DOCSLIB.ORG

Efficacy and Palatability of Zinc Phosphide, Pyrinuron

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Efficacy and Palatability of Zinc Phosphide, Pyrinuron MARDI Res.Bull., (1985)j'3, 3: (271-277) EFFICACY AND PALATABILITY OF ZINC PHOSPHIDE,PYRINURON AND KAYANEX AGAINST RATTAS ARGENTIVENTER Y.M. LAM* Keywords: Acute rodenticide, Zinc phosphide, Pyrinuron, Kayanex, Rattus argentiventer, Feeding tests. RINGKASAN 'tiada Racun-racun tikus seperti zink fosfida, pyrinuron dan kayanex telah diuji dalam keadaan 'pilihan' 'tiada pilihan' dan di makmal terhadap Rattus argentivenler. Keputusan ujian pilihan' menunjukkan 3.0% zink fosfida, 0.2Vo pyrinwon dan 1.07c kayanex menyebabkan kematian 7O0Voke atas kedua-dua jantina tikus ujian. Daripada ujian-ujian'tiada pilihan'dan'pilihan'tersebut menunjukkan tikus-tikus dapat mengesan zink fosfida, pyrinuron dan kayanex di dalam umpan. 'pilihan' Kepekatan yang optimum untuk zink fosfida. pyrinuron dan kayanex yang didapati dalam ujian ialah 1.5 peratus. Pengumpanan awal adalah penting untuk menjayakan kawalan bila zink fosfida. pyrinuron dan kayanex digunakan untuk kawalan R. argentiventer di sawah. INTRODUCTION the controf of R. argentiventer(Ll.t"t,1977). This paper reports studies on the efficacy The introduction of anticoagulant and palatability of zinc phosphide, rodenticides in the early 1950s,with their pyrinuron and kayanex against R. much greater safety to non-target animals, argentiventer in the laboratory. resulted in a general decline in the use of acute rodenticides. However, the appear- MATERIALS AND METHODS ance of rodents resistant to the anti- coagulantsin Europe and the United States Technical grade zinc phosphide has clearly shown that single-dose (88.3% a.i.), pyrinuron (99.97c a.i.) and rodenticides have still a role in modern kayanex (98.7o/oa.i.) were used in the trials. rodent control and this has revived interest All doses are expressed as mg/kg which in the use of acute rodenticides (Gnarz, refers to milligrammes of rodenticide per 1973). One of the most commonly used kilogramme of body weight. The laboratory acute rodenticides in the world is zinc bred R. argentiventerused in the trials were phosphide (Mvt-t-vtvtart, 1975). It was first from an out-bred colony of rats caught from used in 1911to control field rodents in Italy the rice fields of SeberangPerai, Penang. and later in other European countries (Currrv and SourHERN, 1954; Scuoop, Rats were caged singly in cages 1970).Although zinc phosphide is the most measuring 28 x 36 x 16 cm and shielded frequently used rodenticide among rice from the view of one another. Before the farmers in Malaysia (Lnlt and AeouLI-nH, tests,all rats were maintainedon laboratory 1975), detailed laboratory trials have not pelfets and water sd libitum and were been conducted to evaluate its efficacy and conditioned for two weeks before the tests palatability againstthe rice field rat, Rattus were conducted.Rats were weighedone day argentiventer (Robinson & Kloss). Lena before the start of the tests. The toxicants (1979a) reported toxicological studies of were presented in a bait-baseas described zinc phosphide, pyrinuron (pyriminyl) and by Lnu (1979b). kayanex and found them to possessgood rodenticidal properties against R. Two types of feeding experiment were ar4entiventer.Field studies indicated that carried out. no-choice and choice tests. In zinc phosphidecould be effectively used for the no-choicetests, non-poisoned baits were *Rice ResearchDivision. MARDI. Bumbonq Lima. ScbcrangPerai. Penang, Malaysia. 271 given for three days. On the fourth day it poisoned bait consumed compared with the was replaced by the poisoned bait, i.e. the mean prebait at these levels. The mean rats were given poisoned baits for one day at amount of poisonedbaits consumedwas less the various concentrationstested. In choice than 2.0 glday at 0.5Vo and at l.}Vc the tests,food pots containingthe non-poisoned amounts consumed were below 1.0 g/day and poisoned baits were placed (Table 2). The lowest lethal dose for the symmetrically in the cages. After a 24-hour males was 8.11 mg/kg and the highest dose exposure,the positionsof the two baitswere survived was 20.96 mg/kilogramme. For the inter-changed with fresh baits and clean females,the lowest lethal dosewas 8.93 mg/ pots. The above process was repeated until kg and the highest dose survived was 24.64 the tests were completed. The contents of mg/kg (Table 2). A majority of the rats died the food pots were weighed daily and the within 24 hours after ingestion of the bait consumption was recorded. At the end poisoned baits. However, in the lower con- of the tests, rats were fed laboratory pellets centrations,0.l%oand0.2Vo, about 50% of and water ad libitum and were then the rats died between two and five days. observed for 14 days. Days to death of the Mean days to death (data from the various treated rats were recorded. concentrations,tested) was 1.6 days, with a range of one to five days. RESULTS Kayanex at 0.lVo caused 50% No-choice Feeding Tests mortality in males and 407o mortality in females (Table 3). At0.5Vo kayanex caused Zinc phosphide at 0.5Vo causedmore 807o mortality in males and 9OVomortality than 50Va mortality in both sexes and at in females but at 1% kayanex, 700Vo 7.5Vo to 5.OVo the mortality of the rats mortality was induced in both sexes (Table tested was ; )7a-l00Vo (Table 1). At con- 3). The mean amounts of kayanex bait centrations greater than L5Vo, rats were consumedwere significantlylow in all tests, found to have survived the testsbecause of lessthan 1.0 g/day, comparedwith the mean bait refusal. The lowest lethal dose for prebaits of 4.31-8.66 glday. The lowest males was 3.59 mgikg and the highest dose lethal dosefor the maleswas 0.13 mg/kg and survived was 24.71mglkilogramme. For the the highest dose survived was 1I.43 mgl females,the lowest lethal dose was 3.37 mgi kilogramme. For the females, the lowest kg and the highest survived dose was 57.29 lethal dose was 1.51 mg/kg and the highest mg/kg (Table 1). Although mean poison bait dose survived was 11.72 mglkg (Table 3). consumption was low (less than 0.5 g/day) All susceptible rats died within 24 hours comparedwith the mean prebait (which was after ingestionof poisoned baits. greater than 4.73 g) rat mortality was high at the 37o and 5Volevels. in which 80Vo-l00Vo Choice Feeding Tests mortalitieswere achieved.A majority of the rats died within 24 hours after ingestion of Due to the acute action of zinc the poisoned baits. Mean days to death phosphide,pyrinuron and kayanex,only the (data from the various concentrations bait consumptions(plain and poisoned) on tested) was 1.1 days, with a range of one to the first day were used in the statistical six days. analyses. Zinc phosphide at 2Vc was un- palatable to R. argentiventer and as a result '70% Pyrinuron at 0"|Vo caused the mortality was low, 20Vo for males and mortality in males and 90Vo mortality in 50Vo for females (Table 4). At concentra- females (Table 2). N concentrations of tions of 1.5Vo and below rats did not show 0.27o, 0.57o and 1.07o pyrinuron caused significant preference for the plain baits 1007o mortality in both sexes. There was (except for males, P<0.05, at 7Vo zinc sienificant reduction in the amount of phosphide)although smaller amounts of the 272 -lo clololN \C N -l tlttttttl nomNhN ot6 tttltttl El& ol -l al E >l N 6la >l 9n\n\-:qq ol> NNF ool ^l tl ool oc:o\ ,ll bol q\cl -Sr A NNN ttttt tttl N ol rtlttl AI \\n .*l \ $ ;l ol 9l po ol F\o, N >l lO OI ttl b. 'tl>l rt q FI L- -N al q\ al q F o0l .ll \OO\\OnO6-O6<.$- oo OC,\OcCO,n$n-\Ool- N €.iF-cco_ri ool -,sa \ \Cal-\Onn6O ++-i €o-joirj j.ooi €'C<fOrcOhoOOf--- 6i do-jdi NF--N- a E -.7).i$hr\Or ttttll t rttttt O-!+n€r-rtOCO.C -OO<?\OFm<t ar:noqq-i9\!-{q FO,\OoldNO- *n6+no\Oolo\ChF- dd-j.jd+ra; od -N- F-N -F ol ]-d--€-T\fCOO - I NAONO-n-NCr- '- €O-NoC€N€ €r;r;r;rd6dda6i+ 6 NC)6O\-O.ar €l 6O+oOOF€f-€Nn A 6i doi r; .ciF.c€ 'il NNNN6.i$O N d 9 J q q Na,nNNnO.$n6\Co a !q09\n.1q"?nan': Nnco€o€h o nOmN--OO e i i (.) C) I \CF-n€ttNn\OOO.C () qcl9.19-:9v]09\q- rrr-nNF- - N\O-€noF-o 6 \cnn*o,nn\c)$$F-n o u - ! F+c.+'c+.o+ I ^I d I - > t!.'| q.l a > 9 6v 5b.Fld-5..-- GY E> a E> - CJ (.) zo; tl >3 E a (.) :! G € ot- F-NNn600 ii-j,j-j-^i^j ddri ri .9 F v^ _a* U 1id a: .d eq9\qcq9lq9.n O'ca6-€nOcO €€oro\crn€\ocoF- Fr'o-j6i 6i d+ --N-N- $\o\o\o$r€$ o0 oo NFNFaI-F- € >; >E>Ir>!!>r!>tL>t! € a a >t!>lr>t&>i! 273 -lc) poisonedbaits were consumed(Table 4). otG tttlttl Zinc phosphideat l.5Vo was able to cause nld 80Vomortality in both sexesunder choice >l c conditions. ol>6lq bol Pyrinuron at 0.2Vocaused mortalities of 20Voin the malesand 407o in the females bol c9\-:\nO\nnNO -l ;o r,$n-- under choiceconditions (Table 5). At0.3Vo I TT I I pyrinuron caused 807o mortality in the vl.leqq -+NFO males and 40Vo mortality in the females. Femalesshowed significantpreference for ol plain baits at 0.3Vobut at 0.5% no signi- wt= noonNr ficant preference for plain baits was 9lu \nqv?nn I l NN-NTN more plain On il> detectedin both sexesalthough al baits (approximately2.5 times the mean a poisonedbaits) were consumed(Table 5).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vertebrate Pest Council 2002
    UC Agriculture & Natural Resources Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference Title Rats! Foiled Again: A History of Rodent Control Methods Development at the National Wildlife Research Center Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3526b1nt Journal Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference, 25(25) ISSN 0507-6773 Authors Fagerstone, Kathleen A. Fall, Michael W. Witmer, Gary W. et al. Publication Date 2012 DOI 10.5070/V425110585 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Rats! Foiled Again: A History of Rodent Control Methods Development at the National Wildlife Research Center Kathleen A. Fagerstone, Michael W. Fall, and Gary W. Witmer USDA APHIS Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado William C. Pitt USDA APHIS Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Hawaii Field Station, Hilo, Hawaii ABSTRACT: The National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) and its predecessor laboratories have a long history of developing ma- terials and methods for managing rodents and the damage they cause. The NWRC has been influential in exploring, developing, and maintaining legal uses of many traditional field rodenticides such as strychnine and zinc phosphide. Products have been developed for managing rodents in a variety of locales, and for managing a variety of species, from commensal rodents in urban areas, to pocket gophers and mountain beaver in forests, prairie dogs and ground squirrels on rangelands, and nutria and beaver in wetlands. Consid- erable research has also been conducted on developing methods of managing rodents in underdeveloped countries. Recent efforts by NWRC have focused on development of tools for managing invasive rodents in conservation areas such as island ecosystems and development of alternative, nonlethal control methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Giftfreies EUROPA Giftfreies Europa Giftfreies Europa
    Hiltrud Breyer (Hrsg.) Dangerous chemicals Giftfreies EUROPA GIFTFREIES EUROPA Giftfreies Europa Herausgegeben von Hiltrud Breyer Die Grünen | Europäische Freie Allianz im Europäischen Parlament Für die sprachliche Gleichstellung von Männern und Frauen gilt: Die Entscheidung über gewählte Sprach- formen lag bei den AutorInnen. Die gewählte Sprachform ist jeweils weiblich und männlich zu verstehen. Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung, die nicht ausdrücklich vom Urheberrechtsgesetz zugelassen ist, bedarf der vorherigen Zustimmung. Giftfreies Europa Herausgegeben von Hiltrud Breyer Die Grünen | Europäische Freie Allianz im Europäischen Parlament Redaktion und Koordination: Stefan Ziller Redaktionelle Mitarbeit: Ilka Sille und Gasimi Nigar Ahmadaga Gestaltung: Matthias Roth und Stefan Ziller Druck: agit-druck Hilrdud Breyer, MdEP Rue Wiertz 60, B-1047 Brüssel, Belgien E [email protected] W www.hiltrudbreyer.eu Inhalt Einleitung Giftfreies Europa 9 Hiltrud Breyer Gifte im Alltag - unsere tägliche Gefahr Viele Kitas stark mit Weichmachern belastet 11 Sarah Häuser, Ann-Katrin Sporkmann Innenraum-Luft - Ein vernachlässigtes Thema 17 Hanns Moshammer Gift in Kleidung - Chemikalien in Textilien 25 Mecki Naschke Kontaminierte Kabinenluft in Passagierflugzeugen 31 Aida Infante Endocrine disruptors in the healthcare sector 41 Healthcare Without Harm Europe Chemische Zeitbomben 47 Philipp Mimkes Minimierung krebserzeugender Stoffe ein Ansatz zur Verminderung arbeitsbedingter Krebserkrankungen
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Microbiocides
    (19) TZZ _Z__T (11) EP 2 641 901 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.: 25.09.2013 Bulletin 2013/39 C07D 215/40 (2006.01) C07D 401/12 (2006.01) A61K 31/4709 (2006.01) A01N 43/42 (2006.01) (21) Application number: 12160780.8 (22) Date of filing: 22.03.2012 (84) Designated Contracting States: (72) Inventor: The designation of the inventor has not AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB yet been filed GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR (74) Representative: Herrmann, Jörg Designated Extension States: Syngenta Crop Protection BA ME Münchwilen AG Intellectual Property Department (71) Applicant: Syngenta Participations AG Schaffhauserstrasse 4058 Basel (CH) 4332 Stein (CH) (54) Novel microbiocides (57) The invention relates to compounds of formula I wherein R1, R2, X, Y1, Y2, Y3, D1, D2, D3, G1, G2, G3 and p are as defined in the claims. The invention further provides intermediates used in the preparation of these compounds, to compositions which comprise these compounds and to theiruse in agriculture or horticulture for controlling orpreventing infestation of plants by phytopathogenic microorganisms, preferably fungi. EP 2 641 901 A1 Printed by Jouve, 75001 PARIS (FR) EP 2 641 901 A1 Description [0001] The present invention relates to novel microbiocidally active, in particular fungicidally active, cyclic bisoxime derivatives. Itfurther relatesto intermediates used inthe preparationof these compounds, to compositions which comprise 5 these compounds and to their use in agriculture or horticulture for controlling or preventing infestation of plants by phytopathogenic microorganisms, preferably fungi.
    [Show full text]
  • ) (51) International Patent Classification: Declarations Under
    ) ( (51) International Patent Classification: Declarations under Rule 4.17: A01N 43/56 (2006.0 1) C07D 401/04 (2006.0 1) — as to applicant's entitlement to apply for and be granted a (21) International Application Number: patent (Rule 4.17(H)) PCT/US20 19/033099 Published: (22) International Filing Date: — with international search report (Art. 21(3)) 20 May 2019 (20.05.2019) (25) Filing Language: English (26) Publication Language: English (30) Priority Data: 62/682,248 08 June 2018 (08.06.2018) US (71) Applicant: DOW AGROSCIENCES LLC [—/US]; 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268 (US). (72) Inventors: ZHANG, Yu; 9330 Zionsville Road, Indi¬ anapolis, Indiana 46268 (US). TRULLINGER, Tony K.; 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268 (US). KLITTICH, Carla J.R.; 5201 N . Placita Cresta Loma, Tucson, Arizona 85704 (US). HUNTER, Ricky; 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268 (US). (74) Agent: CUDWORTH, Denise P.; 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268 (US). (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of national protection available) : AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DJ, DK, DM, DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JO, JP, KE, KG, KH, KN, KP, KR, KW, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0271932 A1 Rubel Et Al
    US 2014027 1932A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0271932 A1 Rubel et al. (43) Pub. Date: Sep. 18, 2014 (54) RODENTICIDAL COMPOSITION AND Publication Classification METHOD (51) Int. Cl. (71) Applicant: PIC Corporation/Pest Free Living, AOIN 59/00 (2006.01) Linden, NJ (US) (52) U.S. Cl. CPC ...................................... A0IN 59/00 (2013.01) (72) Inventors: Phyllis Rubel, Scotch Plains, NJ (US); USPC .......................................................... 424/717 Sidney Goldman, Verona, NJ (US); Bogdan Enache, Jersey City, NJ (US) (57) ABSTRACT A rodenticidal composition comprising a carbon dioxide (21) Appl. No.: 13/829,332 release agent and a carrier may be disclosed. A method of controlling rodents at a locus by applying the composition of (22) Filed: Mar 14, 2013 the disclosure may be disclosed. Patent Application Publication Sep. 18, 2014 US 2014/0271932 A1 9ISI I? 80I (S.97) US 2014/027 1932 A1 Sep. 18, 2014 RODENTCIDAL COMPOSITION AND 0007. In another embodiment of the present disclosure the METHOD carbonate salt and/or the bicarbonate salt may further com 0001. The present disclosure relates to a rodenticide or prise an ammonium cation. The nitrogen of the ammonium composition and method for controlling rodents, e.g. com cation may be substituted with from 1 to 4 substituents each of mensal rodents. which may be alkyl, phenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or alkoxy-Sub 0002 The present disclosure may include a composition stituted alkyl. By the term alkyl may be generally meant lower comprising a rodenticidally effective amount of a carbon alkyl, that may be from C to C alkyl, or from C to Calkyl.
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2015/000715 Al 8 January 2015 (08.01.2015) P O P C T
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2015/000715 Al 8 January 2015 (08.01.2015) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (30) Priority Data: C07D 471/04 (2006.01) C07D 487/04 (2006.01) 13 174698.4 2 July 201 3 (02.07.2013) EP C07D 471/12 (2006.01) C07D 498/04 (2006.01) 13 176263.5 12 July 201 3 (12.07.2013) EP 13 197069. 1 13 December 2013 (13. 12.2013) EP (21) International Application Number: PCT/CN2014/076736 4 May 2014 (04.05.2014) CN PCT/EP2014/062946 (71) Applicant: SYNGENTA PARTICIPATIONS AG (22) International Filing Date: [CH/CH]; Schwarzwaldallee 215, CH-4058 Basel (CH). 19 June 2014 (19.06.2014) (72) Inventors: EDMUNDS, Andrew; Syngenta Crop Protec (25) Filing Language: English tion Munchwilen AG, Schaffhauserstrasse, CH-4332 Stein (26) Publication Language: English (CH). MUEHLEBACH, Michel; Syngenta Crop Protec tion, Munchwilen AG, Schaffhauserstrasse, CH-4332 Stein (CH). STOLLER, Andre; Syngenta Crop Protection Munchwilen AG, Schaffhauserstrasse, CH-4332 Stein (CH). LOISELEUR, Olivier; Syngenta Crop Protection Munchwilen AG, Schaffhauserstrasse, CH-4332 Stein [Continued on nextpage] (54) Title: PESTICIDALLY ACTIVE BI- OR TRICYCLIC HETEROCYCLES WITH SULFUR CONTAINING SUBSTITUENTS _ _ (57) Abstract: Pesticidally active bi-or tricyclic heterocycles with sulphur-con - a ng substituents, stereoisomers and tautomeric torms thereot that can be used as insecticides and can be prepared in a manner known per se. (CH). BUCHHOLZ, Anke; Syngenta Crop Protection GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, Munchwilen AG, Schaffhauserstrasse, CH-4332 Stein KP, KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, (CH).
    [Show full text]
  • ( 511 ) ,.:!.J C;.;IJ.J .;L,,,J OJJ T;, J I C.:Ii 1 ;:JI Ul...J
    UNITED ARAB EMIRATFS ;;~I ~_r-JI ~I).... ~\ MINISTRY OF [NVIRONMfNT & WATfR • '13"" •• 13jljj OFFICt OF HI[ MINISTER e2013 J..l.....J ( 511 ) ,.:!.J c;.;IJ.J .;l,,,J OJJ t;, J i c.:ii 1 ;:JI ul...J. v9 e2012 ~ (13) e!.J <>)J.f\ .;1.;l.11J;~ o, , i ·H 4..;a.J1 c.:i1J1.... 'i 14..J.J~ e ' ~"i l oo4lJl.J · ~L...,;.J l.j ~\ ..HJJ •1..Jj_,!1 u\.,u.~J ..::...l)j_,!1 wl.....ol...o:i:..\ 0L.!..} ('1972 w (1) r-1 J ..s.iWYI c)_,..iUll ._..le. t ~')'I .l.a-! ,.ij ;iJ.i...J\ ~1_,illJ ,;J ;iJ.i...JI t_'.H.il_,all J .,rl J)I ~\ ul.!..} r l979 W (5) i!J c.j:L.::.'JI <.Jy\ill ._..le. J •'-:iiiillJI ~')' J ,~\_;jll ..:J..!'il ..:.I~ ul.!..} t 1992 W ( 41) r-!) c.j.iW'JI <.JyUll ._..le. J i.JJ-...::ill ~ JJ-l../ wl~l (i'Ll:U) L;_,.JI.! ._..le. U-JL........I\.,> ?2007 W ( 10) ri .J .;.iWYI r.F yJI ._..le. J ·~.;a.JI ~I J ,iJ L)J.U.. J.S.) ..:...1~1 l .1; . oi1 cl.......JI ?:u.. 0l.!..} ?1999 W (7/47) r-i .J .I Jj_,ll U'4--)) ._..le. J 10 ~\ ~I 4<i '--"! U ,.i.JI ·~~J 'O..Jlj_,11 ~I ~I ul.!..} ,>2009 W (21) r-!.J <-l_;j_,ll U'4--)) ._..le. J 41,1~ ,1 Lul~I .yi..11 JI O..Jj );,., .JI wl~l u~ r l 991 w (11) ~..) c.,>)j_,JI )..rill c)c J .~IJ :i J"" oll LA .):.\i..J ~•).
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons Learned
    Prevention and Reversal of Chronic Disease Copyright © 2019 RN Kostoff PREVENTION AND REVERSAL OF CHRONIC DISEASE: LESSONS LEARNED By Ronald N. Kostoff, Ph.D., School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology 13500 Tallyrand Way, Gainesville, VA, 20155 [email protected] KEYWORDS Chronic disease prevention; chronic disease reversal; chronic kidney disease; Alzheimer’s Disease; peripheral neuropathy; peripheral arterial disease; contributing factors; treatments; biomarkers; literature-based discovery; text mining ABSTRACT For a decade, our research group has been developing protocols to prevent and reverse chronic diseases. The present monograph outlines the lessons we have learned from both conducting the studies and identifying common patterns in the results. The main product of our studies is a five-step treatment protocol to reverse any chronic disease, based on the following systemic medical principle: at the present time, removal of cause is a necessary, but not necessarily sufficient, condition for restorative treatment to be effective. Implementation of the five-step treatment protocol is as follows: FIVE-STEP TREATMENT PROTOCOL TO REVERSE ANY CHRONIC DISEASE Step 1: Obtain a detailed medical and habit/exposure history from the patient. Step 2: Administer written and clinical performance and behavioral tests to assess the severity of symptoms and performance measures. Step 3: Administer laboratory tests (blood, urine, imaging, etc) Step 4: Eliminate ongoing contributing factors to the chronic disease Step 5: Implement treatments for the chronic disease This individually-tailored chronic disease treatment protocol can be implemented with the data available in the biomedical literature now. It is general and applicable to any chronic disease that has an associated substantial research literature (with the possible exceptions of individuals with strong genetic predispositions to the disease in question or who have suffered irreversible damage from the disease).
    [Show full text]
  • Pesticides Definition
    Pesticides Definition • Pesticides are chemical compounds that are used to kill pests, including insects, rodents, fungi and unwanted plants (weeds). • Pesticides are used in public health to kill vectors of disease, such as mosquitoes, and in agriculture, to kill pests that damage crops. • By their nature, pesticides are potentially toxic to other organisms, including humans, and need to be used safely and disposed of properly. History • Since the prehistoric period, mankind has fought against the pests that cause damage to themselves, animals and plants and play a role in transporting epidemic diseases. • In the early 1940s, many organic compounds with arsenic, sulfur, copper, mercury, fluoride and calcium were used to combat these pests. • After these years, the period of synthetic and contemporary pesticides began and in 1942 DDT and similar organic chlorinated compounds were used, and after the 2nd World War, organic phosphorus compounds were used as herbicides and insecticides. History • Since the 1970s, 30,000 kinds of new compounds have been produced for use as pesticides, and 10,000 of these are used for the same purpose in developed countries. • From the 1970s onwards, the toxic damages of these pesticide species have been understood for humans and compounds such as carbamate group compounds, pyrethroids, which are less harmful examples of pesticides, have been used. • It is not known how pesticides, which have a very important place in the war against pests, will cause problems in the future despite their more effective and targeted use. Use Of Pesticides – Types Of Product Pesticides used in different settings: - Agricultural - Veterinary - Domestic - Institutional Formulations: liquid, gel, paste, chalk, powder, granules, pellets, baits..
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,668,472 B2 Meredith Et Al
    USOO9668472B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,668,472 B2 Meredith et al. (45) Date of Patent: Jun. 6, 2017 (54) POLYAMIDE AND POLYIMIDE STICKER (58) Field of Classification Search ADUVANTS CPC ...... A01N 25/24: A01N 43/54: A01N 43/653; C08G 69/40; C08G 73/10; C08G 2310/00 (71) Applicant: Huntsman Petrochemical LLC. The See application file for complete search history. Woodlands, TX (US) (56) References Cited (72) Inventors: Matthew T. Meredith, Spring, TX (US); Alan J Stern, Magnolia, TX U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS (US); Dilek Saylik, Meadow Heights (AU) 3,806,456 A * 4/1974 Vogel ................... BO1D 17,047 252/77 3.812,082 A * 5/1974 Jones ................... CO8G 18,346 (73) Assignee: Huntsman Petrochemical LLC. The OS 528,125 Woodlands, TX (US) 4,151,173 A 4/1979 Vogel 4,374,741 A 2f1983 Rieder (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 4,789,721 A ck 12/1988 Waddill et al. patent is extended or adjusted under 35 5,053,484 A * 10/1991 Speranza ............... Cosge U.S.C. 154(b) by 11 days. 5,093,382 A 3/1992 Speranza et al. 6,399,713 B1 6/2002 MacQueen et al. (21) Appl. No.: 14/.420,916 6,423.304 B1* 7/2002 Shah ...................... A61K 8,042 424/400 (22) PCT Filed: Nov. 6, 2013 8,247.459 B2 8/2012 Kostansek 2004/0186263 A1 9, 2004 Pavlin (86). PCT No.: PCT/US2013/065175 2007/0244216 A1 10, 2007 Stern 2009.0035380 A1 2/2009 Kostansek S 371 (c)(1), 2011/0105333 A1 5, 2011 Israels et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Pesticide and Metabolite Standards Catalog Table of Contents GENERAL INFORMATION
    Pesticide and Metabolite Standards Catalog Table of Contents GENERAL INFORMATION ........................................................................................................ 2 Ordering Information Fax Order Form Making Dilutions Miscibility Table How To Read a Chem Service Label PESTICIDE AND METABOLITE STANDARDS - ALPHABETICAL LISTING .......................7 PESTICIDE STANDARDS LISTING BY CAS NUMBER WITH STRUCTURES .....................28 METABOLITE STANDARDS LISTING BY PARENT COMPOUND WITH STRUCTURES .. 161 GOVERNMENT/STATE/INTERNATIONAL AGENCY STANDARDS .................................... 178 EPA 500 .................................................................................................................................180 EPA 600 .................................................................................................................................190 EPA 1600 ...............................................................................................................................197 EPA 8000 ...............................................................................................................................199 EPA 8100 ...............................................................................................................................200 EPA 8200 ...............................................................................................................................203 EPA 8300 ...............................................................................................................................204
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on Clinical Profile of Rodenticide Poisoning at Government Stanley Hospital, Chennai – 600 001
    A Dissertation on A STUDY ON CLINICAL PROFILE OF RODENTICIDE POISONING AT GOVERNMENT STANLEY HOSPITAL, CHENNAI – 600 001. Submitted to THE TAMILNADU DR. M.G.R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY CHENNAI – 600032. In partial fulfillment of the Regulations for the Award of the Degree of M.D. BRANCH - I GENERAL MEDICINE DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL MEDICINE STANLEY MEDICAL COLLEGE CHENNAI – 600 001. APRIL 2013 1 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Dr. G.ARUN KUMAR, Post -Graduate Student (MAY 2010 TO APRIL 2013) in the Department of General Medicine STANLEY MEDICAL COLLEGE, Chennai- 600 001, has done this dissertation on “A STUDY ON CLINICAL PROFILE OF RODENTICIDE POISONING AT GOVERNMENT STANLEY HOSPITAL, CHENNAI – 600001” under my guidance and supervision in partial fulfillment of the regulations laid down by the Tamilnadu Dr.M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai, for M.D. (General Medicine), Degree Examination to be held in April 2013. Dr.R.S.MURALIDHARAN, M.D; Dr.P.VASANTHI, M.D Dr.MAGESH KUMAR, M.D; Associate Professor (IMCU), Professor, Professor and HOD Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Govt. Stanley Medical Govt. Stanley Medical Govt. Stanley Medical College & Hospital, College & Hospital, College & Hospital, Chennai – 600001. Chennai – 600001. Chennai – 600001. Prof.Dr.S.GEETHALAKSHMI M.D, PhD; Dean Govt.Stanley Medical College & Hospital, Chennai – 600001. 2 DECLARATION I Dr.G.ARUN KUMAR declare that I carried out this work on “A STUDY ON CLINICAL PROFILE OF RODENTICIDE POISONING AT GOVERNMENT STANLEY HOSPITAL, CHENNAI - 600001” at the Toxicology unit of IMCU and Medical wards of Government Stanley Hospital during the period November 2011 to November 2012.
    [Show full text]