frontiers as a separate state, with sole right of decision tn independence shall be inalienable except with the coiiSent of the all matters economic, political, financial, or other." And having council of the League of Nations."), in which Germany acknowl­ in view the circumstances attending the making of the treaty edged and agreed to respect the independence of Austria within as well as the sweeping language employed, I find it hard to the frontiers to be fixed for it in a treaty between Austria and the believe that the contracting parties understood the word in any Allies, and agreed that this independence should be 1nalienable, more limited sense. · except with the consent of the councll. Nevertheless the An­ It does not advance the argument, but merely begs the question schluss movement continued to grow. Soon after the Versailles at issue, to say, as do the minority of the court in the quotation treaty had been signed, but before it had gone into e1fect by the I have given, that "restrictions on its Uberty o! action which a · deposit of ratifications, a new constitution for Germany was state may agree to do not affect its independence." Yet this adopted at Weimar which contained a provision for the represen­ sentence, with the idea it conveys, is ·the hinge on which the tation of " German Austria " in the Reichsrat " after 1ts reunion whole dissenting opinion turns. Of course, an independent state With the German Empire." The Allies at once sent a letter of can enter into such contracts or treaties as it chooses. It can protest to the German delegation, calling this provision a viola­ limit its freedom of action in many ways without actually de­ tion of article 80; and Germany thereupon signed a formal decla­ priving itself of its " organic " powers. It can make offensive and ration admitting that this provision was null and void. A few defensive alliances, both military and commercial; it can submit days later the treaty of Saint-Gel'IIl&in, making peace with Aus­ to the will of a stronger power in order to secure that power's tria, was signed; in article 88 it provides that "the independence protection; it can grant to other states monopolies over its com­ of Austria is 1nalienable otherwise than with the consent of the merce; it can alienate parts of its territory; in many other ways council of the _League of Nations. Consequently Austria under­ short of absolute surrender it can compromise or endanger or takes in the absence of the consent of said councll to abstain from imperil its independence-all in pursuit of its own free will. None every act which might directly or indirectly or by any means of these things, however, can it lawfully do it it has previously whatever compromise her independence, particularly, and until agreed to the contrary. For, as Vattel puts it: "A sovereign who her admission to membership of the League of Nations, by par­ is already bound by one treaty can not enter into others in con­ ticipation in the affairs of another power." Wet with the flrst." So, it Austria definttelJ agreed, as surely A few weeks thereafter, in response to an appeal from the she did in the treaty of Saint-Germain, that she would not sur­ Austrian Chancellor in connection with separatist movements, the render in any way her Uberty of action without the consent of the supreme council of the Allies adopted a resolution showing the council of the league, it is quite beside the point to consider omcial interpretation they put on this article, which declared that what she or any other state might have done if no such promise they would oppose any step that would be calculated to violate had been made. To say that Austria freely consented to the the integrity of Austrian territory, " or which, contrary to the pro­ customs union does not aid at all in determining whether she visions of article 88, would have the effect of co~prom.ising in any could remain entirely free after the union had been formed. way, directly or indirectly, the political and economic independ­ Coming back from this quite necessary digression to the second ence of Austria." This was after the treaty had been signed but of the treaties under consideration, it appears that the obligations before it had been ratified. of the treaty of Saint-Germain were repeated, and more extensively Note, it you please, the sweeping language employect in this defined in the first Geneva protocol of 1922 when France, Italy, • article 88. It declares not merely that the independence of Aus­ Czechoslovakia. and Great Britain made the so-called reconstruc­ tria shall be inalienable without the consent of the council, but tion loans to Austria, then in great financial difficulties. By this that Austria shall abstain from "every act" which might "di­ protocol, the four powers-with Spain and Belgium. who after­ rectly or indirectly," or "by any means whatever," either alienate ward acceded to the protocol-on their part undertake " for the or even "compromise" her independence. No terms more all­ protection of the interests of the creditors and of the guarantor embracing could possibly have been found. states " to " respect the political independence, the territorial in­ And here we may pause to ask, as the court did, what is meant tegrity, and the sovereignty of Austria"; and not to "seek to by this word " independence," this thing so jealously guarded obtain any special or exclusive economic or financial advantage under the terms of the treaty, for it is precisely in the definition calculated directly or indirectly to compromise that independence." of this term that the divergence between the majority and minor­ They further agree·, "should occasion arise," to appeal "either ity of the court most clearly appears. The minority, while con­ individually or collectively to the council of the league," and to ceding that the word has received diversified definitions, ap­ conform to the decisions of the council. proaches the matter from the negative angle. They define what Austria, on the other hand, engages " in accordance with article it is by declaring what it 1s not. They conclude that a state 88 of the treaty of Saint-Germain not to alienate its independ­ would not be independent in the legal sense if it was placed in a ence; it will abstain from any negotiations or from any economic condition of dependence on another power-it it ceased itself to or financial engagement calculated directly or indirectly to com­ exercise within its own territory the summa potestas or sov­ promise this in'dependence. ereignty, i. e., it it lost the right to exercise its own judgment in " This undertaking shall not prevent Austria from maintaining, coming to the decisions which the government of its territory en­ subject to the provisions of the treaty of Saint-Germain, her free­ tails. Restrictions on its Uberty of action which a state may agree dom in the matter of customs tariffs and commercial or financial to do not a1fect its independence, provided that the state does not agreements, and, in general, in all matters relating to her eco­ thereby deprive itself of its organic powers. nomic regime or her commercial relations, providing always that And so, while fully accepting the view of their colleagues that she shall not violate her economic independence by granting to when the treaty used the word "compromise" it meant "involve any state a special regime or exclusive advantage calcula.ted to danger to " or " endanger " or " imperil," they hold that before threaten this in~ependence." any act can come within the condemnation of the treaty it must This, then; was the &tuation. Germany had agreed in the Ver­ imperil the continued existence of Austria as a state capable of sailles treaty that Austria's independence was inalienable other­ exercising within its territory all the powers of an independent wise than with the consent of the council; Austria had agreed to state as above defined. · · the ~ame thing in the treaty of Saint-Germain, with the further Now, this definition seems to me, with all due respect, not only promise that, in the absence of the council's consent, she would to be too narrow in point of international law but, when applied abstain from any act which might directly or indirectly com­ to the case under consideration, "to beg the whole question With pr~~ this independenc~ and s~ ~ater, ~?- the Geneva pro~ 1931 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 757

that she would abstain even !rom any negotla.tton& or .economic standpoint, w~tghing those consequences which .might reasonably or financial engagements calculated clirectly or indil:t:etly to com- be fQreseen . . _They wer~ :qot dealing .with mere legal subtleties and promise u: and, moreover, that she would not . violate her eco- abstractions. -Au of them likewise· agreed that they ~ere con­ nomic independence by granting to any state a special regime or . ·cerned -solely ·wtth the· law and not· with political considerations exclusive advantages calculated to threaten this independence. It or questions of policy. Judge Anzilotti concurreJ with the con­ was in the face of · these covenants that the two nations an- elusion of the majority, but struck out on a line of reasoning of .nounced last March their agreement to form a customs union on his own, occupying in some respects a middle ground between the the basis of the principles contained in the Vienna protocol of two major groups into which the court was divided. But in the March 19, 1931. The consent of the council was not asked. The · light of those facts of general and · universal · knowledge which action was protested as in violation of the treaties._ On the courts no more than laymen are permitted to ignore, it takes no motion of Great Britain, an advisory opinion was requested from use of the imagination to conclude with him that, " in view of the court. the great disproportion in the economic strengths of Germany and The customs union contemplated by this protocol is, as the mere Austria, it must be regarded as reasonably probable that Austria's reading of it will show, of the most thoroughgoing and finished economic life would sooner or later become dependent upon Ger­ character. In so far-as it abolished all import and export duties many's." The protocol is scrupulous in using terms of equality between the parties while maintaining them against those not cov- between the parties; but in a partnership like this Austria, with ered by a similar arrangement, it is confessedly a special regime ·her pronounced inferiority in area, in popul!rtion, in wealth, in of a reciprocally. exclusi:ve .character. The mere fact that the par- trade, would seem to be foredoomed forever to play a minor and ties express a willingness to negotiate in similar terms with other an increasingly subordinate role. powers does not destroy the exclus!ve advantages· of the arrange- Let us put an analogy. Suppose, instead of being related to ment in the meantime. Although it is true ·that each state must commerce and customs, this Vienna protocol had undertaken to ·necessarily put the agreed tariff into force in its own territory by deal with matters of armament and defense. I choose this illus­ ·its own legislative and executive agencies, it is covenanted that the -tration because there is something about military contracts that . states shall act concurrently in doing so and that no amendments makes their results easier to foretell than those that deal with can be made to the tariff law or customs tariff without mutual commerce and finance, although the operation of the latter may be consent. Internal customs duties, their rates, duration, and cate- just as inexorable. An agreement is proposed between these same gories, the turn-over tax, and the exchange of goods covered by parties, let us say, for a common military policy; a common monopolies or excise duties in either country, are to be the sub- armament, to be distributed on a quota basis; a joint negotiation ject not of independent action but of joint agreement. The duties of treaties of offense and defense with other powers; a covenant received in the joint area are not to belong to the state collecting to protect each the other's interest in any treaty made; and them but are to be apportioned according to an agreed quota. finally a joint general staJI to determine without appeal the com- When it comes to arrangements to be made with other states mon action when the governments themselves were unable to article 9 of the protocol--somewhat blandly, it would seem-re- agree. Who would be prepared to say that such a plan would not serves to each of the two governm~nts "in principle" the right to compromise or threaten the independence and free will of Austria conclude commercial treaties with third states on its own behalf. and thus violate the pledges she had given? Yet immediately all the vitality is sucked out of this ostensible m right by the spirit, if not the exact letter, of the two succeeding It is regrettable, but certainly not discouraging, that the court paragraphs. One of these obligates each state to see that the in- was unable to reach a unanimous decision and that the division terests of the other a1e not violated in any negotiations with third was so close as 8 to 7. A counsel of perfection would suggest states. The other provides that "so far as it seems opportune and that judges should always be able to reach a concordant opinion. possible" (and one can hardly imagine when or how it would be otherwise), .. with a view to effecting a simple, speedy, and uniform It does not turn out that way, however, in real life, not even in America. If you doubt it, ask any American lawyer or read for settlement of the commercial arrangements with third states," yourself the long list of 5-to-4 decisions by which so august and they will jointly negotiate and simultaneously ratify their com- - mercial treaties with other nations. The language of treaties often respected a body as the Supreme Court of the United States has stops by design somewhat short of expressing the real intent; but disposed of matters of the most vital consequence. Such hap­ it requires no deep insight to penetrate the meaning here or to penings are due in- part to the inescapable fact that men's minds f t i it bl It th t a1 are not cast in a common mold. If they were, one judge on a oresee he nev a e resu a w ts upon these words. They court of last resort would do as well as a dozen. Commonly these can mean nothing else but that the parties henceforth are to make commercial war and commercial peace by concerted action, to- things occur because the questions under consideration are close gether and not alone. and difficult, and the arguments for and against one or the other Finally,'for those cases in which the customs treaty requires an conclusion are so nicely poised that honest minds can honestly agreement between the parties or the consent of the one or the disagree. There is ample explanation in this for the situation other, a joint arbitral committee is to be set up which shall have we are discussing. power by majority vote-with a casting vote by its president in The eight judges who gave the majority opinion in this Austro­ case of a tie-to effect, when consent has failed, a compromise German case, with the country of their nationality, were: through its own binding decision, which shall stand in place of Fromageot (France), Anzilotti (Italy), Rostworowski (Poland), the agreement or consent of the unwilling party; leaving, it is Guerrero (Salvador), Altamira (Sp!!oin), Urrutia (Colombia), true, to either government the right to terminate the treaty upon Negulesco (Rumania), De Bustamante (Cuba). Those of the six months' notice if a decision of the committee infringes "its minority were: Adatci (Japan), Kellogg (United States), Rolin­ vital economic interests." The minority opinion as to this point Jaequerb.yns (Belgium), Hurst (Great Britain), Schticking (Ger­ merely observes that any arrangement that provdes for the friendly many), Van Eysinga (Netherlands), Wang (China). It would settlement of differences, whether justifiable or not, can hardly in wreck the creative fancy of the most jaundiced critic to frame a these days be said to be calculated to threaten the independence theory that would explain that grouping on political or national of the states concerned. This may all be true, and yet this grounds. plausible general observation seems to me to take no account Is it the friends of France against the friends of Germany? of the especial powers vested in this arbitral committee. Well, granted that Poland and Rumania are bound to France by Such, in bare outline, is the regime which the protocol proposes military ties, how did she lose and Germany gain the vote of to establish. The minority judges, in an attempt to point out the Belgium, who not only speaks the French language but since the divergence between themselves and their colleagues of the ma- war, of which she was so great a victim, has thrown off her neu­ jority, say: trality and made with France a military alliance offensive and "If this (the majority opinion) means that the conclusion of a defensive? Italy and Spain are not popularly supposed at the customs union between two states, irrespective of the details of moment to be especially Francophile, while I fancy the Ameri­ the arrangement, involves danger to the independence of the can judge would be the first to protest that he was not moved states concerned, it is an opinion which the undersigned are to his conclusion by dislike of France or sympathy for Germany. unable to accept." Is it national interest? Admit, if you choose, that there are This would seem to be perfectly obvious, but it is precisely countries in Europe who for commercial as well as military rea­ the details of this proposed arrangement which come on to be sons of their own would prefer to have Germany and Austria kept judged, since by these details the regime itself is defined. apart. Yet what earthly interest has Colombia or Salvador or Cuba For my part, I should have no difficulty whatever in concluding in their continued separation? Or, for that matter, what interest that both by its express terms and by its probable consequences have China and Japan in putting them together? And how does the regime would compromise, endanger, imperil, threaten-to use it come that, although Spain and Belgium both adhered to the / the words on which the majority and the minority of the court Geneva protocol of 1922 and may both be supposed to desire its were agreed-that economic independence, that unfettered free- absolute observance, a Spanish judge voted with the majority and dom of will and of decision, which, lacking the consent of the a Belgian judge on the other side? council, Austria had solemny covenanted to preserve inviolate. Is it racial tendencies-the Latins against the Nordics? If so, The minority opinion takes the view that the protocol does not whence do the Poles derive their Latin blood or China and Japan contemplate a "customs fusion," but merely an "assimilation" their Nordic strain? Is it a clash of legal systems-those schooled of the tariff and economic policies of the two countries-" that is, under the Roman or civil law on the one side and those under each of the two countries will have its own policy, but the two will the codes of Germany or Japan or under the common law of Eng­ coincide" With the greatest respect to the distinguished jurists land on the other? Hardly, for without stopping to show how who employed these phrases, they seem, when we view the terms impossible it is to apply this classification to the diverse systems of the agreement and the surrounding circumstances, to be a mere of the various countries in question, it is enough to say that the play upon words. It is far more accurate to say that neither most microscopic analysis of these various opinions would not country is to have its own policy, but both are to have the joint enable one ignorant of the personality of the author to say under policy and the joint policy alone. which, if under either, system he was trained. All the judges of whatever shade of opinion were agreed that the Finally, does the court speak by sheer weight of numbers or court must consider the proposed customs treaty from a. practical polltica.l power? If so, it 1s curious to observe that the countries CONGRESSIONAL '· RECORD~SENATE DECEMBER 18 supposedly " n!presenfed " by the d185entlng judges have ten times RoblnsOii, Ark. T Smith Townsend· · Waterman· the political and . economic -power of those who composed the Robinson, In:d. Smoot Trammell Watson majority. _ · Schall Steiwer Vandenberg Wheeler I repeat and repeat again that there is but one tenable theory Sheppard Swanson · Walcott · White upon which the d.ivision of the court can be explained, and that Shipstead Thomas, Idaho Walsh, Mass. is that these men, conscious of their responsibility and the dignity Shortridge Thomas, Okla. Walsh, Mont. of the.ir high office, met like judges, listened like judges, delib­ The VICE PRESIDENT. Ninety Senators have answered erated and decided like judges, and-group of American judges, professors, deans, and presidents in nings ago delivered an interesting address over the radio schools of international law, jurisprudence, and history, requesting with relation to the farm problem. I ask permission to print their comment on the opinion after a study of it and the perti­ nent documents. but of 63 answers returned by these select and it in the RECORD. competent correspondents, 29 announced their sympathy with the The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, it is so minority in its opinion and 34 with the majority. It is fair to ordered. add, by way of emphasis, that of those who· thought that the The address is as follows: majority had reasoned correctly a number declared themselves in principle none the less ~n favor of the Anschluss. The propor­ Ladies and gentlemen of the radio audience, I have been re­ tionate division within this group is singularly like the division quested by Hon. John A. Simpson, president of the Farmers' Edu­ in the court itself. cational and Cooperative Union of America, to speak to you at this IV hour in his stead upon the farm problem. It is an intricate subject to handle in the brief time allotted to The practical effect of the court's opinion, of course, was merely me as, in it. is involved practically every phase of our whole eco­ to return to the council the right to decide the ultimate fate of nomic fabric, and I am sure I will not be able to do it as wen as the proposed customs union. That body had under the treaties the distlhgulshed gentleman whose place I am trying to fill to-day, the unquestioned power to validate the agreement by giving its but Mr. Simpson will speak to you at this hour on the 20th day of consent. As a matter of fact, its consent was never invoked, for January, 1932, and I am sure you will then enjoy a real treat. two days before the court's opinion appeared Austria and Ger­ There is no one, I am sure, that does not realize that .deplorable , many publicly renounced the proposed customs union. What conditions prevail throughout the length and breadth of our coun­ moved them to this step we do not know. Whether their de­ try and that prosperity is not just around the corner or that we pendence upon amicable financial relations with all their neigh­ are about to'do away with our poorhouses in the immediate future. bors had become increasingly apparent in the intervening months; . No one will deny that there must be something radically wrong whether they no longer wished to challenge the hostile opinion when millions of our people are hungry because .they can get no which the publication of the protocol had invoked; whether the food, while other millions are bankrupt because they have raised difficulties of the arrangement had come to seem more apparent too much food. and the advantages less obvious; or whether they sensed the For the past 10 years I have been preaching the doctrine that adverse trend of the court itself-all this is matter of pure there could be no prolonged prosperity in this country so long as conjecture. there were 30,000,000 men, women, and children out on the farms But although the occasion for the opinton had passed before it of the United States seillng their products below the cost of pro­ came, the outstanding fact remains that a judicial determination duction. To-day the two great money crops of the American of a vexed and dangerous question was achieved in a judicial farmer, wheat and cotton, are being sold at less than.one-third the way. It was a question -not only attended by difilculty, but sur­ cost of production. But to talk of the farmers' problem in the charged with deep national feeling. The treaty of Saint-Germain manufacturing and financial centers of the East up to quite re­ and the first Geneva protocol arose out of the compulsory adjust­ cently, was to make yourself the butt of the jokester and to be ments and the cruel needs that follow. war. The Vienna protocol ridiculed as a demagogue. of last March reflected the not unnatural Impulse and desire of To-day, however, partially ~s a result of a continuous lack of Austria and Germany to surmount the disabilities those treaties the buying power of the 30,000,000 men, women, and children had imposed. Much of the argument made to the court on Aus­ upon the farm, there are 30,000,000 ·men, women, and children ot tria's behalf was directed to depicting her difficult situation since the laboring classes in our cities that are without purchasing the war. Her plight is truly tragic, and it may well be that it power even equal to the bare necessities of life. calls for some alteration of the treaty of peace. It may also be A financial crash took place in Wall Street in 1929-banks have that. with the knowledge which the years have brought, the treaty failed and are continually failing-the middle classes of the coun~ would be written differently were it to be· written to-day. But try have lost their life's sav:ings and notwithstanding the promises these are matters for statesmen, not for courts. The function of made by the industrial leaders of the country, men are thrown out the latter, as the judges in the present case clearly perceived, is of employment and wages are being reduced all along the line; to declare the scope and effect of the agreements made, leaving to great industries are going into receiverships or being taken over other agencies their alteration or repeal. · by their creditors and still there seems to be no end to this Even if the correctness of the court's deliverance through its so-called slight depression. majority were more doubtful than I suppose it to be, ·I should Such is the situation that confronted the Congress of the United stlll think it a great advance that a question so embroiled had States when it convened on the 7th of December, 1931. been referred to the court instead of being left to the arbitrament The industrial and financial depression of the past two years of force as the rival alternative. It is a welcome sign of progress has brought home to us more sharply than anything else that the that great nations were willing to submit to the court matters farm problem is not a local problem of the West or the Middle of such vital consequence and reason out their case before it in West or the South but that it is a national question and that we open argument and debate. The decision of the World Court in can not have prosperity in this country unless the people living the Austro-Gefman case will stand in history for what it is-a upon the farms are in a position to buy greater and greater decision sound in itself and a milestone on the path .to the final amounts of the goods which were formally called luxuries--auto· reign of law. Whatever criticism or protest it may have evoked mobiles. radios, as well as the necessities of life manufactured by to-day will soon be of purely antiquarian interest. our mass-producing industries in the East. However, make no mistake, that is not all that this panic has CALL OF THE ROLL · brought home to the American people. It has awakened them Mr. FESS. Mr. President, I suggest the absence of a into asking more pertinent questions about our political and eco~ nomic problems which our so-called leaders in all groups find it quorum. di!Hcult to answer. The VICE PRESIDENT. The clerk will call the roll They are asking questions and asking them ·with more earnest­ The legislative clerk called the roll, and the following ness than ever before. What has become of the prophecies of a few months ago that Senators answered to their names: prosperity was just around the corner? Why has not the highest Ashurst Caraway Goldsborough King tariff that has ever been passed· in our history brought prosperity Austin Carey Gore La Follette to our farmers and our factory workers as predicted by our leading Bailey Connally Hale Lewis statesmen and manufacturers? Nothing was said then about Bankhead Coolidge Harris Logan world conditions affecting our markets. The tariff could and would Barbour Copeland Harrison McGill by some magic protect us, as if we were God's chosen people, from Barkley Costigan Hastings McKellar the destiny that had befallen the peoples of Europe with their peas­ Bingham Couzens Hatfield McNary ant farmer and their unemployed, regardless of world conditions. Black Cutting Hawes Metcalf What has become of the Federal reserve bank that was to save Blaine Dale Hayden Morrison us from all major depressions in the future? Why should men, Borah Davis Hebert Moses women, and children go without clothing, without shelter, and be Bratton Dickinson Howell Neely Brookhart om Hull Norbeck on the verge of starvation when we have a surplus of wheat, a ' Broussard Fess Johnson Norris surplus of clothes. and a surplus of building material? What has Bulkley Fletcher Jones Nye become of the promises made by the reactionary politicians and Bulow Frazier Kean Patterson the prophecies made by our leading financiers and industrialists Byrnes George Kendrtck Pittman that if business were given a free hand it would and could cure all Capper Glass Keyea Reed - at our economic ills? And why, after two years o! suffering by 1931 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 759 the masses of the people, has no constructive program been offered During this 5-year period from 1920 to 1925, when farm values to solve the present situation or prevent similar catastrophes in shrunk $20,000,000,000, the value of mines, railroads, and factorieS the future? increased in value $25,000,000,000. · Is it any wonder that tlJ.e Why a moratorium on debt payments to European countries farmers to-day are crushed with debt and unable to operate when our farmers need one most? successfully? Make no mistake, these and many other perplexing questions They are not to blame for the condition in which they find must not only be given serious consideration by statesmen but by themselves, and it is the duty of the Federal Government to our business leaders as well. provide a way whereby they can operate with some prospect of Thus far the only suggestion that has been made by our economic success. national leaders has been to put on a few shingles to patch the Unless the Government provides a method of refinancing agri­ roof of our economic structure. Whether the surgeon's knife will culture, at a low rate of interest, making the dollar cheaper or be applied to the cancerous growth remains to be seen. his prod\lcts higher so that the farmer can get cost of production, When we reflect that the average net farm income in 1929 was plus a reasonable profit, I can see little hope for a return of pros­ only $887 for a farm family, that in 1930 it had fallen to $598, perity. What the farmer needs, and must have, is a profit on that and that for the year 1931 it will be about $376, we can readily which he produces rather than new loans, on which he must pay understand why so many factories are idle and millions of wage additional interest to the banks. · workers unemployed. The amount of taxes paid on farm property increased from We have heard much about mass production and the benefits of about $334,000,000 in 1914 to about $870,000,000 in 1925. This it. I believe in mass production. I do not want to turn the hands amount has not decreased along with the farmers' income and is of the clock backward-but there is one thing that the great now as high or higher than it was in 1925. This is out of all industrial leaders of this country must understand, and that is if proportion as compared with other forms of taxation and should mass production is to be successful, the farmer must have money be reduced by the State legislatures and the local and county with which to buy 'the products of mass production and the authorities. laborer must get high wages, and both the farmer and the laborer The tariff is also responsible, in part, for our agricultural must have some leisure in which to use the products of mass distress. For every dollar of benefit the farmers have received production. · from the tariff it has cost them $10. The tariff on steel increases Heretofore in this country our great industrialists, our great the cost of farm machinery, although farm machinery is on the financiers, have devoted their time and their attention to produc­ free list. Th.is tariff on steel is also reflected in the railroad valua­ tion and more production, but seemed to have little heed as to tions on which the farmers' freight rates are based. how the farmer was going to buy the products. We have built up large industries by manipulations of our Let us now consider some of the problems which confront our economic laws. By erecting high tariff barriers, we have shut out agricultural industry. foreign goods and thereby fostered and encouraged monopoly. We The mortgaged indebtedness on the farmers of this country in­ have given our financial and industrial leaders a free hand, and creased from $4,000,000,000 in 1910 to more than $8,000,000,- they have not been slow in using this advantage to advance their 000 at the present time. Add to this the farmers' private debts, own interests at the expense of the consumers. They approve of that are not a matter of public record, and the total indebtedness political interference with economic laws in the interest and for on which the farmers are paying interest would be not less than the benefit of industry, but they deplore such interference in $9,000,000,000. If we figure his interest at 5 per cent we find that behalf of agriculture and declare it to be economically unsound. _ it amounts to $450,000,000 a year. As the average wheat crop of I am one of those who believe that it is not right to bolster up the United States is only 800,000,000 bushels, and the farmers• industry through the medium of legislation in violation of the price this fall was less than 50 cents a bushel, it will be seen that law of supply and demand, but if we are going to bolster up our the total wheat crop for 1931 would pay less than the farmers' manufacturing industries in this way, then it follows as night interest on his borrowed capital. At 25 cents a bushel, which was follows day that artificial means must be found to bolster up all some of the western farmers could get for their wheat this agriculture. Only in this way can we place agriculture on a parity fall, it would take more than two times the entire wheat crop of with industry. the United States to pay the farmers' interest on borrowed capital Congress passed several measures the purpose of which was to for one year. make the tariff effective on farm products, but they were vetoed But this does not include the farmers' taxes, which amount to by the President. Later, in harmony with the wishes of President many millions of dollars. Hoover, Congress gave the President authority to appoint a Federal In the light of these figures it should be evident to all that Farm Board and made available for their use the sum of $500,- the solution of the farm problem can not be brought about by 000,000. loaning the farmer more money at high rates of interest. The I voted against the bill, believing then as I know now that it great banking interests of this country may be able to make more would be dragged into the political mire and that the politicians money temporarily by loaning money to Europe at high rates of and their henchmen rather than the farmers would be the chief interest instead of helping to finance farmers in this country at beneficiaries of the $500,000,000 appropriated by the Congress of 4low rates of interest but sooner or later they will learn that it the United States. probably makes for greater security to help the American farmer No one to-day will gainsay but that the Federal Farm Board was than the foreign governments. organized along purely political lines with politically minded farm I think it is unfair to the farmers to blame them for this leaders to dominate and control it. mortgage indebtedness. Testimony was recently adduced before the Agricultural Com­ During the World War the farmers were urged to borrow money mittee of the Senate showing how the heads of the National Grain for better equipment with which to raise more wheat. The appeal Corporation, supposedly a cooperative organization for the han­ was made to their patriotism and I know personally of stockmen dling of wheat, were drawing down salaries of $25,000 to as high who were coerced and literally forced to borrow money for pur­ as $50,000 a year, and that the head of the so-called cooperative chasing tractors and binders in order that they might raise wheat organized to handle cotton was drawing down $75,000 a year, while with which to win the war. Many a rancher in the West was ac­ the brokerage firm to whom he gave practically ·all the business cused of being pro-German for hesitating to borrow this easy of trading in the cotton of his members drew down the neat sum money with which to enlarge his farm operations. The same ac­ of $450,000 in one year, while the farmer who raised the cotton cusation was directed against those farmers who were reluctant to drew on an average of $300 per year. mortgage their farms for the purpose of raising money with which Time does not permit me to go into a discussion of all of the to purchase Liberty bonds. Many banks were lending money to activities of the Farm Board, much as I would like to, but they the farmers on commission and were selfishly anxious that the have suggested that the only way of solving the farm problem was farmers should borrow as much as possible. And after loading by reducing acreage to a point where there would be no surplus up the farmers with mortgages or encouraging or even permitting but they, so far as I know, have not indicated just how this very them to become loaded up with mortgages when money was cheap visionary theory can be put into actual practice or how to deter­ and it was cheap by comparison with the commodities they mine the necessary acreage in advance without first knowing raised, they were deflated by the actions of the Federal Reserve whether it will be a bountiful harvest or a drought. Board in 1920, were deflated many times more since 1929 until Personally I am not greatly disturbed about surplus food sup­ to-day they are expected to pay back money borrowed when it was plies. What this country needs more than a reduction of the cheap by money four or five times as dear, measured in commodi­ acreage sown in farm crops is an increase in the purchasing power ties. This deflation has destroyed farm values and destroyed the of the consumers of this country. earning power of the farmer but left his indebtedness and taxes The program of crop reduction as proposed by the Farm Board as high as before. places the Government in the rather ludicrous position of spend­ Between 1920 and 1925 farm values decreased more than ing millions of dollars a year on a Department of Agriculture to t20,000,000,000. According to census figures, in 1920 the agricul­ teach the farmers how to grow larger and better crops and at the tural wealth of the American people was $78,000,000,000. In 1925, same time spending other millions of dollars through the Federal according to the farm census, the agricultural wealth of the Farm Board trying to persuade the farmers· to raise smaller crops. American people had shrunk to $57,000,000,000, or a loss of If it is the best judgment of the farm leaders that it is neces­ $21,000,000,000 in five years. sary to curtail production, some system must be worked out to In 1920 the total invested capital of all mines and quarries in prorate among the farmers of the country the amount of wheat or the United States was about $8,000,000,000; the total value of cotton which they can sell. Th.is plan, .if not too expensive and railroads was listed at about $20,000,000,000; the tot.al invested cumbersome, might work out. capital in manufacturing was about $44,000,000,000, or a grand Other legislation has been proposed, such as the so-called total of $72,000,000,000 for the capitalization of all our mines, our equalization-fee plan, for which I voted but with some misgiving railroads,· and manufacturing establishments. Our agricultural as to its workability. Probably the best plan offered has been the valuation for 1920 was $78,000,000,000, or $6,000,000,000 more than so-called debenture plan, but with European countries placing the combined valuation of the mines, factories, and railroads of what amounts to embargoes on our wheat I am doubtful of the· the United States. efficacy of this plan. 760 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. SENATE DECEMBER. 18 Another of the several principal causes of our present economic In conclusion, the remedy for this depression must come along crisis has been the overcapitalization of our banks, our railroads, the fallowing lines: our power compani~s •. anc;l many of our manufacturj,ng .interests First. An inflation sufficient to enable the farmers and other It has meant· great, ~ccumulation of wealth by promoters alld debtors to return their loans· on the commodity value basis on bankers, but it has also meant that every time a m~llion or ten which these debts were contracted. ·This may be brought about million or a hundred million dollars· of watered · stocK.-whether by the remonetization of silver, or by increasing the paper money paid as dividends or bonuses or sales directly to the suckers who or possibly bY' inflation of credit. · bought it---some one had to help pay dividends upon that watered Second. Changes in our banking laws that will give protection stock; either it came out of the worker in longer hours and lowe:r to bank deposits and -stabilize the purchasing value . of money. pay or out of· the farmer or other consumer in the shape of higher Third. By lowering our tariffs so · that the farmer and other prices for commodities, high freight rates, or higher charges for unorganized producers may be upon an equal footing with th~ power, or higher interest rates. The promoter got rlcht:r at .the manufacturer and promote commerce, good will, and peace expense of the consumer and worker. Every time you had a con­ throughout the world. solidation you had more water. Drastic legislation should be PETITIONS passed to stop this kind of racketeering. We glorify a judge who sentences Al Capone for racketeering, but there are other kinds Mr. KEAN. Mr. President, I present resolutions of the of racketeering just as destructive of our civilization as that of Legislature of New Jersey asking that the Volstead Act may the Chicago gangster. be modified by amendment. It is the judgment of some of our best economists that this unregulated selling of watered and inflated stock to the public, . The VICE PRESIDENT. The resolutions will appear in and the collapse which necessarily had to follow in its wake, the RECORD and be appropriately referred. thereby wiping out the life savings of IQ.illions or people, causing The resolutions were referred to the. Committee on the banks to close their doors from one end of the ciluntry to the other, and thereby cutting off the purchasing power of millions of Judiciary, as follows: our people, was one of the major and basic reasons for the HousE OF AssEM:BL Y, economic slump in which we find ourselves to-day. CLERK's OFFICE, Bank failures in this country have been caused in a large part Trenton, N. J. first by the plight of agriculture and secondly by the loaning of Second speeial session committee substitute for Assembly Con­ money on watered or inflated stocks. current Resolution 1 In 1923, shortly after the deflation of the farmer started, 491 Whereas there is widespread sentilnent throughout the Nation bank failures occurred in the United States, affecting, I am told, toward a change in the Volstead Act ·so as to legalize the manu­ •138,000,000 in depoiiits; in 1929 there were 643 bank failures with , facture and sale of llgh.t wines and beer; and •234,000,000 deposits; and in the first nine months of 1931 there Whereas a change in the Volstead Act legallzlng the manufac­ were 1,246 bank failures, affecting $929,000,000 of deposits. These ture and sale of light wines and beer will have the effect of figures should help to explain why the farmers have a so-called saving millions of dollars to the Government and States in en­ surplus while others are going hungry. forcing the prohibition laws, and add millions of dollars in The banking system has also failed to stabilize credit and money revenue to the Government which have been lost since the pas­ values. An old farmer in Montana once said to me, " They inflate sage of the prohibition amendment, and would prevent racketeer­ us in and deflate us out:• I think that farmer knew what he ing and general disregard of law: Now, therefore, be it was talking about. The only time anyone can borrow money is Resolved by the Rouse of Assembly of the State of New Jersey dming times of inflation. If you don't believe that, just try and (the Senate concurring), That the Congress of the United States borrow some money now. And the time when the banker is most of America be, and it is hereby, memorialized to effeet such anxious to collect his loans is during periods of depression, when changes in the national prohibition act, commonly known as the tt is almost impossible to do so. Volstead Act, in order to accomplish the foregoing objects and Take. the farmers as an example. They borrowed money during permit those States which desire so to do to have the benefits de­ prosperous times when farm products sold for three and four rived from the legal manufacture and sale of light wines and times what they will bring to-day. In other words, this deflation beer; and be it further makes it necessary for tbe farmer tQ give at least 300 per cent more bushels of wheat or com or bales of cotton than would be Resolved, That the clerk of the house of assembly be, and he is hereby, authorized and directed to transmit a copy of th1s con­ necessary during a period of inflation. If a woman borrowed from her neighbor in the spring of the year one dozen eggs when their current resolution to the Members of Congress representing the market value was only 25 cents per dozen. . I imagine she .would State of New Jersey. object to returl}ing. the eggs in the winter when the market value I certify that the above is a true and official copy of second was $1 per dozen. special session committee substitute for assembly Concurrent In like manner the farmer who borrows money in times of Resolution No. 1, adopted by both houses on October 9, 1931. inflation to the value of 5,000 bushels of wheat is likely to object FRED'K A. BRODESSER, to paying back that loan with 15,000 bushels of wheat during a Clerk of the House of Assembly. period of deflation. The deflation has the effect of increasing his Indorsed: Filed October 10, 1931. loan three or four times its former commod.ity value. THOMAS A. MATHIS, If loans were .made as freely in times of depression as in times Secretary of State. of inflation, then they would equalize each other and no injustice STATE OF. NEW JERSEY, would be done, but, inasmuch as loans are made only in times of DEPARTMENT OF STATE. inflation it is only just to the debtor that he should be allowed I, Thomas A. Mathis, secretary of state of the State of New Jersey, to pay his debt with money of lnfiated value. do hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy of second spe­ Only through 1nfiating or making the dollar as cheap as when cial session com.mittee substitute for assembly Concurrent Reso­ he borrowed it Will the farmer ever be able to get out of debt. lution No. 1, adopted October 9, 1931, as the same is taken from Wageworkers who object to inflation beca~e it increases the and compared with ·the original filed October 10, 1931, and now cost of living should not forget that infiation will at least put remaining on file and of record in my office. men to work, whtle a prolonged deflation will in time deprive In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and· affixed them of their jobs. · my official seal, at Trenton, this 21st day of (>ctober, A. D. 1931. Another evil which directly affects the farmers is the growing [SEAL.) THOMAS A. MATHIS, tendency toward banker control of industry. Secretary of State. It is impossible to legislate, or obtain in any other manner, permanent prosperity while the wageworkers and farmers lack Mr. COPELAND. Mr. President, I have received a com­ pm·chasing power. - munication or resolution from the board of supervisors·· of When bankers condition their loans to industry upon wage cuts Columbia County, Hudson, N.Y., in the nature of a petition and a directing voice in that industry, they undermine and jeopardize their own interests as well as that of the farmers and urging that the post-office building at Hudson, N. Y., be wageworkers. completed at once. I ask consent to have it referred to The American people, I hope, will some time demand that our the Committee on Appropriations and printed in the RECORD. finance and business be conducted in the interest of .the people There being no objection, the resolution was referred to rather than in the interest of the privileged few. The blame for this depression, and all depressions, rests upon the Committee on Appropriations and ordered to be printed the people who were lulled to sleep while a selfish few were in the RECORD, as follows: reaping rich rewards-but destroying the goose that laid the BOARD OF SUPERVISORS, golden egg. Columbia County, N.Y. There has been nothing to indicate that our great promoters At the annual session of tbe Board of Supervisors of the County and financial leaders feel any sense of moral obligation to the of Columbia, held at their rooms in the city of Hudson on the public. Their viewpoint has rather been this, if the public are 15th day of December, 1931. boobs enough to buy gold bricks, that's their own lookout. We Present: Burke Diefendorf, chairman; Emory C. Van Loan, clerk; are not their guardians, nor in any way to blame for their mis­ and a quorum. • takes. That is to some extent true; but perhaps they realize On motion of Mr. Wheeler, :fifth ward, the following resolution to-day that if we are .going to prosper and grow as a great nation was adopted; 21 ·supervisors voting in favor of such resolution and and a great people we should, from th~ standpoint. of enlightened no supervisors voting against the same, 2 absent: selfishness if from no other, realize that prosperity can not be " Whereas the Federal Government, having made provisions for permanently with us· unless all classes are provided with .money a large amount of money to be expended on Government-building to keep the wheels of commerce going continually. · projects to aid the unemployed throughout the country; and 1931 ·· CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 761 "Where~ provtston has been made for an appropriation of Ias the money-of other cormtrles was tnfiated to a point . $70,000 by the Congress of the United States at Washington. D. C., greater than it now is our tariff would again be ineffective. !or the purpose of enlarging the post office at Hudson, N. Y.; and ...... te "Whereas there is considerable unemployment in the city of ThiS condition is JUSt another illustration of the absolu Hudson at this time: Therefore be it necessity of our Government's getting on such a money basis "Resolved, That the actual appropriations be made by Congress that the money of the world will be standardized on a com­ as soon as possible in order to alleviate the suffering fron:;t unem- mon valuation scale. I introduced a bill a few days ago ployment; that the Columbia County Board of SuperviSors, in . . . . annual session, recommend this appropriation and that the clerk proVIding for a monetary comnuttee that would meet Wlth of the board send a certified copy of this resolution to Congress- the representatives of other nations, with a view to estab­ man HARcoURT J. ~TT, Senator RoYAL s. CoPELAND, and Senator lishing a basis of world exchange, and using silver as one of RoBERT F. WAGNER. the bases of exchange. I call attention to· this pulp industry STATE oFc'!.~YYgtdoZumbia, ss: as an illustration of the beginning of. what will happen in I, Emory c. van Loan, clerk of the Board of Supervisors of the this country to our domestic trade unless we do something County of Columbia, do hereby certify that I have compared the to get the money of the world on a basis that will be com­ foregoing copy of resolution with the original and original minutes mon to all na~ions. thereof, now remaining on file of record in my office, and that the same is a true and correct transcript _therefrom and of the whole Anybody who knows. anything at all about foreign ex- of such original. _ change knows that the depreciation of the value of Euro- In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and affixed pean currencies is · acting as a more effective tariff wall the seal of said board of supervisors this 16th day of December, 1931. . . against our shipments to European countries than any tari1f [sEAL.} E. c. VAN LoAN, Clerk. that was ever conceived. Our Republican friends, in defend­ ing the present tariff, tell us that two-thirds of the imports IMPORTATION OF PULP FROM SWEDEN into this country have no tariff levied against them. The Mr. Dn.L. Mr. President, I send to the desk a letter in President in referring to the new English tariff stated that the form of a petition which I ask to have read, and I should it only applied to a few of our products; but a decrease in like to say a few words about it. the value of the Englicll currency, the Scandinavian cur­ The VICE PRESIDENT . . Is there objection? The Chair rency, or the Japanese currency, and the corresponding hears none, and the letter will be read, and the Senator deflation of values act as a complete tartii wall against from Washington will be permitted to speak upon it. everything that we attempt to ship to those countries, and The Chief Clerk read the letter, as follows: as their currencies become less and less valuable their tari1f SHAFFER Box Co., walls become higher and higher against our shipments of Tacom4, Wash., December 9. 1931. products into their countries. Senator C. C. DILL, Untted States Senate Butlding, Washtngton, D. C. Mr. FLETCHER. Mr. President-- DEAR SENATOR Dn.L: The pulp mills of the Pacific Northwest The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Wash­ are in a position where they must shut down within the next few ington yield to the Senator from Florida? months entirely on account of the ditference in Swedish currency againSt the United States currency. These pulp mills_ in Washing­ Mr. Dn.L. I yield to the Senator. ton and Oregon employ 2,500 men. At the present time the Mr. FLETCHER. Does the sam~ thing not apply as to Swedish exchange is nearly 3.1 per cent under United States cur­ Canada as well? rency. This makes it possible for Swedish pulp (as well as other Mr. Dn.L. The same thing applies to Canada as well, Scandinavian and German pulp) to come into the eastern and central parts of the United States at a price 31 per cent less than although Canada has not yet deflated her currency so badly the pulp made in the Pacific Northwest. For instance, in July as have the European countries. I think that yesterday the price of Swedish unbleached sulphite pulp, delivered in Canadian exchange was about 18 per cent o1f. Whether Atlantic coast ports, was $44 per ton. To-day, less than three months, Sweden went ofi the gold standard, the price is $32 per Canada has yet actually left the gold standard is rather ton; transposing this $32 United States. currency back into the hard to determine, although the newspapers on Sunday Swedish krona at the present rate 6f exchange will give them stated that within 10 days she would leave the gold the same net return in · Sweden to-day as when they sold their pulp at $44 per ton delivered in the United States at the time standard. their currency was on a par with ours. At the same time, this Mr. KING. Mr. President-- $32 a ton nets the Pacific coast mills only $25 a ton at their The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Wash­ mills, which is a loss of $4 to $7 a ton even on the present day ington yield to the Senator from Utah? low-wage scale and lowered cost of raw material. These pulp mills can not exist unless they are at least kept on Mr. Dn.L. I yield. a parity with the product of foreign pulp mills in this country, · Mr. KING. The statement has been made within the past and we do not ask that duty be put on, only that a fine be levied few days by responsible authorities in Canada that, notwith­ by the Customs Department sufficient to take ·up the ditference standing the depreciation referred to, Canada does not in­ in the-exchange at the time ot shipment of foreign pulp. We are at a loss to know whether President Hoover, in his tend to leave the gold standard; but it is obvious that message to Congress bearing on the tarUI, making pointed refer­ with so many European countries having left the gold stand­ ence to the temporary abandonment of the ·gold standard and ard and England having left the gold standard, Canada wi.ll the power of the Tar11f Commission to remedy, believes that this remedy would be legally possible on goods that have no duty be compelled, sooner or later, to follow that course. under the present taritf. Mr. Dn.L. Regardless of whether she leaves the gold Will you be so kind as to assist the pulp industry of the Pacific standard or not, the fact is that her money is at 18 per Northwest by attempting to force a ruling from the Tariff Com­ cent depreciation right now. mission on this, and failing in this, could you get an immediate relief in an amendment to the taritf act through the present Mr. KING. Measured in gold? Congress. · Mr. Dn.L. Measured by gold. Sincerely, Mr. KEAN: Mr. President-- RALPH SHAFFER. The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Wash­ The VICE PRESIDENT. The letter will be referred to the ington yield to the Senate from New Jersey? Committee on Finance. Mr. Dn.L. I yield. Mr. Dn.L. Mr. President, I have had this letter read into Mr. KEAN. Is not the point the Senator makes equivalent the RECORD because it illustrates a development that is be­ to saying that ·the fall in the franc, the fall in the pound. coming more and more serious in connection with our and the fall in the mark mean a cut in the wages of the domestic as well as our foreign trade. The 31 per cent people of Great Britain and the people of the other Euro­ inflation of currency in Europe has lowered the cost of pro­ pean countries, and also mean a lowering of the tariff of duction of those products that come to this country from the United States? Europe. Thus the cheaper currency of Europe and of the Mr. Dn.L. Absolutely, that is the result, and it is the Asiatic countries operates not only against our foreign trade result not only as to the products covered by tariff· rates, but but begins to operate against our domestic trade. it is the result as to the commodities that did not need a There is no tariff on pulp, and to place a tariff on pulp tariff previous to the cut in the value of wages and the cost would afford but a temporary protection, because as socn of production abroad. 1 -.CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD~SENATE DECEMBER 18

_. · Mr ~ - KEAN. Is · illy d.isti,nguished · fi'ierid speaking tor a ·· r did· not get to see all the men, altbough you can see that higher tariff? · the- ·percentage of those refusing to- sign the petition 1s negligible. The Legion in· Detroit voted against it. The Legion, as a whole, Mr. DILL. No; I am not, because a higher tartif would did not get a chance to vote on it. The delegates voted like be but a temporary remedy. We have too many high-ta.tiif they wanted to vote without' the little fellow having a chance to walls now: The high-tariff walls which· we erected by the vote. · The Government can borrow all it wants at 1% and 2 per cent, Smoot-Hawley law resulted in retaliatory taritrs all over yet it charges us 4% per cent on our own money. It doesn't the world, and what little foreign trade there was is fast charge any foreign country over 3 or 3¥2 per cent on loans. It being destroyed by our high tariff Ia w. While an increased canceled Germany's war debt for a year running into m1111ons. · raril. · hel th •tu t• •ust The country we went to France to fight--an enemy-gets theirs tari1I might tempo Y P e Sl a lon, J as soon as given to them voluntarily and we have to fight to get what the currency of foreign countries is deflated to a greater rightly belongs to us. extent we shall have to have another raise in tariff, until During the war men at home got from $10 to $25 a day for after a while nobody will be able to trade at all with any- their work and enjoyed ll!e while we were fighting for $1 a day . body else. The real remedy is not to be found in tariff and hal! enough to eat. All railroads and industries that the Government took over were put back in good shape, and they walls, but is to be found in placing the money of the various were paid well in cash for their use, and we human targets got nations of the world on ali equal-value basis, and then a llttle insurance for our service payable in 20 years. having more cWTency for the use of the world by enlarging When we were leaving for France everyone told us that, when. the b.,.,;., ~ currency by m· eluding silver on a mone+"'""'" we got back, there was nothing that would be too good _for ~ 0\1. ww..,y us. Back slappers were shaking hands with us. tell1ng us what basis along with gold. they would do for us when we came back; and to-day those same back slappers and handshakers are the ones that are fighting to MORTGAGE FORECLOSURES BY FEDERAL LAND BANKS keep us from havtp.g what rightly belongs to us. Mr.. McKELLAR. Mr. President, I have here a letter in Senator McKzun I was 1~ years old when I went in the Army in 1917. When I was 16 I had been to France and back. I am 28 the nature of a petition from Mr. N. L. Flownoy, of Milling- years of age and I am taking the responstbllity of writing you ton, Tenn., in reference to the foreclosure of mortgages by th1s letter with the backing of my comrades. we, as a whole, Federal land ·banks. I ask that it may be printed in the ask you to do all in your power toward procuring favorable ·tte Finan action by Congress regarding the soldiers' bonus. RECORD and re:f erred to the Co llliill e on ce. we also take occasion at this time to thank you for all of There being no objection, the letter in the nature of a your efforts in the past devoted to procUring favorable Iegisla­ petition was referred to the Committee on Finance and tion for _the ex-service men. We have followed closely your ordered to be printed in the REcoRD, without all the signa- utterances as given in the press and assure you of our deep interest and appreciation of same. tures, as follows: Again thanking you for what you have already done and what MILLINGTON, TENN.. December l2, 1931. we feel sure you will continue to do in the future, I ,remain, Hon. KENNETH D. McKELLAR, Your respectfully, United. States Senate, Washington, D. C. MARroN J. G~Y. DEAR 8ENATOB: Realizing that you have always shown a disposl- We, the undersigned ex-service men of Fayettev1lle and Ltn- tion to help the common people, I am talt1ng the Uberty to address coln County, Tenn.. hereby request Congress to enact a law you in behalf of those unfortunate people (farmers) who were giving ex-service men of the World War the balance of the ad­ compelled to mortgage their homes and f.arms to the Federal land justed compensation (bonus) bank to get some financlal relief~ - and now ·that they have fallen MAB.roN J. GBAY AND OO'HDS. upon evil days (floods, drought, and price of farm products below cost of production) their farms are ·being sold for the lack of their WIDOWS AND ORPHANS OF VETERANS ability to pay the interest on the said mortgage loans. Mr. McKEJJ.AR. I present a letter in the .nature of a Every county paper you take up has therein ads for the fore- petition from Mrs. W. R. Alto1n p:resident of the American closure on some poor man's farm, and, of course, it w1ll go to some ~ one at a bargain. thereby brea.klng up for good th1s man's ll!etime ' Legion Auxiliary, Department of Tennessee, favoring the pas­ efforts and accumulations. · sage of. the so-called widows and orphans' bill presented by Something should be done, and done quickly, to stay the hand of the American Legion. I ask that the letter may be printed . our otherwise good Government. A halt should be called on such . steps .being taken when there 1s .no avenue-of help open to the in the RECOllD and referred to the Committee on Finance. farmer during these desperate and trying times. There being no objection, the letter in the nature of a A person of your broad vision can very ·readily see that if this petition was referred to the Committee on Finance and course is not adjusted to the financia.I exigenCies of the present d d to be - ted · th 'th t all th · · ttmes, a very serious and irreparable condition w111 prevail with the or ere · prm m e RECOaD Wl ou e signa- unfortunate landowners. · tures.-as follows: With sincere regards and appreciation, I beg to remain, Respectfully, Alli:JuCAN LEGION AUXILIA11Y,. DEPAllTXENT oJ' TENN!:ssn, N. L. FLoURNOY 0 December 15~ 1931 • .All of our citizens approve this, and a few seen, gladly signed Senator K. D.- McKEI.L.&Jt, aerO&'!! the back of this letter. Washington, D. · C. We approve of this appeal. . OUR DEAlt SJ:NATOu: We. as presidents and secretaries of the . C. A. JAKISON, A!!istant Postma.ster. - American Legion Auxillary units of East Tennessee. are very much AND OTHERs. interested. in the wel!are of all wives and chlldren of the ex-se"- PROPOSED CASH BONUS '1'0 VETERANS 1ce men. . Therefore. we are extremely interested 1n the passage of the Mr. McKEJ.I.AR. I present a letter from Marion J. Gray~ widows and orphans' act as w1ll be presented by the American -of Fayetteville, Tenn., together with a petition inclosed by Legion. · · him, Will you please write us your attitude toward the passage of praying that Congress may take action regarding the th1s bill. Send your reply to Mrs. James A. Greene, Johnson City, payment of the balance of the soldiers' bonus. I ask tha~ Tenn., post-oftice box 674_ the letter and petition may be printed ill the RECORD and Assuring you of our deep appreciation of your assistance, we are, · re:ferred to the Committee on Finance. · · · ; Most sincerely, Mrs. W. R. ALTOM, President. The letter and petition were referred to the cOmmittee ~xi Mrs. JAS.. A. GREBNB,. Secretary. Finance and ordered to be printed in the REcoRD without all AND OTHERS. the signatures, as follows: · · 1 COT'l:ON . PRODUCTION STATISTICS . FAYE'l"''EVVLLE, TENN.• October 3, 1931. I , . Hon. Kl:NNETH D. McKELLAll, Mr. SMITH. ·Mr. President, a few days ago the Senator . Memphi3, Tenn. :from Nevada [Mr. PrrTlWll called attention to the dropping • . DEAR. SEA TOR McKEI.LA11 ~ I am inclosing herewith a petition off of the exports from this country. Much has been said in requesting that Congress take action at. the coming ~­ committee rooms and throughout the ·trade generally as to . -sion regarding payment of the balance of the soldiers' bonus. . There are about 600 ex-service men 1n Lincoln County. Out of the encroachment on the world's cotton market by foreign all t.he men I got to see there were only four that refused to sign nations. The-Senator from Nevada also called attention to this petition. I think it is only necessary to mention that these the price levels at which our commodities have been sold. four men, three of which I know -had suflicient reason for not desiring to sign same? aside from the fact that they all were the At my request the Department of Commerce prepared possessors of good incomes, are all already well fixed financ1a.lly. some tables showing the actual production of commercial .

·1931 -CONGRESSIONAL' RECORD-SENA-TE 763 cotton in foreign countries. I desire to have the tables: tion to hold his commodity for the market and distribute it printed in the REcoRD. I also ask to have printed in the in America at the protected price and then sell his surplus REcoRD a table showing the. amount of exports and domestic abroad at the world's price. He was compelled, on the con­ . consumption of American cotton for 30 years and the aver-' trary, to take what the buyer offered. That is the condition age price at which cotton has been sold during that with cotton. A duty of 7 cents a pound may be levied on period. cotton, but the buyers give what they please. The fact is These tables, I think, will be of very great interest to the that now I do not think long-staple cotton is bringing much Agricultural Committee in its forthcoming investigation. more than the amount of the tariff which has been levied. I also have a photostatic copy of a table showing the I know, I sold some that did not average much over 7 cents average production over a period of five years of ·cotton in a pound. foreign countries by specified_s _taple lengths. Much has been Mr. SHORTRIDGE. If the Senator will pardon me, I do · said about the improvement in -Indian and in Russian cot­ not care now to enter into a discussion of conditions or why , ton. I present these tables, with the letters ·of transmittal, prices have fallen or the effect of the 7-cent duty placed because they bear out that which I have maintained all upon long-staple cotton, but I will ask the Senator and the along, that, so far as the encroachment on our mar~et or Senate if they will be good enough to read the resolutions to the world's market by foreign cotton is concerned, it is a which I have referred, which will, perhaps, in part, afford fabrication by those who, in my opinion, desire to affect the an explanation of the low price of long-staple cotton. American market by virtue of giving out that kind of In any event, I will say to the Senator from South Caro­ propaganda. lina, if I may address him, it will be recalled that Senators Mr. SHORTRIDGE. Mr. President-- representing cotton -States, and particularly those States The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from South which raise the highest grade, or the long-staple cotton, Carolina yield to the Senator from California? were then, and I assume are still, in favor of maintaining the rate which_we placed on long-staple cotton after thorough Mr. SMITH. I do. investigation and thoughtful consideration. I do not want Mr. SHORTRIDGE. Is long-staple cotton raised in South the Tariff Commission to proceed with hearings on that Carolina? point without giving us due and proper notice. Mr. SMITH. It is. Mr. SMITH. I think that is proper. _ Mr. SHORTRIDGE. Is the Senator able to advise the The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, the request _~enate whether or not there has been an increase or a of the Senator from South Carolina will be granted. falling off of imports of long-staple cotton? The tables and letters of transmittal presented by Mr. Mr. SMITH. That information is included in the tables, Sliii:ITH and ordered printed in the REcoRD are as follows: and the Senator can get it from them. I do not think the DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, falling off of importations into this country has been ap- - BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, preciable. The fact of the matter is that in the confused Washington, December 15, 1931. and distressed condition which seems to be prevalent Hon. ELLisoN D. SMITH, throughout the world the premium between the ordinary United States Senate, Washington, D. C. MY DEAR SENATOR: In compliance with your telephone request variety and the long-staple cotton has--for what reason I there is inclosed a tabular statement showing the production of do not know--come to a point where it is practically commercial cotton in the several foreign countries for each crop negligible. from 1910 to 1930, inclusive. As you know, the weight of the bale in the several countries Mr. SHORTRIDGE. The Senator will recall that all d11fers very materially. The quantities have been converted into types of cotton were on the free list and that when we equivalent bales of 478 pounds lint. enacted the last tariff act we placed long-staple cotton on There is inclosed a photostat copy of Table 1 of Mlscellaneoug the protected list at 7 cents a pound. Publication 104, United States Department of Agriculture. This table shows the approximate quantities of the several lengths of Mr. SMITH. Yes, sir.. cotton produced in each of the countries. There is also inclosed Mr. SHORTRIDGE. I assume the Senator is aware that a copy of a memorandum prepared by the textile division of the Bu­ application has been made to the Tariff Commission to -reau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce entitled " Varieties of cot- ton Grown in Foreign Countries." This memorandum is a general reduce that rate. I telegraphed the commission requesting description of the production in all of the foreign countries which that no hearings be had without those of us who were inter- produce cotton. This memorandum_and the photostat copy should ested in maintaining that rate being given notice and an give a pretty good idea of the character of foreign-grown cotton. opportunity to be heard. If it be proper, I should like to Very truly yours, · have inserted in the RECORD immediately following the docu- w. M. STEUART, Director. ments offered by the Senator from South Carolina two reso- PrOduction of commercial cotton in foreign countries lutions adopted by cotton organizations of California-pro- [Quantities in thousands of bales of 478 pounds lint] testing against any reduction of the present rate of duty on long-staple cotton, a commodity in which California is very Crop Total India Russia Egypt China Brazil Merico Peru 0~~r deeply interested. I Mr. SMITH. was of the opinion that, on account of the 1930 ___ - 11 , 548 4,800 1, 550 1,661 1,590 493 169 240 1,045 small quantity of real long-staple cotton produced in Cali":' 1929 ___ _ 12, 1().5 5,120 1,310 1, 750 1, 825 535 246 250 1,069 1928 ___ _ 11,331 4,865 1,208 1,660 1, 550 520 272 210 1.046 fornia and parts of Arizona-that is, cotton which would 1927 ___ _ 10,643 4, 715 - 983 1,250 1, 930 492 179 215 879 compete with the Egyptian cotton-perhaps a tariff might 1926 ___ _ 10,064 4,230 755 1, 695 1, 335 449 360 245 005 1925_ --- 10, 555 4,845 737 1,610 1,400 602 202 185 974 result in bringing about a higher price, but the same thing, 1924_ --- 10,197 5,100 453 1,450 1, 320 605 280 200 789 in my opinion, has happened in the case of long-staple 1923 ___ _ 8,865 4,400 260 1,289 1,420 575 138 201 582 1922 ___ _ 8,197 4,220 55 1,229 1,360 535 178 190 430 cotton that happened in the case of wheat. 1921_ __ _ 7,380 4,200 43 902 1,000 540 147 175 343 The producers of long-staple cotton, having no financial 1920 ___ _ 6, 225 2,600 85 1,285 1,045 450 215 155 390 1919 ___ _ 8, 795 4,475 440 1, 305 1,150 560 210 175 480 resources and no compact sales organization, were compelled 1918 ___ _ 6, 715 2, 950 575 1,000 940 550 135 120 445 to take the price the buyer offered, just as the action of 1917--- 6, 833 2, 971 605 1,307 86S 418 131 115 418 1916 ___ 7,468 3, 391 1, 114 1, 062 847 323 147 113 471 Congress in putting a duty of 42 cents a bushel on wheat, 1915 __ _ 7,218 2, 751 1, 532 954 884 262 131 97 6f!T the wheat producers competing with each other, was worse 1914 __ _ 8, 816 3,982 1,304 1,448 785 460 131 108 598 1913 __ 8, 445 3,862 1, ffl7 1,565 649 440 157 115 580 than a gesture; it was almost au insult to the wheat pro­ 1912 ___ _ 7,834 3,481 959 L 561 732 330 147 115 509 ducers, because the price went down practically more than 1911 __ 6,565 2, 374 982 1,530 654 291 135 104 495 1910 ___ _ 7,242 2,847 1,026 1, 575 811 154 40 cents a bushel. Why? Because the wheat producer, 293 100 436 unlike the ordinary industrial organization, had no re- Non.-Commercial crop for India, China, and Peru arrived at from consumption. sources; he had no financial aurplus, and was not in a posi- exports, and changes in stocb. CONGRESSlON.A!I.- RE.CO~D-_ .SENAT.E DECEMBER 18

TABLE 1.-Production of cotton in foreign countries by specified TABLE . 2.-Production of cotton in India by varieties and staple staple~ lengt~~9ntinueg . . timgths, average 1915-i6 to 1"918-19 ' and annual "1925-26 to 1929-30 Average 1925-26 to 1929-30 [1,000 bales of 478 pounds net; 000 omitted] ' Country .Aver­ -Less than inch to 1 inches Total ~ ~ age · ~inch I%2 inches aild above Description 191~ 16 1~26 1926-27 1927-.281928-291929-30 to 1918-19 Bal e& Bates Bale.& . Bale.& Mexico •. . ------~- - -·------250, 5CJl 12,525 225,- 457 12,525 ------~- : ---1--1------Venezu ela '------32,071 ------32,071 Mainly unde~ ~-in<'h staple: Colombia'------17, 342 ------4, 335 13,007 Oomra (Khandeish, Central India, 1 4 4 Peru· ------223, 218 -----=------55, 80i 167, 1 Berar, and Cen.tral Provinees) __ ----- 1, 367 1, 316 1, 582 1, 700 1,«6 Ecuador------6, 025 3, 012 3, 013 Dhollera ______:------~ ------Brazil______.___ 544.484 ------r------217.794 326, 690 Bengal Sind (United Provinces, 527 4.76 718 336 437 Paraguay •------11,053 ----J---- 11,053 ------Rajputana, Sind, Punjab, etc.)-.-_____ 00. 688 654 8M 879 Argentina______107, 146 ------101,788 6, 358 Camilla, Burma, etc __ ------_____ 104 95 87 'n trT 4 Guatemala ------955 ------955 Coconada·----..------______45 26 33 38 31 · Haiti' ------~ ------21,997 ------21,997 1---~---1---r---I---- 1 Dominican Republic ------351 ------176 175 TotaL______2, 453 2, 947 2, 601 3, 074 3, 005 2, 880 1 Porto Rico ------1, 390 ------1, 390 Per cent of total crop______72. 1 56. 7 61.9 61. 6 61.8 65. 4 Salv ador~------1, 345 ------·------1, 345 . ===== British West Indies______4, 307 ------4, 307 Mainly ~ -inch staple and above: . I · 1 Italy ------3,113 ------3,113 ------~ - Punjab (American) ______----- 300 192 183 159 212 Yugoslavia______.. 344 ------344 ------·- Sind (American)______2 4 3 · f) 7 Greece_------18,963 ------18,963 ------:Broach______Zl7 186 204 175 235 Bulgaria______2, 967 ----~-- 2, 967 ------Coompta-Dharwar_..: _ _.:______265 168 274 2M 244 1 Malta ------455 ------4D5 ------Western and Northern__ ___ ----- 322 145 185 292 135 SpAlg~ ----=~ ======------======~: ------1,292 6,1,: Tinnevelly______------161 113 124 136 133 "' ------Salem______----- 30 28 28 36 35 461 ~~::OJ~~.::{~;------461 ------~amar81?oandid' aN__ ag__ ar______}______130 cp 100 122 126 Dahomey'------5, 062 -_. -_-_-__ -_-__ -___ · -----A----- 5, 062 Hyderabad Oaorani______------777 671 812 679 395 Ivory Coast'------6. 1n "' 171 ------1---1---1---1·-- 1 French Guinea ------2, 176 ------1, 088 1, 088 Total and above ___ --·------949 2, 254 1, 60i 1, 916 1, 858 1, 522 Senegal I______2, 696 ------·----- 1, 348 1, 348 Per eent of total crop______ZJ. 9 43. 3 38. 1 . 88.4 38. 2 34.6 French Sudan'------3, 913 ------1, 956 1, 957 ___ ==- ma~~~:;~~=====:: .:::::::::::::: J!: ====~==== JS ---- - ~-~ Total crop ____-_ ·____ · ___ ~ 6,201 4,205 4,990 (,863 4,402 Egypt------1, 578,800 ------==~ ---'--12,--i;;;- 01,578,800 Compiled from Area and Yield of Principal Crops in India, reports of the Indian .Anglo-Egyptian Sudan______126, 429 .n.> 112, 886 Central Cotton Committee and the Empire Cotton Growing Review. This cJassJ.. ltalii\Jl Soma.lilnnd______4, 833 ------.A, 833 .fication of Indian cotton according to staple lengths is based on Liverpool interpreta- Eritrea'------1, 960 ____ ..::______653 1, 307 tions and may vary from a classification based on the official standal'ds of the Uni~ Belgian Congo'------22, 119 ------22, 119 States for length of staple• .Ango16 1------2, 634 ------2, 634 ------Kenya'------1, 096 ------1, 096 ------Uganda ______: _____ : ______128,397 ------12,840 115,557 Tanganyika.______20, 629 ------15,472 5,157 DEPAltTMENT OJ' COMMERCE, Nyasaland ______4, 228 ------4, 228 ------BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, Northern Rhodesia'------146 ------146 ------Washington. December 10, 1931. Southern Rhodesia 1_ ------1, 498 ------1, 4.98 Mo1..ambiqne 1 __ ------8, 641 ------8, 641 ------Hon. ELLisoN D. SMITH, Union of South Africa______10,654 ------2, 663 7, 991 United States Senate, Washington, D. C. Cyprus'------2, 429 607 ------1, 822 MY DEAR SENATOR: In compliance with your telephone request Turkey (Asiatic 1)------127, 195 84,797 42,398 ------. Syria and Lebanon______~---- 8, 611 8. 611 ------there a.re furnished the following figures of American cotton con­ IraQ------3, 507 ------3, 507 sumed in the United States and exported for cotton years !rom Bnssia (Asiatic)______1, f'IYl, 118 ------1, 007, 118 ------1906 to 1931, inclusive. ~he quantities are shown in running Persia 1 __ ------90,938 60,626 30,312 -----~--­ bales, counting round as half bales. Separate statistics of linters India. 4, 732, ()()() 2, 901, 000 1, 831, 000 ------001Ill'87---- __------______------______------1, 482, 000 ------consumed and exported are not available for some of the earlier years. Accordingly, the statistics of consumption for 1906, 1907, Dhollera. ------~--- 4.99, 000 ---~------Bengal-Sind______------796,000 ------and 1908, and of exports for 1906 to 1913., inclusive, include some linters. g::da~~~-~:~~:::::::::::: ::::::::::: ~ ~ :::~::::::: ::::::::::: Punjab (American) __ ------209, 000 ------Average Averagre ======::::======price per price per ~~0~~~~~~~~====:::::::::::::: 21~: r: Consump- Exports Consump- Goompta-Dharwar______-·------~- · ------241,000 ------Year tion pound Year tion Exports pound Western and Northern ______------216,000 ------(bales) (bales) upland (bales) (bales) upland Tinnevelly______------~- 131,000 ------cotton cotton Salem______------31,000 ------(cents) (cents) Cambodia. ______------116,000 ------Barsi and Nagar Hyderabad OaoranL ______------667,000 ------1931_ ___ 5, 083,613 6, 759,927 9. 5 1918 ___ 6,382, 695 4, 288,420 Zl.1 China______·1, 862,914 ), 596, ~ 266, 131 ------1930 ____ 5,800, 348 6, 689,796 16.8 1917 __ _ 6,470, 244 5, 299,519 17. 3 Japanese Empire: 1929 ____ 6, 778, 199 8, 043,588 18.0 1916 ___ 6,080, 618 5,895, 672 11. 2 Japan 2------1, 261 1, 261 · ------1928 ____ 6, 534,946 7, 539,945 ·w. 2 1915 ___ 5, 375,305 8, 322,688 7. 3 ChoseiL______137,382 ------34,346 103,036 1927 - --- 6, 880,124 10,926,614 12.5 1914_ __ 5, 383,099 9, 2!i6, 028 12.5 French Indo-China 1______4, 119 ------4,119 ------1926 ____ 6, 175,775 8, 051, 491 19. 6 1913_ __ 5, 250, 392 9, 199,093 11.5 Dntcb East Indies '------4, il05 3, 679 1, 226 ------1925 ____ 5, 917,485 8, 005,228 22.9 1912_ __ 4, 921, 683 11,081, 332 9.6 Siam ' ------3, 429 1, 714 1, 715 ------1924_ ___ 5, 352,937 5, 655,856 .. 28. 7 191L... 4, 322,987 8, 025, 991 14.0 .Australia______6, 401 ------6, 401 ------1923 ____ 6, 322,294 4, 822,589 22.9 1910. -- 4, 465,968 6, 491,843 H.3 New Hebrides~_ ------, __2_, _91_7_ __------1--2,-9 1_7_ _--_-_--_-_--_-_-- 1922 ___ - 5, 612,993 6,184.,094 16. 9 1909 .. -- 4, 929,796 8,889, 724 9.2 1 1 1921_ ___ 4, 676,891 5, 744,698 15.8 1908 __ - 4, 389,462 7, 779,508 1i. 5 Total------.----- 11,224,810 4, 671,603 .4, 012,679 2, 540,528 1920 ____ 6, 002,993 6, 545,326 35.4 1907 ___ 4, 8«, 568 8, 825,236 10.0 1919 ~ --- 5,589, 820 5, 592,386 28. 8 1906 ___ 4, 770,804 6, 975,494 10.~ 1 4-year average._ 2 3-year average. Very truly yours, a About 67,000 bales of long rough cotton, Hi to 1~ inches, are included in this total. • 2-year average. W. M. STEUART, Director. • Figure for 1929-30 only. 'According to information from the International Institute of Agricnltnre, Inter­ TARIFF RATE ON LONG-STAPLE COTTON national Cotton Bulletin, Consular Reports, and Todd, all Egyptian cotton is desig­ Mr. SHORTRIDGE. Mr. President, I offer and request that nated as long staple or 1 ~ inches and above. The Division of Cotton Marketing has received samples of 1~&-ineh cotton from Egypt which shows that some cotton is there be printed in the REcoRD the resolutions adopted by the below 1 ~ inches, but bas no information on quantity. board of directors of the Fresno County (Calif) Chamber of 1 This classification of Indian cotton according to staple lengths is based on Liver­ pool interpretations and may vary from a classification based on the official standards Commerce. urging that the present ·rate on long-staple cot­ ()f t he United States for length of staple. · ton, as fixed by the tari.tr act of 1930, namely, 7 cents a pound Compiled from official sc;>nrces, from International Institute of Agricnlture, lrom information based on samples of foreign cotton received. by the Division of Cotton on cotton of 1¥s inches and better, be .maintained, ann no Marketing of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, and from unofficial trade reports. decrease authorized, and further petitioning the United BecauSe of differencesln description, of cottons for length of staple in the reporting conntri~ it is not certain that the distributions here shown have been nrtilormly made States Tariff Commission that the said rate of duty on long­ nor that they are comparable with cottons classed under the official standards of the staple cotton be kept in force. I ask that the resolution be United Sta tes for length of staple. Distributions are subject to revision on the basi,'> of further work on tbe classification of cotton.of foreign growths. referred to the Committee on Finance. 1931- ·- CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 765

. -- There being no objection,. the resolution was referred to the SYMPOSIUM OF VIEWS OF CERTAIN GOVERNORS RELATIVE- TO THE Committee on Finance anFederation; and to the secretary of the Tariff Com­ West. It has drawn a civilization to its borders. mission, Washington, D. C. But thus far its utility has been essentially local to America. Adopted at a regular meeting of the board of directors of the Deep-water transportation to harbors beyond the seas has been Fresno County Chamber of Commerce, November 18, 1931. broken by obstacles in the c4annel of the St. Lawrence. It is now TREFFLE R. LA SENAY, proposed that the coordinated might of the United States and of Executive Secretary. Canada be exerted to remove those obstacles. What a fitting sequel to the policy of peace we have pursued for a hundred years! Mr. SHORTRIDGE. I also present a letter addressed to The advantages which will flow from this accomplislunent are me from the Kern County Chamber of Commerce, Bakers­ beyond all calculation. Lake ports will become seaports. In field, Calif., which I ask may be printed in the RECORD and terms of freight haulage, Toronto and Buffalo, Cleveland and Chi­ cago will be nearer to Europe than is New York. Ocean-going ves­ referred to the Committee on Finance. sels from the Orient will discharge their cargies upon the shore of There being no objection, the letter was ordered printed Minnesota. A veritable" northwest passage" will become a reality. in the RECORD. Much of this titanic project is already accomplished. Its com­ pletion depends upon the successful negotiation of a treaty be­ BAKERSFIELD, CALIF., November 14, 1931. The Hon. SAMUEL M. SHORTRIDGE, tween the United States and Canada. Every consideration of statesmanship dictates the seizure of this United States Senate, Washington, D. C. opportunity to benefit multiplied millions of people. The imme­ DEAR SENATOR SHORTRIDGE: At a regular meeting of the board of diate undertaking of the work will help to lift the depression now. directors of the Kern County Chamber of Commerce, held at Its completion will prolong its benefits for generations to come. Bakersfield, Calif., Tuesday eyening, November 10, 1931, the follow­ The resources of America have been developed by men of vision; ing resolution was passed: men who could see the empire rising in the wilderness; men of "Whereas realizing that the stocks of imported cotton have di­ iron w1lls and sturdy hands. To such men this project must minshed to a point whereby the American producer of staple cotton ·appeal. An undertaking so typical of American enterprise must will soon be able to receive the premiums he is entitled to for his efforts to produce· superior quality of cotton, the Kern County fire the mind of every man of action. Its promise stirs the imagi­ Chamber of Commerce, representing hundreds of growers of cot­ nation of the people. ton who produced staple of 1 Ys inch and better, do petition to the In a world suffering from the tragic results of national ani­ United States Tariff Commission that the tariff act of 1930 section mosities a.q.d discords there comes to us this opportunity to 336, carrying an import duty of 7 cents a pound on c~tton of demonstrate the benefits of international cooperation. 1 Ya inch and better be kept in force; and In behalf of the people of Ohio, I join with our neighboring " Whereas the growers of this district used to receive a premium States and with our brethren from Canada in bespeaking the of from 2 to 4 cents per pound above market quotation, due to the early consummation of this beneficent undertaking. quality and staple of their cotton, which for several years past MICHIGAN has not been obtainable, due, in a great extent, to the importation of cotton; and By Hon. Wilber M. Brucker, Governor of Michigan " Whereas the effect of this tariff schedule is just beginning to Nothing would strike the present sluggish economic situation have its effect on domestic cottons in aiding the cotton grower with more dynamic impact right at this moment than the com­ to attain a fair premium on their longer staple lengths, the tariff pletion of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence waterway. It would act not having affected this premium, due to the accumulation of as an economic blood transfusion to renew circulation in the imported stock prior to the action of the tariff, and the stocks now body politic. It would not only be a psychic stimulant but would being down to a point where domestic cotton ls affected, we feel invigorate the whole of North America as well by the establish­ that it is. only fa~ that the tariff remain in force long enough to ment of new world trade routes. It would furnish the element of measure Its effectiveness as far as the producer is concerned and physical improvement which would literally compel the kind of any hardships that manufacturers claim; and confidence that commands prosperity. To Michigan and some of " Wherea~ the Kerr~ County Chamber of Commerce is especially her sister States the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence completion means interested m protestmg a decrease in the tariff because 60 per more than any Government undertaking ever before proposed in cent or more of the California cotton crop last year was of 1:i'i this country's history. inches staple or longer: Therefore, be it For decades now men of vision on both sides of the international "Resolved, That the board of directors of the Kern County Cham­ boundary line have dreamed of the completion of this great high­ ber of Commerce, in regular session in Bakersfield, Calif., this lOth way of commerce down the St. Lawrence to the Atlantic. They day of Nov~mber, 1931, representing all of the cotton growers of have envisoned ports of the Great Lakes being opened to vessels this district, do hereby urge that you give your earnest attention of all nations, making it possible for the commerce of the Great to the above-mentioned tariff in seeing that it is maintained at the Lakes and all that vast ten-itory commercially tributary to be present duty and not decreased." carried to ports of the world. They have followed their belief Yours respectfully, through all its successful engineering phases, with the resultant L. B. NOURSE, knowledge that the commerce of the Great Lakes region may be Secretary Kern County Chamber of Commerce. canied in American bottoms without transshipment to all parts 766 CONGRESSIONAL: .RECORD--SENATE DECEMBER 18 of the world. They have been undaunted throughout the maze the co~odittes he buys from the· :East, thus raises his. cost"of pro­ of diplomatic negotiations until to-day they have come to the duction and operation. He ~st pays in heavy freight rates 1n period of realization. that the Atlantic can be served 2,000 mlles order to bring his productS:_-at least his surplus. products-to inland .to make ocean ports of Chicago,-Detroit, Milwaukee, Duluth, market. Then again on the commo9ities which are not manufac­ Toledo, Cleveland. Buffalo, and countless others, and that 87 per tured in the West he pays a heavy transportation charge in order cent of all ocean-going ships will be able to drop anchor in the to get them. - ports of the Great Lakes and connecting waters. I would not attribute the depression of the mid-west farmer to The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence is the largest connected body of the Esch-Cummins law, but since the passage of that law, with fresh water on the globe. Its combined area exceeds 90,000 square the increase of freight rates which affected the Middle West, par­ miles from Duluth to tidewater at Montreal. Twenty-three States ticularly because of the long haul and other economic factors and of the Union are commercially tributary to it, in addition to its governmental activities, the farmer became depressed. We in the great Canadian interest. The shore line of the Great Lakes and cities of the Mid West believe that our economic trend is going to islands exceeds 8,000 miles, of which 2,200 miles are wtthin the folfow whatever trend there is in agriculture. State of Michigan. The Great Lakes constitute the greatest high­ While wheat does not compare, in money receipts, with the dairy way of water-borne commerce, except the high seas, in the world. products of the Middle West, yet it is and always has been a sort Without the St. Lawrence River development a normal year sees of economic bellwether as to prices. In other words, the prices of 200,000,000 tons of commerce, wortn $1,500,000,000, moved to mar­ farm commodities and, to some extent. the prices of manufactured ket by water transportation on the Great Lakes. The commerce commodities, follow the market price of wheat up or down. carried on the Great Lakes exceeds by 50,000,000 tons the total The development of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence seaway would annual coastwise commerce of the United States carried on the permit the transportation of wheat to the foreign markets by as oceans. Thirteen and eight-tenths of the total foreign commerce much as 10 cents a bushel less than the present rail and sea rate. of the United States is carried on over the Great Lakes. That wo~ld mean a tremendous incre~se in income to agriculture There are more than 400 harbors on the Great Lakes and their through the increased revenue from wheat, with its consequent connecting waters, of which approximately 100 have been improved effect upon other commodities. by the Federal. Government at a cost of more than $90,000,000. It is an established fact that water transportation w1ll cheapen About 300 other harbors have been improved by local govern­ the cost he pays to get products and will cheapen the cost he mental agencies and private enterprise. Millions more have been pays upon the commodities he ships to world markets. The expended by the Federal Government in the construction and seaway will be of incalculable value to the farmer. It will increase operation of the locks between Lakes Superior and Huron, through his buying power and his buying power will not only be manifested which passes more tonnage each year than through the Panama in the purchase of manufacturing products but it will extend Canal, Suez Canal, Kiel Canal, or the Manchester Ship Canal. gradually to the seaboard. This whole central inland area has been awaiting the blasting It would also develop industry in the Middle West, which has out of the key log in the jam blocking direct traffic to world declined 50 per cent in Minnesota in the last 10 years, so that the markets by way of the St. Lawrence. No part of the country can producers would be able to purchase manufactured articles at con­ be prevented from the full realization of its natural possibilities siderably less than the present prevailing market price. with resultant benefit to the rest of the country. The establish­ That about expresses the viewpoint of a great many people, par­ ment of trade balances in favor of this inland empire of 22 States ticularly in my own State. Cheaper rates on what the farmer can not fail ultimately to redound to the common good of all the buys--cheaper rates on what he sells--and an opportunity to dis­ ~tates. No section can afford to oppose that which will eventually pose of his surplus on a firmer basis in world markets than he now work out for the common good. has on the rail route. SOUTH DAKOTA ll.LINOIS By ·Han. Warren Green, Governor of South Dakota By Hon. L. L. Emmerson, Governor of Dlinois South Dakota needs the St. Lawrence waterway because it will No Commonwealth can be more interested in the success of these give us both convenience and profit in marketing our farm prod­ efforts than my own State of Illinois. Chicago to-day is one of ucts, which is almost our only means of getting wealth into the the great ports of the wo!'ld, but it is destined to take a great State. leap forward on the day that the first deep-draft ocean-going ves­ It means a convenience because our elevator capacity is only sel sails down the St. Lawrence, and through the lake system, to about 27,000,000 bushels and in a normal year we export about weigh anchor here. . . 120,000,000 bushels, so our· elevators will be filled about four The States of the upper Mississippi Valley form the greatest food-producing region in the world, and to-day's production could times. We must have transportation responsiv~ to our needs. In a casual year about 150,000 freight cars, or 5,000 train loads be multiplied many times if markets were available. Bringing o.! of 30 cars each, are necessary to move the farm products which we ocean-going vessels to our doors, putting us on a basis of equality export from our State. If this marketing were carried by one with seaboard States in the competition for world markets, will train, the engine would be nosing into the freight yards of Chicago, more than any other factor settle the farm problem which is now the heavily loaded cars would stretch across northern Illinois, pressing u.s for solution. Production of grain in the region which across the long dimension of Iowa, across the still greater distance would be influenced by the St. Lawrence waterway system amounts of South Dakota, and the caboose would be over in the oil fields to more than 3,600,000,000 bushels a year. of Wyoming getting oil for the axles of this 1,135-mile train. If this great section is to continue to export grain, it must be Our production nearly all goes east. Almost the entire exports of able to meet competitive world prices. That competition can not grain and meats go to the mills and pack.i.I;lg plants toward the and must not be met by reduction in farm labor costs, but it can east and into the established channels of trade. be met in the cost of carrying the products of our farms to the Four lines of railroad are fairly direct to Lake Superior· and five world's market centers. · nearly direct to Lake Michigan. For convenience we must have Engineers and statisticians have estimated that the St. Lawrence both the quick service which railroads give and the cheap service waterway would save about 10 cents a bushel on the cost of that water transportation can give. . transporting grain. If only one-half of this amount should accrue As a matter of profit, we must be able to market in competition to the producers, the American farmer would benefit to the amount with other agricultural areas producing similar products. We find of $150,000,000 yearly. that a mlle on the freight train is about equal to 10 miles in cost It is well recognized th~t the price of our crops is set by the on the ocean freighter. The world is so organized now that com­ price of crop surpluses. It has been generally urged that produc­ merce must enter our calculations. We know that the average tion be decreased to wipe out these surpluses. If we can increase seaport for our competitors in Argentine and Australia is less than prices through reduction in marketing costs, the same end will 250 miles from the farm, while we are about 1,600 miles from the have been achieved without recourse to artificial methods. seaport. We know that European farmers can deliver their_ po.­ While maintaining its agricultural wealth, the great mid-West tatoes at less expense in New York or any other coastal city than has become ·one of the most important industrial sections of the we can, while we grow the best potatoes in the country. If we entire world. Our mammoth industries have been developed in take the rate from New York to Liverpool as the yardstick for spite of the handicap which we suffer, in competition for world measurement, we in the capital of South Dakota, at the exact trade. Our own state of Dlinois produces annually five and one­ center of the North American continent, are, for the purpose of half billion dollars' worth of manufactured products, being ex­ shipment, just about 25,000 miles, or the entire distance around ceeded only by New York and Pennsylvania. To maintain those the world, from New York. In other: words, the present cost of · markets, which we have won, and at the same time develop others, shipping a bushel of grain from Pierre, S. Dak., to New York is demands not only the most improved production methods but equivalent to the cost of shippilig it around the world if the water improved distribution methods. rate from New York to Liverpool is used as a basis. Growing markets mean more jobs, and more jobs mean in­ Our best estimates are that we could just about pay the inter­ creased spending power and less want. It requires no stretch of est annually on the entire investment which the United States will imagination to vision a new era of increased prosperity for the make in building the seaway down the St. Lawrence out of the territory along the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes upon the comple­ increased profits of the South Dakota farmers. tion of this improvement in which we are all so vitally interested. Its attainment may be hurried through the unselfish cooperation Ml:NNESOTA - of benefiting communities. By Hon. Floyd B. Olson, Governor of Minnesota INDIANA The basic industry of -the Middle West is agriculture. The prosperity of that section depends upon the buying power of food. By Han. Harry G. Leslie, Governor of Indiana In other words, from the standpoint of an amateur economist, the The Calumet area is the industrial center of America. Indiana­ buying power of food determines our prosperity. The farmer of has some 40 miles of lake frontage ·on the southern end of Lake the Middle West 1s handicapped by being obliged to pay a high Michigan, which reaches down into the heart of the richest area rate of transportation on his prodtree, which cuts down the amount in the world. While the lake frontage is small, it is the most im­ he receives and being obliged to pay a high transportation rate for portant harbor project on Lake Michigan. East C~cago's port 1931 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 767 of Indiana Harbor, the adjacent port of Butfington, and the harbor NORTH DAKOTA of Gary have · a water-borne commerce that not only takes first By Ron. George F. Shafer, Governor of. North Dakota place among Lake Michigan port facilities but compares favorably The advent of the St. Lawrence seaway has been too long de­ with many of the great ports on the Atlantic and Pacific and, layed. Ever since the completion of the Panama Canal, the in­ according to the latest available figures -of the War Department, terior economic development of America has been sadly out of outranks all harbors on the Gulf coast, including that of New balance. The Panama Canal made the Atlantic and Pacific coasts Orleans. Mention should be made here of the projected Port Wil­ of this continent close neighbors in commerce, and, by the same liam between Gary and Michigan City, which, with the return of token, it correspondingly lengthened the distance, in terms of industrial activity, will rival the older harbors in facilities and relative transportation costs, from the interior of the country to the amount of commerce clearing there. its ocean ports. Thus, coast cities fl.ourished, while inland cities Numerous trunk-line railroads touch this area, and many of the struggled against discouraging handicaps. Thus, industries were great motor-vehicle highways center here. To have available the obliged to remove from interior points to locations on or near the Lakes-to-Gulf waterway will make possible even far greater ship­ seacoast. Thus, there was placed upon agriculture in the great ping advantages. There has been a steady 'and continuously in­ mid-continent section a disadvantage beyond its ability to carry creasing volume of industry in this area. When assured that the and still compete profitably in the markets of the world. Thus, St. Lawrence waterway will be available in the near future, we can there was created a condition of economic dislocation, sometimes reasonably expect a much greater development in the future than called .. economic inequality," between great sections of our coun­ has existed in the past. try; a condition which lies at the base of much of the economic The vast volume of domestic traffic moving between the West discontent for something existing in the mid-western and north­ and East will be vitally affected. Pacific lumber now moves by the western regions of our country, a condition which cries out for Panama Canal to the Atlantic seaboard and back west as far as correction in a voice that is heard throughout the land. Because Indiana. Copper moves to Puget Sound via the Panama Canal to ocean commerce has no competitor in ·economy of costs, it will, eastern seaboard. It could easily go by rail to Duluth, thence by when brought to the interior of the continent by means of the water to the Great Lakes and canal to the Atlantic seaboard. St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes, do much to equalize Brazilian coffee, Yucatan sisal, East India rubber could all move in transportation costs between seashore and inland centers of trade bulk from origin to destination at Great Lakes ports upon the and production. This will not only restore the economic balance completion of this project. in accordance with the laws of economic justice, but it will revive From the experience of other :.mtions in. the construction of ship both industry and agriculture in that vast empire lying between canals there can be no reasonable doubt as to the advantages of the Alleghany and Rocky Mountain Ranges. the proposed canal but as to the absolute necessity of it. England While we have been patiently waiting for our Governments to spent hundreds of mill1ons of dollars to bring Manchester to the open negotiations for a treaty providing for the joint construc­ sea, and her greatness is largely due to her overseas commerce. tion of the St. Lawrence seaway, much progress has in fact been Germany, through the Kiel Canal and a network of waterways made by the two countries, acting independently but with a com­ that connect her industrial centers with the sea, has conclusively mon purpose, to bring this gigantic improvement into existence. demonstrated the vital importance of bringing the sea to her Millions of dollars have been expended in deepening and Widening manufacturing centers in order to enable them to compete for the the connecting waters between the Great Lakes, improvements markets of the world. made directly toward the fulfillment of the seaway project. Many This project brings sea-going ships to the center of industry, it more millions have been appropriated by the United States Gov­ reaches the richest agricultural region of the world, it brings the ernment to carry on still further improvements of like nature in world markets a thousand miles closer to the sources of produc­ those waters. tion, it cheapens the cost of transportation both domestic and for­ The United States is anxious for the opportunity to assume its eign. Its immediate construction is of vital importance to the full share of the responsibility for completing this partnership economic life of the greater part of our country and should be enterprise. This opportunity is now at hand. By securing the hastened With the greatest possible speed. ~ prompt ratification of the forthcoming treaty, and by speedily MONTANA enacting the necessary enabling legislation, we may yet see the beginning of construction on the final unit of the St. Lawrence By Hon. J. E. Erickson, Governor of Montana seaway within the span of another year. It is not my purpose to attempt to advance new arguments or WYOMING reasons for the construction of the proposed Great Lakes and St. Lawrence shipway. It seems that everyone East and West is By Ron. Perry W. Jenkins, of Wyoming, personal representative agreed that a water route connecting the Great Lakes with the sea of Gov. A. M. Clark is essential to the progress and well-being of the great Northwest Through isolation half the resources of our Nation have been and indeed of the entire country. locked up .for over a century. Half of the area of our Republic My only excuse in traveling from the far-off Montana to meet lies to the west of the Missouri. With a potential wealth scarcely With you is to emphasize as strongly as possible the intense in­ touched, when the Mountain States come into their own, an terest our people feel in the proposed shipway and their earnest awakening of the West will bring to the East the realization that desire that this project be constructed as soon as it is possible to a new era has dawned. do so, and also to assure you of our hearty cooperation in promot­ Wyoming is 1,000 miles from Chicago, embra.cing 100,000 square ing this enterprise. miles of land, rising 1,400 feet above the sea to gather moisture Some one has said that the two great problems of civilization with which to water her fertile acres. The Geological Survey has are production and an adequate system of distribution of the estimated these resources at over one-half million for each mem­ products of labor and industry. We have gone a long way to­ ber of her present political family. It has enough coal to meet wards the solution of the problem of production. We have not the present market demands for 150,000 years. Coal is only a been so successful in solving the problem of distribution. Scien­ fraction of her stores; oil, shale, iron, copper, potash, aluminum tific methods of farming have enabled the farmer to greatly in­ are produced in the millions of tons. crease the yield of his land, and the introduction of machinery Here is a State whose agriculture, supported by irrigation, is as and labor-saving devices has enabled him to extend the scope of rich as any of her sister States. Her cattle nmhber over 1,000,000 his operation so that mass production is now enjoyed by the tiller head; her sheep are two and a half times that number. Agricul­ of the soil as well as by the great industries of the country. As ture is in its infancy and on the increase. a result, in the present unhappy condition of the country, we find Would you have this wealth find its way to the Pacific coast and ourselves with vast surpluses of wheat, cotton, and other agricul­ the Orient? Or would you prefer that it leave its trail of gold tural products, and the same is true of our industries. They are across your threshold? The growing tonnage already convinced curtailing production because there is no market for the products our State that the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence seaway from the at the mills and factories, and yet there are millions in China, Lakes to the ocean was the only solution of our transportation India, and other countries who are starving and perishing for problem. Ten years ago we began a campaign of education; in want of commodities which are so plentiful in the world. Even in 1923 we passed an act that committed our State to this project; our own country millions of citizens are crowding the bread lines this year a still stronger act of legislation shows that our interest and are forced to accept charity, and all because we have not the ls unabated. facilities nor the machinery for properly distributing the things Our congressional delegates, our State officials-in fact, all the that we raise and make to feed and care for our population. people of the State--are a unit in advocating speedy consummation Present conditions emphasize in a very definite and positive way of your program. that our means of transportation must be improved. The United As the years go by and the West awakens. to her opportunity an.d States has reached a point where it produces more than it con­ her bounties are realized, there will pour down around her great sumes, and it has become essential to our prosperity that we seek railway centers a flood of commodities that Will make the port of foreign markets for our surpluses. Shipping facilities must be im­ Chicago one. of the largest markets of the world. proved and freight rates reduced. President Hoover evidently had What I have said about my own State Will be repeated by sons this in mind when he made his notable speech at Louisville a cou­ of sister States; a still greater boon to humanity will be accom­ ple of years ago. You Will recall that he included in his program plished by the drawing closer of the ties that have so long bound the St. Lawrence shipway. On that occasion he said: the United States and Canada together. "One of the most vital improvements to transportation on the Not a fort, with its grim. guns, guards the boundary; not a North American Continent is the removal of the obstacles in the threatened war shall mar the security of the Great Lakes. Where St. Lawrence River to ocean-going vessels inbound to the Great on any other continent to-day do such conditions prevail? A Lakes. Our Nation should undertake to do its part whenever our common parentage and a common God unite us. Let us hope that Canadian friends have overcome those difficulties which lie in the a common waterway may yet strengthen the bonds that have path of our making similar undertakings." existed over a century of peace. Let us work for the speedy com- 768 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE - DECEMBER 18 pletion of this new enterprise and add another tie that w1ll bind us his feet and ran up close to his mother, staying there until they still closer, so that Canada and the United States may proceed disappeared. I have often wondered why it was that bears man­ . hand iJ?. hand in development for mutual good. · age to get along so well, in spite of guns and traps and scarcity of food and a world of difficulties ·that have .been brought to them t:ALIFORNIA by man. Evidently they are brought up according to bear laws (A letter from Hon. James Rolph, jr., Governor of California) and learn how to be bears. · I deeply regret that I wtll be unable to attend your highly im­ Each one of us has just the ~ame kind of a problem to face portant waterway meeting in Chicago. Pressure of State business, as we go from youth to maturity. Each of us controls a body however, makes it impossible for me to leave California during machine and has a brain for that purpose, as well as to connect that period. us up with the world of reality. Each of us must learn to handle I am heartily in accord, however, with any move that. w1ll com­ himself, to go on his own power, to be a self-starter, to do many plete a through seaway from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic automatic things. Each one must, through instruction or expe­ Ocean. thus placing the Interior a! the continent on an ocean base rience, develop his own rules for the care of himself and of his for rate making. · own conduct. The period when we go from youth to maturity Any movement that makes for quick and cheap transportation 1s the most interesting and important of all. It 1s a great thing makes for progress and prosperity. And any such step that bene­ to grow up, get new knowledge and a new sense of power. After fits a section of the Nation benefits the entire Nation. Therefore, watching thousands of young men and young women I . have California 1s deeply interested in the success of your endeavor. learned to have confidence in those who have learned self-man­ agement and self-control. We are born with impulses and emo­ REPORTS OF COMMITTEES tions that, uncontrolled, would carry us frequently to disgrace and Mr. KING, from the Committee on Immigration, to which disease. We are tempted many times. Based on a study of a lot of abnormal people, many normal persons seem to think that was referred the bill praise· those who take good ADDRESS BY HON. RAY LYMAN WILBUR, ENTITLED u SELF-MANAGE­ care of themselves, such as the members of the football squad MENT, THE BASIS OF CITIZENSHIP " who obey the training rules. I am convinced ~ too, that many of our boys and girls to-day boast of breaches of conduct and pose Mr. SHEPPARD. Mr. President, I present for publication as rather devilish in order to show people that they have grown in the RECORD an address by Dr. Ray Lyman Wilbur, Secre­ up and are quite worldly. In their hearts and in their real tary of the Interior, before the regional conference of the attitudes toward themselves and in most of their conduct they are decent, sane, and thinking of a future career full of interest National Woman's Christian Temperance Union, December and noble action. 5, 1931, 3 p. m., at ·Foundry M. E. Church, entitled " Self- My suggestion, then, to you is to look these questions right in . Management, the Basis of Citizenship." the eye and not allow yourselves to be fooled by those about you There being no objection, the address was ordered to be and have the courage not to join in unless you wish to do so. No one can make you drink unless you want to. You must do printed in the RECORD, as follows: your own swallowing. You must remember, too, that some of ua Late one evening I was sitting on a cl11I looking down over a must obey the Constitution so that when future tests of it come, wild patch of woods and meadows in the California mountains. as they surely wm, we can fight with "clean hands and not have Suddenly a she bear and two cubs came out of the brush into our strength stolen away by the knowledge that we belong among an open space. The mother bear looked back at each cub and those who make personal decisions as to what laws to obey. The evidently gave instructions that they should follow close at her sense of having violated laws seems to create a strong emotional flanks until they were again under cover. One cub started to reaction against them as a method of self-justification. Much of wander off and was called back two different times, but the third our present agitation comes from stinging consciences. time the mother took a quick turn and slapped him until he Manage yourself in that way which leaves no regrets and no · rolled head over heels for 15 or 20 feet. He then scrambled to scars, and life w1ll give you self-satisfaction. comfort, and happiness. 1931 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE 769

- MARGARET J. DUFFY The amendment ·was, on page 4, line 3, to strike out Mr. TOWNSEND, from the Committee to Audit and Con­ " $10,000 " and insert " $1,000," so as to make the concurrent trol the Contingent Expenses of the Senate, reported back resolution read: favorably, without amendment, the resolution use it as security, it gives evidence that sm;nething is wrong. thereon. At the request of the committee I ask for· the I have no disposition to assent to a protracted hearing immediate consideration of the bill, because of the emer­ on the part of the committee-a hearing which undoubtedly gency character of the legislation. would cover very much of the material which was gone over The VICE PRESIDENT. The clerk will state the title at great length through the summer. On that account I of the bill for the information of the Senate. have serious question about the propriety of passing this The CmEF CLERK. A bill (S. 655) declaring December concurrent resolution. 26, 1931, to be a legal holiday in the District of Columbia. · It would seem to me that the right way to do would be for The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there objection to the pres­ the Senator from Michigan, who is informed on the subject ent consideration of the bill? · and competent to do it, to prepare a bill which in his judg­ Mr. FESS. Mr. President, may.I ask whether it is a gen­ ment would cover the needs of the railroads so far as the eral measure making December 26 a legal holiday here­ Congress can relieve the distress and present it to the after? Senate. Then it can be referred back to his committee with . Mr. CAPPER. No; it applies only to December 26, 1931, full authority to conduct such hearings as may be needed to and there is ample precedent for the bill. develop whether or not his plan is a wise one. Mr. FESS. I have no objection if it is not a general law. · To answer the question which undoubtedly will be asked The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there objection? by the Senator, "·We have to have the material, do we There being no objection, the Senate proceeded to con­ not?" let me say that every detail of that material must be sider the bill, which had been reported from the Committee included in these extensive hearings. on the District of . Columbia with amendments, in line 3, Mr. COUZENS. Will the Senator yield at that point? after "1931," to insert "and January 2, 1932 "; in the same · The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from New line to strike out "a legal holiday" and iD.sert "legal holi­ York yield to the Senator from Michigan? days "; and at the end of line 4 to insert " Provided, That . Mr. COPELAND. Yes. • . all employees of the United States Government in the Dis­ Mr. COUZENS. There is no desire to repeat the collection trict of Columbia, and all employees of the District of Co­ • of that information. The interstate commerce commission­ lumbia, shall be entitled to pay for said· holidays the same as ers can come down and tell us all we desire to know; but as on other days," so as to make the bill read: far as I know the railroads have made no application or Be it enacted, etc., That December 26, 1931, and January 2, 1932, shall be legal holidays tn the District of Columbia: Provided, request, except through me personally, for any aid. I am That all employees of the United States Government in the Dis­ not in a position to speak for the railroads as to wliat they trict of Columbia, and all employees of the District of Columbia, claim their needs to be, but certain representations have shall be entitled to pay for said holidays the same as on other been made to me which justified this concurrent resolution. days. There will be no repetition of testimony. The only objec­ The amendments were agreed to. tion I can see to the Senator's suggestion that I introduce a Mr. KING. Mr. President, not having had the oppor­ bill on the subject is that a bill of that kind would have to tunity of being at the committee meeting this morning, as I be introduced in both Houses, and we would have to go had two · other committee assignments, I understood that through the same process in each House. If a joint com-: this bill was to deal only with the 26th of December. I ·see mittee is created, the railroads can appear and tell us what now that it has been elaborated. 1931 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD-SENATE 771 Mr. CAPPER. It is amended to apply to New Year's Day Mr. BARKLEY. The same situation applies to New Year's as well as to Christmas, in view of the fact that the same Day. situation exists as to New Year's Day as to Christmas-that Mr. DILL. No; it does not apply at all. New Year's is not is, Saturday of that week is also a legal half holiday-and a day of festivity. It is not a day of celebration compared the bill simply makes it a legal holiday for the entire day. with Christmas time. We did the same thing in 1925 at Christmas time, and we Mr. BARKLEY. The Senator is mistaken about that. It enacted similar legislation in 1930 with regard to the Fourth is quite a day of festivity, and a night of festivity also. of July. Mr. DILL. There is another phase of this situation to Mr. KING. Mr. President, why should we discriminate consider. Why should Government employees in the Dis­ in favor of Federal employees in the District of Columbia as trict be given two holidays t.ere when such employees out­ against Federal employees throughout the United States? side o! the District are not given either of these days? Why Mr. CAPPER. The measure simply makes it possible for not make this apply to Government employees all over the a few per diem employees to receive their pay the same as United States, if it is so desirable? all other Government employees will receive theirs, the latter Mr. BARKLEY. There is no demand and no request for being on a monthly basis. it, in the first place. I may say to the Senator that so far ¥r. KING. It is discriminatory legislation; but I shall as the banks are concerned, it does not work any hardship not object. on them. They are perfectly willing to have this done. If Mr. DILL. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that it is not done, they will be required to open. the vote by which the amendment of the committee includ­ Mr. SMITH. Why worry about the banks? Most of ing January 2, 1932, was agreed to, be reconsidered. them are taking a holiday anyhow, closing up permanently. The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there objection? The Chair Mr. DILL ~ I think we ought to have a vote on that part hears none, and .the vote is reconsidered. of the bill which provides a holiday after the 1st of January. Mr. DILL. Mr. President, it seems to me that this matter In other words, I think the part making January 2 a holiday of declaring holidays is becoming quite a fad, to say the should be stricken out, and I move to strike it out. least. I was in thorough accord with allowing the employees The triCE PRESIDENT. The amendment offered by the one holiday after Christmas, but it seems to me that the Senator from Washington will be stated. giving of two holidays is rather unusual, is it not? I have The CHIEF CLERK. The Senator from Washington pro­ not known of it being done in the past. poses to strike out the words " and January 2, 1932." Mr. ASHURST. Mr. President, will the Senator yield to The VICE PRESIDENT. What is desired by the Senator me? from Washington may be accomplished by voting down the Mr. DILL. I yield. committee amendment. Mr. ASHURST. Inasmuch as I introduced the bill under The question is on agreeing to the committee amendment. · consideration, I wish to make the following explanation: [Putting the question.] Saturday, as the Senator knows, is a half holiday in the Dis­ Mr. LA FOLLETTE. I ask for a division. trict of Columbia. Unless we make -Saturday, the 26th of Mr. BINGHAM. Mr. President, let the question be stated. December, 1931, and Saturday, January 2, 1932, holidays for The VICE PRESIDENT. The amendment will again be the whole day it will mean that the employees of the District read. of Columbia and of the Federal Government in the District The CHIEF CLERK. The original bill read as follows: of Columbia will be required to come to their offices for That December 26, 1931, shall be a legal holiday in the District half a day. of Columbia. Mr. DILL. Why should they not? The eonnnittee proposes to strike out the article " a " and . Mr. ASHURST. And the banks will be required to open the word "holiday" and to insert "and January 2, 1932" for half a day. Inasmuch as we clamored for nine months and the word" holidays." that Congress should be in session, then when we get in ses­ Mr. BORAH. Mr. President, there is some confusion sion deadlock over the office of President pro tempore, and about what we are trying to do. I wish some one who is then adjourn for about 12 days, I fail to perceive why Sena­ familiar with the bill would explain it. tors object to granting the faithful overworked and under­ Mr. ASHURST. Mr. President, I proposed that inasmuch paid Government employees in the District of Columbia an as Christmas Day woulq be a holiday and half of Saturday additional half day. I hope the Senator will not object. would be a legal holiday-- Mr. DILL. Mr. President, I do not want to be put in the Mr. RA.RKLEY. And all of Sunday. position of objecting to people having a half holiday, but I · Mr. ASHURST. Yes; that we should make all of Satur­ think we are going too far when we start by giving them an day, December 26, a legal holiday. That was the bill in its extra day and then give them two extra days. original form. But the Committee on the District of Colum­ The Senator spoke about the banks and the bank people. bia added " Saturday, January 2, 1932." It is proposed that all th~ banks be closed, practically, for Mr. CAPPER. Mr. President, let me interrupt right there. three days during each of two weeks. It is being proposed The amendment wa.S made at the request of the Commis­ that the Government departments shall answer no niail, sioners of the District of Columbia. shall give attention to no requests which come from the Mr. ASHURST. The Senator from Washington has Members of the House or of the Senate, or from the country. moved to strike out the amendment which proposes to ·I do not think there is any terrible burden on the em­ make Saturday forenoon a legal holiday in the District of ployees if they have to come down for half a day. I think Columbia. That is the way the question arises. that the second part of this bill should be stricken out. Mr. DILL. Only as to January 2, 1932. Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, may I say to the Senator Mr. .ASHURST. Yes. , that if Christmas Day and New Year's Day fell on any other Mr. LA FOLLETI'E. Mr. President, a parliamentary in­ day except Friday, this bill would not be suggested; but inas­ quiry. much as the two holidays, Christmas and New Year's, come The VICE PRESIDENT. The Senator will state it. on Friday, Sunday being a holiday anyway, I can not see Mr. LA FOLLETTE. Did not the Chair state that the vote that any harm can come either to the Federal public service would come on the committee amendment and that the or to the District of Columbia by allowing these people to objective of the Senator from Washington could be obtained have Saturday morning off, in view of the fact that they by the rejection of the committee amendment? have Saturday afternoon anyhow. There will be very little The VICE PRESIDENT. That was the statement of the work done, I imagine, on Saturday morning, after Christmas Chair, and that is the way the question will be put. on Friday, with another holiday coming on SUnday. Mr. BLACK. Mr. President, I desire .to ask the Senator Mr. DILL. I am not objecting to the holiday the day after from Arizona a question. Does this mean that all the Fed­ Christmas. eral employees of the District of Columbia will have a holi- • 772 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE DECEMBER 18 day and that the same holiday will not be granted to Federal COMMERCE AND TRADE WITH CHINA-EXPENSES OF FOREIGN · employees throughout the Nation? RELATIONS COMMITTEE Mr. ASHURST. It applies only to the District of Colum­ Mr. TOWNSEND. Mr. President, I report back favor­ bia, because in the District of Columbia Saturday afternoon ably, from the Committee to Audit and Control the Con­ is a legal holiday. tingent Expenses of the Senate, Senate Resolution 96, with Mr. BLACK. May I ask the Senator whether he does not an amendment, and ask for its immediate consideration. think it would be a fair proposition, if the employees of the The Senate, by unanimous consent, proceeded to consider Government here are given a certain holiday, that the same the resolution. right should be extended to Government employees in other The amendment was, in line 9, after the word " pur­ sections of the country? poses," to strike out " $10,000 " and to insert in lieu thereof Mr. ASHURST. Mr. President, the warm heart or the · ~ $5,000," so as to make the resolution read: learned Senator prompts him to ask that question, and my Resolved, That the Committee on Foreign Relations and the oWn warm heart responds that if we had the power to do so, subcommittee thereof authorized and directed by Senate Resolu-· and if it were possible to do so, I would gladly have it done. tion No. 256 on June 2, 1930, Seventy-first Congress, second ses­ sion, to examine and study stipulations relating to commerce in Mr. BLACK. Could it not be done for all if it is to be existing treaties of the United Stat es and other governments with granted to the employees here? the Republic of China, and conditions that may affect our com­ Mr. ASHURST. No; it could not be. merce and trade with China, hereby is aut horized to expend in furtherance of such purposes $5,000 in addition to the amounts Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, in this connection let me heretofore authorized. say there is no national holiday outside of the District of Columbia on any day by act of Congress. All the national ·The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on agreeing to holidays observed in the States are by acts of the ·legislatures the amendment. of -the respective States. We have no power to deal with The amendment was agreed to. that matter except in those places over which the Congress The resolution as amended was agreed to. has jurisdiction. INTERNATIONAL NEWS SERVICE POLL ON PROHIBITION Mr. BLACK. Mr. President, I may say this to the Senator. Mr. COPELAND. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent I understand, of course, that what the Senator says is the to have printed in the RECORD a painstaking poll made by case. I would not be in favor of an attempt to establish a · the International News Service on the attitude of Congress national holiday, but this simply relieves the employees toward prohibition. referred to of the necessity of working on the specified days The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there objection? indirectly. Certainly Congress would have the right, if it There being no objection, the matter was ordered to be saw fit, to provide by amendment to this bill, or in some printed in the REcoRD, as follows: other way, that employees of the Government throughout WETs ABLE TO CoUNT ON 155 IN HousE--LARGE NUMBER ON BoTH the country should be relieved from labor on that day. SIDES OF CAPITOL NONCOMMITI'AL-TREND xS WET Mr. ASHURST. Congress would have that power, but the (Following is the first of a series of three stories based on a discussion as to the constitutional right of Congress to do complete poll of the Seventy-second Congress on prohibition:) so would so engage the abilities of constitutional laWYers, By George R. Holmes and to such a protracted degree, that the holiday would The new Seventy-second Congress, although. wetter than 1ts have gone by long before we got the bill through. predecessors, Will not vote to modify the Volstead Act to permit beer and light wines. Mr. DILL. Mr. President, a parliamentary inquiry. There is a chance, however, that the new Congress may see a The VICE PRESIDENT. The Senator will state it. majority vote rolled up for some sort of referendum on prohibi­ Mr. DILL. I would like to have the Chair state what we tion, although it is extremely doubtful if two-thirds could be mus­ tered for resubmission of the eighteenth amendment itself. are to vote upon. These are the outstanding results of a poll of Congress by Inter­ The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on agreeing to national News Service-the only complete poll that has ever been t~e committee amendment making January 2, 1932, a· legal made in Congress on prohibition in 10 years. Four hundred and holiday. · thirty-four Members of the House were canvassed and 95 Members · Mr. DILL. If we agree to the committee amendment, we of the Senate, there being one vacancy in each branch. make January 2 a holiday? ASKED TWO QUESTIONS is The Members were asked two questions: The VICE PRESIDENT. That correct. 1. Do you favor a referendum on the eighteenth amendment as Mr. DILL. If we vote down the committee amendment, proposed by the American Legion? we shall not make it a legal holiday? 2. Do you favor legalizing beer? The VICE PRESIDENT. The Senator is correct. The results were: ·Mr. DILL. · Then my amendment really was not in order HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES at the time it was offered. For referendum, 155. Against referendum, 96. The VICE PRESIDENT. No. The question is on agreeing Undecided or noncommittal, 183. to the committee amendment. Did the Senator from Wis­ A majority of the House is 218. consin ask for the yeas and nays, or ask.for a division? SENATJ: • Mr. LA FOLLETTE. I asked for a division when I assumed For referendum, 32. that the committee amendment had been defeated by' a viva Against referendum, 29. voce vote. But now that the matter has been explained to Undecided or noncommittal, 34. A majority of the Senate is 49. the Senate, I am willing that a viva voce vote be taken On the beer question, only 125 Members of the House and 21 upon it. · Senators said they would vot e in favor of it, tbe rest being frankly Mr. BINGHAM. Mr. President, may I ask whether this hostile to t_!le suggestion or noncommital. Many of those willing applies merely to January 2, 1932? to vote for a referendum on the whole prohibition issue were unwilling to vote for beer because they do not believe such action The VICE PRESIDENT. That is the amendment which consistent with the amendment itself. is before the Senate. DEPENDS ON " UNDECIDED " Mr. CAPPER. It applies only to the holiday season, which From these figures it is at once apparent the ultimate fate of begins next week. . . , the referendum binges upon those large blocs in both Houses The VICE PRESIDENT. The question lS on agreemg which are unwilling or unable to state now how they intend to to the amendment of the committee. vote upon it. The amendment was agreed to. In the House this noncommittal bloc numbers 183. It would re­ quire 63 votes from this bloc to give the 155 a majority. In the The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on the passage Senate the undecided bloc numbers 34, and 15 of them would of the bill as amended. have to join the wet side to make a majority. The bill was passed. Many of those who preferred .to ba listed as noncommittal are really undecided until they see what form the proposed referendum The title was amended so as to read: "A bill declaring takes. Many others declined to take a position on either side December 26, 1931, and January 2, 1932, to be legal holidays of the question for publication for fear of causing political reper­ iii the District of Columbia." cussions in their home districts. • 1931 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 773

MANY TO. DODGB VOTE Senator JoE RoBINSoN (D.), of Arkansas: "I prefer not to make Prohibition is the bogey man in every Congressman's ltfe-unless any statement concerning prohibition at this. time." he happens to represent a district that 1s safely wet or safely dry. Senator BYRNES (D.), of South Carolina: "My people are more Some of those questioned in the International News Service poll interested in the return of prosperity than the return of liquor." even objected to being listed as "noncommittal." They just don't Senator GLENN (R.), of illinois: "I favor anything not intoxi­ want their names associated with prohibition 1n any form-in cating in fact, but I wouldn't vote for an illegal beverage. I print. believe the people have a right to vote directly on prohibition, so It probably is a sate prediction that when prohibition is voted I should favor a referendum." upon this session-as it will be, since the new rule that 145 Mem­ Senator COOLIDGE (D.), of Massachusetts: "I favor a referendum bers can cause the discharge of a committee considering legisla­ on the eighteenth amendment, and I favor Government control of tion--some Members are going to find pressing business that will the manufacture and sale of beer through agencies properly take them away from the Capitol that day. guarded and restricted." Representative BoLAND (D.), of Pennsylvania: "I am heartily in THE PARTY LINE-UP favor of the referendum, or any other bill that will eventually Analysis of the poll disclosed that prohibition has cut both give the American people freedom from this hypocritical law." parties almost in twain. The party division 1s interesting. It Representative McGuGIN (R.), of Kansas: " I am opposed to follows: either a referendum or legallzing beer. I don't wish to see prohi­ House vote on referendum bition made an issue in the next election. It would only becloud vital economic and social issues which should be before the r ~ !Noncom­ people." Yes No mittal Representative KvALE (F.-L.), of Minnesota: "I have never opposed and never will oppose a referendum for which there is a clear popular demand. No on beer." Republicans------­ 81 36 f11 Representative WHITLEY (R.), of New York: "I'm in favor of Democrats __------­ 73 60 86 amending the eighteenth amendment to give each State so desir- Farmer-Labor------1 ------ing control of liquor within its borders." ______.:_ ___.:...... ___,___.__ Representative FINLEY (R.), of Kentucky: "Why not a referen- Senate vote _on referendum dum on the Mann white slave law and the Harrison antinarcotic law? What's the matter with the beer we now have?" Representative CLARKE (R.) of New York: "I have no program Noncom- except to loyally follow our President. You can put me down as extremely noncommittal on everything but the President's program." Republicans------No 16 mitta116 Representative MlLLARD (R.), New York: "Yes to both ques­ Democrats__------13 18 tions. I think prohibition is wicked." Fanner-Labor------Representative FULMER (D.), of South Carolina: "I'll listen to the arguments and then vote the way I think best." A number of Democrats stated frankly-l they would be non­ Representative DaUGHTON (D.), of North Carolina: "I'm dry committal until " the party acts," presumably on candidate and but I'm open-minded on some method to improve conditions in platform at the convention next June. Southern Democrats par­ the interest of real temperance.', ticularly adopted this attitude. in many instances. Representative DAVIS (D.), of Tennessee: "I'm opposed to bring­ ing up prohibition in any form." DRIFT TOWARD WETS Representative RAGPN (D.), of Arkansas: "I'm opposed to either That there has been a marked drift toward the wet side of the the referendum or beer at this time. But I don't know what the question, particularly in the past year, is very apparent. Many future will bring." Members who have consistently voted dry for years on every Representative FERNANDEZ (D.), of Louisiana: "I'm wringing question afi'ecting prohibition now prefer to be listed as "non- wet." committal." · Representative MILLIGAN (D.), of Missouri: "I'm noncommital Many of them are really undecided; many others are politically until my party has spoken.'' fearful of making any commitment, especially stnce the allied Representative BANKHEAD (D.), of Alabama: "I wait on my dry organizations served notice recently that they would regard party." a vote for referendum as " a wet vote." Representative DICKINSON (D.), of Missouri: "I'm noncommital, Some hitherto known drys stated they were inclined ·to vote fol' but tolerant." a referendum when the time comes, but insisted upon being put Representative RAMSPECK (D.), of Georgia: "Georgia has a down as noncommittal. Still others declared they would be guided State law more drastic than the Volstead Act. Until some action by the sentiment of their districts or States: is taken in Georgia indicating a change in sentiment, I deem it CONGR~S FAVORS POLL my duty to reflect the sentiment expressed by the enactment of the Georgia statute." . Typical of this group who will be guided by home sentiment is Representative LuCE (R.), of Massachusetts: "My answer is, Senator CouZENs (R.), of Michigan. He said he was willing to ' That depends.' " vote for a referendum, but that he would vote against beer. He Representative JoNES (D.), of Texas: ."The meat and bread ~d: - problem is far more important at this time than the drink issue." "Politically. I am a dry. AB long as the constitution of Michi­ Representative CooKE (R.), of New York: "I favor a referen­ gan prohibits all alcoholic beverages I shall vote as my con­ dum, although I have little faith in its efficacy as a relief stituents desire. If they express a desire for a change, I shall vote measure." to carry out that expression." Representative WooDRUFF (R.), of Michigan: "I favor a refer­ Many others said the same thing in varying language. endum. But I do not believe beer with an alcoholic content that will satisfy those asking for it can be provided by law under the POLL OF CONGRESS ON LIQUOR REFERENDUM FINDS SENTIMEN'l Constitution.'' DIVIDED Many and varied were the replies received from Senators and PoLL Snows BIG GAINs BY WETs-MANY NEW MEMBERS OF CoNGRESS Congressmen in a poll on prohibition taken by International News AMONG THOSE WHO WANT REFERENDUM Service. (Following is the second of a series of three articles based upon Some of the replies follow: a prohibition poll of Congress made for the Washington Times by Senator LEwrs (D.), of llllnois: "I think Congress should re­ International News Service, the only complete poll ever made:) submit the eighteenth amendment. It was put· over while we By George R. Holmes were at war, and see now how it has affected people." Senator JoNES (R.), of Washington, author of the "five and The new Seventy-second Congress, which probably will witness ten" law: "I will meet the situation when it comes up for offi.ciaJ a real test vote on prohibition for the first time in years, refiects action.'' enormous gains for the opponent of the eighteenth amendment. Senator NoRRis (R.), of Nebraska: "I don't believe prohibition This was clearly shown in the complete poll of the membership has had a. fair trial. Its enforcement has been in the hands of by International News Service on two questions: its enemies. Until it has been given a fair test I am not in favor 1. Whether the Members favored a referendum on the amenq­ of a change. If, after a fair trial, there is evidence that it can ment. not be enforced, then I will favor a change.'' 2. Whether they favored legalizing beer. Senator LoGAN (D.), of Kentucky: "I see no valid objection to HOW THEY STAND a referendum. I do not favor beer, for the Constitution for­ The poll disClosed that 32 Senators arid 155 Representatives bids it.'~ favored the referendum, 29 Senators and 96 Representatives op­ Senator BAILEY (D.), of North Carolina: "A poll of the Members posed it, while 34 Senators and 183 Representatives have not made of Congress is contrary to sound . public policy and ought not to up their minds or were unw1ll1ng publicly to state their position. be encouraged. For this reason I will not respond." · On the beer question 21 Senators and 125 Representatives said Senator ODDIE (R.), of Nevada: "I favor a referendum, but I they would vote for modiflcation of the Volstead Act. The others prefer not to discuss beer, as that is a collateral issue and con- were either opposed to it or noncommittal. troversial as to percentages." · Upon this great bloc of noncommittal or undecided Members 1n Senator Dn.L (D.), of Washington: "I can't answer your ques­ both Senate and House depends what the Seventy-second Congress tions at this time." · w1ll do, 1f anythingJ concerning the issue at this session. 774 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE DECEMBER 18 The gains the opponents of prohlbltlon have made 1n the new Ohio; Flesinger, Ohio; West, Ohio; Sweeney, Ohio; Crosser, Ohio; Congress were most strikingly manifested in analyzing the poll of Martin, Oregon;· Boland, Pennsylvania; Lichtenwaler, Pennsyl­ the new Members taking th~ir seats for the first time. vania; Condon, Rhode Island; McMillan, South Carolina; Crump, MANY NEW MEMBERS WF:r Tennessee: Kleberg, Texas; Smith, West Virginia; Reilly, Wls­ consin-73. Of the present House membership of 434 there are 87 new or "baby Members." The poll disclosed that of this new member­ Farmer Labar-Kvale, Minnesota--!. ship 45 are frankly opposed to prohibition, 29 prefer to be listed AGAINST REFERENDUM-96 as noncommittal, and 13 are dry. Incidentally, the new drys come Republicans: Evans, California; Crail, California; Swing, Cali­ from sparsely populated districts. fornia; Eaton, Colorado; Timberlake, Colorado; Houston, Dela­ Another striking feature of the poll was the revelation that ware; French, Idaho; Smith, Idaho; Reid, lllinois; Adkins, illi­ many Southern Democrats, hitherto dry almost to a man, are be­ nois; Yates, illinois; Robinson, Iowa; Lambertson, Kansas; Guyer, coming more and more noncommittal on the question, possibly in Kansas; McGugin, Kansas; Strong, Kansas; Hope, Kansas; Par­ anticipation of a party stand on the issue in the platform and tridge, Maine; Ketcham, Michigan; McLaughlin, Michigan; Man­ candidate next year. love, Missouri; Simmons, Nebraska; Davenport, New York; Stalker, In 10 States of the old South, having a combined membership New York; Reed, New York; Sinclair, North Dakota; Murphy, Ohio; of 97 in the House, there were 53 Members who listed their atti­ tude as noncommittal, or who ·professed unwillingness to state Garber, Oklahoma; Hawley, Oregon; McFadden, Pennsylvania; their views on the specific questions asked. Beers, ~nnsylvania; Temple, Pennsylvania; Lovette, Tennessee; Virginia offered one example of this increasingly cautious atti­ Loofbofllf'ow, Utah; Lankford, Virginia; Hogg, West Virginia--36. tude on the part of the southern Democrats, the nine Democratic Democrats: McDuffie, Alabama; Hill, Alabama; Steagall. Ala­ Members from Virginia all stated their position as noncommittal. bama; Jeffers, Alabama: Patterson, Alabama; Oliver, Alabama; The one Republican Member said he would oppose both a referen­ Almon, Alabama; Driver, Ar1&nsas; Miller, Arkansas: Fuller, Arkan­ dum and modification. Virginia is one of the pioneer prohibition sas: Ragon, Arkansas; Glover, Arkansas; Parks, Arkansas; Taylor, States and the home of Bishop James Cannon, jr. Colorado; Green, Florida; Owen, Florida; Cox, Georgia; Crisp, Georgia; Ramspeck, Georgia; Tarver, Georgia; Lankford, Georgia; INDIANA AND IOWA Greenwood, Indiana; Ayres, Kansas; Gregory, Ken~ucky; Moore, Indiana and Iowa, usually regarded as dry States, furnished only Kentucky; Carden, Kentucky; Doxey, Mississippi; Busby, Missis­ one negative vote each. Four of the Hoosier Members said they sippi; Quin, Mississippi; Collier, Mississippi; Barton, Missowi; would vote for a referendum, while the others preferred to be Norton, Nebraska; Kerr, North Carolina; Pou, North Carolina; noncommittal. Lambeth, North Carolina; Daughton, North Carolina; Weaver, North Carolina; Disney, Oklahoma; C~'"twright, Oklahoma; Mc­ How SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES STAND ON PRoHmiTION Keown, Oklahoma: Swank, Oklahoma; Johnson, Oklahoma; Mc­ REFERENDUM Clintic, Oklahoma; Haines, Pennsylvania; Hare, South Carolina; The complete poll of both Senate and House on the question of McSwain, South Carolina; McReynolds, Tennessee; Davis, Tennes­ see; Eslick, Tennessee; Browning, Tennessee; Patman, Texas: Ray­ a prohibition referendum follows: burn, Texas; Sumners, Texas; Johnson, Texas; Briggs, Texas; Gar­ Senate rett, Texas; Buchanan. Texas; W1lllams, Texas: Thomason, Texas; FOR REFERENDUM-32 Blanton, Texas--60. Republicans: Barbour, Bingham, Blaine, Carey, Couzens, CUt­ NONCOMMI'ITAL-183 ting, Glenn, Hebert, Kean, La Follette, McNary, Metcalf, Oddie, Reed, Schall, Walcott-16. Republicans: Barbour, California; Free, California; Hardy, Colo­ Democrats: Broussard, Bulkley, Coolidge, Copeland, Fletcher, rado; M. D. Hull, lllinois; Chindblom, lllinois; Buckbee, nunois; Hawes, Kendrick, King, Lewis, Logan, Pittman, Tydings, Wagner_ Johnson, lllinois; Allen, llllnois; Chiperfl.eld, lllinois; W. E. Hull, Walsh of Massachusetts, Wheeler-15. lllinois; Hall, lllinois; Holaday, lllinois; Vestal, Indiana: Purnell, Farmer-Labor: Shipstead-1. Indiana; Hogg, Indiana; Kopp, Iowa; Haugen, Iowa; Cole, Iowa; Ramseyer, Iowa; Dowell, Iowa; Thurston~ Iowa: Swanson, Iowa; AGAINST REFERENDUM-29 Gilchrist, Iowa: Campbell, Iowa; Hoch, Kansas; Sparks, Kansas; Republicans: Borah, Brookhart, Capper, Dickinson, Fess, Frazier, Thatcher, Kentucky; Finley, Kentucky; Beedy, Maine; Nelson, Hastings, Hatfield, Howell. Norbeck, Norris, Robinson of Indiana, Maine; Snow, . Maine, Treadway, Massachusetts; Foss, Massachu­ Steiwer, Thomas of Idaho, Vandenberg, Waterman-16. setts; Dallinger, Massachusetts; Luce, Massachusetts; Wigglesworth, Democrats: Ashurst, Bratton, Bulow, Connally, George, Harris, Massachusetts: Michener, Michigan; Mapes, Michigan; James, Hayden, Hull, McGill, Sheppard, Stephens, Thomas of Oklahoma, Michigan; Christgau, Minnesota; Goodwin, Minnesota; Hopkins, Walsh of Montana--13. Missouri; Dyer, Missouri; Leavitt, Montana; Wason, New Hamp­ NONCOMMITTAL-34 shire; Wolverton, New Jersey; H. J. Pratt, New York; Parker, New Republicans: Austin, Dale, Davis, Goldsborough, Hale, Johnson, York; Crowther, New York; Snell, New York; CUlkin, New York; Jones, Keyes, Moses, Nye, Patterson, Shortridge, Smoot, Townsend, Clarke, New York; Taber, New York; Sanders, New York; Burtness, Watson, White--16. North Dakota; Cable, Ohio; Brand, Ohio; Mouser, Ohio; Jenkins, · Democrats: Bailey, Bankhead, Barkley, Black. Byrnes, Caraway, Ohio; Seiberling, Ohio; Moore, Ohio; McClintock, Ohio; Cooper, Costigan, Dill, Glass, Gore, Harrison, McKellar, Morrison, Neely, Ohio; Butler, Oregon: Watson, Pennsylvania; Turpin, Pennsyl­ Robinson of Arkansas, Smith, Swanson, Trammell-18. vania; Rich, Pennsylvania; McGrady, Pennsylvania; Doutrich, Pennsylvania; Leech, Pennsylvania; Kurtz, Pennsylvania; Chase, House Pennsylvania; Kendall, Pennsylvania; Swick, Pennsylvania; Strong, FOR REFERENDUM-155 Pennsylvania; Cochran, Pennsylvania; Shreve, Pennsylvania; Coyle, RepubUcans: E:nglebright, Curry, Kahn, Welch, Carter, Cali­ Pennsylvania; Wyant, Pennsylvania; Erk, Pennsylvania; Kelly, fornia; Freeman, Tilson, Goss, Connecticut; De Priest, Granata, Pennsylvanla; Christopherson, South Dakota; Johnson, South Da­ Britten, illinois; Wood, Indiana; Holmes, Rogers, Andrew, Under­ kota; Williamson, South Dakota; Taylor, Tennessee; Colton, Utah; hill, Tinkham, Martin, Gifford, Massachusetts; Clancy, Hooper, Weeks, Vermont; Gibson, Vermont; Hadley, Washington; Johnson, Person, Wolcott, Woodruff, McLeod, Bohn, Michigan; Clague, Andre­ Washington; Summers, Washington; Bachmann, West Virginia; sen, Maas, Nolan, Knutson, Pittenger, Selvig, Minnesota; Niedring­ Bowman, West Virginia; Shott, West Virgtnia; Nelson, Wisconsin; haus. Missouri; Baldridge, Nebraska; Arentz, Nevada; Bacharach, Frear Wisconsin; Carter, Wyoming-97. Eaton, Perkins, Seger, Hartney, Cavicchia, Lehlbach, New Jersey; Democrats: Allgood, Alabama; Huddleston, Alabama; Bankhead, Bacon, R. Pratt, LaGuardia, Millard, Fish, Hancock, Whitley, An­ Alabama; Douglas, Arizona; Wingo, Arkansas; Drane, Florida; drews, Cooke, New York; Hall, North Dakota; Hollister, Hess, White, Yon, Florida; Parker, Georgia; Wright, Georgia; Rutherford, Geor­ Bolton, Ohio; Beck, Stokes, Ransley, Golder, Connolly, Welsh, gia; Brand, Georgia; Wood, Georgia; Vinson, Georgia; Larsen, Darrow, Wolfenden, Kinzer, Sullivan, Estep, Campbell, Pennsyl­ Georgia; Major, Illinois; Arnold, Illinois; Parsons, illinois; Keller, vania; Burdick, Aldrich, Rhode Island; Horr, Washington, Amlie, ·illinois; ·Crowe, Indiana: Gillen, Indiana; Larabee, Indiana; Lud­ Kading, Schafer, Stafford, Withrow, Boileau, Schneider, Peavey, low, Indiana; Griswold, Indiana; cary, Kentucky; Spence, Ken­ Wisconsin--81. tucky; Chapman, Kentucky; Gilbert, Kentucky; Vinson, Kentucky; Democrats: Lea, California; Lonergan, Connecticut; Tierney, Con­ Montet, Louisiana; Sandlin, Louisiana; Wilson, Louisiana: Kemp, necticut; Kelly, Illinois; .Beam, Illinois; Sabath, Illinois; Igoe, llll­ Louisiana: DeRouen, Louisiana; Overton, Louisiana; Goldsborough, nois; Schuetz, illinois; Rainey, Illinois; Karch, Illinois; Dietrich, Maryland; Lewis, Maryland; Rankin, Mississippi; Whittington, Mis­ Illinois; Boehne, Indiana; Canfield, Indiana; Pettengill, Indiana; sissippi; Collins, Mississippi; Hall, Mississippi; Romjue, Missouri; Jacobsen, Iowa; May, Kentucky; Fernandez, Louisiana; Maloney, Lozier, Missouri; Milligan, Missour; Shannon, Missouri; Dickinson, Louisiana; Cole, Maryland; Palmisano, Maryland; Linthicum, Mary­ IVIissouri; Johnson, Missouri; Nelson, Missouri; Cannon, Missouri; land; Gambrill, Maryland; Granfield, Massachusetts; Connery, Mas­ Fulbright, Missouri; Morehead, Nebraska; Howard, Nebraska; Shal­ sachusetts; Douglass, Massachusetts; McCormack, Massachusetts; lenberger, Nebraska; Chavez, New Mexico; Warren, North Carolina; Hart, Michigan; Cochran, Missouri; Williams, Missouri; Stewart, Abernethy, North Carolina; Hancock, North Carolina; Clark, North New Jersey; Auf der Heide, New Jersey. Carolina; Bulwinkle, North Carolina; Polk, Ohio; Underwood, Ohio; Norton, New Jersey; Brunner, New York; Lindsay, New York; Hastings, Oklahoma; Dominick, South Carolina; Stevenson, South Cullen, New York; Black, New York; Somers, New York; Delaney, Carolina; Gasque, South Carolina; Fulmer, South Carolina; Mitch­ New York; Carley, New York; Rudd, New York; Celler, New York; ell, Tennessee; Byrns, Tennessee; Cooper, Tennessee; Dies, Texas; Prall, New York; Dickstein, New York; Sullivan, New York; Siro­ Sanders, Texas; Mansfield, Texas; Cross, Texas; Garner, Texas; vich, New York; Boylan, New York; O'Connor, New York; Ken­ Jones, Texas; Bland, Virgi.nia; Montague, Virginia; Drewry, Vir­ nedy, New York; Bloom, New York; Gavagan, New York; Griffen, ginia; Burch, Virginia; Woodrum, Virginia; Fishburne, Virginia: New York; Oliver, New York; Fitzpatrick, New York; Corning, Smith, Virginia; Flani?-agan, Virginia; Tucker, Vil'ginla; Hill, Wash­ New York; Mead, New York; Harlan. Ohio; Kn.1ffln. Ohio; Lamneck. illgton; Hornor, West \Tirginia--86. 1931 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 775 MORE SENATORS AIR VIEWS OF DRY LAW-SOME INDORSE REFERENDUM, HOW DEMOCRATS STAND BUT FEW 0. K. LEGALIZING OF INTOXICATING BEER Among the Democrats of the House, approximately one-third Herewith are presented more of the replies received by Inter­ or 33 per cent, declared themselves in favor of a referendum, while national News Service in its poll of the Members of the Seventy­ 37 pet: cent were on the fence, and 30 per cent were opposed. second Congress on the possibility of a referendum on prohibition Thus, paradoxically enough, the poll disclosed that despite the and the question of legalizing beer: dry Republican national leadership, and the wet Democratic na­ Senator GEORGE (D.), of Georgia: "I do not favor repeal of the tional leadership, the Republicans of the House are really wetter eighteenth amendment. Beer, if intoxicating, can not be legalized than the Democrats, at least so far as a referendum on prohibi­ under the Constitution." tion is concerned. Senator BRoussARD (D.), of Louisiana: "I favor a referendum on The Senate is drier than the House, being a continuing body the eighteenth amendment and I favor legalizing beer." where the Members are elected for 6-year terms instead of two. Senator VANDENBERG (R.), of Michigan: "No question regarding The 48 Republicans in the Senate split three ways on the ques­ a referendum can be intelligently answered unless the specific text tion of a referendum. Sixteen favored a national referendum, 16 ts available. A referendum on repeal with concurrent submission opposed. and 16 were noncommittal. of the proposed altemative would be ridiculous." The 46 Democrats polled split 15 for a referendum. 13 against, Senator HEBERT (R.), of Rhode Island: "I favor a constitutional with 18 noncommittal. convention because the people ought to be permitted to express The recapitulation of both Senate and House on a prohibition their convictions." referendum showed: · Senator KING (D.), of Utah: " If we do anything at all with pro­ House hibition, we should submit the question of repeal. I favor no palll­ ative." For Senator CAREY (R.), of Wyoming: "Beer would merely compli­ cate the enforcement of prohibition. I favor a referendum on the eighteenth amendment, but there must be a new plan of control Republicans ______81 36 97 proposed before we can repeal the existing law." Democrats ____ ------______------73 60 .86 Senator REED (R.), of Pennsylvania: "If there 1s to be a referen­ Farmer-Labor ______------1 ------dum, Congress should submit the question of repeal or modification ~-----r-----r------to the people." TotaL _- ~ _____ ------_____ ---_------155 183 Senator BARKLEY (D.), of Kentucky; "1 won't vote for any beer bill that I believe violates the Constitution." Senate Senator HATFIELD (R.), of West Virginia: "West Virginia 1s dry." Senator SHORTRIDGE (R.), of California: "My seetion of the Nonc.om­ country is more interested in all and other economic questions.'' For Against mittal Senator BANKHEAD (D.), of Alabama: "Alabama has always been dry. I do not know about a referendum. I have not thought Republicans______about it." 16 16 16 Senator HAYDEN (D.), of Arizona: "I voted for the eighteenth Democrats------­ 15 13 18 .a.nd I will Farmer-Labor------1 ------amendment and the Volstead Act, vote to support them 1-----1 with any amount of money." Total ______------32 29 '34 Representative DIETERICH (D.), of Tillnois: "I favor repeal of the amendment in the manner provided by the Constitution; also legalizing beer in the quantities necessary to supply the wants of MANY BILLS TO ACT 'UPON the citizenship." It is the huge " noncommittal " blocs in both parties and tn both Houses that will determine what, tf anything, the present CAPrroL PaLL SHows G. 0. P. WET'I'ER PARTY-IssUE LooMs BIG IN Congress does about prohibition. NEXT CAMPAIGN-REPUBLICANS MUST FOLLOW DRY WHILE DEMo­ There are bills enough galore to act upon. In the House alone, in first CRATS TRAIL ALONG WITH WET the few days of the session. more than 50 bills and reso­ lutions were introduced for repeal of the eighteenth amendment, (This 1s the concluding article of a series based upon Inter­ proposing new amendments to devitalize the eighteenth and to nationa1 News Service's poll of Congress on two prohibition ques­ modify the Volstead Act. The sponsors of these measures were tions: (1) Whether the membership favored a referendum on the about evenly divided as between Republicans and Democrats. eighteenth amendment as proposed by the American Legion, and That there will be a test wet-and-dry vote this session seems (2) whether it favored modification of the Volstead Act to legalize assured under the new rules adopted by the House. Heretofore beer. Previous articles have disclosed that there is scant chance all prohibition modification bills have been kept locked up in com­ for modification at this session, but perhaps a chance of Congress mittees under the old rules, which gave autocratic powers to the voting in favor of some sort of ·a referendum.) House leadership. Under the new rules, when 145 Members sign By George R. Holmes a petition to get a bill out of committee and on the floor, the The issue of prohibition bestrides the necks of both political committee can be discharged from further retention of the parties--to the confusion and dismay of the leaders, who look measure. with anxious eyes at the coming presidential election. HAVE SUFFICIENT VOTES In the new Seventy_-second Congress, whose Members have The International News Service poll revealed that 155 Members hardly taken their seats before they have to figure on reelection of the House are publicly committed to a referendum. or 10 more next year, the situation is unique and somewhat chaotic. than the number required to force a vote under the new rules. The show-down or test of strength is viewed with apprehen­ REPUBLICANS DIVIDED sion by the great "noncommittal bloc," which in the House num­ The Republicans are preparing to follow the dry leadership of bers 183. They will be compelled to stand up and be counted, President Hoover-yet 81 Republicans 1n the House have publlcly and they don't relish it with party platforms still to be adopted committed themselves ln favor of a referendum on the eighteenth and an election only ll months away. .. amendment and most of this number also favor modification of In the course of taklng the poll, many of the noncommittal blo_c the Volstead Act. privately told the canvassers that they intended to vote for a The Democrats are resigned to going into the election next year referendum if the test came on that issue, although they in­ behind a wet presidential candidate, perhaps even on a wet plat­ sisted uwn being publicly catalogued as noncommital. They form as well-yet 60 Democrats in the House are absolutely op­ didn't want to state in advance for fear of inciting attacks by the posed to either a referendum or to modification of the Volstead drys. Act. 81mllarly, many others privately declared their intention of In the Senate the figures are proportionately the same. voting against any chance, but likewise insisted upon being listed The Democratic drys from the South and West are fearful and as noncommittal for fear of attracting wet opposition in their uneasy. districts. ALL FEARFUL AND UNEASY NONCOMMITl'ALS BALANCED But the Republican wets 11.re just as fearful and just as un­ Probably the noncommittal wets about balanced the noncom­ easy-perhaps more so, in view of the action taken yesterday by mittal drys on the question of a referendum, with probably a re­ a group of wet Republicans. maining third of the noncommittal bloc being really undecided, These Republicans met and organized a militantly wet bloc perplexed, and very much disturbed about what they are going under the chairmanship of Representative James M. Beck, of to do. Between the organized drys, who have served notice that a vote Pennsylvania, former Solicitor General of the United states, and for a referendum wm be considered by them as a wet vote, and their purpose, as publicly stated, is to " dispel the illusion that the the growing strength of the organized wets, the life of an on-the­ Republican Party is a dry party." fence Congressman from a debatable district 1s no bed of roses. In the complete poll of the membership of the Seventy-second Congress on prohibition, just concluded by International News Service, it was disclosed that approximately 4:0 per cent of the SMOOT FORESEES PROHIBITION VICTORY; OTHERs DiviDED ON Republicans in the House were publicly in favor of a referendum REFERENDUM on the eighteenth amendment. and a somewhat lesser percentage Herewith the third and concluding lnstal.l.ment of varying con­ 1n favor of voting for beer. Approximately 43 per cent were unde­ gressional comment gathered by International News Service in its cided or noncommittal, and only 17 per cent were absolutely op­ poll of Congress on prohibition referendum and the legalization of posed to any action looking to a change. beer: 776 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE DECEMBER 18 Senator SMoOT (R.) , of Utah: .. I want to know more about the By Mr. NEELY: · exfl.ct form of a referendum before committing myself. If a referendum were taken, I think the prohibitionists would win." A bill United States Army; ing the Secretary of Agriculture to make loans to farmers in A bill (S. 2283) for the relief of Otto Christian; the drought areas for the purchase of seecL feed, and other A bill

FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD AIR MAn. CONTRACTS The Chief Clerk read the nomination of George R. James, The Senate resumed legislative session. of Tennessee, to be a member of the Federal Reserve Board. Mr. McKELLAR. Mr. President, I desire to ask unani- · The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, the nomina­ mous consent for the consideration of two resolutions re­ tion is confirmed. questing information. I ask to have the clerk read the first The Chief Clerk read the nomination of Wayland W. one. Magee, of Nebraska, to be a member of the Federal Reserve The VICE PRESIDENT. The resolution will be read. Board. The Chief Clerk read the resolution CS. Res. 53) request­ The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, the nomina­ ing certain information regarding air mail contracts, as tion is confirmed. follows: FEDERAL FARM LOAN BOARD Resolved, That the Postmaster General be, and he 1s hereby, requested and directed to furnish to the Senate at the earliest The Chief Clerk read the nomination of Horace Paul practicable moment the following information: Bestor, of Missouri, to be a member of the Federal Farm 1. A list of the various air mail contracts made for carrying Loan Board. · air mail 1n the United States proper, such list to show the date of the contract, the name of the contractee, the mileage of the The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, the nomina­ contract, the amount of compensation, the route of the contract, tion is confirmed. and the amounts of mail in pounds of each class carried under The Chief Clerk read the nomination of James B. Madison, each contract. If a spac~ contract has been entered into, give reasons for entering into such space contracts. of West Virginia, to be a member of the Federal Farm Loan 2. The same information 1n reference to all contracts handled Board. by the department for the carriage of mails to foreign countries The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, the nomina­ by air mail. tion is confirmed. 3. State whether the domestic contracts are uniform and, if so, :fUrnish a copy of the contract entered into. If they ditfer, point UNITED STATES SHIPPING BOARD out the dit!erences ~ such contracts, or furnish copies of same. 4. If the· contracts for foreign air mail are uniform, furnish The Chief Clerk read the nomination of Jefferson Myers, a copy of the uniform contracts, and if they dtiier, point out the of Oregon, to be a member of the United States Shipping ditferences 1n such contracts. Board. 5. The number and names of the corporations carrying air mail for the Government, the number and names of corporations The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, the nomina­ bidding on contracts and whose bids were rejected, and give copies tion is affirmed. of all rejected bids. 6. The number of routes and the mileage of each which has DEPARTMENT OF COl.lrfMERCE been extended since the passage of the- Watres Act, and the addi­ The Chief Clerk read the nomination of Frederick M. tional schedules. 7. A map of the United States showing the location and mileage Feiker, of New York, to be Director Bureau of Foreign and of all routes now being u.sed and showing the main routes and Domestic Commerce. extensions, dit!erentiating the same by markings showing the The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, the nomina­ main routes and extensions on said map separately. 8. Give the names of the o.ftlcers and the attorneys of each tion is confirmed. aircraft company carrying mails, together with the names of the COAST GUARD, COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY, AND MARINE CORPS board of directors of each company. If any contract is controlled by a holding company or companies, furnish the same information The Chief Clerk proceeded to read sundry nominations in as to holding companies. the Coast Guard, the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and the 9. Finally, a tabulated statement concerning all these contracts, Marine Corps. showing, among other things, the number of bids received, and the amount of each bid and the reasons for rejecting same, if such Mr. FLETCHER. I ask unanimous consent that all nomi~ bids were rejecled, the bid -accepted, the changes made 1n the nations on the calendar in the Coast Guard, the Coast and contract by extension or otherwise, the amounts paid per mile, Geodetic Survey, and the Marine Corps may be confirmed the amount of space, the number of pounds for the transporta­ tion of mail under original contracts, and the changes or exten­ en bloc. sions, the payments made to the various aircraft carriers and The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, it is so including the method of payment, and the amounts of appro­ ordered and the nominations are confirmed en bloc. That priation and the amount expended out of said appropriation, and, finally, any other information pertinent to these contracts completes the calendar. available in your o.ftlce. REFERENCE OF EXECUTIVE MESSAGES The VICE PRESIDENT. The Senator• from Tennessee Mr. McNARY. I submit an order and ask unanimous asks unanimous consent for the immediate consideration of consent for its immediate consideration. the resolution. Is there objection? The VICE PRESIDENT. Let it be reported for the infor­ Mr. McNARY. Mr. President, I can not assent to the mation of the Senate. immediate consideration of the resolution. Let it go over The Chief Clerk read as follows: until to-morrow. Ordered, That on calendar days of the balance of the first ses­ Mr. McKELLAR. I have an exactly similar request for sion of the Seventy-second Congress, when Executive messages information from the Postmaster General as to ocean mail, transmitting nominations or treaties are received and there is no Senate Resolution 85. I hope the Senator will allow both executive session of the Senate, the President of the Senate is authorized, unless objection is made, to refer to the proper com­ of them tb come up to-morrow. mittees as 1n executive session, such messages, with the accom­ Mr. McNARY. Yes. panying nominations or treaties. Mr. McKELLAR. They will both be offered now, and I The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there objection to the consid­ ask to have them lie on the table. eration of the order? The VICE PRESIDENT. The resolutions are already or­ Mr. McKELLAR. I did not hear all of it read. Will the dered printed, and they are lying on the table now. clerk read it again? ADJOURNMENT Mr. McNARY. I will say to the Senator that it is mereb Mr. McNARY. I move that the Senate adjourn. in line with the practice which has been followed by the Sen­ The motion was agreed to; and (at 1 o'clock and 33 ate at recent sessions. minutes p. m.) the Senate adjourned until to-morrow, Mr. McKELLAR. I inquire if it has been submitted to the Saturday, December 19, 1931, at 12 o'clock meridian. leader on this side of the Chamber?. Mr. McNARY. I can not answer that question. It was CONFIRMATIONS given to me by the clerk. Mr. McKELLAR. I myself see no objection to it. Executive nominations confirmed by the Senate December Mr. McNARY. If there be any objection to-morrow or the 18, 1931 next day, I will ask that the order be rescinded. MEMBERS OF THE FEDERAL REsERVE BoARD The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, tbe order is George R. James. agreed to. Wayland W. Magee. 784 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SE·NATE DECEMBER 18. MEMBERS OF THE FEDERAL FARM LoAN BoARD Herman H. Curry to be lieutenant commander. Horace Paul Bestor. Harold G. Belford to be lieutenant commander. James B. Madison. Seth E. Barron to be lieutenant commander. MEMBER OF THE UNITED STATES SHIPPING BoARD Frank E. Pollio to be lieutenant. Jefferson Myers. John H. Martin to be lieutenant. William T. Schellhous to be lieutenant. To BE DIRECTOR BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE Harold S. Maude to be lieutenant. Frederick M. Feiker. Donald E. McKay to be lieutenant. COAST GUARD Vernon E. Day to be lieutenant. Frederick C. Billard to be Commandant. Leslie B. Tollaksen to be lieutenant: Nathaniel s. Fulford to be lieutenant. John L. Steinmetz to be lieutenant. Hiram R. Searles to be captain. Stanley C. Linholm to be lieutenant. Joseph E. Stika to be commander. Fred P. Vetterick to be lieutenant~ Charles F. Howell to be captain. George M. Phannemiller to be'lieutenant. Floyd J. Sexton to be commander. George F. IDcks to be lieutenant. Chester McP. Anderson to be lieutenant. Clarence F. Edge to be lieutenant. Charles L. Duke to be lieutenant (junior grade) . Alexander L. Ford to be lieutenant. Edward W. Holtz to be lieutenant (junior grade). Stephen H. Evans to be lieutenant. Herbert F. Walsh to be· lieutenant (junior grade). John A. Glynn to be lieutenant. Leonard T. Jones to be ensign. John E. Fairbank to be lieutenant. Henry F. Garcia to be ensign. Joseph A. Kerrins to be lieutenant. Searcy J. Lowrey to be ensign. Edward H. Thiele to be lieutenant. Ellis Reed-Hill to be commander (engineering). Reginald H. French to be lieutenant. Sigval B. Johnson to be district commander. John W. Ryssy to be lieutenant. Frank E. Miner to be ensign. John J. Purcell to be lieutenant. Samuel L. Denty to be ensign. Richard J. Burke to be lieutenant. Peery L. Stinson to be· ensign. Richard L. Horne to be lieutenant. Robert Theodore Alexander to be ensign. Edwin J. Roland to be lieutenant (Junior grade). Marion Amos to be ensign. · Peter V. Colmar to be lieutenant (junior grade). Eric Alvin Anderson to be ensign. George H. Bowerman to be lieutenant (junior grade). Charles Breckenridge Arrington to be ensign. Allen Winbeck to be lieutenant (junior grade). Charles Otis Ashley to be ensign. William B. Chiswell to be lieutenant (junior grade>. Elmer Edward Comstock to be ensign. Oliver A. Peterson to be lieutenant (junior grade). Frank Arthur Erickson to be ensign. Marius De Martino to be lieutenant (junior grade). Edward Armstrong Eve, jr., to be ensign. Charles M. Perrott to be lieutenant (junior grade). Richard Charles Foutter to be ensign. Stanley F. -Piekos to be lieutenant (junior grade). Quentin McKay Greeley to be ensign. Carl G. Bowman to be lieutenant (junior grade). Chester Lawrence Harding to be ensign. Lowell C. Gibson to be lieutenant (junior grade) . James Reed Hinnant to be ensign. James C. Wendland to be lieutenant (junior grade). George Irving Holt to be ensign. . Perry S. Lyons to be lieutenant (junior grade) . Christopher Copeland Knapp to be ensign. Richard M. Ross to be lieutenant (junior grade) . ·Joseph Edward Madacey to be ensign. John A. Dirks to be lieutenant (junior grade). Richard Eugene Morell to be ensign. Harry A. Loughlin to be lieutenant (junior grade). Donald McGregor Morrison to be ensign. Henry J. Wuensch to be lieutenant (junior grade). Howard Allen Morrison to be ensign. George W. Nelson to be lieutenant (junior grade). Rufus Edward Mroczkowski to be ensign. William P. Hawley to be lieutenant (junior grade). James Plakias to be ensign. Hans F. Slade to be lieutenant (junior grade). Randolph Ridleiy, 3d, to be ensign. Romeo J. Borromey to be-lieutenant (junior grade). Harold Bateman Roberts to be ensign. Donald B.·MacDiarmid to be lieutenant (junior grade). Simon Ray Sands, jr., to be ensign. Garrett V. A. Graves to be lieutenant (junior grade). Henry Undercofler Scholl to be ensign. William B. Scheibel to be lieutenant (junior grade). William Davis Shields to be ensigzi. BretH. Brallier to be lieutenant (junior grade)~ Ned Weckesser Sprow to be ensign. George H. Miller to be lieutenant (junior grade) . Roy Edward Stockstill to be ensign. John W. Malen to be lieutenant (junior grade). Elmer Jonathan Suydam to be ensign. Petros D. Mills to be lieutenant (junior grade). Victor Frank Tydlacka to be ensign. Gordon P. McGowan to be lieutenant (junior grade). Aden Clay Unger to be ensign. Donald D. Hesler to be lieutenant (junior grade) . Halmar Jenkins Webb to be ensign. Marvin T. Braswell to be lieutenant (junior grade). Oscar Cottman Buckingham Wev to be ensign. John N. Zeller to be lieutenant (junior grade). Preston Baker Ma vor to be temporary ensign. William T. Stromberg to be captain. Alvin H. Giffin to be temporary ensign. Leonard M. Melka to be lieutenant. Joe G. Lawrence to be temporary ensign. Maurice.Rice to be chief pay clerk. Clovis Breton, jr., to be temporary ensign. George W. Miller to be chief pay clerk. James A. Alger, jr., to be temporary ensign. Anthony F. Glaza to be chief boatswain

Charles Roger Urban. John Thomas Malloy. DENTAL CORPS Donald Rosser Patterson. Harold Robert Uhlman. To be first lieutenant John Thomas Westermeier. Donald Knox Armstrong. Henry Richard Sydenham. Glenn Aloysius Farris. Andrew Joseph Adams . . Dean Coldwell Strother. Victor James MacLaughlin. VETERINARY CORPS Clifford Christopher Wag- Charles Bowman Do~her. To be second lieutenant ner. William Rogers Woodward. George Townley Price. Richard Byington Carhart. James Willard Pumpellv. MEDICAL ADMINISTRATIVE CORPS Robert Daniel Johnston. Charles Ingram HUmber, jr. George Frederick Hartman. David William Hutchison. To be second lieutenants Edwin John Messinger. Irving Lehrfeld. Ralph Beveridge Robinson. Charles North Howze. Paul Christian Heinl Walz. Paul Christian Borup. Richard Hungerford Wise. Phineas Harvey Adair. Philip Wright Hockersmith. John Robert Skeldon. Roy Luttrell Leinster. ~PLAINS Orville Zelotes Tyler, jr. Robert Everett Quacken- To be chaplains with the rank ot fl,rst lieutenant Maynard Norwood Leve- bush. · Peter Christian Schroder. nick. Charles Elder Frederick. John Henry August Borleis. Gunnar Carl Carlson. Samuel Edward Jones. Hudson Bissell Phillips. George Edward Fletcher. Howard Hart Reed. Hugh Pate Harris. Gustave Marinius Heiss. APPOINTMENTS, BY TRANSFER, IN THE REGULAR , Gordon Singles. Joseph Kingsley Dickey. TO ADJUTANT GENERAL'S DEPARTMENT Russell Bowman Semple. John Frank Ruggles. Maj. Madison Pearson. Dick Hunter Lawson. Harry George Roller. Capt. Elmer Ellsworth Hagler, jr. Lester LeRoy Hi 1m an . Roy Kay Kauffman. TO JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL'S DEPARTMENT Kunish. Donald Frank Buchwald. Capt. George Bagby Campbell. Robert Edward Lee Eaton. John Hugh McGee. Carl Fillmore Damberg. Van Hugo Bond. Capt. John Robert Dinsmore. James Irvine King.. Marvin James Coyle. TO QUARTERMASTER CORPS Thomas Joseph Marnane, Ernest Clyde Peters. Lieut. Col. William Fitzhugh Jones. Jr. Gerald Evan Williams. Lieut. Col. James Blyth. Ernest Fred Easterbrook. Clarence David McGowen. Capt. Norman E. Waldron. Curtis James Herrick. Eugene Lewis Brown. First Lieut. Francis Earle Rundell: Edward Kenly Purnell. John Edward Leary. TO FINANCE DEPARTMENT Howard Max Pahl. Daniel Turner Workizer. Maj. Kenneth Prince Lord. Howard Harrison Dudley. Alexander Johnston Suth- First Lieut. William Stanard Keller. Hilbert Fred Muenter. erland. First Lieut. Kenneth Eugene Webber. John Autrey Feagin. James Edward Maloney, jr. First Lieut. Alonzo Valede Thorpe. Blair Arthur Ford. Alfred Cookman Marshall, Richard Klemm Boyd. jr. TO ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT Charles Lowman Decker. James Thomas McClellan. First Lieut. George Henry Bardsley. Orrin Charles Krueger. Robert Moorman Cheal. First Lieut. Otto Max Jank. . William Potter Turpin, 3d Merrick Hector Truly. First Lieut. Harold Joseph Conway. Raymond Taylor Lester. Houston Parks Houser, jr. First Lieut. Ulysses John Lincoln Peoples, Jr. Charles Edward Hoy. William James Mahoney. · First Lieut. Benjamin Schultz Mesick, jr. Richard Francis Reidy. Richard Robert. Danek. First Lieut. Walker Wesley Holler. William Leonard Hardick. James Henry Carlisle. First Lieut. Harry William Miller. H a r r is o n Schermerhorn Edward Julius Timberlake, First Lieut. Carl Rueben Dutton. Markham. jr. First Lieut. William Edward House. Richard Steinbach. John Tazewell Helms. TO SIG.NAL CORPS Loren Albert Ayers. Paul Arthur Mayo. First Lieut. Willi~ Leighton McEnery. Harry Winston Candler. Theodor Jacob Beck. William David Davis. William Addison Magee TO CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICJ: Earle Bradford Leeper. Morin. Maj. Joseph Daly Coughlan. Seiss Ertel Wagner. Charles Pugh Baldwin. First Lieut. Thomas Jefferson Ford. Joseph Barlow Coolidge. Augustus George Elegar. First Lieut. Sterling Eugene Whitesides, jr. John Clarence Gordon. John Hubert Mathews. TO FIELD ARTILLERY John Hugh McAleer, jr. John Walter Brady. Second Lieut. Francis Scoon Gardner. Arthur Raphael Kerwin, jr. Oral Grant Willis. Second Lieut. Robert Gordon Crandall Peter Otey Ward. · Russell Hunter Gri1fith. Second Lieut. George Edward Lynch. Carl William Kohls. Second Lieut. Ralph Copeland Cooper. PHILIPPINE SCOUTS TO COAST ARTILLERY CORPS Rufo Caingat Romero. Maj. Henry Clarence Davis, jr. MEDICAL CORPS Capt. James Emerson Troupe. To be first lieutenants with rank /Tom July 21, 1931 Second Lieut. Eugene Charles Smallwood. Frederic Ballard Wester- Kenneth Fredrick Ernst. Second Lieut. Charles Armstrong Lynch. r velt. Theodore Longworth Fin- TO INFANTRY 1 Alonzo Ray Dawson. ley. First Lieut. Aloysius Joseph Tagliabue. Otis Otto Benson, jr. Kermit Hoyt Gates. First Lieut. James Edwards Poore, jr. Ernest Holden Parsons. Charles Lee Kirkpatrick. Kenneth Arthur Brewer. Loyd Eugene Griffis. TO AIR CORPS Norman Wilhalm Anderson. Lester Ernest Judd. First Lieut. Robert Chaffee Oliver. Lewis Barbato. Joseph Hamilton McNinch. First Lieut. Charles Pearre Cabell. Paul Strimple Fancher. William .Jeffers Kennard. . Second Lieut. Walter Edwin Todd. Vinnie Hale Jeffress. Second Lieut. Harry Gage ,Montgomery, jr.. ' 1931 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 787 Second Lieut. Harold Quiskie Huglin. Harry Birdwhistell Jordan, Ordnance Department. Second Lieut. Charles Sommers. Frank Purdy Lahm, Air Corps. Second Lieut. Sidney Andrew Ofsthun. Willis Grandy Peace, Coast Artillery Con>s. Second Lieut. Samuel Victor Stephenson. Creed Fulton Cox, Field Artillery. Second Lieut. Thomas Jefferson DuBose. Robert McCandlass Beck, jr., Cavalry. Second Lieut. Ralph Powell Swofford, jr. George Moore Rtissell, Cavalry. Second Lieut. Frederick Walker Castle. Edward Marsh Shinkle, Ordnance Department. Second Lieut. George Fletcher Schlatter. Lewis Brown, jr., Cavalry. Second Lieut. Elmer Landen Meguire. Raymond Silas Pratt, Field Artillery. Second Lieut. Howard Monroe McCoy. Jerome Gray Pillow, Cavalry. Second Lieut. Charles William Haas. Alden Farley Brewster, Field Artillery. Second Lieut. Clark Neil Piper. John Anderson Berry, Adjutant General's Department. Second Lieut. Aubrey Kenneth Dodson. Edward Harrison DeArmond, Field Artiller • Second Lieut. Mark Edward Bradley, jr. Edmund Kearsley Sterling, Cavalry. Second Lieut. Douglas Mitchell Kilpatrick, JL Kerr Tunis Riggs, Cavalry. Second Lieut. Wiley Duncan Ganey. To be lieutenant colonels Second Lieut. Thetus Cayce Odom. Second Lieut. Anthony Eugene Curcio. John Logan Jenkins, Infantry. ·Second Lieut. Morris John Lee. Charles Henry White, Infantry. Second Lieut. Ernest Emil Holtzen, 2d. Alvin Gustav Gutensohn, Signal Corps. Second Lieut. Marvin Lewis Harding. Stanley Livingston James, Signal Corps. Second Lieut. Birrell Walsh. John Stephen Sullivan, Infantry. Second Lieut. James Sylvester Sutton. David Grover Cleveland Garrison, Infantry. Second Lieut. Richard Churchill Hutchinson. James Lawton Collins, Field Artillery. Second Lieut. Edwin Sanders Perrin. · Evan Elias Lewis, Infantry. Second Lieut. Neal Edwin Ausman. William Caldwell McChord, Air Corps. Second Lieut. Troup Miller, jr. William Rudicil Henry, Field Artillery. Second Lieut. William Dole Eckert. James Howard Laubach, Quartermaster Corps. Second Lieut. Lauris Norstad. George Richard Harrison, Infantry. Second Lieut. Millard Lewis. Ralph Wayne Dusenbury, Infantry. Second Lieut. Othel Rochelle Deering. Thomas Charles Spencer, Signal Corps. Second Lieut. John Chesley Kilborn. Robert Mercer Cheney, .Cavalry. Second Lieut. Carl Amandus Brandt. Fauntley Muse Miller, Infantry. Second Lieut. Richard Sha:fle Freeman. Ray Corson Hill, Infantry. Second Lieut. Harold Lester Smith. William Schuyler Woodruff, Infantry. Second Lieut. Norman Ray Burnett. Thomas Franklin McNeill, Infantry. Second Lieut. Richard Joseph O'Keefe. John Gavin Tyndall, Field Artillery. Second Lieut. Joseph Arthur Miller. Alfred Lawrence Pearson Sands, Field Artillery. Second Lieut. Kurt Martin Landon. Charles Peaslee George, Field Artillery. Second Lieut. Gerry Leonard Mason. John Delbert Reardan, Air Corps. Second Lieut. Hubem Paul Dellinger. Ernest Leonard Pell, Infantry. Second Lieut. Daniel Anderson Cooper. William Henry Shepherd, Field Artillery. Second Lieut. Sory Smith. Marshall Guion Randol, Field Artillery. Second Lieut. Paul William Blanchard, jr. Joseph Carmoreau Hatie, Infantry. . Second Lieut. Henry Alan Winters. George Meredith Peek, Field Artillery. Alexander James Stuart, Ordnance Department. PROMOTIONS IN THE REGULAR ARMY John Nesmith Greely, Field Artillery. To be colo-n,els George Ruhlen. jr.• Coast Artillery Corps. William Cattron Rigby, Judge Advocate General's Depart- John Edward Mort, Field Artillery. ment. Webster Allyn Capron, Ordnance Department. James Totten. Adjutant General's Department. Frederick Monroe Barrows, Field Artillery. William Charles Webb, Field Artillery. Henry Wirt Thomas Eglin, Coast Artillery Corps. William Burton Pistole, Judge Advocate General's Depart­ Cary Ingram Crockett, Infantry. ment. Glen Edgar Edgerton, Corps of Engineers. Frank Joseph Griffin, Signal Corps. Charles Lacey Hall, Corps of Engineers. Hugh Carnes Smi~ Judge Advocate General's Depart- Virgil Lee Peterson, Corps of Engineers. ment. John Wesley Niesz Schulz, Corps of Engineers. Consuelo Andrew Seoane, Signal Corps. Clarence Lynn Sturdevant, Corps of Engineers. Sebring Clay Megill, Signal Corps. Richard Tide Coiner, Corps of Engineers. George Lemuel McKeeby, Judge Advocate General's De­ Lawrence Wright Mcintosh, Air Corps. partment. James Henry Burns, Ordnance Department. Arthur William Bradbury, Infantry. Everett Strait Hughes, Ordnance Department. William Alexander Graham, Judge Advocate General's Thomas Jefferson Smith, Ordnance Department. Department. Roger Shemeld Parrott, Field Artillery. James Harty Bryson, Field Artillery. Oliver Andrews Dickinson, Field Artillery. William Barlow Wallace, Infantry. Richard Edgar Cummins, Cavalry. Ernest Dichmann Peek, Corps of Engineers. Telesphor George Gottschalk, Field Artillery. George Redfield Spalding, Corps of Engineers. Harvey Douglas Higley, Field Artillery. Elliott Johnstone Dent, Corps of Engineers. James Wilbur Lyon, Chemical Warfare Service. William Goff Caples, Corps of Engineers. Rodney Hamilton Smith, Coast Artillery Corps. Henry Clay Jewett, Corps of Engineers. Wildurr Willing, Corps of Engineers. To be majors William Stacy Browning, Field Artillery. Joseph James Goffard, Infantry. Francis William Clark, Field Artillery. William White Dick, Adjutant General's Department. Joseph Fauntleroy Barnes, Field Artillery. Thomas Scott Smith, Infantry. Walter Driscol Smith, Field Artillery. Dana Henry Allen, Infantry. William Peirce Ennis, Field Artillery. Burr Polk Irwin, Infantry. 788 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- SENATE DECEMBER 18 Martin Ackerson, Infantry. .- - William Alexander Marsh. Infantry; William Johnston Bacon, Judge Advocate Generars De- Charles Louis Carpenter, Quartermaster Corps. partment.· Benjamin Franklin Vandervoort, · Quarterm~ter Corps. Herbert Edwin Featherstone, Cavalry. Torrence Theodore Shannon, Infantry• . Frank Unsworth McCoskrie, Infantry. Winfield Scott Roberson, Field Artillery. Edgar Gersham Coursen, jr., Quartermaster Corps. James Pearce Wharton, Infantry. Edward William Bondy, Infantry. George Thomas Barnes, Quartermaster Corps. Andrew Jackson McFarland, Infantry. Samuel Custer Eaton, Jr., Air Corps. John Miller Fray, Field Artillery. Hiram Wendell Tarkington, Field Artillery. Harold Howard Galliett, Infantry. Marcellus Lowry Stockton, jr., Cavalry. John Vmcil Stark, Infantry. Edwin Stewart Brewster, jr., Field Artillery. Robert Joerg, jr.,. Infantry. Wilbur Henry Vinson, Infantry. Rudolf Karl 'Schlaepfer, Infantry. Winfield Chapple Scott, Cavalry. John William Stanley, Infantry. Leo Thomas 1\IcMahon, Field Artillery. Grover Be Egger, Infantry. John Prosper Eckert, Field Artillery. Clyde Pickett, Cavalry. Phillip Bassett Shotwell, Cavalry. Paul Oscar Franson,. Infantry. Kie Doty, Infantry. John Neely Hopkins, Infantry. Ralph Eugene Ireland, Cavalry. George William Gillette, Corps of Engineer& Bryan Llewellyn Davis, Field Artillery. William Agnew Howland, Infantry. Mark Milton Potter, Field Artillery. Clifton Augustine Pritchett, Infantry. Clarence O'Leary, Ordnance Department. Luke Donald Zech, Infantry. James Hodges Drake, Infantry. Lucian Dalton Bogan, Infantry. Joseph Hemsley Stevenson, Corps of Engineer& William Pitt Morse, Infantry. Leslie Shaw Williams, Quartermaster Corps. Charles Thomas Phillips, Air Corps. Joseph John Gutkow.ski, Infantry. Richard Law Hubbell, Ordnance Department. Edgar Augustine Cecil Curran, Infantry. Roy Eugene Blount, Cavalry. William Taliaferro Fletcher, Cavalry. Hubert Vincent Hopkins, Air Corps. Charles Albert Welcker, Infantry. Thomas Ralph Miller, Field Artillery. Millard Stowe Curtis~ Infantry. Frank Edwin Sharpless, Infantry. Arthur Clay Blain, Infantry. Earl Ransom Reynolds, Coast Artillery Corps. Robert Lee Allen, jr., Field Artillery. Nels Erick Stadig, Infantry. Walter Aaron Stetler, Infantry Ben-Hur Chastaine, Infantry. Joseph Edwin McGill, Infantry. Leigh Bell, Infantry. George Hely Molony., Infantry. George Frederick Spann, Quartermaster Corps. Harry Luther Coates, Infantry. McGregor Snodgrass, Quartermaster Corps. George Roland McElroy, Cavalry. John Herman Kn~ebel, Infantry. John Redmond Thornton, Cavalry. Erie Dorr Ferguson, Field Artillery. Douglas Horace Rubinstein, Infantry. Harry Clayton Luck, Infantry. Leonidas Lee Koontz, Air Corps. Arthur Vincent Gair, Field ~tillery. Edward Davis Jones, Air Corps. Lewis W. Amis, Infantry. Mortimer Francis Sullivan, Cavalry. Harry Richar~on Simmons, Infantry. Eggleston Westley Peach, Infantry. Kenneth Frederick Hanst, Infantry. Leslie Dillon Carter, Cavalry. Everett Charles Williains, Field Artillery. Don Riley, Infantry. Walter Harold Root, · Infantry. Pembroke Augustine Brawner, jr., Infantry. Fred W. Miller, Infantry. Isaac Leonard Kitts, Field Artillery. Maurice Clenen Bigelow, ·Infantcy. Fred Charles Thomas, Cavalry. Ross Orman Baldwin,-Infantry. Merrill Deitz Mann, Air Corps . . - . James Alphonse Kilian, Cavalry. James Bernard Patterson, Cavalry. Donald Patrick Muse, Air Corps. Frank Dunn, Quartermaster Corps. Thomas Ralph Kerschner, Field Artillery. Albert Carl Foulk, Air Corps. Karl Christian Schwinn, ·Infantry. . Edward Vincent Harbeck, jr.• Air Corps. Otho Wilder Humphrie~. Infantry. . Hubert Butler Bramlet, Chemical Warfare Service. Perry Lee Baldwin, Infantry. Irwin Harold Jaffee, Quartermaster Corps. George Thomas Shank, Infantry. Edward Ernest Hildreth, Air Corps. Thomas Butler Burgess, Infantry. Samuel Gordon Frierson, Air Corps. Russell .Conwell Throckmorton, Infantry. Phillips Melville, Air Corps. Albert Chester Searle, Field Artillery. John Gordon Williams, Air Corps. Asa North Duncan, Air Corps. William Colb Morris, Air Corps. Carl Austin RuSsell, Infantry. Albert Brown Pitts. Air Corps. Hal Tanner Vigor, Quartermaster Corps. Bernard Scott Thompson, Air Corps. Will Gillett Gooch, Quartermaster Corps. Willis Ratcliffe Taylor, Air Corps. Maurice Joseph McGuire, Infantry. Robert Duane Knapp, Air Corps. Walter Carey Rogers, Infantry. Louis Br.aswell Knight, Infantry. Chauncey Harold Hayden, jr., Infantry. Lowell Allison Elliott, Chemical Warfare Service. Erie Oden Sandlin, Infantry. James Thomas Curry, jr., Air Corps. Isaac George Walker, Cavalry. Harry Albert Fudge, Cavalry. Walter Edward Jenkins, Field Artillery. Burdette Mase Fitch, Field Artillery. William Elmer Lynd, Air Corps. William Bettencourt Souza. .Air Corps. Ernest Louis McLendon, Infantry. Alfred Lindeburg, Air Corps. Rhodes Felton Arnold, Infantry. Joseph Alexis Wilson, Air Corps. Ivan Sanders Curtis, Infantry. Fred Tobias Yount, Quartermaster Corps. Aln Dudley Warnock, Infantry. Clements McMullen, Air Corps. Ames Scribner Albro, Air Corps. To be captains Milo McCune, Air Corps. Clarence Peyton Kane, Air Corps. Charles McKinley Robinson, Air Corps. . ' · Harry Weddington, Air Corps. John Sanderson Crawford, Coast Artillery Corps.

,· 1931 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 789 Benjamin Buckles Cassiday, Air Corps. Michael John Geraghty, Infantry. · · Charles Yawkey Banfill, Air Corps. Donald Dunford, Field Artillery. Myron Ray Wood, Air Corps. Arthur Superior Peterson, Infantry. George Frederick Robert Taylor, Quartermaster Corps. Ralph Randolph Sears, Infantry. Arthur Alva Jackson, Quartermaster Corps. Edgar Turner Noyes, Air Corps. Robert Theodore Cronau, Air Corps. David Evans Bradford, Cavalry. Rex Walter Minckler, Signal Corps. James Keller De Armond, Air Corps. Frank Charles Peters, Quartermaster Corps. Ernest Avner Suttles, Infantry. Isaac Jackman Williams, Air Corps. August William Farwick, Cavalry. Donald lloyd Bruner, Air Corps. Samuel Mason Lansing, Infantry. William Joseph Gainey, Quartermaster Corps. Pierre Bacot Denson, Coast Artillery Corps. Lloyd Chartley Blackburn, Air Corps. Harvey Lyon Boyden, Air Corps. Edward Jenkins, Infantry. Carl William Westlund, Infantry. Audrey Blaine Ballard, Air Corps. Walter Llewellyn Wheeler, Air Corps. John Henry Gardner, Air Corps. Norme D. Frost, Air Corps. William Campbell Goldsborough, Air Corps. Linus Dodge Fr~derick, Air Corps. Walter Raymond Peck, Air Corps. James Gordon Pratt, Air Corps. Leon Aurile White, Coast Artillery Corps. Milton Miles Murphy, Air Corps. Ephraim Preston J oils, Coast Artillery Corps. Lee Quintus Wasser, Air Corps. Alan Fuller Cameron, Coast Artillery Corps. Otto Wienecke, Air Corps. Walter Lee McCorinick, Coast Artillery Corps. Howard Knowles Vail, Infantry. Arnold Dante Amoroso, Coast Artillery Corps. Benjamin Thomas Starkey, Air Corps. Ja~es Howard Smith, Coast Artillery Corps. Percy Walter Thompson, Field Artillery. Clarence Orner Bell, Coast Artillery Corps. Clarence McCurdy Virtue, Infantry. Fred Brenning Waters, Coast Artillery Corps. Ralph Finch, Infantry. Arthur Girard Hamilton, Air Corps. Charles Howard Valentine, Cavalry. Charles Mellis Myers, Coast Artillery Corps. Julian Henry Baumann, Field Artillery. Cyrus Quin~on Shelton, Coast Artillery Corps. Joseph Kerr Gibson, Field Artillery. Frederick Rockwell Chamberlain, jr., Coast Artillery Corps. Judson Macivor Smith, Infantry. . Edward Huffner Wood, Air Corps. Frank Gilmore Irvin, Air Corps. · Emil Charles Kiel, Air Corps. George Vernon Holloman, Air Corps. Daniel David Coons, Quartermaster Corps. George Henry Dietz, Infantry. Harold Lee George, Air Corps. Donald Hubbell Smith, Coast Artillery Corps. Lewis Allegeo Dayton, Air Corps. · Richard Hodgson Bridgman, Cavalry. Younger Arnold Pitts, Air Corps. Luther Gordu.· - ~ausey, Infantry. Howard Zabriskie Bogert, Air Corps. John Meade, Field Artillery. Benjamin Franklin Griffin, Air Corps. Glenn Oscar Barcus, Air Corps. Ward Fisk Robinson, Air Corps. William Andrew Weddell, Coast Artillery Corps. Charles Roderick Mize, Finance Department. John Randolph Jeter, Infantry. Joseph Branson Canfield, Quartermaster Corps. John Mulford Evans, Infantry. Hans Christian Jespersen, Infantry. Theodore Anderson Seely, Infantry. Lyle Meredon Shields, Infantry. George Avery Chester, Coast Artillery Corps. Harvey James Golightly, Infantry. James Thomas Dawson, Field Artillery. Charles Hale Dowman, Air Corps. Burgo Doyle Gill, Coast Artillery Corps. To be first lieutenants William Wheeler O'Connor, Infantry. Walter Hoyt Kennett, Field Artillery. Edwin Bascum Kearns, jr., Infantry. George Paul Harrison, Field Artillery. Rinaldo Van Brunt, Infantry. Edward Campbell Franklin, Coast Artillery Corps. George Patrick Lynch, Infantry. Franklin Leslie Lichtenfels, Infantry. John Francis Holland, Infantry. William Frederick Niethamer, Coast Artillery Corps. John Porter Kidwell, Infantry. Harold Victor Roberts, Infantry. Clarence Harwood Smith, Infantry. William Clyde Baker, jr., Corps of Engineers. Thaddeus Elmer Smyth, Infantry. William Livingston Bayer, Signal Corps. Waldemar Noya Damas, Infantry. Herbert William Ehrgott, Corps of Engineers. James Durward Barnett, Infantry. Turner Ashby Sims, jr., Air Corps. Claude Aubrey Black, Infantry. Francis LeRoy Ankenbrandt, Signal Corps. Russell Thomas Finn, Field Artillery. William Hunt Mills, Corps of Engineers. Harry Wells Crandall, Infantry. Keith Richard Barney, Corps of Engineers. Joseph Pringle Cleland, Infantry. Elvin Ragnvald Heiberg, Corps of Engineers. Enoch Joseph Skalandzunos, Infantry. Frank Xavier Aloysius Purcell, Corps of Engineers. John Laing De Pew, Cavalry. Harold Anthony Brusher, Coast Artillery Corps. John Robert McGinness, Infantry. Raymond Coleman Maude, Signal Corps. William Griffith Stephenson, Infantry. Samuel Wallace Van Meter, Air Corps. George Bateman Peploe, Infantry. Richard Wyman Pearson, Corps of Engineers. Samuel Selden Lamb, Infantry. Irving Arthur Duffy, Cavalry. Curtis D. Renfro, Infantry. William Preston Corderman, Signal Corps. Charles Henry Caldwell, Air Corps. Clerin Rodney Smith, Corps of Engineers. Joseph Blair Daugherty, Infantry. Fiorre John Stagliano, Coast Artillery Corps. Haskell Hadley Cleaves, Infantry. Parker Maynard Reeve, Corps of Engineers. Albert Aaron Horner, Infantry. Harry Warren Johnson, Cavalry. Louis Quarles McComas, Infantry. Rufus Leonidas Land, Cavalry. Mitchell Alonzo Giddens, Cavalry. James Norvell Krueger, Corps of Engineers. Leif Neprud, Coast Artillery Corps: Robert Kinzie McDonough, Corps of Engineers. Theodore Lamar Dunn, Infantry. Donald Prentice Booth, Corps of Engineers. Elliott Bickley Gose, Infantry. Arthur August Gerhart Kirchhoff, Corps of Engineers. Floyd Ellsworth Dunn, Infantry. William Murlin Creasy, jr., Chemical Warfare Service. George Wellington Madison Dudley, Infantry. Alfred Henry Johnson, Air Corps. 790 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE DECEMBER 18

Ralph Morris Osborne, Field Artillery. DENTAL CORPS Norman Arthur Matthias, Corps of Engineers. To be -colonel . Lincoln Jones, jr., Infantry. Frank Powell Stone• Harlie Heston Parks, Field Artillery. To be major Malcolm Raymond Kammerer, Infantry. Albert Fields. Charles Daniel Sugrue, Infantry. _ To be captains Robert Eugene Mousseau Des Islets, Corps of Engineers. William Edward House, Coast Artillery Corps. James Simon Cathroe. John LeRoy Carter. James Roy Andersen, Infantry. · Ingolf Bernhardt Hauge. Benjamin Easton Thurston, Infantry. VETERINARY CORPS Harold McClure Forde, Cavalry. To be colonel William Alexander Walker_, Field Artillery. Robert Julian Foster. John Cold Beaumont Elliott, Corps of Engineers. To be lieutenant colonels Samuel Russ Harris. jr., Air Corps. Lewis Sherrill Griffing, Field Artillery. George Henry, Koon. , Waldo Eugene Laidlaw, Infantry. Daniel Buchter Leninger. Hamer Pace Ford, Infantry. To be majors Robert Clifford Broadhurst, Coast Artillery Corps. Allen Chamberlain Wight. Floyd Chauncey Sager. John Ensor Perman, Field Artillery. Elwood Luke Nye. Henry Emil Hess. George William Hickman, jr., Infantry. Earl Jerome Murphy, Field Artillery. Kenneth Earl Buffin. Vincent Brown Wright. Bolger Nelson Toftoy, Coast Artillery Corps. Robert Payne McComb. Paul Roberts King. Harold Doud, Infantry. • William Roy Wolfe. Forest Lee .Holycross. • David Louis Van Syckle, Infantry. Chauncey Edmund Cook. Daniel Sommer Robertson. G era 1 d Woodward Fitz- Earl Floyd Long. Wallace Hayden Barnes, Cavalry. Gerald. Joseph Fenton Crosby. Shelton Ezra Prudhomme, Air Corps. Stanley Clifford Smock. Raymond Irvin Lovell. John Paul Doyle, jr., Cavalry. Charles Brenton Dunphy. Ralph Brown Stewart. Leon William Johnson, Air Corps. Howard Mayo Savage. Charles Mansur Cowherd. Richard Walden Mayo, Field Artillery. Earl Lewis Ringler, Infantry. Burlin Chase Bridges. John Knox McConeghy. Mott Ramsey. Francois Hue Kari Reynolds. George Voegele Ehr~dt. Cavalry. Josiah Wistar Worthing- Sawyer Adelbert Grover. Walter Clement Stanton, Field Artillery. Frank Sayles Bowen, jr., Infantry. ton. Charles Sears Williams. Fred Chester Waters. Fred W. Shinn. Malcolm Dudley Jones, Jr., Cavalry. Harry Edward VanTuyl. • Philip Henry Riedel. Edward Lowe Rhodes, Cavalry. Louis Lathrop Shook. Irby Rheuel Pollard. Richard Keith McM.aster, Field Artillery. Daniel Henry Malian. Frank Caldwell Hershberger Charles Dutton McNerney, Infantry. Louis Goldman Weisman. Clifford Eugene Pickering. William Peirce Ennis, jr!J Field Artillery. Everett Cooper Conant. Frank Benjamin Steirikolk. Guy Beasley Henderson, Air Corps. James Alexander McCal- Raymond Randall. MEDICAL CORPS lam. Seth C. Dildine. To be colonels Harry John Juzek. Joseph Hiriam Domblaser. Earl Harvey Bruns. . William Henry Dean. George Leslie Caldwell. Solon B. Renshaw. Jacob Landes Hartman. Herbert Charles Gibner. Frank Holmes Woodru1f, John Harold Kintner. To be lieutenant colonels subject to examination re- Arthur Dunlap Martin. • Sanford Williams French. Herbert Henry Sharpe. quired by law. Samuel George Kielsmeier. Thomas Joseph FlYnn. Lloyd Ambrose Kefauver. Will Charles Griffin. .Peter Thomas Carpenter. William Denton. John Roy McKnight. Lloyd Clifford Ewen. Oness Harry Dixon, jr. John Joseph Reddy. Charles Oliver Grace. John Wesley Miner. Edward Michael Curley. George Jacob Rife. To be majors James Russell Sperry. Ira Frederick Peak. George Paul Sandrock. To be captains Henry Stevens Blesse. Edward Athelstane Cas­ Herbert Morris Cox. Samuel Winchester Reeves. serly. Laurence Robert Bower. Thomas Franklin Weldon. Walter Clifton Royals. William LeRoy Thompson. To be first lieutenant To be captains Maurice Wendell Hale. Alfred Alexandre de Lori- Ellis McFerrin Altfather. MEDICAL ADIIUNISTRATIVE COJlPS mier. - Aubrey LeVeme Bradford. To .be first lieutenant Norman Hyde Wiley. Rollin LeRoy Bauchspies. Lloyd Moore. Paul Irwin Robinson. Ernest David Liston. CHAPLAINS Silas Beach Hays. John Ruxton Wood. To be chaplains with the rank ot major Henry William Daine. Jack William Schwartz. George Runyan Longbrake. John Oscar Lindquist. Earl Maxwell. Clyde Lemuel Brothers. Nathaniel Alexander Jones. Frank-Meredith Thompson. Wilford F. Hall. Roger Gaylord Prentiss, jr. Charles Wadswprth Ball Walter B. Zimmerman. Daniel John Berry. Claude Linwood Neale. Hill. Jacob Donald Hockman. William Augustus Hadly, jr. George Horsfall. Albert Kingsbury Mathews. Joseph Burt Webster. Roary Adlai Murchison. Harold Edward Schneider. Henry Nathan Blanchard, Alexander Wayman Thomas. Paul Hayes. Olin Foster McDnay. 1John TrUman Kendall. .Frank Connors Rideout. Hugh Logan Prather. Samuel Howard Alexander. James Lemuel Blakeney. Alfred Cookman Oliver, jr. George Hollander Donnelly. John Larkin Gallagher. George Foreman Rixey. Pierre Hector Levesque. Francis Willard Pruitt. Warren Mimms Scott. William Joseph Ryan. John Hall. Elbert De Coursey. James Harvey Turner. .Edward Thomas McNally. Edward Lewis Trett. John Frederick Bohlender. Robert Eugene Bitner. John Ralph Wright. Charles Coburn Merrill Charles Scott Mudgett. Harry Carleton .F.r.a.ser. 1931 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 791 To be chaplain with rank of captain S. 263. An act to promote the conservation of wild life, James Hugh O'Neill. fish, and game, and for other purposes; s. 655. An act declaring December 26, 1931, and January 2, PHILIPPINE SCOUTS 1932, to be legal holidays in the District of Columbia; and To be captain S. Con. Res. 2. Concurrent resolution to pay Anna Jarvis a Roscoe Bonham. sum equal to six months' compensation of the late Grant CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU OF THE WAR DEPARTMENT Jarvis. George Emerson Leach to be Chief of the Militia Bureau Mr. MAPES. Mr. Speaker, I submit a bill and privileged of the War Department, with the rank of major general. report from the Select Committee on the Fiscal Relations APPOINTMENTS IN OFFICERS' RESERVE CORPS Between the United States and the District of Columbia. The SPEAKER. The Clerk will report the title of the bill. GENERAL OFFICERS The Clerk read as follows: To be major generals, reserve A bill relating to the contribution of the United States toward George Emerson Leach. defraying the expenses of the District of Columbia. Roy Hoffman. The bill was referred to the Committee of the Whole To be brigadier generals, reserve House on the state of the Union and ordered printed. James Craig McLanahan. PERMISSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE William Gray Williams. Mr. FREAR. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to REAPPOINTMENTS IN THE OFFICERS' RESERVE CORPS speak for two minutes to make a correction. GENERAL OFFICERS The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Wisconsin asks To be brigadier generals, reserve unanimous consent to address the House for two minutes. Leigh Robinson Gignilliat. Is there objection? Cary Fletcher Spence. There was no objection. Henry Joseph Reilly. Mr. FREAR. Mr. Speaker, on yesterday I made a state­ ment in regard to the taxpayers in the District of Columbia. To be brigadier generals, Medical Corps Reserve I do not care for myself, but I do for the committee, to Fred Towsley Murphy. correct a misquotation in this morning's press. I do not Frederick Fuller Russell. want the committee placed in a false position, because the Sanford H. Wadhams. reverse of the misquotation is true. The press this morning To be brigadier generals, Auxiliary Reserve quoted me as saying the taxpayers might move outside of Frank Billings. Joel Ernest Goldthwait. the District if they chose to do so ·because of objection to Howard Seymour Borden. Charles Horace Mayo. the· committee proposals in regard to matters of taxation in John Joseph Carty. . William James Mayo. the District. That was not it at all. Just the reverse. A George Washington Crile. Thornwell Mullally. suggestion was made that if residents moved outside, it Lewis Atterbury Conner. William Henry Welch. would enable them to have a voice in public affairs, for mat­ Milton Fennimore Davis. William Holland Wilmer. ters of the District are under the control of Congress under PROMOTIONS IN THE NAVY the Constitution and could only be changed by amendment. I also said they would be " relieved " from taxation as long MARINE CORPS as they remained within the confines of the District. Taxes To be major generals are higher in all surrounding States and that has been a Ben H. Fuller. repeated statement, for no one would find lower taxes Logan Feland. elsewhere. John T. Myers. CHARLES C. KEARNS To be brigadier general Mr. POLK. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to James C. Breckinridge. address the House for two minutes. The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Ohio asks unani­ mous consent to address the House for two minutes. Is HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES there objection? FRIDAY, DECEMBER 18, 1931 There was no objection. Mr. POLK. Mr. Speaker, ladies, and gentlemen, since ad­ The House met at 12 o'clock noon. journment yesterday, I have learned of the death of Hon. The Chaplain, Rev. James Shera Montgomery, D. D., Charles c. Kearns, a distinguished citizen of Ohio .. For 16 offered the following prayer: · years Mr. Kearns was a Member of this House, as Repre­ Infinite and eternal God, in whose might rests the destiny sentative from the sixth Ohio district. While Mr. Kearns of nations and men, we pray that we may live up to the full was my immediate predecessor and political opponent, and measure of our Christian manhood. Teach us, our Father, while we differed in our opinions on many public questions, how to estimate wisely the great debt and obligation which I wish to state to the House that our personal relationships we owe our country, which so thoroughly appreciates men were always most cordial. I always found Mr. Kearns to be and their values. A mite of malice is too much, while a big a most kindly and affable gentleman. During his long serv­ measure of charity is not enough; an ounce of selfishness is ice in the House he was honored by his party by being placed too much, while a pound of generosity is not enough. A bit on the Ways and Means Committee, and I am sure I express of war is too much, while a whole lot of peace is not enough. the sentiment of all my colleagues from Ohio, from both Increase the power of these values that make for goodness, parties, when I state that we all have a feeling of personal fraternity, and cooperation, and diminish "the things that are sorrow in the passing of Mr. Kearns·. evil and that separate men. 0 let Thy purpose and Thy will ORDER OF BUSINESS be done in the very heart and mind of this Congress. Through Jesus Christ, our Lord. Amen. Mr. SNELL. May I have the attention of the gentleman from Illinois for a moment in regard to the program. As I The Journal of the proceedings of yesterday was read and understand, the moratorium bill is up to-day, and probably approved. the land bank bill will follow. What has the gentleman in MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE mind following that'? . A message from the Senate by Mr. Craven, its principal :Mr. RAINEY. We expect to go forward with the forejgn clerk, announced that the Senate had passed bills and a debt postpqnement bill to-day and conclude it, even if a concurrent resolution of the following titles, in which the } night session is necessary. concurrence of the House is requested: Mr. SNELL. I hope that we will pass it to-day.

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