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Farmers' Perceptions of the “Unleashing the Power Of Examensarbete i Hållbar Utveckling 58 Farmers’ perceptions of the “Unleashing the Power of Cassava in Africa in Response to the Food Crisis” (UPoCA) project - Experiences from Malawi Thao Thi Phuong Vuong INSTITUTIONEN FÖR GEOVETENSKAPER Farmers’ perceptions of the “Unleashing the Power of Cassava in Africa in Response to the Food Crisis” (UPoCA) project - Experiences from Malawi Master thesis in Sustainable Development Thao Thi Phuong Vuong Uppsala Universitet 2012 1 Farmers’ perceptions of the “Unleashing the Power of Cassava in Africa in Response to the Food Crisis” (UPoCA) project - Experiences from Malawi Student: Thao Thi Phuong Vuong Supervisors: Dr. Linley Chiwona – Karltun, PhD Department of Urban & Rural Development Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden Dr. Pheneas Ntawuruhunga, PhD International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Malawi 2 Farmers’ perceptions of the “Unleashing the Power of Cassava in Africa in Response to the Food Crisis” (UPoCA) project - Experiences from Malawi THAO VUONG Vuong, T., 2011: Farmers’ Perceptions of the “Unleashing the Power of Cassava in Africa in Response to the Food Crisis” (UPoCA) Project - Experiences from Malawi. Master thesis in Sustainable Development at Uppsala University. Abstract The “Unleashing the Power of Cassava in Africa in Response to the Food Price Crisis” (UPoCA) project carried out by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture from 2008 to 2010 aimed to assist farmers to increase food security and improve livelihoods through promoting cassava cultivation. In this study, 120 beneficiary households of the UPoCA project in Kasungu and Dowa provinces in Malawi were interviewed using a semi- structured questionnaire together with key informant interviews and focus group discussions. The aim was to find out their perceptions of the UPoCA project, food security situation and gendered differences, through which sustainability of the project was discussed. Using the SPSS 19 software, descriptive statistics, chi-square tests and logistic regressions were generated for statistical results. In general, despite issues regarding quality and timeliness of the seed distribution service the majority of the beneficiary households were satisfied with the project stating that it helped improve their food security and livelihoods. However there emerged issues of exclusion of the most vulnerable households and the low participation of female-headed households which were initially targeted by the project. The study also found out the prevalence of seasonal hunger among the studied households and challenges facing the farmers in growing cassava which affect the adoption of the crop and the project’s sustainability. The study suggested that future similar projects should be designed for a longer duration than UPoCA. They should use clear criteria to identify target beneficiaries, exercise thorough monitoring on quality of distributed planting materials and time delivery as well as put more focus on training. Moreover, a package assistance of seeds and training provided with short-term food aid was also recommended to be considered in future interventions. Keywords: sustainable development, UPoCA, Malawi, cassava, food security, seasonal hunger, perceptions 3 Dedication Kính tặng bà, bố, mẹ và My To Petter 4 Acknowledgements This thesis was born indebted to the generosity and support of many people and institutions. First and foremost, I would like to express my profound gratitude to my teacher and main supervisor Dr. Linley Chiwona-Karltun without whom this thesis would not have been possible. She is the one who opened the door to Africa to me, thanks to which I have accumulated an increased interest in the continent. Dr. Chiwona-Karltun provided me with the opportunity to do the field research in Malawi, support during my stay in the country as well as supervision from the beginning to the completion of the thesis. My sincere thanks are sent to IITA/SARRNET Malawi and its staff for their fantastic support. Special thanks go to Dr. Pheneas Ntawuruhunga, Christopher Moyo, Robertson Khataza for their instructions, advice and supervision during the research’s design and implementation as well as the write-up of the report. The field work team, Phillip Mangirani, Gabriel Antwi-Boasiako, Robert Chisoso and Firestone Chiwona for their great companionship and hard work. My big thanks go to all the local facilitators in the districts, NGOs and villages that assisted to conduct the research, connecting us with the farmers and helping with translation. All of them, too many to be listed, were indispensable for the field work to get satisfactory data within the planned duration. All the farmers who gave precious contribution to the research deserve my grateful thanks. They not only spent time sharing with us their stories but also showed us their warmest hospitality and made us feel encouraged in our work. My great experience in Malawi could not be possible without the kindness of Mrs. Edith Mkawa and family who kindly provided me a house and a home for the whole time I was in Malawi. Having this luck, I am grateful to Kingsley Mande, who kindly connected me to Mrs. Mkawa in the first place. During my research in Malawi I also received timely support from my program’s coordinator, Prof. Brita Svensson at Uppsala University who helped me with administrative and insurance issues. Many thanks go to the following people who spent time reading the drafts and gave me useful comments: Prof. Kjell Havnevik at the Nordic African Institute, Prof. Lars Rudebeck at the Uppsala Centre for Sustainable Development and my colleague Gabriel Antwi-Boasiako. Special thanks to Petter Bengtsson for doing the final proofreading. My greatest love and gratitude are sent to my family in Vietnam, especially my parents, grandmother and sister who have always loved and supported me unconditionally. I cannot fail to mention my wonderful fiancé Petter Bengtsson, whose companionship, encouragement and love provided me precious support throughout the field work and the completion of the thesis. Finally I wish to thank the Cassava Transformation in Southern Africa (CATISA) project, the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs Food Security Initiative and the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) for financing the fieldwork and analytical studies that made this thesis possible. Thanks to all mentioned and many not mentioned, I feel fortunate. 5 “A safe and nutritionally adequate diet is a basic individual right and an essential condition for sustainable development, especially in developing countries.” -- Gro Harlem Brundtland Former Director-General of the World Health Organization “…the first essential component of social justice is adequate food for all mankind. Food is the moral right of all who are born into this world.” -- Norman Borlaug Father of the Green Revolution 1970 Nobel Peace Prize Winner “There are genuinely sufficient resources in the world to ensure that no one, nowhere, at no time, should go hungry.” -- Ed Asner Social Activist 6 Contents Acknowledgements........................................................................................................... 5 List of figures and tables................................................................................................... 8 List of appendixes............................................................................................................. 8 List of abbreviations ......................................................................................................... 9 I. Background to the study.............................................................................................. 10 1. Introduction................................................................................................................. 10 2. Malawi and UPoCA project........................................................................................ 12 2.1.Food security situation in Malawi............................................................................. 12 2.2. Cassava in Malawi ................................................................................................... 14 2.3. UPoCA Project ........................................................................................................ 15 II. The study.................................................................................................................... 18 1. Objectives ................................................................................................................... 18 2. Key concepts............................................................................................................... 18 3. Study areas.................................................................................................................. 20 4. Methods ...................................................................................................................... 22 4.1. Quantitative methods ............................................................................................... 23 4.2. Qualitative methods ................................................................................................. 23 4.3. Method of data analysis ........................................................................................... 24 5. Scope of the study....................................................................................................... 24 III. Results .....................................................................................................................
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