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Karst Hydrogeology of the Haney Limestone, South-Central Kentucky

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Karst Hydrogeology of the Haney Limestone, South-Central Kentucky Western Kentucky University TopSCHOLAR® Masters Theses & Specialist Projects Graduate School 5-2013 Karst Hydrogeology of the Haney Limestone, South-Central Kentucky Sarah Marie Arpin Western Kentucky University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses Part of the Geographic Information Sciences Commons, and the Physical and Environmental Geography Commons Recommended Citation Arpin, Sarah Marie, "Karst Hydrogeology of the Haney Limestone, South-Central Kentucky" (2013). Masters Theses & Specialist Projects. Paper 1253. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1253 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by TopSCHOLAR®. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses & Specialist Projects by an authorized administrator of TopSCHOLAR®. For more information, please contact [email protected]. KARST HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE HANEY LIMESTONE, SOUTH-CENTRAL KENTUCKY A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Geography & Geology Western Kentucky University Bowling Green, Kentucky In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science By Sarah Marie Arpin May 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research is the product of the help and support of many individuals, without whom the project never would have been possible. There are many who gave me the inspiration to pursue the project in the first place; thank you to all who introduced me to the spectacular world that exists beneath the surface. A whole cadre of individuals gave the moral support necessary to complete the project. Fellow Hoffmanitos Celia Davis, Nick Lawhon, Ben Miller, Gilman Ouellette, and Sean Vanderhoff offered a tremendous support network throughout the project. A special thanks to my parents who provided their unwavering support throughout, even as the time required to complete the project was more than they thought they were in for. A huge thanks also to the Tallent family, who took me in as their own and continue to do everything possible for the future success and bliss of Jeremy and I. And of course, thank you, Jeremy, for your dedicated love and support. Near or far, you were always right there with me every step of the way. Support from many others was given through the contribution of information and ideas that helped shape this project. The Kentucky Speleological Survey provided known cave entrance locations and available maps for caves located on privately owned land – special thanks to Jim Currens, Steve Gentry, Howard Kalnitz, and Bill Walden for their help getting all the data together. Mammoth Cave National Park and the Cave Research Foundation provided the locations of known cave entrances and available maps for caves within the park’s boundaries. Mammoth Cave resource managers Bobby Carson, Lillian Scoggins, and Rick Toomey were especially helpful in retrieving the data from both the park and CRF archives. Many members of the Cave Research Foundation were eager to discuss the project during expedition weekends; the ideas and insight gained from these iii conversations were tremendous and are major components of the final project. A special thanks to Roger Brucker who was extremely eager to discuss the research and a joy to interact with. A special thanks also to Pat Kambesis who devoted all her time to the project over the entire week of the CRF 4th of July expedition. Her guidance and support helped to focus the research and bring together the various components of the project into a cohesive final product. Norman Warnell’s extensive knowledge of the land in the Mammoth Cave area – its history, geology, and hydrology – was personally gathered out of a passion for caves. Norman’s generous contributions to this research included guidance in the field, documents, and cave landowner and location information – all of which are essential to the project. Steve Miller was an invaluable resource for information on Cub Run Cave, providing survey data and volunteering his time to visit the cave for a thorough walk-through of its human and geologic history. Dr. Stan Sides provided survey data for Lulu Mart Cave, additionally offering integral information and documents on Lulu Mart and other caves north of the Green River. Special thanks to members of the Green River Grotto who donned their wetsuits and volunteered countless hours to survey the cold, wet caves of the Haney Limestone. Members who contributed to the surveys include: Clint Barber, Josh Brewer, Seth Drake, Bret Grebe, Brian Ham, Pat Kambesis, Nick Lawhon, Ben Miller, Cody Munday, Gil Oullette, Dr. Jason Polk, Jeremy Tallent, Sean Vanderhoff, and Virgil Vertrees. Thanks also to the many landowners who graciously allowed us access to their property. Finally, thank you to my amazing thesis committee members: Dr. Chris Groves, Dr. Arthur Palmer, Dr. Jason Polk, and Dr. Jun Yan. Every one of you provided great effort, guidance, and your unique expertise to help shape this research project. A very iv special and heartfelt thanks to my advisor, Dr. Chris Groves, whose tremendous guidance and support extends far beyond this research project. v CONTENTS List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... x Abstract .............................................................................................................................. xi Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Study Area: South-central Kentucky Karst ............................................................... 2 1.2 Research Questions ................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................. 6 2.1 Karst .......................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Regional Geologic & Geomorphic History ............................................................... 9 2.3 Lithological Characteristics of the Haney Limestone ............................................. 12 2.4 Karst Development within the Haney Limestone ................................................... 14 2.5 Hydrologic & Geochemical Investigations of the Haney Limestone ..................... 17 Chapter 3: Data & Methodology ....................................................................................... 19 3.1 Geographic Information Systems ............................................................................ 19 3.2 Cave Maps ............................................................................................................... 22 3.3 Field Methods .......................................................................................................... 25 3.4 Geochemical Data ................................................................................................... 27 Chapter 4: Results ............................................................................................................. 31 4.1 Distribution of Karst Development within the Haney Limestone ........................... 31 4.2 Caves and Karst Development in the Haney Limestone ......................................... 35 4.2.1 Alaska Caverns ................................................................................................. 36 4.2.2 Barner’s Mill Cave ........................................................................................... 37 4.2.3 Beaver Dam Creek Cave .................................................................................. 39 4.2.4 Chalybeate Cave ............................................................................................... 40 4.2.5 Cub Run Cave ................................................................................................... 42 4.2.6 Honaker Cave ................................................................................................... 45 4.2.7 Lulu Mart Cave ................................................................................................. 46 4.2.8 Miller (Calyx) Cave .......................................................................................... 48 4.2.9 Silent Grove Springhouse Cave ........................................................................ 49 4.2.10 Regional Cave Trends .................................................................................... 51 vi 4.3 Hydrology and Dissolution in the Haney Limestone .............................................. 53 Chapter 5: Discussion ....................................................................................................... 56 5.1 Recharge Sources .................................................................................................... 56 5.2 Structural Controls .................................................................................................. 57 5.3 Hydrologic Surface and Subsurface Relationship ................................................... 61 5.4 Relative Age ............................................................................................................ 62 Chapter 6: Conclusions & Future Research ...................................................................... 64 6.1 Conclusions
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