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From Battlefield to Ballot Box: Contextualising the Rise and Evolution of Iraq’S Popular Mobilisation Units
From Battlefield to Ballot Box: Contextualising the Rise and Evolution of Iraq’s Popular Mobilisation Units By Inna Rudolf CONTACT DETAILS For questions, queries and additional copies of this report, please contact: ICSR King’s College London Strand London WC2R 2LS United Kingdom T. +44 20 7848 2098 E. [email protected] Twitter: @icsr_centre Like all other ICSR publications, this report can be downloaded free of charge from the ICSR website at www.icsr.info. © ICSR 2018 From Battlefield to Ballot Box: Contextualising the Rise and Evolution of Iraq’s Popular Mobilisation Units Contents List of Key Terms and Actors 2 Executive Summary 5 Introduction 9 Chapter 1 – The Birth and Institutionalisation of the PMU 11 Chapter 2 – Organisational Structure and Leading Formations of Key PMU Affiliates 15 The Usual Suspects 17 Badr and its Multi-vector Policy 17 The Taming of the “Special Groups” 18 Asa’ib Ahl al-Haqq – Righteousness with Benefits? 18 Kata’ib Hezbollah and the Iranian Connection 19 Kata’ib Sayyid al-Shuhada – Seeking Martyrdom in Syria? 20 Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba – a Hezbollah Wannabe? 21 Saraya al-Khorasani – Tehran’s Satellite in Iraq? 22 Kata’ib Tayyar al-Risali – Iraqi Loyalists with Sadrist Roots 23 Saraya al-Salam – How Rebellious are the Peace Brigades? 24 Hashd al-Marji‘i – the ‘Holy’ Mobilisation 24 Chapter 3 – Election Manoeuvring 27 Betting on the Hashd 29 Chapter 4 – Conclusion 33 1 From Battlefield to Ballot Box: Contextualising the Rise and Evolution of Iraq’s Popular Mobilisation Units List of Key Terms and Actors AAH: -
Confessionalism and Electoral Prospects in Iraq
Confessionalism and Electoral Prospects in Iraq Yasir Kouti Dlawer Ala’Aldeen About MERI The Middle East Research Institute engages in policy issues contributing to the process of state building and democratisation in the Middle East. Through independent analysis and policy debates, our research aims to promote and develop good governance, human rights, rule of law and social and economic prosperity in the region. It was established in 2014 as an independent, not-for-profit organisation based in Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Middle East Research Institute 1186 Dream City Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq T: +964 (0)662649690 E: [email protected] www.meri-k.org NGO registration number. K843 © Middle East Research Institute, 2017 The opinions expressed in this publication are the responsibility of the authors. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of MERI, the copyright holder. Please direct all enquiries to the publisher. Confessionalism and Electoral Prospects in Iraq MERI Policy Paper Yasir Kouti Research Fellow, MERI Dlawer Ala’Aldeen President of MERI April 2018 1 Contents Summary ........................................................................................................................................................4 Confessionalism and Party Alliances ........................................................................................................5 -
Iranian Militias in Iraq's Parliament: Political Outcomes and US Response
MENU Policy Analysis / PolicyWatch 2979 Iranian Militias in Iraq's Parliament: Political Outcomes and U.S. Response by Phillip Smyth Jun 11, 2018 Also available in Arabic / Farsi ABOUT THE AUTHORS Phillip Smyth Phillip Smyth was a Soref Fellow at The Washington Institute from 2018-2021. Brief Analysis As Washington mulls sanctions on Asaib Ahl al-Haq and similar groups, it should mind the volatility of Baghdad’s near-term political situation and the questionable efficacy of ‘wing’ distinctions. mong the winners in Iraq’s May 12 parliamentary elections was Asaib Ahl al-Haq (AAH), the fastest-rising A faction in a powerful coalition of Iranian-allied Iraqi parties. In the days that followed, U.S. legislators passed an amended defense authorization bill that paved the way for the Treasury Department to impose heavy financial sanctions on the group and other accused Iranian proxies. Although this is the right step, any sanctions need to be carefully crafted and timed to avoid an anti-American backlash during Iraq’s already-chaotic government formation process. BREAKDOWN OF IRAN’S COALITION A AH is part of the Fatah (Conquest) Alliance, a coalition that won between forty and forty-seven seats last month, enough for second place among all contenders (pending the outcome of Iraq’s planned recount). AAH won at least thirteen of these seats, and perhaps as many as fifteen, or nearly 30 percent of the alliance’s total. Fatah is led by Hadi al-Ameri of the Badr Organization, arguably the oldest, largest, and most important of the Iraqi Shia groups ideologically, politically, and religiously subservient to Iran. -
Iraq Situation Report Aug 12
Iraq Situation Report: August 12 - 18, 2020 1 Aug. 12 - 15: Likely Iranian Proxy Militias Target ree Iraqi Contractor Convoys 7 Aug. 14: Moqtada al-Sadr and Hassan Nasrallah Scheduled to Meet in Beirut, Lebanon. Supporting the US-led Coalition with IEDs in Dhi Qar Province. Iraq’s Security Media Cell A news anchor for the US-funded al-Hurra news outlet circulated “leaks” from unknown (SMC), an ocial government reporting body, conrmed that an explosive device targeted sources that Iraqi nationalist Shi’a cleric Moqtada al-Sadr will meet with Hassan Nasrallah, Iraqi-operated convoys contracted by the US-led Coalition in Iraq’s southern Dhi Qar Province the leader of US-designated Lebanese terrorist organization Hezbollah, in Beirut in the once on August 12 and twice on August 15. e SMC stated that two of the attacks took place coming days. Nasrallah has previously met and consulted Sadr on several occasions. in the al-Batha area near Highway 8, a major Iraqi highway, in Dhi Qar. e remaining attack Nasrallah has likely taken on some of the responsibilities that belonged to Abu Mehdi took place in the Um Anij area 87 km southeast of Nasiriyah. None of the attacks resulted in al-Muhandis and Soleimani, including serving as a coordinator between Iran’s Iraqi proxies any casualties. Shi’a extremist Telegram channels attributed two of the attacks to Saraya awra and Sadrists in Iraq. al-Ashreen al-aniya and Usbat al-airen (UaT), Iranian proxy shadow militias that announced their existence only after the January 3 US killing 8 of Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps - Quds Force (IRGC-QF) Dahuk Aug. -
Honored, Not Contained the Future of Iraq’S Popular Mobilization Forces
MICHAEL KNIGHTS HAMDI MALIK AYMENN JAWAD AL-TAMIMI HONORED, NOT CONTAINED THE FUTURE OF IRAQ’S POPULAR MOBILIZATION FORCES HONORED, NOT CONTAINED THE FUTURE OF IRAQ’S POPULAR MOBILIZATION FORCES MICHAEL KNIGHTS, HAMDI MALIK, AND AYMENN JAWAD AL-TAMIMI THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY www.washingtoninstitute.org Policy Focus 163 First publication: March 2020 All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 2020 by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 1111 19th Street NW, Suite 500 Washington DC 20036 www.washingtoninstitute.org Cover photo: Reuters ii Contents LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS........................................................................................................... v PREFACE: KEY FINDINGS.......................................................................................................... vii PART I: THE LEGAL AUTHORITIES AND NOMINAL STRUCTURE OF THE HASHD............................................................................................................................................. xxi 1. Legal Basis of the Hashd ..................................................................................................... 1 2. Organizational Structure of the Hashd ........................................................................ -
Abadi's Fortunes in Iraqi Elections up in Face of Iran-Backed Rivals
UK £2 www.thearabweekly.com Issue 155, Year 4 May 6, 2018 EU €2.50 The temptation of ‘illiberal politics’ Palestinian- Israeli conflict, 70 years on Page 5 Page 9 Abadi’s fortunes in Iraqi elections up in face of Iran-backed rivals Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani asked voters not to cast their ballots for politicians “who are corrupt and those who have failed” in their posts. Mamoon Alabbasi candidates, mainly those who held voters to vote for non-Shia candi- official positions,” said Abadi in an dates, although it may be too soon indirect reference to Maliki. to expect that to become a trend. London Sistani said he was keeping an In a bid to distance themselves “equal distance” from all candidates from Sistani’s criticism of corrupt he fortunes of Iraqi Prime and warned against using his name politicians, many electoral lists, in- Minister Haider al-Abadi “or any other name that has a spe- cluding Maliki’s, praised the speech in the upcoming elections cial place in the hearts of Iraqis to of Iraq’s top cleric. T may have increased after make electoral gains.” “According to observers, all the the country’s top Shia cleric, Grand That comment was understood political lists are trying to inter- Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, advised to be a reference to using the fight pret the speech by suggesting that voters to refrain from casting bal- against ISIS by the Popular Mobi- it does not go against their politi- lots for politicians “who are corrupt lisation Forces (PMF) for election cal directions,” said Ibrahim Saleh, and those who have failed” in their purposes. -
The 2018 Iraqi Federal Elections a Population in Transition?
Middle East Centre THE 2018 IRAQI FEDERAL ELECTIONS A POPULATION IN TRANSITION? Renad Mansour Christine van den Toorn LSE Middle East Centre Report | July 2018 About the Middle East Centre The Middle East Centre builds on LSE’s long engagement with the Middle East and provides a central hub for the wide range of research on the region carried out at LSE. The Middle East Centre aims to enhance understanding and develop rigorous research on the societies, economies, polities and international relations of the region. The Centre promotes both special- ised knowledge and public understanding of this crucial area, and has outstanding strengths in interdisciplinary research and in regional expertise. As one of the world’s leading social science institutions, LSE comprises departments covering all branches of the social sciences. The Middle East Centre harnesses this expertise to promote innova- tive research and training on the region. About the Institute of Regional and International Studies The Institute of Regional and International Studies (IRIS) is an independent policy research centre based at the American Uni- versity of Iraq, Sulaimani (AUIS). Through multidisciplinary research, strategic part- nerships, a fellowship programme and open dialogue events among experts and influen- tial public leaders, IRIS examines the most complex issues facing the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, Iraq and the Middle East across four key areas: peace and security; economic reform and development; governance and democ- racy; and social relations and civil society. Middle East Centre The 2018 Iraqi Federal Elections: A Population in Transition? Renad Mansour and Christine van den Toorn LSE Middle East Centre Report July 2018 About the Authors Renad Mansour is Research Fellow in the Middle East and North Africa Pro- gramme at Chatham House, and at IRIS. -
Steht Später Die Headline
C O U N T R Y R E PORT Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. SYRIA/IRAQ NILS WÖRMER Iraq after the Election: Transfor- HANNES PICHLER mation of the Political Landscape May 2018 IRAQI PARLIAMENTARY ELECTION SURPRISES WITH UNEXPECTED ELECTION RESULTS AND LOW VOTER TURNOUT www.kas.de www.kas.de/syrien-irak For the first time after the military defeat result was adjusted in order to (1) guaran- of the Islamic State (ISIL), national par- tee the legitimacy of the newly elected par- liamentary elections were held in Iraq. liament, and (2) secure the reputation of Around 7,000 candidates, organized on 88 IHEC as the official election committee. Ac- party lists, competed for 329 parliament cording to government sources, the an- seats in the election on May 12, 2018. nounced 44.5 percent refers only to the When results are official, the new parlia- pre-registered 11.7 million voters but not to ment will be appointed to form a new Ira- the actual number of 24.5 million eligible qi government. Iraqi voters. Low Voter Turnout This extremely low turnout can be traced back to the Iraqi youth’s wide-spread disap- 24.5 million Iraqis were eligible to vote in pointment with the country’s political insti- any one of the 8,000 constituencies across tutions and officials in Baghdad. Many Iraqis the country. Extra polling stations were in- did not believe that their vote would make stalled in the refugee camps that hold any difference in such a political landscape, around 2.5 million internally displaced peo- dominated by nine sect-oriented political ple (IDP’s). -
Iraq's 2018 Government Formation
Middle East Centre IRAQ’S 2018 GOVERNMENT FORMATION UNPACKING THE FRICTION BETWEEN REFORM AND THE STATUS QUO RENAD MANSOUR LSE Middle East Centre Report | February 2019 About the Middle East Centre The Middle East Centre builds on LSE’s long engagement with the Middle East and provides a central hub for the wide range of research on the region carried out at LSE. The Middle East Centre aims to enhance understanding and develop rigorous research on the societies, economies, polities and international relations of the region. The Centre promotes both special- ised knowledge and public understanding of this crucial area, and has outstanding strengths in interdisciplinary research and in regional expertise. As one of the world’s leading social science institutions, LSE comprises departments covering all branches of the social sciences. The Middle East Centre harnesses this expertise to promote innova- tive research and training on the region. About the Institute of Regional and International Studies The Institute of Regional and International Studies (IRIS) is an independent policy research centre based at the American University of Iraq, Sulaimani (AUIS). Through multidisciplinary research, strategic partnerships, a fellowship programme and open dialogue events among experts and influential public leaders, IRIS examines the most complex issues facing the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, Iraq and the Middle East across four key areas: peace and security; economic reform and development; gover- nance and democracy; and social relations and civil society. Middle East Centre Iraq’s 2018 Government Formation: Unpacking the Friction between Reform and the Status Quo Renad Mansour LSE Middle East Centre Report February 2019 About the Author Renad Mansour is Research Fellow in the Middle East and North Africa Programme at Chatham House, and at the Institute for Regional and International Studies (IRIS), American University of Iraq, Sulaimani (AUIS). -
Networks of Power Paper the Popular Mobilization Middle East and North Africa Programme Forces and the State in Iraq February 2021
Research Networks of power Paper The Popular Mobilization Middle East and North Africa Programme Forces and the state in Iraq February 2021 Renad Mansour Chatham House, the Royal Institute of International Affairs, is a world-leading policy institute based in London. Our mission is to help governments and societies build a sustainably secure, prosperous and just world. This paper is dedicated to my friend Hisham al-Hashimi. Contents Summary 2 01 Introduction 3 02 Past approaches to the PMF 6 03 The PMF as a set of networks 9 04 PMF networks and the Iraqi state 18 05 Conclusions and policy implications 32 About the author 41 Acknowledgments 41 1 Chatham House Summary — The Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) continue to puzzle policymakers inside and outside of Iraq. Following the territorial defeat of the Islamic State (ISIS), PMF networks have developed into significant security, political and economic forces that compete for power in the Iraqi state. At the heart of unsuccessful attempts to understand, engage or navigate this dynamic is a fundamental misreading of the nature of both the Iraqi state and the PMF. The Iraqi state is best understood as a network of power and the PMF as an array of forces connected in this network. — Despite efforts from its senior leaders, the PMF is not a coherent, integrated organization. Instead, it remains a series of fluid and adaptive networks that vary in horizontal (leadership coherence) and vertical (ties to a social base) structure. Each network’s structure sheds light on its strategies, capabilities and connectivity to the state. Some of these networks are closely linked to neighbouring Iran. -
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August 2018 Post-ISIS: Mapping Mosul’s Challenges RENAD MANSOUR ALIA AL-KADI WWW . FRSTRATEGIE . ORG FONDATION pour la RECHERCHE STRAT É GIQUE 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Post-ISIS: Mapping Mosul’s Challenges ....................................................................... 5 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 5 Rebuilding and Reconstructing After the Islamic State .................................................. 6 Stabilisation .............................................................................................................. 6 Humanitarian Challenges ............................................................................................ 11 Economic Challenges ................................................................................................. 14 Mosul’s Political Challenges ........................................................................................ 16 Sectarian Political Grievances .................................................................................... 19 Internal Sunni Political Contests ................................................................................. 20 Sunni-Gulf Relations ................................................................................................... 21 Lessons Learned: Sunni Re-Engagement ................................................................... 23 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. -
LET4CAP Law Enforcement Training for Capacity Building IRAQ
Co-funded by the Internal Security Fund of the European Union LET4CAP Law Enforcement Training for Capacity Building IRAQ Downloadable Country Booklet DL. 2.5 (Version 1.2) 1 Dissemination level: PU Let4Cap Grant Contract no.: HOME/ 2015/ISFP/AG/LETX/8753 Start date: 01/11/2016 Duration: 33 months Dissemination Level PU: Public X PP: Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission) RE: Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission) Revision history Rev. Date Author Notes 1.0 18/05/2018 Ce.S.I. Overall structure and first draft 1.1 25/06/2018 Ce.S.I. Second draft 1.2 30/11/2018 Ce.S.I. Final version LET4CAP_WorkpackageNumber 2 Deliverable_2.5 VER WorkpackageNumber 2 Deliverable Deliverable 2.5 Downloadable country booklets VER 1.2 2 IRAQ Country Information Package 3 This Country Information Package has been prepared by Lorenzo Marinone Ce.S.I. – Centre for International Studies Within the framework of LET4CAP and with the financial support to the Internal Security Fund of the EU LET4CAP aims to contribute to more consistent and efficient assistance in law enforcement capacity building to third countries. The Project consists in the design and provision of training interventions drawn on the experience of the partners and fine-tuned after a piloting and consolidation phase. © 2018 by LET4CAP…. All rights reserved. 4 Table of contents 1. Country Profile 1.1 Country in Brief 1.2 Modern and Contemporary History of Iraq 1.3 Geography 1.4 Territorial and Administrative Units 1.5 Population 1.6 Ethnic Groups, Languages, Religion 1.7 Health 1.8 Education and Literacy 1.9 Country Economy 2.