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The Contribution of Bike-Sharing to Sustainable Mobility in Europe

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The Contribution of Bike-Sharing to Sustainable Mobility in Europe DISSERTATION Doctoral Thesis The contribution of bike-sharing to sustainable mobility in Europe ausgeführt zum Zwecke der Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der technischen Wissenschaft eingereicht an der Fakultät für Bauingenieurwesen der Technischen Universität Wien von Dipl.-Ing. Alberto Castro Fernández Matrikelnummer 0526611 Erlafstraße 1/16 – 1020 Wien Gutachter: Ao. Univ. Prof. Mag. Dr. Günter Emberger Institut für Verkehrswissenschaften Technische Universität Wien Gutachter: Univ. Prof. Dipl. -Ing. Dr. Andrés Monzón TRANSyT Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Wien, Dezember 2011 ………………………. Acknowledgement Acknowledgement I would like to thank every bike-sharing stakeholder that has provided data for this dissertation. I especially appreciate the contribution of the partners of the EU-project OBIS (Optimising Bike Sharing in European Cities) because the sample of case studies and many data of this dissertation are based on the information compiled in this project. 1 Abstract Abstract Traffic congestion and air pollution are common and current concerns of urban areas. To solve these problems, municipalities have implemented sustainable mobility plans. Bike- sharing schemes (BSSs) have been promoted as an additional tool to encourage sustainable mobility. Bike-sharing is a bicycle rental system that allows, without additional charge, to take a bicycle in one point and to return it in a different one, where the bicycle can be rented by another user. Despite the first BSS was implemented in 1968 in Amsterdam, bike-sharing is a recent way of urban mobility because its real expansion did not take place until the 21st Century. The first high-technology scheme was introduced in 1996 in Portsmouth (United Kingdom). In 2005 the first large scale project providing a high amount of bike-sharing stations was implemented in Lyon (France). However, the current largest BSS in Europe was initiated in 2007 in Paris (France). Numerous European cities that were impressed by the high use of these systems have followed the example and they have implemented a BSS. The success of BSSs achieving sustainability goals have been evaluated in this dissertation based on 51 case studies. The positive and negative effects of BSSs on European cities are assessed in terms of mobility, environment, health, traffic safety and economy to obtain their contribution to sustainable mobility. Furthermore, this dissertation defines the city factors and bike-sharing factors that may increase the success of BSSs and quantifies their influence on the final level of use of BSSs. On the other hand, barriers that can arise when operating BSSs are identified and likely solutions are suggested. 2 Kurzfassung Kurzfassung Verkehrsprobleme und Luftverschmutzung sind Probleme städtischer Räume. Nachhaltige Mobilitätsmasterpläne sollen diese Probleme lösen, aber auch die Implementierung von Fahrradverleihsysteme (FVS) kann eine effektive Strategie sein um nachhaltige Mobilität zu fördern. FVS sind Systeme, welches NutzerInnen ermöglicht, ohne zusätzliche Kosten, ein Fahrrad an einer Verleihstation auszuleihen und an einer anderen Station wieder zurückzugeben, an der wiederum andere NutzerInnen das Leihrad wieder ausleihen können. Das erste FVS wurde 1968 implementiert, dennoch sind FVS ein junges urbanes Verkehrsmittel, da die reale Umsetzung des Systems erst im 21. Jahrhundert erfolgte. Das erste High-Tech-FVS wurde 1996 in Portsmouth (Vereinigtes Königreich) initiiert und seit 2005 gibt es das erste städtische FVS mit vielen Fahrrädern und Stationen in Lyon (Frankreich). Seit 2007 wird das größte FVS Europas in Paris (Frankreich) betrieben. Viele europäische Städte folgten, da sie die hohe Anzahl der NutzerInnen der Leihräder beeindruckte und implementierten ebenfalls FVS. Diese Dissertation erforscht den Erfolg der FVS anhand ihrer nachhaltigen Ziele. 51 Case-Studies werden untersucht. Positive und negative Auswirkungen der FVS auf Mobilität, Umwelt, Gesundheit, Verkehrssicherheit und Wirtschaft der ausgewählten Städte werden analysiert. Weiters werden städtische Faktoren und FVS-Faktoren, die auf den Erfolg von FVS Auswirkung haben, definiert und deren Einfluss auf die Nutzung der FVS quantifiziert. Mögliche Probleme werden identifiziert und Lösungen vorgeschlagen. 3 Table of contents Table of contents 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 17 1.1 RATIONALE ....................................................................................................... 17 1.2 STRUCTURE ...................................................................................................... 18 2 OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................... 19 2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 19 2.2 SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY ...................................................................................... 19 2.2.1 Definition ............................................................................................... 19 2.2.2 Goals ..................................................................................................... 21 2.3 CYCLING ........................................................................................................... 23 2.3.1 Sustainability of cycling ......................................................................... 23 2.3.2 Determinants of bicycle use .................................................................. 24 2.4 BIKE-SHARING ................................................................................................... 27 2.4.1 Definition ............................................................................................... 27 2.4.2 Naming .................................................................................................. 28 2.4.3 Historical evolution ................................................................................ 29 2.4.4 Expansion ............................................................................................. 36 2.4.5 Advantages for users ............................................................................ 38 2.5 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 41 3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY ................................................ 43 3.1 OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................... 43 3.2 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................. 43 3.2.1 Bottom-up approach ............................................................................. 43 3.2.2 Case studies and data collection .......................................................... 44 3.2.3 Analysis of success ............................................................................... 45 3.2.4 Analysis of factors ................................................................................. 49 4 CASE STUDIES ........................................................................................................ 54 5 ELEMENTS AND VARIANTS ................................................................................... 56 5.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 56 5.2 REGISTRATION .................................................................................................. 56 5.2.1 Obligation .............................................................................................. 57 5.2.2 Age restriction ....................................................................................... 57 5.2.3 Target group ......................................................................................... 57 5.2.4 Period of validity .................................................................................... 58 5.2.5 Subscription fee .................................................................................... 59 5.2.6 Deposit .................................................................................................. 60 5.2.7 Insurance .............................................................................................. 61 4 Table of contents 5.3 INFRASTRUCTURE .............................................................................................. 61 5.3.1 Bicycles ................................................................................................. 61 5.3.2 Stations ................................................................................................. 62 5.4 AVAILABILITY OF SERVICE ................................................................................... 65 5.4.1 Throughout the year .............................................................................. 65 5.4.2 Throughout the day ............................................................................... 65 5.5 RENT ................................................................................................................ 65 5.5.1 Identification .......................................................................................... 66 5.5.2 Return of the bike .................................................................................. 66 5.5.3 Operating area .....................................................................................
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