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Contemporary State Policies Toward Anti-Semitism in Germany and Poland" (2017)

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Contemporary State Policies Toward Anti-Semitism in Germany and Poland Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 4-13-2017 Contemporary State Policies Toward Anti- Semitism in Germany and Poland Thomas Just Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC001907 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Comparative Politics Commons, Eastern European Studies Commons, International Relations Commons, Policy Design, Analysis, and Evaluation Commons, and the Public Policy Commons Recommended Citation Just, Thomas, "Contemporary State Policies Toward Anti-Semitism in Germany and Poland" (2017). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3487. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3487 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida CONTEMPORARY STATE POLICIES TOWARD ANTI-SEMITISM IN GERMANY AND POLAND A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS by Thomas Just 2017 To: Dean John F. Stack, Jr. Steven J. Green School of International and Public Affairs This dissertation, written by Thomas Just, and entitled Contemporary State Policies Toward Anti-Semitism in Germany and Poland, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. _______________________________________ John Clark _______________________________________ Markus Thiel _______________________________________ Tudor Parfitt _______________________________________ Tatiana Kostadinova, Major Professor Date of Defense: April 13, 2017 The dissertation of Thomas Just is approved. _______________________________________ Dean John F. Stack, Jr. Steven J. Green School of International and Public Affairs ______________________________________ Andres G. Gil Vice President for Research and Economic Development And Dean of the University Graduate School Florida International University, 2017 ii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to the memory of my late grandparents Esther Just and James Patrick Robertson. Without their love, support, and guidance in life, this dissertation would not have been possible. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I first want to acknowledge my family and friends for their support and sacrifices that allowed me to achieve this goal, especially my parents Thomas Just Sr. and Susie Stone. I also want to thank the members of my committee for their dedication, advice, and encouragement. Dr. Tatiana Kostadinova has been an exceptionally helpful mentor in providing constructive feedback and constantly strengthening my skills as a researcher. Dr. Markus Thiel’s regional expertise and advice throughout the writing process has been instrumental in elevating the quality of this dissertation. Dr. John Clark has been a consistently supportive and encouraging presence throughout my doctoral studies. Dr. Tudor Parfitt through his work with the Initiative for Global Jewish Communities and Jewish Museum of Florida-FIU has been an excellent resource who has allowed me to share my research with other students and the community. I offer a special thanks to Mr. Jonathan Symons and Ms. Sandra Seligman for their generosity and the FIU Graduate School for awarding me a Dissertation Year Fellowship that ensured a timely completion of this manuscript. I am forever grateful to Florida International University and the Department of Politics and International Relations for believing in me and providing me the opportunity to pursue a doctoral degree. iv ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION CONTEMPORARY STATE POLICIES TOWARD ANTI-SEMITISM IN GERMANY AND POLAND by Thomas Just Florida International University, 2017 Miami, Florida Professor Tatiana Kostadinova, Major Professor Broadly speaking, this research is intended to shed light on how post-genocide societies attempt to address a traumatic history and reconcile the problems of ethnic and religious hatred. Germany and Poland are especially ripe cases for such research given their historical memories of the Holocaust and unique legal and diplomatic efforts to counter anti-Semitism. However, since many of the policies on this issue have only been implemented in the past ten to fifteen years, there has not yet been a comprehensive study that has evaluated their effectiveness. This dissertation will attempt to fill this gap in the literature and provide new insight as to how states can best grapple with this problem. The central question for this research is: Have state policies been effective in reducing levels of anti-Semitic attitudes and incidents in Germany and Poland since 1990? This question will be investigated by first examining the historical development of anti-Semitism in each country, then discussing the policies implemented to address the problem, and finally evaluating the results of such measures. From a public policy perspective, this research will contribute to our understanding of the approaches taken by these two countries and discover which measures have been most effective in reducing v anti-Semitic behavior and ideology. The findings show that while the policies implemented have tended to be effective in reducing general anti-Semitic attitudes and helping revive domestic Jewish communities, they have been less successful in reducing levels of anti-Semitic crime. The policy analysis portions of the dissertation provide a number of explanations for these outcomes and acknowledge areas for potential policy improvement. This research has implications not only for the region of Central Europe, but also other societies that continue to grapple with problems of ethnic and religious hatred. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 II. THE PROBLEM OF ANTI-SEMITISM IN GERMANY ............................ 21 a. Conceptualizing Anti-Semitism ...................................................... 21 b. Religious Anti-Semitism in Germany ............................................. 35 c. Economic Anti-Semitism in Germany ............................................ 41 d. Racial Anti-Semitism in Germany .................................................. 48 e. Political Anti-Semitism in Germany ............................................... 53 III. THE PROBLEM OF ANTI-SEMITISM IN POLAND ................................ 64 a. Religious Anti-Semitism in Poland ................................................ 64 b. Economic Anti-Semitism in Poland ................................................ 73 c. Racial Anti-Semitism in Poland ...................................................... 81 d. Political Anti-Semitism in Poland .................................................. 86 IV. STATE RESPONSES IN GERMANY ......................................................... 95 a. Germany’s Legal Response ............................................................ 96 b. Germany’s Public Diplomacy Response ........................................ 105 V. STATE RESPONSES IN POLAND ............................................................. 126 a. Poland’s Legal Response ................................................................ 127 b. Poland’s Public Diplomacy Response ............................................ 138 VI. EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS IN GERMANY .......................... 160 a. The Influence of Far Right Groups ................................................. 160 b. Anti-Semitic Attitudes .................................................................... 165 c. Anti-Semitic Attacks and Crimes ................................................... 169 d. Jewish Perceptions and Revival ...................................................... 176 VII. EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS IN POLAND .............................. 185 a. The Influence of Far Right Groups ................................................. 185 b. Anti-Semitic Attitudes .................................................................... 188 c. Victimhood Competition ................................................................ 198 d. Anti-Semitic Crimes ....................................................................... 200 e. Revival of Judaism .......................................................................... 205 VIII. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 215 VITA .............................................................................................................. 231 vii LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 3.1 Actors of Public Diplomacy .............................................................................. 111 5.1 NPD Landestag Election Results ...................................................................... 164 5.2 Violent Anti-Semitic Attacks by Perpetrator in Germany ................................ 173 5.3 Anti-Semitic Crimes by Perpetrator in Germany .............................................. 174 5.4 Perceptions of Anti-Semitism by German Jews .............................................. 177 6.1 Perceptions of Religious Discrimination (2012) ............................................... 192 viii LIST OF FIGURES
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