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Iranian Land Advances - Escalation of Attacks by Both Sides on Gulf Shipping Iraqi Air Attacks on Gulf Shipping (January to March, 1984)

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Iranian Land Advances - Escalation of Attacks by Both Sides on Gulf Shipping Iraqi Air Attacks on Gulf Shipping (January to March, 1984) Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives), Volume 30, August, 1984 International, Page 33056 © 1931-2006 Keesing's Worldwide, LLC - All Rights Reserved. Iranian land advances - Escalation of attacks by both sides on Gulf shipping Iraqi air attacks on Gulf shipping (January to March, 1984). Iranian land offensives (February to March). Controversy over alleged Iraqi use of chemical weapons (March to April). Escalation of attacks on Gulf shipping by both sides (March to July). Intervention by Saudi Air Force (May and June). Moratorium on shelling of civilian areas (June 12). In a series of offensives in early 1984, Iranian land forces made further gains of Iraqi territory, particularly on the southern front, where they captured the greater part of the Majnoon oil fields north of Basra. A major Iranian attack predicted for early June, however, had still not materialized by the beginning of July. The first six months of 1984 also witnessed an increase in Iraqi air attacks on tankers and merchant shipping trading with Iran; in a new development, Iranian aircraft retaliated by attacking tankers belonging to Kuwait (which, in common with other Gulf kingdoms, had consistently supported Iraq). This in turn led to intervention by the Saudi Air Force. Iraqi air attacks, January to March The Iraqi high command announced on Jan. 2 that its aircraft had destroyed “five enemy naval vessels” in the Gulf south of the Iranian port of Bandar Khomeini. An Iranian claim that two aircraft had been shot down in the attack was subsequently confirmed by Iraq. A further five “enemy naval targets” were reported sunk by Iraq on Jan. 31, and on Feb. 3 Iraq claimed to have sunk one Iranian gunboat and captured another as they approached Iraqi territorial waters. Three Cypriot-registered merchant ships were reported sunk in early February by Exocet missiles believed to have been fired from Iraqi Super Etendard aircraft (supplied by France in late 1983-see page 32689), and on Feb. 14 Iraq issued a statement warning that its forces would sink any ship approaching the Iranian ports of Bandar Khomeini or Bushire (to the south). Seven “naval targets” were reported destroyed by Iraq the following day. Following repeated warnings by the Iranian government that its forces would impose a blockade on the Gulf in the event of further Iraqi attacks on shipping [see for example page 32595], Mr Larry Speakes, the (United States) White House spokesman, insisted on Feb. 21 that there could be “absolutely no doubt” over the US intention to keep the Gulf open, and he confirmed press reports that a US naval task force headed by the aircraft carrier Midway was currently stationed in the “northern Arabian Sea”. After the US Navy had issued a warning that no aircraft should approach within five miles of US ships in the area, the Defence Department announced on Feb. 26 that a US destroyer had used machine-guns and flares to warn off an approaching Iranian aircraft in the Strait of Hormuz (at the southern entrance to the Gulf). An Iraqi military spokesman claimed on Feb. 27 that Iraqi aircraft had launched a major attack on Iranian oil installations at Kharg Island. Asserting that this signalled “the beginning of the blockade which we have decided to impose on this area”, he added a warning to tankers to stay clear of the island. US intelligence sources subsequently stated that aerial surveillance had not revealed any damage to the installations. In further attacks in early March, an Indian cargo vessel was damaged by an Iraqi missile while travelling in a convoy under Iranian naval protection near Bushire, and a Turkish merchant ship received a direct hit, two of its crew being killed and others injured. Reciprocal attacks on Iranian and Iraqi towns in February Baghdad (i. e. official Iraqi) radio warned on Feb. 1 that Iraqi forces would shortly launch air and missile attacks on the Iranian towns of Dezful, Shush, Andimeshk, Ahwaz, Kermanshah, Ilam and Abadan, and it called on citizens to evacuate those towns. Two days later Mr Hossein Moussavi, the Iranian Prime Minister, warned that Iran would retaliate against the Iraqi towns of Khanaqin, Mandali and Basra. All three of these towns were shelled on Feb. 12 following missile attacks on Dezful on Feb. 10, after which the (Iranian) Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) claimed that 4,600 Iranian civilians had been killed and over 22,000 wounded in Iraqi air attacks since 1982. There were further exchanges of shelling on Feb. 14. An Iraqi spokesman announced on the same day that, in respect of a request from the Iranian exile Mr Massoud Rajavi (leader of the Mujaheddin guerrillas and founder of the Paris-based National Resistance Council-see page 31507), Iraq was willing to halt attacks on civilian areas for seven days if Iran agreed to do likewise. In response, President Ali Khameini warned that Iranian forces would increase their attacks on all Iraqi towns with the exception of those housing holy shrines. The following day, Iranian aircraft for the first time bombed the outskirts of Baghdad (the Iraqi capital), as well as striking at Misan and Baqubah. The Iranian town of Abadan was shelled on Feb. 19. In a memorandum despatched to both governments on Feb. 10, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) accused both sides in the war of committing major breaches of the Geneva Convention (as approved at the Geneva Conference of 1949—see 10198 B). In particular, the ICRC criticized Iraq for the shelling civilian areas, and Iran for the treatment of Iraqi prisoners of war. Earlier, on Jan. 19, Iraq had freed “unconditionally” 190 Iranian prisoners, most of whom were old or seriously injured. Iranian land offensives launched in February In the first of a series of Iranian advances, IRNA claimed on Feb. 12 that revolutionary guards had fought their way to within six miles of the Darbandikhan dam, between Khanaqin and Sulaymaniyah in north- eastern Iraq [for Iranian successes in this sector in late 1983, see page 32689]. In a fresh offensive on Feb. 15–16 against Iraqi positions in the Changulah region, on the border south-east of Mehran, Iranian forces claimed to have captured 24 square miles of territory and killed 2,100 Iraqi troops. An Iraqi spokesman, however, stated that the attack had been “confronted and contained”. Further heavy fighting broke out on Feb. 22–23 (i)on the border near the Iranian town of Bostan 50 miles north- west of Ahwaz; (ii) in the region of the Iraqi town of Al Qurnah, at the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; and (iii) on the Iraqi side of the border 10–15 miles north-west of Basra. On Feb. 23 the Iranians claimed to have captured a strategic bridge over the confluence at Al Qurnah, although this was denied both by Iraqi spokesmen and by correspondents in the town, and subsequent Iranian communiques were restricted to claims that the town was “within artillery range” and that it could be taken “whenever necessary”. Iranian spokesmen also claimed that gains had been made in the vicinity of Ali al Gharbi (70 miles north-west of Al Amarah), and on Feb. 24 they announced that Iranian troops had captured the (artificial) Majnoon Island, the site of important Iraqi oil installations. Iraqi forces launched a number of counter-attacks, which largely appeared to have failed in regaining territory, although air superiority was seen as a factor in causing what were believed to be very heavy casualties on the Iranian side; the Iraqi high command claimed that 14,500 Iranians had been killed in the period Feb. 22–26. Iraqi spokesmen admitted the loss of Majnoon Island on Feb. 28, although a counter- attack launched on March 6 succeeded in recapturing some of the lost positions by the middle of the month, as was confirmed by a visit to the area by Western journalists on March 19. Iraq also claimed to have defeated a further Iranian attack in the same area, in which troops had used pontoon bridges to cross marshland, on Feb. 28–March 1. It was subsequently reported in April that the Iraqi Army had opened dykes in the marshland around Majnoon in an attempt to flood the area and thereby impede any further Iranian advance. The continuing supply by British firms of spare parts for Iranian tanks and aircraft was criticized at this time by US State Department officials, who, while acknowledging British insistence that the components were “non-lethal”, claimed that they were nonetheless vital to the Iranian war effort. The criticism was reiterated by Mr George Shultz, the US Secretary of State, in an interview published in The Times on March 31. On April 2 the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office stated that the UK maintained a stance of impartiality towards the conflict, although it confirmed reports that Iranian personnel were currently receiving training in the UK in the operation of Swiss-made anti-aircraft fire-control systems. Earlier, on Jan. 24, diplomatic sources in Baghdad had claimed that Iraqi forces had recently acquired Soviet-made SS-12 ground-to-ground missiles, which had a range of 500 miles. Controversy over alleged Iraqi use of chemical weapons Further evidence emerged in March to substantiate allegations that Iraqi forces were employing a variety of chemical weapons in the conflict[see page 32689]. Medical representatives of the ICRC who had examined wounded Iranian soldiers in Tehran (the Iranian capital) stated on March 7 that the soldiers had been “affected by substances prohibited by international law”. Other Iranian soldiers believed to be suffering from the effects of chemical weapons were flown for treatment to West Germany, Sweden, the UK and Austria.
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