Crary. “InAugust [1914],I Boeing toldwriterHarold learningtofly,”desirous of called “.” could about this new endeavor tolearnallhe was determined that couldsailthesky, Boeing boats. Fascinated by vehicles who oftentoyed withdesigning was atinkerer, aperfectionist magnate, was enthralled. He miningandlumber German awealthy 28-year-old son of . William Boeing,the Yukon-Pacific Expositionin It was 1909,at theAlaska- a young manandan . started asalove storybetween tures, theBoeingCompany In theBeginning… centennial, thisisGround Zero. where memoriesare stored. AsBoeinggears uptocelebrate its precious artifacts. ThisistheplaceinBoeingcollective brain documents, pores over correspondence anddelicately catalogs Lombardi quietly andfaithfully corporate siftsthrough reams of blueprints, models—even amannequininflightsuit.Here, Washington campus. Itisabunker crammed withpapers, anondescriptbuildingatBoeing’s Bellevue,basement level of derring-do, Michael Lombardi’s domainisalarge room onthe engineeringdiscoveryexcitement testpilots’ of andtheglamor of Far from theplantswhere airplanesare built,away from the “At that timeIwas merely Like many aviation ven - ­ ordered for my personaluse On completingthecourse, I Lloyd Smith.tutelage of started acourseunderthe velt (USN),“We couldbuild Lt. George Conrad Wester Boeing toldhisclosefriend, necessary replacement parts. take monthstofabricate the Martin toldBoeingitwould the Martin hydroaeroplane. crash that partially wrecked ing aircraft was spurred by a aircraft.” of struction aswell astheflying became interested in the con- definite future inaviation, I convinced that there was a 1915and,being in Octoberof machine was delivered to me from the Martin factory. The a planeknown asModelTA Perhaps hisinterest inbuild- ourwebsite, and13editions, orfindtheentire text onlineat the company history. Look outfor parts two andthree inour July 12 issues of AIN’sFarnborough Airshow News, Pete Combsdelves into successes, present andpast, for its corporate identity. Inthefirst three manufacturing industry, andalsorelies heavily onits military William Boeing,thecompany hasbecome­ First incorporated in1916 by buddingpilot andaviation ­ This year, Boeing Aircraft iscelebrating its 100thanniversary. - ers tothisday; Westervelt, a employed by aircraft design radical new procedure that is sure itwas safe. That ledtoa it, Westervelt wanted tomake before theybegantoassemble for BoeingandWestervelt. But his friend called the “B&W”— designing theaircraft heand build itfaster.” a better plane ourselves and Model 8 B-1 (Model6) Westervelt went to work on Model C AINonline.com synonymous with theU.S. - her hands covered with white company’s archival bunker, neer Sarah Musi sits in the nounced itairworthy. nel before Westerveldt pro in the university’s wind tun The modelspentsixhours his almamater for evaluation. theplaneto a scalemodelof Technology,Institute of sent theMassachusetts graduate of Boeing aeronautical engi enthusiast Model 40

- - -

© 2016 AIN Publications. All Rights Reserved. For Reprints go to www.ainonline.com , her eyes gleaming. si toldAIN,hereyes gleaming. aviation. “This was new,” Mu- mon useat thisearly stage of technology was notincom- nels in early experiments, the had usedtheirown windtun- the Wright Brothers intheU.S. Gustav Eiffel in France and searcher (andtower designer) B&W test. wind tunnel data from the plot points. It is the first-ever paper covered withlinesand unfolds an ancient piece of cotton gloves. Gingerly, she BOEING B&W Though aeronautical re- Navy pilots. Bytheendof a floatplane designed totrain began building theModelC, Boeing AirplaneCompany, Products, newly renamed the ness was booming. Pacific Aero earned 23centsanhour. and women who, on average, 15, 1916),employing 21men Pacific Aero Products (on­ month later, Boeingestablished ing biplaneonfloats. Exactly a their “B&W,” aboxy-look- Westervelt startedwork on Based onthat, Boeing and sixhours.”all of thing. Backthen,theyspent testing before we build any- spend years inwindtunnel we’re about today. Now, we and testlater. That isnotwhat craft designers would fly first knowledge andmemory, air was doingthis. From tribal “Nobody intheUnitedStates Less thanayear later, busi- The designproved stable. Model 247 July - process, inventing “airmail.” Canadian Exposition—inthe with 60lettersonboard for the Vancouver, British Columbia forEddie Hubbard tookoff So oneday, Boeingandpilot with militarysurplusplanes. the ModelCinamarket flush operation going. business to keep the aircraft ey from hissuccessful timber times, Boeinghadto usemon- planes for civilian purposes. At military aircraft tomakingair buildingconvert theprocess of time, Boeingwas tryingto women’s corsets. Inthemean- materials usedtomanufacture cases for photographs, even pany beganmakingfurniture, company.fledgling amounted tohard timesfor the ended inlate 1918,peacetime 355 workers. Butwhen thewar World War I,Boeingemployed the Model 8 made its first flight the Model8madeitsfirstflight Boeing. Thefollowing May, anew phasefor beginning of one was built, but itwas the company’s shorthistory. Only outright civilian designinthe boat tooktothesky, thefirst known as the Model 6) flying There was littlemarket for The BoeingAirplaneCom- In 1919, the Boeing B-1 (also In 1919,theBoeingB-1(also - would be more efficient and craft tofly over Mt.Rainier. and soonbecamethefirstair wood and wire airframes that er thanthesteel-tube, canvas, was inall-metalaircraft rath - flight thatalized thefuture of First Boeing toldreporters in 1928. ing approximately 1,000men,” at the present time employ aircraft, and manufacture of America, devoted solely tothe grown tobethelargest plantin menhas lessthanadozen of company with a personnel 12 years, aninfant space of thatto realize withintheshort pride and satisfaction to me tri-motor Model80. a route later flown by the andSanFrancisco, contract tofly mailbetween Boeing won agovernment ing mail.With theModel40, DH-4scarry built toreplace theworn-out theModel40, the designof company usedaradial in uid-cooled powerplant, the practical thananinlineliq an air-cooled radial engine In 1925, convinced that Boeing executives quickly re - great“It is amatter of - - - -

© 2016 AIN Publications. All Rights Reserved. For Reprints go to www.ainonline.com BOEING Boeing-Designed Aircraft

B&W Model 1 Model 15 (PW-9/FB) predecessors, owing in large part First flight: June 15, 1916 First flight: June 2, 1923 to its air-cooled 425 hp Pratt and This utility was William This was the first successful Whitney Wasp engine. Although it Boeing’s first project, undertaken Boeing fighter design, establishing never saw combat, the Model 69 with his friend, Lt. George Conrad the company’s reputation gained fame as the aircraft flown by ­prevailed until the late 1920s. In 1930, Westervelt (USN). They both had as a military aircraft manufacturer. the Three Sea Hawks, the U.S. Navy’s the company built the first two Mono- developed a yearning to fly. But after Boeing eventually built 157 Model first-ever precision aerobatic team. mail aircraft—fast and sleek, but un- Boeing’s Martin Hydroaeroplane was 15s, including variants. derpowered. Without a better power- damaged in a crash, replacement Model 40A plant and a constant-speed propeller, parts were impossible to find. So Model 21 (NB-1/NB-2) First flight: May 20, 1927 the Monomail was considered a fail- at Boeing’s urging, they decided to First flight October 20, 1923 Built by Boeing to fly mail ure. But the company profited from build their own airplane, “better and Boeing built 77 of these trainers, between Chicago and San the knowledge it gained, and in 1933, faster” than the Martin aircraft. based on the Model 15 design, Francisco. Twenty-four were Boeing introduced the twin-engine between 1923 and 1927. delivered by 1 July 1927. They flew Model 247, considered the world’s first Model C in the Boeing Air Transport livery. “modern” airliner. First flight: Nov. 16 1916 Model 40 Built completely of metal, the 247 The first “all-Boeing” aircraft First flight: July 7, 1925 Model 66 (XP-8) included a fully cantilevered wing, design, the Model C seaplane was These aircraft were designed to fly First flight: July 14, 1927 retractable gear and de-icing built as a trainer for the U.S. Navy. a single pilot and 1,000 pounds of Although it never entered boots. In an era of spotty engine reli- Boeing built 50 Model Cs, including mail, the first non-military design production, the Model 66 became ability, the 247 could fly on just one one used by Boeing himself to Boeing delivered since 1920. a demonstration platform for a powerplant in an emergency. It was deliver the first airmail. number of Boeing technological faster than the best fighters of the Model 64 advancements. era, capable of carrying 14 passen- Model 6 (B-1) First flight: Feb. 1926 gers and a crew of three from New First flight December 27, 1919 This floatplane trainer was Model 77 (F3B-1) York to San Francisco in less than Only one of these pusher-prop designed for the military at Boeing’s First flight: Feb 3, 1928 20 hours. was built—sold to own expense, but did not result These fighter-bombers served Boeing executives knew the 247 Boeing test pilot Eddie Hubbard in a contract for the company. aboard the USN carriers www.ainonline.com presented a tremendous advantage and used to fly the mail between As a result, only one was built. It Saratoga and Lexington. and decided to keep that advantage Seattle and Victoria, BC, Canada. was used for a time as Boeing’s A total of 74 were built. to themselves. UATC, Boeing’s air- company aircraft before it was sold. line division (later United Air Lines) Model 7 (BB-1) Model 6E/204 ordered the first sixty 247s off the First flight: January 7, 1920 Model 67 (FB-5) First flight: March 4, 1928 drawing board, meaning competing Two of these aircraft, a seaplane First flight: Oct. 7, 1926 This resurrected B-1D design would not have access to the and a land-based aircraft, were The FB-5 was the most widely was intended for civil transport. new design for years. Infuriated, com- built as smaller versions of the produced version of the Boeing’s Canadian subsidiary built panies like TWA turned to the Doug- Model 6. They were used to fly Model 15 fighter four of them, designated C-204s. las Aircraft Corporation and its DC-2 mail and passengers. Another 15 were constructed design. It was a blow from which the Model 69 (F2B-1) between 1928 and 1929. 247 never really recovered. Boeing built Model 8 (BB-L6) First flight: Nov. 3, 1926 just 75 of them while Douglas went First flight: May 24, 1920 Boeing built 35 of these fighters, Model 81 (XN2B-1) on to build 198 DC-2s, 607 DC-3s This land-based aircraft was incorporating a lot of the structural First flight: June 21, 1928 and, during World War II, more than covered with wood instead of programs used in the XP-8 Two of these primary trainers were 10,000 C-47s and other military vari- fabric, becoming the first airplane design (see below). It was a much built for use at the Boeing School to fly over Washington’s Mt. Rainier. better aircraft than many of its of Aeronautics in Oakland, CA. ants of the DC-3. © 2016 AIN Publications. All Rights Reserved. For Reprints go to BOEING

Boeing-Designed Aircraft (continued)

Model 80 Model 95 Models 248/259 Parting Company First flight: July 27, 1928 First flight: Dec. 29, 1928 (P-26 “Peashooter”) By the late 1920s, Boeing’s The Model 40A proved so A mail and cargo carrier for First flight: March 20, 1932 Seattle-based company had its successful on the Chicago-San Boeing Air Transport. Contemporaries of the hands in just about every aspect Francisco mail and passenger runs Japanese Claude fighters of aviation, from manufacturing that Boeing decided to follow it up Models 202/205 and similar in design, the to maintenance, from flight train- with the much larger Model 80. (XP-15/F5B-1) Peashooters were sent to China ing to scheduled air service. It was Capable of carrying 12 passengers First flight: January 1930 to battle against the invading one of a number of burgeoning with a cabin that featured hot These were Boeing’s first monoplane Japan air forces in the late airlines that competed for passen- and cold running water, the Model fighters, high-wing aircraft fully 1930s. The Army ordered gers and for government contracts 80 was soon followed by the constructed of metal. Both were 136 of them. to carry the mail. By 1928, Boeing Model 80A, which could carry 18 experimental versions, but did not had garnered more than a third of passengers. While many European attain production status. Model 236 (XF6B-1) the nation’s commercial air routes. airlines employed men as stewards First flight: Feb. 1, 1933 The airlines became profitable on their flights, Boeing hired Models 200/221 Monomail Aside from the Stearman, this thanks in large part to contracts registered nurses—all females—to First flight: May 6, 1930 fighter was the last biplane with the Postal Service to carry air- staff the cabins of the Model 80s. A Rather than relying on sheer Boeing ever built. mail. But in 1934, as the nation’s total of 16 Model 80 and its variants horsepower to increase performance, financial crisis deepened, profit- were built. these aircraft were designed to be Model 247 ability was viewed with deep sus- sleeker and faster than their biplane First flight: Feb. 8, 1933 picion and regulators pounced on Model 83/Model 89 predecessors. But where the airframe Heralded as the first modern the young airline industry. One as- (F4B/P-12) was revolutionary, powerplants had airliner, this twin-engine pect of this was suspected collusion First flight: June 25, 1928 yet to catch up. The Monomail was commercial aircraft was all- ­involving airmail contracts. The most popular military design underpowered and flopped as a result. metal and could accommodate William Boeing went to Capitol Hill by Boeing to date, the Model 83 10 passengers, a flight to defend himself and his wide-rang- and its close relative, the Model 89, Model 96 (XP-9) attendant and two flight ing company before a Senate commit- set the standard for American air First flight: Nov. 18, 1930 officers. Although only 75 www.ainonline.com tee investigating the airmail scandal. power between World Wars. In all, This fighter was actually the first were built and the Model 247 Although the Senate investigators 586 of these aircraft were built until monoplane fighter to start its way was a distant second to the found the airlines in general and Boeing production ended in 1933. through the Boeing factory, but commercial success of the in particular had done nothing wrong, was delayed. Douglas DC-2 and DC-3, several Boeing’s company was to be broken up, Model 40B-4 of the Boeing twins were in divided into: United Aircraft, which First flight: Oct. 5, 1928 Models 214/215 commercial service well into included Pratt & Whitney, Sikorsky Built to carry airmail, the Model (Y1B-9/YB-9) the late 1960s. The last known Aviation (not yet building helicop- 40B-4 was the major production First flight: April 13, 1931 flying model was recently ters) and Hamilton-Standard Propel- model of this type. Most flew for Built at company expense, these delivered to the Museum of ler; United Air Lines; and the Boeing Boeing’s airline subsidiaries. aircraft were intended as proof Flight in Seattle. Aircraft Company. that the monoplane concept would His aviation dreams shattered, Model 235 (F4B-4) greatly improve the performance Models 264/273 the aviation pioneer sold his interests First flight: May 5, 1929 of bombers, traditionally the (YP-29/XF7B-1) in the company that bore his name A derivative of the popular F4B, this slowest aircraft in the fleet. But for First flight: Sept. 14, 1933 and retired to a life of horse breed- aircraft saw extensive military service all their advances in airframe and The first Boeing fighters to ing and real estate. William Boeing with the Army and Navy prior to powerplant technology, they still feature retractable

died ­September 28, 1956. World War II. featured open cockpits. and cantilever-wing construction. © 2016 AIN Publications. All Rights Reserved. For Reprints go to BOEING

(continued) Clipper Boeing-Designed Aircraft

Model 73 Stearman Kaydet passengers on long-haul flights all (PT/NS, Wichita Model 75) over the world. Only a dozen were built, First flight: Nov. 26, 1934 many winding up as VIP transports for The Kaydet—usually just referred to as the military during WWII. the “Stearman,” was almost considered obsolete by the time WWII started, but Model 307 Stratoliner (C-75) it found new life as a trainer. The NS-1 First flight: Dec. 31, 1938 became the Wichita Boeing plant’s first Based on the B-17, the Stratoliner military contract. Boeing built 8,584 was the world’s first pressurized Stearmans in all. airliner, as well as the first four- Saved By But in August 1934, the engine aircraft to enter commercial A Fortress U.S. Army Air Corps realized Model 299 (B-17) service. Ten were built before the it needed a new multi-engine First flight: July 28, 1935 war stopped their production. After In spite of Boeing’s initial bomber, capable of flying long Financed by Boeing itself in one of the WWII, they re-entered production as success with the Model 247, the distances at altitudes of more company’s most fiscally challenging unpressurized military transports. company’s failure to serve cus- than 10,000 feet. Chairman periods, the Model 299 became the tomers beyond its own airline Clair Egtvedt decided to go all aerial backbone of the Second World Stearman Model X-100 (later United) forced the rest in, committing the company’s War in Europe. More than 12,000 were (XA-21) of the air transport industry dwindling resources to design built by the war’s end. First flight: Jan. 25, 1939 to look to the Douglas DC-2 and construction of the Model Stearman’s first twin-engine aircraft, www.ainonline.com and DC-3. Broken up by the 299. When the prototype rolled Model 294 (XB-15) it was the Boeing’ subsidiary’s first all- Air Mail Act of 1934, Boeing off the factory floor, bristling First flight: Oct. 15, 1937 metal plane. Intended as a bomber, the fortunes lagged. Its military with machine guns and capa- Although it debuted two years later X-100 never made it into production. business faded away to almost ble of delivering 4,800 pounds than the Flying Fortress, the Model 294 nothing. The company was of explosives, Seattle Times was not as advanced. It rested on fixed Model X-90/X-91 (XBT-17) again forced to lay off employ- reporter Richard Williams landing gear. It was much slower than First flight: Nov. 1, 1940 ees. The specter of financial dubbed it the Flying Fortress, its predecessor. It saw brief service as Designed of steel-tube and fabric, this ruin was just over the horizon. a nickname that stuck forever. a transport known as “Grandpappy” trainer lost favor with the military after during WWII. It was scrapped in aluminum became more available. Only after the conflict and disappeared in a one was built. swamp there years later. Model X-120 Crewmaker Model 314 Clipper First flight: April 9, 1942 First flight: June 7, 1938 This aircraft was intended to allow A luxurious legend, the Clipper was bomber crews to train together. But big to be fast and comfortable—the although the Army ordered more than B-47 of its day—as it carried 1,000 of them, only two were built. © 2016 AIN Publications. All Rights Reserved. For Reprints go to “It was biggerandmuch one wall in his archive.of glass casethat covers part 1935. Ohio, inthefallof 146 at Wright FieldinDayton, DB-1 andtheMartinModel with the Douglas in afly-off four-engine bombertocompete to prove itself. Itwas theonly a model of theB-17ina a modelof Lombardi motionedto was, theModel299stillhad BOEING B-29 Boeing historianMike Lethal looking though it ner when theysaw one. They tion leadership knew a win B-18 Bolos. instead ordered 133 Douglas the competition.TheArmy to finishthefly-off, Boeinglost ing testpilotLesTower. Unable crashed, killingHillandBoe from thecontrols. Theaircraft forgot toremove thegust-locks tion, October30,1935,thecrew type upfor asecondevalua on takingtheFortress proto Major Ployer Peter Hill insisted fate intervened. a shoo-in,” hesaid.Then, entered inthefly-off. Itwas Martin andDouglastwins faster andfartherthanthe competitors. Itcouldfly more streamlined than the Still, theArmy’s avia When Army testpilot - - - - - Kansas andGeorgia. B-29s were builtin Washington, effectively ending almostWWII, 4,000 bombs onHiroshima andNagasaki, as theaircraft that dropped atomic airplane ever designed. Best known Superfortress was themost complex At thetimeof its debut,the First flight: Sept. 21,1942 Model 345(B-29) Ranger was never built. converted to B-29 production, theSea where it was to beconstructed was because theRenton, Washington plant initially ordered 57of them,but biggest twin ever built. The Navy At thetime, theSeaRanger was the First flight: July 9, 1942 Sea Ranger (XPBB-1)Model 344 Boeing-Designed Aircraft F-22 competition. before thecompany’s 1990entry inthe design sincethePeashooter andthelast Model 400was thefirst Boeingfighter propellers. It was never produced. The featured two contra-rotating three-blade have beendesignated atorpedo plane, This fighter-bomber, whichcouldalso First flight: Nov. 27, 1944 Model 400(XF8B-1) 888 C-97s. used asanaerialrefueler, Boeingbuilt like onetube stacked atop another. Also freighter featured afuselagethat looked Evolved from theB-29, thishigh-flying First flight: Nov. 9, 1944 Stratofreighter Model 367 (C-97) constructed at thedawn of thejet age. the last piston-powered heavy bombers sented theendof anera, beingamong nonstop around theworld. They repre- 56 Stratocruisers between 1947 and1950. mostly trans-oceanic routes. Boeingbuilt transport andwas flown by sixairlinesover It was theciviliancounterpart of theC-97 was capableof carryingupto 100people. into thecivilianairtransport market and The Model377 marked Boeing’s re-entry First flight: July 8, 1947 Model 377 Stratocruiser II Lady Lucky between 1947 and1953. The most famous, predecessor. Boeingbuilt371 B-50s could travel muchfaster thanits WWII powerful, carriedaheavier payload and a designation of its own. Itwas more a significant improvement that it earned A derivative of theB-29, theB-50 was such First flight: June 25, 1947 Model 345-2-1 built before themodelwas retired in 1956. modern . A total of 2,032 were the B-47 isconsidered theprototype of engine podsto its swept-wing design, Revolutionary ineverything from its jet First flight Dec. 17, 1947 Model 450(B-47 Stratojet) single-engine, light-aircraft market. was thecompany’s last foray into the floats, theL-15 never didcatch onand the war. Capableof landingonwheelsor typified Boeing’s effort to diversify after An all-metal, light aircraft, theScout First flight: July 13, 1947 Model 451 (L-15 Scout) , was thefirst aircraft to fly (continued) B-52

© 2016 AIN Publications. All Rights Reserved. For Reprints go to www.ainonline.com equivalent of finding a needle findinganeedle equivalent of in theAtlanticOcean, ing anItalianpassengership tions mission. embarked onapublic rela on Capitol Hill. So the 2nd nents bothinthemilitaryand the YB-17stillhaditsoppo- ering over Europe and Asia, Worldof War IIwere gath Although thedark clouds at LangleyField,Virginia. the 2ndBombardment Group YB-17s went into service with according toLombardi. for “further evaluation,” Fortresses, designated YB-17 were able to order 13 Flying were tasked withintercept BOEING Stearman Ten of the newTen bombers of In August 1937,adozen - - - was anincredible feat.” said Lombardi. “That in itself years theworld was at war,” 16,000 bombersinthefour and its partners built almost in service. Butthen,“Boeing were fewer than200B-17s on December7,1941,there attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii significant numbers. Army begantoorder themin at Wrightfly-off Field, the Two years afterthedisastrous theFlying Fortress.tation of toward establishing therepu Their successwent along way as the Army had predicted. found thecruise liner, exactly point accuracy, thesquadron in ahaystack. Butwith pin By thetimeJapanese Flying Fortress - - loads to andfrom remote locations. the ability to liftremarkably heavy dual-rotor Chinookfamily combines Still astaple inthe War on Terror, the First flight: Sept. 21,1951 (HC-1B/CH-47 Chinook) Vertol Model114 the useof aboomasfuelconveyor. of Superfortresses andgave birthto new life into theairframes of dozens tanker variant of theB-29 breathed to headbackto theboneyard…The Just whenyou thought it was safe First Flight: March 28, 1948 (KB-29M/KB-29P) Model 345 Boeing-Designed Aircraft significant aircraft of alltime. the Dash80oneof the 12most The Smithsonian Institution calls into serviceastheKC-135 tanker. Force brass that it was pressed Dash 80soimpressed theU.S. Air in construction of theB-47. The the lessonsinjet travel learned incorporating jet enginesand a completely different aircraft, the fact that theDash80was designation hidfrom competitors to evolve even today. The old-style of Boeingjetliners that continues aviation forever, thefirst inaline The Dash80changedpassenger First flight: July 15, 1954 Model 367-80 (Dash80) armed missions. types of nuclear- andconventionally the B-52 hasbeenmodifiedto flyall intercontinental nuclearbomber, Designed asahigh-altitude element of theU.S. bomberfleet. Stratofortress remains animportant Still inservicetoday, theB52 First flight: April 15, 1952 Model 464-467 (B-52)

Model 720 707s before production endedin1978. years earlier. Boeingbuilt855of its Havilland DH-106 Comets just afew mysterious crashes of several de jet flight after thespectacular and industry andpublicmadewary of practical andacceptable to an It madecommercial jet travel both over its closecousin,theDash80. brought aboutmany improvements civil aircraft builtby Boeing,the707 The first inalonglineof jet-powered First flight: Dec. 20, 1957 Model 707 being supplanted by the 737 MAX. 737 NG(Next Generation) andisnow the 737 hasbeensucceededby the 4,000 intheair. The initial version of commercial aircraft with more than 737 would beby far its best-selling almost ahalf-century later, the Little didthecompany realize that bear aneven shorter-range jetliner. Boeing decidedthemarket could As ifthe727 wasn’t smallenough, First flight: April 9, 1967 Model 737 operated without ground support. contained stairs, the727 couldbe onboard auxiliarypower unit and self- copilot andflight engineer). With an three-member cockpit crew (pilot, built by thecompany to have a was thelast airplane shorter routes thanthe707, the Designed for smallerairports and First flight: Feb. 9, 1963 Model 727 154 between 1959and1967. from shorter runways. Boeingbuilt to carrymore payload andoperate A modified707, thisvariant was able First flight: Nov. 23, 1959 (continued)

© 2016 AIN Publications. All Rights Reserved. For Reprints go to www.ainonline.com sation of hostilities, Boeing sation of on jetresearch aftertheces the war-weary Europeans even ajet-powered bomber. jet fighters and a number of Germany, which developed cant progress beingmadein out, withthemostsignifi years before WWIIbroke craft beganjustacoupleof AgeThe Jet in August 1945. bomb on Hiroshima, Japan Gay dropped thefirstatomic tude flying. The B-29 cabinsurized for high-alti bomber tofeature apres capable airplane, thefirst larger, faster, much more ing’s B-29 Superfortress, a was followed upwithBoe everydozen day. amounted toapproximately a in Renton, Washington. That aircraft amonthat itsfactory pany was churningout364 thewar thecom- the endof build asingleB-17;but by it tookBoeingmonthsto thewar,ning of hesaid, things today.” Atthebegin- pretty much the way we do also amazing.Iargue that’s by which they were built were lutionary, but theprocesses BOEING Determined to overtakeDetermined Work on jet-powered air The B-17Flying Fortress “The aircraft were revo Enola ------tific Advisory Group tasked General Hap Arnold’s Scien thewar, the endof aspartof Shairer, was in Germany at top aerodynamicist, George came inMay 1945.Boeing’s hadtochange.” about the way we designed couldn’t get it. Something reason, [Boeingengineers] said Lombardi. “Butfor some so much potential for speed,” thewings.forward of engines insidethefuselage the Model432,mounted much drag. Another variant, Model 424inducedfartoo mounts on the nel testsshowed thenew jet engines. Butwindtun radial engineswithfour ing theSuperfortress’s four design ontheB-29,replac informally in1943. the specification was issued reconnaissance bomber, and fication for ajet-powered efforts onanArmy speci engineers redoubled their sonic jetdesignsandrecalled tunnel modelsfor super schweig, Shairer saw wind nautics laboratory inBraun - aeroAt asecret German anything useful to the U.S. nology andbringingback with evaluating Nazitech The “Aha!” moment “These new engines had Initially, Boeingbasedits ------Boeing-Designed Aircraft Force One. the current aircraft servingas Air government asreplacements for have beenpurchased by theU.S. to make 747-8s—two of which down, thecompany continues Although production isnow winding new manufacturing plant to build. so bigthat it required acompletely ever twin-aisle passengeraircraft it allby buildingthe747, thefirst- chairman Bill Allen decidedto risk travel opportunities. Boeing clamor for even more international the Boeing707, theworld beganto With thetremendous successof First flight: Feb. 9, 1969 Model 747 fuel economy—if not for speed. exceptional performance and the twin-aisle 767 isoptimized for conveyance of upto 290passengers, Designed for thefuel-efficient First flight: Sept. 26, 1981 Model 767 trailing-edge flaps. of thewingsandover special airstreams over theinboard portion jet engines to blow high-velocity blowing (USB),whichusedtwo concept calledupper-surface- production. Butit featured aunique airstrips, the YC-14 never saw into temporary orunimproved Designed to carrytroops andgear First flight: Aug. 9, 1976 Model 953(YC-14) cruise speed. cruise speed. a conventional airplanefor greater tiltinflight, turning the V-22 into and landslike ahelicopter. Buttheengine services. This tilt-rotor aircraft takes off at meeting theneedsof allfour armed first clean-sheet aircraft designaimed Helicopter Textron, theOsprey isthe Developed incooperation with Bell First flight: March 19, 1989 Model 907 (V-22 Osprey) rated to flyonecanalsotheother. concurrently with the767, pilots whoare the 727. Becauseit was developed as 80-percent more fuelefficient than A single-aisle twin, the757isasmuch First flight: Feb. 19, 1982 Model 757 and builtfrom carbon-fiber materials. aircraft capableof long-hauloperations is atechnological marvel, atwin-aisle yet beenoffset by sales. The Dreamliner estimated by someat $32billion,hasnot The 787’s tremendous development cost, developmental andoperational issues. 787 Dreamliner hasbeenbeset by Boeing’s latest majordesign,the First flight: Dec. 15, 2009 Model 787 and composite-material construction. whichwillfeature777X, adifferent wing flight. Boeingisnow developing the of long-range passengerandcargo This wide-bodyjet hasbecomeastaple First flight: June 12,1994 Model 777 (continued)

© 2016 AIN Publications. All Rights Reserved. For Reprints go to www.ainonline.com MODEL 247

707

still plagued by the question pods beneath, and slightly for- flew the first prototype of its BOEING of how to mount the engines. ward of, the swept . DH-106 Comet on July 27, Their initial idea of mounting Wind tunnel tests soon 1949. The Comet entered ser- them inside the was confirmed the idea was good. vice in 1952 and, at first, was rejected because of the possi- Based on Wells’ discovery and a commercial success. bility of fire. Shairer’s “Aha!” moment, the However, the DH-106 had Further, in order for first B-47 rolled off the line at a tremendous weakness no one the swept-wing design to Boeing Plant 2 on September had foreseen—metal fatigue. work, the leading edges of 12, 1947. This led to Comet crashes in a pre-war aviation conference the wings had to be clean Lombardi pointed to a 1953 and 1954 and the entire where an Italian engineer pre- and unbroken. model of the B-47 in his Comet fleet was grounded in sented a swept-wing aircraft Boeing chief engineer Ed archive, then to the B-52, the the fourth quarter of 1954, design concept. “Stop the Wells puzzled over the idea as KC-135 and the 707. “To this while de Havilland frantically bomber design!” he wrote the he commuted back and forth day, our airplanes still look like searched for solutions. Boeing office in Seattle. between his offices in Seattle the B-47,” he said. Convinced they could But while Boeing’s engi- and Wright Field in Dayton, Yet even with that inno- out-design the Comet, Boe- neers had discovered they Ohio. Then, on a train back vation, Boeing did not build ing’s design team went to work had a breakthrough with the to Seattle, he came up with the the first commercial passen- on the Model 367-80—the swept-wing concept, they were solution: mount the engines in ger jet. Britain’s de Havilland “Dash 80.” It incorporated the www.ainonline.com © 2016 AIN Publications. All Rights Reserved. For Reprints go to of documentsinhisarchive.of he rummaged through stacks ing thisjet,” saidLombardi, as thecustomersinbuild any of however, was buyers. wing pods. What itlacked, engines were encasedinunder ers. Thewingswere swept. The theB-47andB-52bomb of lessons learnedinproduction BOEING

747 “There was nointerest from - - - Building it was goingtocost maging through hismounds dubbed theModel707. building theDash80—soon April 1952,Boeingbegan quipped Lombardi. So, in we build it,theywillcome,’” transport. “TheytoldAllen‘if civilian air were thefuture of he was convinced that jetliners designer EdWells andothers, sion for Allen.Butpushed by its own.” funded theDash80project on The company went ahead and time onceagain toroll thedice. thatBill Allenrealized itwas around $15million,“SoCEO Lombardi stoppedrum It was adifficult deci - - with momstheirchil advertisements. “They’re ads magazine was anotebook of what hewas lookingfor. It notebooks, havingof found They convey safetyandluxury dren, husbandswithwives. Alvin “Tex” Johnston flew the cake camewhen testpilot 707 Barrel Roll said, ‘Iwant tofly that.’” worked. Suddenly, everybody all business-to-business. But it mercial airplanemarket was the advertisement inthecom laughed. “After all, before this, thepublic,”manipulation of he and speed. What a wonderful But perhaps theicingon F-15 - - a demonstration over flight airlines rushedtogettheir and 25DouglasDC-8s. Other Airways ordered 20Boeing707s Later that year, Pan American the marketing efforts worked. “I was sellingairplanes.” doing, Johnston saidsimply, just what hethoughtwas by Boeingpresident BillAllen into abarrel roll. Asked later Johnston took the Dash 80 tasked tofly straight and level, on August 7, 1955. Although Lake Washington inaDash80 Model 80four decades earlier. three-engine aircraft sincethe turer beganwork onitsfirst ment. In1960,themanufac on commercial jetdevelop the competitionasitfocused and AirFrance. among themLufthansa,KLM also quicktogettheirorders in, nental. Foreign carriers were andConti American, orders onthebooks, including The testpilotkept hisjoband Boeing pulledaway from - - -

© 2016 AIN Publications. All Rights Reserved. For Reprints go to www.ainonline.com airborne at any given moment that anaverage 1,250are of there are now somany 737s a short-tomid-range airliner, for thefirsttime. Designedas them. Boeing built 1,832of Airlines justayear later. Inall, entering servicewithEastern Februaryits firstflight 9,1963, lar thanthe707.The727made workhorse, even more popu- The mid-range 727 became a BOEING In 1967,theBoeing737flew Apollo 9 which theJumbo Jet was to be ment program andtheplantin to completethe747develop- money borrow hugesums of are fast-dwindling. new-build 747s the numbers of in production today, although known astheJumbo Jet, isstill theSkies,”the “Queenof also the world’s firstwide-body jet, February 9,1969.Designedas the 747makingitsfirstflight design inthelate 1960swith vate inpassengeraircraft Jumbo Queen or landing every five seconds. the day,of with two taking off bet thecompany. Hehadto project areality, Allenagain In order tomake the747 Boeing continued toinno -

Race to Space and iconicplanesever built. themostenduring ing itoneof through thetoughtimes, mak airplane’s popularitycarriedit ect exceeded $2billion. Yet the one pointduringthe747proj- constructed. Boeing’s debt at and EdWhite). Virgil Grissom, Roger Chaffee module which killedastronauts (a pre-launch fire inside the crew after the1967Apollo 1disaster by themedia andthepublic ture even while beinglambasted its ability tomanage thebigpic- gram, claimedLombardi, was contribution totheApollo pro- Earth’s closestneighbor. they explored the surface of from their lunar landers as ried astronauts several miles weight moon buggies that car the famed Lunar Rovers, light thrust. pounds of ered an astounding7.5 million S-1C’s five F-1 enginesdeliv feet talland33wide, the moon rocket, theS-1C. At138 the Saturn V erful stage of built thefirstandmostpow the picture. Boeing out of so that few were leftcompletely space manufacturers together an effort that pulledU.S. aero- 1960s was, like World War II, But perhaps Boeing’s biggest The company alsocreated The SpaceRace duringthe Lunar Rover - - - - -

the hundreds of Apollo con the hundreds of Webb neededhelpmarshaling gram, NASA director James ahead withitsown spacepro - Soviet Unionwas pushing years away, andrealizing the thedecadejustthree end of ing amanon the Moon by the years later, that number had 83,700 workers. Just three had employed approximately Commercial Airplane Group 70,000 workers. approximatelywhen itlaidoff theSecondWorldend of War, enced such pressure since the tumbled. Ithadnotexperi program, Boeing’s fortunes the space the waning of of 1969 and1973ontop sions of Embargo, aswell asthereces war inVietnam, theArab Oil Recession Threat disaster,” Lombardi said. worse. Itmighthave endedin likely have beencanceledor in, theApollo program would up, hadBoeingnotstepped space program backontrack. to Lombardi, to help get the “best managers,” according ing approximately his 2,000of ing, and Allen delivered, send employees. HeturnedtoBoe- tractors andtheirthousandsof With the deadline for land- In 1968,thecompany’s the With theconclusionof “Had BillAllennotstepped - - - -

© 2016 AIN Publications. All Rights Reserved. For Reprints go to www.ainonline.com same decade. the Space Shuttleduringthat ticipated indevelopment of during the1980sandpar and 767widebody aircraft duced the757narrowbody ued. Thecompany intro turn outthelights.” the lastpersonleaving Seattle up nearSeaTac Airport:“Will one point,abillboard popped or abandoned altogether. At vacant—either for sale, for rent every 10homesinthearea were 14 percent. Almosttwo outof unemployment rate jumpingto extremely hard, withthelocal hit thePugetSoundregion in Seattle, Boeing’s decline decades thebiggestemployer dwindled tojust20,750.For 727, 737and747contin the finished. Production of BOEING Model 907 B1 But Boeingwas farfrom - - - nearly killedthecompany. now agree that the mergers lysts andeven Boeinginsiders gon seemedensured. Butana- Boeing’s foothold at the Penta C-17 programs. and F/A-18fightersthe acquired theB-1bomber, F-15 With thosemergers, Boeing acquire McDonnell Douglas. stock-swap deal to effectively later, reached a $13 billion business in1996,then,ayear well’s defense and rival, Europe-based Airbus. tition from thecompany’s main to stave increasing compe- off craft. Butthat was notenough pany’s first“fly-by-wire” air aircraft ever, the777,com- introduced its mostadvanced and California. In1994,Boeing 10,000 workers inWashington ect employed approximately B-2 Stealth Bomber proj tribution to the Northrop Boeing first acquired Rock business with the military, Unable to drum up its own defense business stilllagged. For thetimebeingat least, Meanwhile, Boeing’s By 1991,Boeing’s con - - - - - Stonecipher, “was widely company’s new CEO, Harry Leeham Co., told AIN. The mamish, Washington-based Sam Hamilton, president of them,” aviation analyst Scott neers orthosewho backed ing was run mostly by engi cultures. “Upuntilthen,Boe- corporate difficult clashof nell Douglasmerger ledtoa Dream Team Not A years. Sincethat time, thetype flight-testing took another two pushed back two years and from was thestart.Firstflight was beset by technical woes 787 Dreamliner. Theproject ton pointedtothecomposite Washington, D.C. theTeal Grouplafia of in tion analyst, Richard Abou money toshareholders.” priority becamereturning planes,” saidHamilton.“His know what itcosttobuild air quoted assaying hedidn’t even both AboulafiaandHamil acknowledged anotheravia in theBoeingworkforce, sustainability troubled many long-term at theexpense of promoting profits near-term Unfortunately, theMcDon To prove theirpoints, Stonecipher’s practice of Sonic Cruiser

------787], theyhave thisbigdrag on itsshort-sightedness[onthe of the next decade. “Butbecause that shouldcarryitwell into orders pany hasabacklog of it sogood.” Indeed,thecom- deliveries, they’ve never had orders and of said, “Interms position rightnow. Aboulafia Boeing isinanoddly good cal maladies. techni- has suffered aseriesof its second100years. world’s biggest corporation in the company toremain the exactly what Boeingneedsfor that theold-stylerisk-taking is they won. Both analysts believe technology andineachcase, to betthecompany on future them sawers. a reason Each of and BillAllenwere allrisktak- Airbus again.” rival] [chief them on top of next new planethat willput can afford todevelop that years,for they justacoupleof from stockholders. a year inbuying backshares they’re spending$6billion afford it?Yes. Rightnow, coursetheycan.Can Of “Can Boeingbounceback? in new product development.” profits that couldhave helped But bothanalysts pointout Bill Boeing, Claire Egtvedt theyreduce orstopthat If On that, Hamiltonagreed. B2 o

© 2016 AIN Publications. All Rights Reserved. For Reprints go to www.ainonline.com