Gertz Likhtenshtein Fundamentals, Methods, Reactions Mechanisms, Magnetic Phenomena, Structure Investigation

Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering Gertz Likhtenshtein Electron Spin Interactions in Chemistry and Biology Fundamentals, Methods, Reactions Mechanisms, Magnetic Phenomena, Structure Investigation Electron Spin Interactions in Chemistry and Biology BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL PHYSICS, BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING The fields of biological and medical physics and biomedical engineering are broad, multidisciplinary and dynamic. They lie at the crossroads of frontier research in physics, biology, chemistry, and medicine. The Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering Series is intended to be comprehensive, covering a broad range of topics important to the study of the physical, chemical and biological sciences. Its goal is to provide scientists and engineers with textbooks, monographs, and reference works to address the growing need for information. Books in the series emphasize established and emergent areas of science including molecular, membrane, and mathematical biophysics; photosynthetic energy harvesting and conversion; information processing; physical principles of genetics; sensory communications; automata networks, neural networks, and cellular automata. Equally important will be coverage of applied aspects of biological and medical physics and biomedical engineering such as molecular electronic components and devices, biosensors, medicine, imaging, physical principles of renewable energy production, advanced prostheses, and environmental control and engineering. Editor-in-Chief: Elias Greenbaum, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA Editorial Board: Masuo Aizawa, Department of Bioengineering, Mark S. Humayun, Doheny Eye Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan Los Angeles, California, USA Olaf S. Andersen, Department of Physiology, Pierre Joliot, Institute de Biologie Biophysics and Molecular Medicine, Physico-Chimique, Fondation Edmond Cornell University, New York, USA de Rothschild, Paris, France Robert H. Austin, Department of Physics, Lajos Keszthelyi, Institute of Biophysics, Hungarian Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary James Barber, Department of Biochemistry, Robert S. Knox, Department of Physics Imperial College of Science, Technology and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, and Medicine, London, England New York, USA Howard C. Berg, Department of Molecular Aaron Lewis, Department of Applied Physics, and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Stuart M. Lindsay, Department of Physics fi Victor Bloom eld, Department of Biochemistry, and Astronomy, Arizona State University, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA Tempe, Arizona, USA Robert Callender, Department of Biochemistry, David Mauzerall, Rockefeller University, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA Bronx, New York, USA Eugenie V. Mielczarek, Department of Physics Britton Chance, University of Pennsylvania and Astronomy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Department of Biochemistry/Biophysics Virginia, USA Philadelphia, USA Markolf Niemz, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Steven Chu, Lawrence Berkeley National University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA V. Adrian Parsegian, Physical Science Laboratory, Louis J. DeFelice, Department of Pharmacology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA Maryland, USA Johann Deisenhofer, Howard Hughes Medical Linda S. Powers, University of Arizona, Institute, The University of Texas, Dallas, Tucson, Arizona, USA Texas, USA Earl W. Prohofsky, Department of Physics, George Feher, Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA Tatiana K. Rostovtseva, NICHD Hans Frauenfelder, National Institutes of Health Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA Andrew Rubin, Department of Biophysics, Moscow Ivar Giaever, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, State University, Moscow, Russia Troy, New York, USA Michael Seibert, National Renewable Energy Sol M. Gruner, Cornell University, Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA Ithaca, New York, USA David Thomas, Department of Biochemistry, Judith Herzfeld, Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/3740 Gertz Likhtenshtein Electron Spin Interactions in Chemistry and Biology Fundamentals, Methods, Reactions Mechanisms, Magnetic Phenomena, Structure Investigation 123 Gertz Likhtenshtein Department of Chemistry Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beersheba Israel and Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Science Chernogolovka Russia ISSN 1618-7210 ISSN 2197-5647 (electronic) Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering ISBN 978-3-319-33926-9 ISBN 978-3-319-33927-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-33927-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016942036 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland Preface Pivotal role of electron spin interactions in Nature cannot be overestimated. In many processes from energy transduction in biology to specificity of biorecognition these spin interactions appear as defining contributors. Another role involves determining the properties of molecular and functional materials’ systems that drive today’s technology by finding uses in electronic, spintronic, and magnetic devices. Electron spin effects are manifesting in the fundamental quantum phenomenon of spin exchange. This interaction enables a number of important elementary processes including electron transfer, triplet energy transfer, and interspin crossing. One should consider interactions of both electronic and nuclear spins including electron–electron, electron–nuclear dipolar, and electron–nuclear contact interactions among the others. Such interactions could be precisely studied by electron magnetic resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance, and related hyphenated resonance techniques providing researchers with unique spectroscopic tools to investigate detailed molecular structure and dynamics of both small and large chemical and biological molecules. For rather long time the scientists were stuck with paradigm that chemical and biochemical reactions are only ruled by interactions that energetically prevail over the thermal motion. However, contrary to such a strong thermodynamic argument, the last decades of intense research resulted in conclusive evidence of many essential chemical and biological processes being governed by very weak interactions originating from electronic spin systems instead. Advancing the knowledge of molecular mechanisms responsible for photosynthesis in plants and model compounds, radical reactions and influence of magnetic field on these and other processes, as well as rational design of advanced molecular magnets, spintronic devices, catalysts, etc., would not be possible without understanding the spin effects in these systems. This book represents a collective perspective from physical chemist with long and broad expertise in spin phenomena and related fields. The main intention was not to provide the reader with an exhaustive survey of each topic of vast literature, but rather to discuss the key theoretical and experimental background and focus on v vi Preface recent developments. Thus, chemists and biologists would find the fundamentals of spin phenomena, instrumentation and data interpretation, and a review of the major milestones. This gained knowledge is expected to promote some critical thinking to solve new emerging problem in their fields. Physicists and experts, for example, in magnetic resonance and photoluminescence methods and instrumentation may know already about the above-mentioned technical and quantum mechanical aspects, but would benefit from overview of current problems and achievements in various areas of chemistry and molecular biology, including rapidly evolving fields of natural and artificial photosynthesis, photochemistry, material science, etc. The Chap. 1 of the monograph provides a brief outline of fundamental theories

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