1 This paper is dedicated to Dr. Faleh Abdul Jabar, whose idea it was to write this piece, and whose instruction and legacy allowed and inspired us to continue after his death. His contributions, advice, and direction were greatly missed during the research and writing process. 2 The Institute of Regional and International Studies (IRIS) is an independent policy research center based in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), at the American University of Iraq, Sulaimani (AUIS). Through multidisciplinary research, strategic partnerships, a fellowship program, and open dialogue events among experts and influential public leaders, IRIS examines the most complex issues facing the KRI, Iraq and the Middle East. The Institute's main focus areas include but are not limited to governance; energy and the economy; IDP and refugee issues; post-ISIS Iraq; minority politics; and gender. This paper was produced by IRIS Staff, Research Fellows and Research Assistants. Specific contributors are noted on each section. Cover photos courtesy of Ali Debis and Christine van den Toorn. IRIS is extremely grateful to Canvas, a digital marketing company with offices in Sulaimani and Erbil composed of AUIS graduates and undergraduates, that formatted and designed this report. For more on Canvas please visit their website www.canvas.krd This material has been funded by UK aid from the UK government; Produced in partnership with the Department for International Development (DFID), the LSE Middle East Centre and the Conflict Research Programme, however, the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK government’s official policies. If you would like more information on CRP research on Iraq, please contact Sandra Sfeir (
[email protected]).