Impala Platinum Mine Slr Consulting (Africa) (Ltd)

Prepared for: IMPALA PLATINUM MINE SLR CONSULTING (AFRICA) (LTD)

A PHASE I HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR FLEASE’S PROPOSED PROSPECTING AREAS ON THE FARM HARTBEESPOORT B 410JQ TO THE WEST OF MADIBENG IN THE NORTH-WEST PROVINCE

Prepared by: Dr Julius CC Pistorius Archaeologist and Heritage Consultant 352 Rosemary Street Lynnwood 0081 PO Box 1522 Bela Bela 0480

Tel and fax 0147362115 Cell 0825545449 June 2012 Member ASAPA EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

A Phase I Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) study as required in terms of Section 38 of the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999) was done for Impala’s proposed prospecting areas on the farm Hartebeespoort B 410JQ near Madibeng in the North-West Province.

The aims with the Phase I HIA study were the following, namely:  To establish whether any of the types and ranges of heritage resources as outlined in Section 3 of the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999) (Box 1) do occur in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area  To determine the nature, the extent and the significance of any heritage resources that may occur in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area.  To outline appropriate mitigation (management) measures for those heritage resources which may be affected by the Inkosi and Imbasa Project.

The Phase I HIA study for the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area revealed some of the heritage resources which are outlined in Section 3 of the National heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999). These heritage resources consist of the following:  Single and clusters of stone walled settlements dating from the Late Iron Age in association with the Ga-Tshopje and the Kareepoort Mountain ranges.  Historical remains such as the Sonop village as well as individual farms homes which sometimes have associated structures such as tobacco sheds.  At least two formal graveyards.

These heritage resources were geo-referenced and mapped (Figure 4). Their levels of significance are also indicated as well as general mitigation measures should any of these remains be endangered by exploration activities.

The levels of significance of these heritage resources are indicated below.

Late Iron Age sites Late Iron Age (stone walled and non-stone walled) sites qualify as archaeological sites, some of which may date from the Historical Period. All archaeological (historical) and paleontological sites are protected by Section 35 of the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999). These site may not be affected (demolished, altered, renovated, removed) before the South African Heritage Resources Authority (SAHRA) has approved such alterations.

Historical remains All buildings and structures older than sixty years are protected by Section 34 of the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999) and may not be affected (demolished, altered, renovated, removed) before SAHRA has approved such alterations.

Graveyards All graves and graveyards are considered to be of high significance and are protected by various laws. Legislation with regard to graves includes the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999) whenever graves are older than sixty years. The act also distinguishes various categories of graves and burial grounds. Other legislation with regard to graves includes those which apply when graves are exhumed and relocated, namely the Ordinance on Exhumations (No 12 of 1980) and the Human Tissues Act (No 65 of 1983 as amended).

Graveyards are usually mitigated in two ways depending whether they are affected, directly or indirectly, namely:  By means of exhumation and relocation when affected directly. The exhumation of human remains and the relocation of graveyards are regulated by various laws, regulations and administrative procedures. This task is undertaken by forensic archaeologists or by reputed undertakers who are acquainted with all the administrative procedures and relevant legislation that have to be adhered to whenever human remains are exhumed and relocated. This process also includes social consultation with a 60 days statutory notice period for graves older than sixty years. Permission for the exhumation and relocation of human remains have to be obtained from the descendants of the deceased (if known), the National Department of Health, the Provincial Department of Health, the Premier of the Province and the local police.  Graveyards can be demarcated with brick walls or with fences when they are not affected in any physical way (but only indirectly). Conserving graveyards in situ (e.g. in mining areas) create the risk and responsibility that they may be damaged, accidentally, that the mine remains responsible for its future unaffected existence, maintenance and that controlled access must exist for any relatives or friends who wish to visit the deceased.

It is possible that heritage resources may be affected (alter, destroy, remove) during the Impala Project as a result of the following consequences:

 Accidental damage may occur to heritage resources in close proximity of project activities.  Deliberate (planned) damaged to heritage resources in close proximity of project activities that have to be affected (altered, removed destroyed) in order to obtain satisfactory exploration results.

Deliberate (planned) damage to heritage resources would probably not occur as project activities can be manipulated or adapted in order to avoid known heritage resources. However, if heritage resources have to be affected mitigation measures for heritage resources can be determined and executed, if approved by the authorities, prior to exploration activities being undertaken.

Heritage resources are non-renewal and once affected (alter, demolish, remove) can never be restored. The results of impacts therefore are permanent and impacts on heritage resources, notwithstanding when legally approved by the authorities, must be avoided at all costs.

Possible impacts on heritage resources The following guidelines are recommended for the proposed exploration activities in order to minimise any possible impact on heritage resources in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area. These mitigation measures are divided into guidelines that must be applied to specific sites where possible clashes between heritage resources and exploration activities may occur and general guidelines which must be applied throughout the exploration survey.

Mitigating guidelines for archaeological zones (cultural landscapes) It is clear from Figure 4 that the majority of heritage resources that were identified occur in and near the Ga-Tshopje and the Kareepoort Mountain ranges which represents the largest part of the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area. The majority of heritage sites in this area comprises of stone walled settlements which date from the Late Iron Age and the Historical Period. Some of these sites occur in clusters which constitute cultural landscapes of some proportions (see Table 1).

 Sensitive archaeological zones and sites must be visited before exploration activities commence.  Exploration activities must be planned and adapted around these cultural landscapes in such a way that these structures and remains are not affected during the exploration activities.  Attempts therefore must be made that satisfactory exploration results are obtained and that heritage resources and cultural landscapes are protected.  Appropriate mitigation measures must be applied to heritage resources where exploration activities could not be adapted and heritage resources were affected (altered, demolished, removed) as a result of exploration activities.  Authorisation must be obtained from the authorities before any mitigation measures are applied.

General mitigating guidelines The following general guidelines have to be adhered to during the onset, conducting and completion of exploration activities, namely: Project personnel:  Project personnel should be made aware of the possible presence of the types and ranges of heritage resources that may occur in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area.  Project personnel must be encouraged to avoid heritage sites and cultural landscapes at all possible costs.  The discovery of any heritage sites (not recorded in this survey) must be reported to an environmental officer who again must rapport these discoveries to the archaeologist.  Contractors and workers should be informed about the penalties associated with the unlawful removal of cultural, historical and archaeological remains and artefacts associated with heritage sites. It must be emphasised that artefacts such as potsherds, stone tools, grindings stones, etc. must be left un-interfered and in situ.  If any heritage resources of significance are exposed as a result of exploration related activities the environmental officer should be notified. Exploration activities have to be stopped and an archaeologist must be notified in order to determine appropriate mitigation measures for the discovered finds. This may include obtaining authorisation (permits) from SAHRA to conduct mitigation measures if any heritage resources have been affected. Project activities (areas):

 The Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area should be inspected before exploration activities commence. If exploration activities impacts on a heritage site it should be relocated. If relocation is not possible mitigation measures have to be applied to the heritage site prior to exploration activities commencing. These inspection activities apply for all areas where exploration work will be undertaken.  ‘Safe distances’ between heritage resources and exploration activities and other surface infrastructure have to be determined by the archaeologists and personnel as these safety measures are not outlined in the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999).  Conspicuous areas in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area sensitive to the harbouring of possible heritage resources must be carefully approached: e.g. river banks and beds may contain stone tools; outer edges of towns such as Sonop and Makolokwe harbour cemeteries; historical houses occur in both these towns as well as on the outskirts of these towns; stone walled sites nearly always occur near norite hills and mountains; informal graveyards may occur anywhere in the veld where informal dwellers lived in temporary dwellings, etc. Communities:  Communities living close to exploration activities should be consulted as these locations may hold some significance to the local community, e.g. there may be inconspicuous graves known to the community, the site may be used for church services or the site may hold some unknown emotional (ideological) significance, etc. Graves and cemeteries:  All graves and cemeteries must strictly be avoided. If exploration activities are conducted near inconspicuous graves they have to be demarcated with red cautionary tape. Burials hold high emotional value. Mitigation measures for graves are time consuming, extensive and expensive, especially when graves have to be relocated. General It is possible that this Phase I HIA study may have missed heritage resources in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area as heritage sites may occur in clumps of vegetation while others may lie below the surface of the earth and may only be exposed once development commences.

If any heritage resources of significance is exposed during the project the South African Heritage Resources Authority (SAHRA) should be notified immediately, all development activities must be stopped and an archaeologist accredited with the Association for Southern

African Professional Archaeologist (ASAPA) should be notify in order to determine appropriate mitigation measures for the discovered finds. This may include obtaining the necessary authorisation (permits) from SAHRA to conduct the mitigation measures.

CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2

1 INTRODUCTION 10

2 AIMS WITH THIS REPORT 12

3 THE INKOSI AND IMBASA PROJECT AREA 13 3.1 Location 13 3.2 How the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area was affected 14 3.3 Within a cultural landscape 14

4 METHODOLOGY 16 4.1 Desktop study 16 4.2 Consulting data bases 16 4.3 Earlier surveys 17 4.4 Fieldwork 17 4.5 Geo-referencing heritage resources 17 4.6 The rating of the significance of heritage resources 18 4.7 Limitations of the study 19 4.8 Some remarks on terminology 19

5 CONTEXTUALISING THE PROJECT AREA 23 5.1 The Central Bankeveld 23 5.2 Brief history of the Bakwena Bamôgôpa 25 5.3 Brief history of the Bakwena Bamogale (Bapô) 27 5.4 Historical Period 29 5.5 Early platinum mining 31

6 THE PHASE I HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY 33 6.1 Types and ranges of heritage resources 33 6.2 Late Iron Age stone walled sites 33

PORTIONS 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181 and 1182 36 PORTION 1059 37 PORTION 609 41 PORTIONS 1151, 1152 AND PORTION 1153 42 PORTION 1193 53 SONOP TERRAIN 55 PORTIONS 1123 AND 1124 56 PORTIONS 1124 AND 1125 56 PORTION 1221 57 6.2 Historical remains 58 6.2.1 The historical village of Sonop 58 6.2.2 Historical houses and associated infrastructure 59 6.3 Graveyards 61 6.3.1 Graveyard 01 61 6.3.2 Graveyard 02 63 6.4 Other heritage resources 63 6.5 Tables 63

7 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HERITAGE RESOURCES IN THE INKOSI AND IMBASA PROJECT AREA 66 7.1 Late Iron Age sites 66 7.2 Historical remains 66 7.3 Graveyards 66

8 POSSIBLE IMPACT ON HERITAGE RESOURCES IN THE INKOSI AND IMBASA PROJECT AREA 68 8.1 Possible impacts on heritage resources 68 8.1.1 Mitigating guidelines for archaeological zones (cultural landscapes) 68 8.1.2 General mitigating guidelines 70

9 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 72

10 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 78 1 INTRODUCTION

Impala Platinum Mine (Implats) intends to conduct exploration work on the farm Hartebeespoort B 410JQ to the west of Madibeng in the North-West Province. This report therefore contains the results of a Phase I Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) study which was done for Implats’ proposed exploration work in the Madibeng District. The Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area is the area in which Impala Platinum is a major shareholder and is the appointed prospecting agent.

The North-West Province of South Africa has a rich heritage comprised of remains dating from the pre-historic and from the historical (or colonial) periods of South Africa. Pre-historic and historical remains in the North-West Province present a record of the heritage of most groups living in South Africa today. Various types and ranges of heritage resources that qualify as part of South Africa’s ‘national estate’ (outlined in Section 3 of the National Heritage Resources Act, Act No 25 of 1999) occur in this region (see Box 1).

Box 1: Types and ranges of heritage resources as outlined in Section 3 of the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999).

The National Heritage Resources Act (Act 25 of 1999, Section 3) outlines the following types and ranges of heritage

resources that qualify as part of the national estate:

a. Places, buildings structures and equipment of cultural significance; b. Places to which oral traditions are attached or which are associated with living heritage; c. Historical settlements and townscapes; d. Landscapes and natural features of cultural significance;

e. Geological sites of scientific or cultural importance;

f. Archaeological and palaeontological sites; g. Graves and burial grounds including- i. Ancestral graves; ii. Royal graves and graves of traditional leaders;

iii. Graves of victims of conflict;

iv. Graves of individuals designated by the Minister by notice in the Gazette; v. Historical graves and cemeteries; and vi. Other human remains which are not covered in terms of the Human Tissue Act (Act 65 of 1983); h. Sites of significance relating to the history of slavery in South Africa;

i. Moveable objects, including -

i. Objects recovered from the soil or waters of South Africa, including archaeological and palaeontological objects, material, meteorites and rare geological specimens; ii. Objects to which oral traditions are attached or which are associated with living heritage; iii. Ethnographic art and objects;

iv. Military objects;

v. Objects of decorative or fine art; vi. Objects of scientific or technological interest; and vii. Books, records, documents, photographs, positives and negatives, graphic, film or video material or sound recordings, excluding those that are public records as defined in section 1(xiv) of the National

Archives of South Africa Act (Act 43 of 1996).

The National Heritage Resources Act (Act 25 of 1999, Sec 3) also distinguishes nine criteria for a place and/or object to qualify as ‘part of the national estate if they have cultural significance or other special value …’. These criteria are the following: a. Its importance in the community, or pattern of South Africa’s history;

b. Its possession of uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of South Africa’s natural or cultural heritage;

c. Its potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of South Africa’s natural or cultural heritage; d. Its importance in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of South Africa’s natural or cultural places or objects; e. Its importance in exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics valued by a community or cultural group;

f. Its importance in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period;

g. Its strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons; h. Its strong or special association with the life or work of a person, group or organisation of importance in the history of South Africa; and/or

i. Its significance relating to the history of slavery in South Africa.

2 AIMS OF THIS REPORT

Implats intends to undertake exploration work on the farm Hartebeespoort B 410JQ in the Madibeng District of the North-West Province. The exploration work (which is hereafter referred to as the Impala Project) may have an influence on any of the types and ranges of heritage resources which are outlined in Section 3 of the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999) as some of these resources may occur in the proposed exploration areas where Implats intends to undertake the proposed exploration activities (the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area).

Therefore SLR Consulting (Africa) (Ltd) the environmental company responsible for compiling the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the Impala Project, commissioned the author to conduct a Phase I Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) study for the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area.

The aims with the Phase I HIA study were the following, namely:  To establish whether any of the types and ranges of heritage resources as outlined in Section 3 of the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999) (Box 1) do occur in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area.  To determine the nature, the extent and the significance of any heritage resources that may occur in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area.  To outline appropriate mitigation (management) measures for those heritage resources which may be affected by the Impala Project.

3 THE INKOSI AND IMBASA PROJECT AREA

3.1 Location

The largest part of the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area comprises of the Ga-Tshopje and the Kareepoort Mountain ranges on the farm Hartebeespoort B 410JQ which is located on the western borders of the town of Madibeng in the North-West Province. Wedged between these mountain ranges is a flat piece of land which is bisected from the north to the south by the Kareepoort River and the tar road that runs from Losperfontein in the north to Bapong in the south.

The mountainous and flat terrain represents two eco-zones, each of which is characterises by certain prominent types and ranges of heritage resources. Whilst the mountainous Ga-Tshopje and the Kareepoort Mountains are dominated by stone walled sites dating from the Late Iron Age and the Historical Period, the flat terrain in the middle is characterised by the presence of historical remains such as the village of Sonop as well as individual farm homesteads and associated infrastructure such as tobacco sheds.

The Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area falls within the jurisdiction of the Madibeng Local Municipality in the Bojanala Platinum District in the North-West Province (2527CA Bapong; 1: 50 000 topographical map & 2526 Pretoria; 1:250 000 map) (Figures 1-4).

3.2 How the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area has been affected

The natural appearance and features in the two eco-zones in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area have been affected differently during the past decades. Whilst the Ga- Tshopje and the Kareepoort Mountains with their numerous foothills have been mined for granite the flat turf veld in-between these mountains was intensely utilized for irrigation purposes. It can be stated with a great degree of confidence that the majority of stone walled sites that used to exist in the two mountain ranges have been obliterated by granite mining whilst those sites that may have existed next to granite protrusions on flat terrain now also have disappeared as a result of prolonged agricultural activities.

Figure 1- Granite mining and irrigation agriculture has developed as neighbouring economic pursuits on the farm Hartebeespoort B 410JQ but also has contributed to the large destruction of heritage resources such as Late Iron Age stone walled sites in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area (above).

3.3 Within a cultural landscape

The Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area is part of a cultural landscape which is associated with pre-historical and historical Tswana communities such as the Bakwena Bamogale (Bapô) and the Bakwena Bamôgôpa and therefore warrants a brief description to demonstrate its place in South Africa’s cultural history (see Part 5, ‘Contextualising the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area).

Figures 2 & 3- The mountainous Ga-Tshopje and Kareepoort Mountain ranges dominate the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area on Hartbeespoort B 410JQ. Both mountains are mine for granite whilst the flat terrain between these mountain ranges is intensely utilized for irrigation agriculture (above and below).

4 METHODOLOGY

The survey for the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area study was conducted by means of the following activities:  A desk top study which surveyed literature relating to the pre-historical and historical context of the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area.  Consulting maps of the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area.  Consulting archaeological (heritage) data bases such as the one kept at the North-West Provincial Heritage Resources Agency (NW PHRA).  Relying on experience and information gained from twenty-five years of fieldwork in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area during which time numerous surveys were conducted for mines, residential areas, power lines and other types of development projects.  A broad sweep (heritage survey) of the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area.  Geo-referencing and mapping all heritage resources in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area and determining the level of significance of these heritage resources.  Integrating all information obtained from the literature survey, maps, data bases and previous surveys with the evidence derived from the fieldwork.

4.1 Desktop study

The desk top study consisted of compiling maps with all known types and ranges of heritage sites discovered during earlier surveys in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area.

The 1: 50 000 and 1: 250 000 maps were also used to study the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area and to identify possible types and ranges of heritage resources (2527CA Bapong; 1: 50 000 topographical map & 2526 Pretoria; 1:250 000 map). . 4.2 Consulting data bases

Databases kept and maintained at institutions such as the North-West Provincial Heritage Resources Agency (NW PHRA) in Mafekeng and the Archaeological Data Recording Centre at the National Flagship Institute (Museum Africa) in Pretoria were consulted to determine whether any heritage resources had been identified during earlier archaeological surveys in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area.

Literature relating to the pre-historical and the historical unfolding of the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area was briefly reviewed. Pre-historical and historical events relating to the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area were highlighted in order to contextualise the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area and to determine what possible types and ranges of heritage resources may be expected to occur in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area.

4.3 Earlier surveys

The author has conducted numerous surveys and excavations in the broad Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area during the last two decades. The surveys were conducted for granite, platinum and chrome mines. Excavations of approximately twenty settlements were undertaken while conducting research on the origins and history of the Tswana. Experience and information gained from these surveys and excavations contributed to knowledge about the presence of heritage resources in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area (see Part 10, ‘Select Bibliography’).

4.4 Fieldwork

A broad sweep which consisted of a survey with a vehicle and a pedestrian survey of critical (hot) spots in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area were undertaken.

4.5 Geo-referencing heritage resources

All the types and ranges of heritage resources that were discovered during earlier heritage surveys and during the broad sweep of the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area were geo-referenced, mapped, photographed and classified (described). The levels of

17 significance of these heritage resources were indicated so that these heritage resources could be avoided when exploration work commences.

4.6 The rating of the significance of the heritage resources

The rating of the significance of the heritage resources was done according to stipulations derived from the National Heritage Resources Act (NHRA) (No 25 of 1999). Heritage resources are also graded in three levels in the NHRA (No 25 of 1999) which has a bearing on the significance of heritage resources. Therefore, the significance rating for heritage resources [as endorsed by the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA) and approved by the Association for Southern African Professional Archaeologists (ASAPA)] for the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region is outlined in Table 1 (below).

GRADE Significance Recommended (according (based on) mitigation to NHRA Spatial extent Duration Intensity Probability National Grade 1 Conservation/ National site nomination Provincial Grade 2 Conservation/ Provincial site nomination Local Grade 3A HIGH Conservation, mitigation not advised Local Grade 3B HIGH Mitigation (Preserve part of site) General Protected A Grade 4A High/Medium Mitigation before destruction General Protected A Grade 4B Medium Recording before destruction General Protected A Grade 4C Low Destruction

Table 1: Grading of heritage resources according to the NHRA (No 25 of 1999) and significance rating for heritage resources. (Note that the significance rating also makes provision for recommendations for mitigation measures).

4.7 Limitations of the study

It is possible that this Phase I HIA study may have missed heritage resources in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area as heritage sites may occur in clumps of vegetation while others may lie below the surface of the earth and may only be exposed once development commences.

If any heritage resources of significance is exposed during the Impala Project the South African Heritage Resources Authority (SAHRA) should be notified immediately, all development activities must be stopped and an archaeologist accredited with the Association for Southern African Professional Archaeologist (ASAPA) should be notify in order to determine appropriate mitigation measures for the discovered finds. This may include obtaining the necessary authorisation (permits) from SAHRA to conduct the mitigation measures.

4.8 Some remarks on terminology

Terms that may be used in this report are briefly outlined below:  Conservation: The act of maintaining all or part of a resource (whether renewable or non-renewable) in its present condition in order to provide for its continued or future use. Conservation includes sustainable use, protection, maintenance, rehabilitation, restoration and enhancement of the natural and cultural environment.

 Cultural resource management: A process that consists of a range of interventions and provides a framework for informed and value-based decision-making. It integrates professional, technical and administrative functions and interventions that impact on cultural resources. Activities include

planning, policy development, monitoring and assessment, auditing, implementation, maintenance, communication, and many others. All these activities are (or will be) based on sound research.

 Cultural resources: A broad, generic term covering any physical, natural and spiritual properties and features adapted, used and created by humans in the past and present. Cultural resources are the result of continuing human cultural activity and embody a range of community values and meanings. These resources are non-renewable and finite. Cultural resources include traditional systems of cultural practice, belief or social interaction. They can be, but are not necessarily identified with defined locations.

 Heritage resources: The various natural and cultural assets that collectively form the heritage. These assets are also known as cultural and natural resources. Heritage resources (cultural resources) include all human-made phenomena and intangible products that are the result of the human mind. Natural, technological or industrial features may also be part of heritage resources, as places that have made an outstanding contribution to the cultures, traditions and lifestyles of the people or groups of people of South Africa.

 In-Situ Conservation: The conservation and maintenance of ecosystems, natural habitats and cultural resources in their natural and original surroundings.

 Iron Age: Refers to the last two millennia and ‘Early Iron Age’ to the first thousand years AD. ‘Late Iron Age' refers to the period between the 16th century and the 19th century and can therefore include the Historical Period.

 Maintenance: Keeping something in good health or repair.

 Pre-historical: Refers to the time before any historical documents were written or any written language developed in a particular area or region of the world. The historical period and historical remains refer, for the Impala Inkosi and Imbasa

Project Area, to the first appearance or use of ‘modern’ Western writing brought to the Eastern Highveld by the first Colonists who settled here from the 1840’s onwards.

 Preservation: Conservation activities that consolidate and maintain the existing form, material and integrity of a cultural resource.

 Recent past: Refers to the 20th century. Remains from this period are not necessarily older than sixty years and therefore may not qualify as archaeological or historical remains. Some of these remains, however, may be close to sixty years of age and may, in the near future, qualify as heritage resources.

 Protected area: A geographically defined area designated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives. Protected areas are dedicated primarily to the protection and enjoyment of natural or cultural heritage, to the maintenance of biodiversity, and to the maintenance of life-support systems.

 Reconstruction: Re-erecting a structure on its original site using original components.

 Replication: The act or process of reproducing by new construction the exact form and detail of a vanished building, structure, object, or a part thereof, as it appeared at a specific period.

 Restoration: Returning the existing fabric of a place to a known earlier state by removing additions or by reassembling existing components.

 Stone Age: Refers to the prehistoric past, although Late Stone Age peoples lived in South Africa well into the Historical Period. The Stone Age is divided into an Earlier Stone Age (3 million years to 150 000 thousand years ago) the Middle Stone Age (150 000 years to 40 000 years ago) and the Late Stone Age (40 000 years to 300 years ago).

 Sustainability: The ability of an activity to continue indefinitely, at current and projected levels, without depleting social, financial, physical and other resources required to produce the expected benefits.

 Translocation: Dismantling a structure and re-erecting it on a new site using original components.

 Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area: refers to the area (footprint) where the developer wants to focus its development activities (refer to plan).

 Phase I studies refer to surveys using various sources of data in order to establish the presence of all possible types and ranges of heritage resources in any given Impala Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area (excluding paleontological remains as these studies are done by registered and accredited palaeontologists).

 Phase II studies include in-depth cultural heritage studies such as archaeological mapping, excavating and sometimes laboratory work. Phase II work may include the documenting of rock art, engraving or historical sites and dwellings; the sampling of archaeological sites or shipwrecks; extended excavations of archaeological sites; the exhumation of human remains and the relocation of graveyards, etc. Phase II work involve permitting processes, require the input of different specialists and the co-operation and approval of SAHRA.

5 CONTEXTUALISING THE INKOSI AND IMBASA PROJECT AREA

The Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area is located in the Central Bankeveld in close proximity of the Magaliesberg. The Central Bankeveld has high heritage significance in the North-West Province. A broad cultural-historical context of the region is provided in order to gain a better understanding of the heritage character of the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area.

5.1 The Central Bankeveld

The Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area falls within the Central Bankeveld which is a narrow strip of land which is situated between the northern bushveldt savannah and the centrally situated Highveld. The Central Bankeveld has its own unique heritage character which is dominated by numerous Tswana spheres of influence which are centuries-old and which is characterised by the remains of extensive stone walled settlements in all of the domains that were controlled by various Tswana chiefs whose origins date back to the 17th century.

The older grabbo of the Central Bankeveld was penetrated by younger vulcanic magma which formed the series and chains of pyramid-shaped norite hills which run from the Pilanesberg in the north-west to Brits in the east. These hills in the Magaliesberg Valley presented a unique eco-zone in which humans and communities flourished from an early period. This area is known for its rich and diverse range of heritage resources.

Stone Age sites are scattered along the Magaliesberg and are also found in caves and in rock shelters in the mountain. Rock engravings are located further towards Maanhaarrand and Rustenburg in the west. The most abundant heritage, however, are those that date from the Late Iron Age and which are associated with the numerous

Tswana chiefdoms who occupied this region during the last four centuries. The settlements of these early Tswana chiefdoms are characterised by an impressive and elaborate stone-built tradition. Thousands of stone walled sites were built along the bases of the norite hills between the Pilanesberg and Brits (Madibeng). The most formidable of these chiefdoms were the Kwena Môgôpa, Kwena Môgale (Bapô), Bakgatla and Fokeng. Further to the west, closer to Rustenburg was the Fôkeng chiefdom while several Kgatla spheres of influence emerged at the Pilanesberg in the north and further towards Brits in the east.

The Bapô, a people whose earliest ancestors were descended from the Amambô Nguni from Kwa Zulu/Natal, arrived in the Magaliesberg during the 16th or 17th centuries. One of their capitals was Tlhôgôkgôlô at Wolhuterskop. Several of the chiefs of this clan where known by the name of Môgale, from who the Magaliesberg has taken its name.

Numerous difaqane wars were fought during the last quarter of the 18th century and during the first quarter of the 19th century in the Central Bankeveld. These wars led to the displacement of large numbers of Tswana in the Bankeveld. The difaqane wars were caused by the Ndebele (Matabele) of Mzilikazi who arrived from the Vaal River region to occupy the Bankeveld in August 1827. The Ndebele destroyed the Kwena Môgôpa, the Kgatla and what had remained of the Bapô after an earlier defeat by the Pedi of Thulare. These wars exacerbated the havoc started earlier in the Bankeveld and gradually became a characteristic feature of historical events in this region during the early 19th century.

The Ndebele established several settlement complexes in the Central Bankeveld from whence they maintained their grip on the indigenous population. Four of these Zulu/Nguni residences (imisi) and military kraals (amakhanda) have been discovered during the course of archaeological surveys.

Internal strife between the various Tswana chiefdoms also seems to have been on the increase from the latter half of the 18th century onwards. Paternal relatives fought against each other to attain the chieftaincy of the various Tswana chiefdoms.

Succession disputes also led to the splintering of the existing chiefdoms into a growing number of independent spheres of influence in the Bankeveld.

Complex causes led to the unfolding of the numerous Tswana chiefdoms and their spheres of influence throughout the Bankeveld during the last decades of the 18th century and during the first decades of the 19th century. These causes were multidimensional and included the ecological potential of the region, the social and political formation and expansion of different spheres of influence, the establishment of short and long distance trade relations and local and regional wars. These causes and historical events were complex and are not fully recorded in oral traditions or in historical records while archaeological research has only yet begun.

5.2 Brief history of the Bakwena Bamôgôpa

The earliest known place where the Bakwena Bamôgôpa lived around AD1600 was Rathateng, a site located near the junction of the Crocodile River and the Marico River. The first chief of this branch of the Môgôpa was Setlhare who was succeeded by Môgôpa Tskokelele Dimolema who in turn was followed by Modise wa Môgôpa who lived during the middle of the 17th century.

Modise moved from Rathateng to Lokwadi (Zandrivierspoort 747) and from here to the foot of the Phalane mountain during the middle of the 17th century. This mountain was also known as Modise wa Môgôpa. Modise was succeeded by Radiphiri who possibly acted as regent. Sefikile followed Modise but did not live long. His younger brother Ramorola ruled after him as regent for Sefikele’s son, Ditswe.

Ditswe Tlowodi succeeded in the first half of the 18th century when the clan lived in the Mabjanamatshwana hills between the Kgowe River (?) and the Legapane (?) River. Ditswe and members of the tribe were killed by the Bakgatla whilst hunting buffalo. His son More inherited his wives.

Ditswe’s younger brother Mooketsi succeeded him as regent and handed the chieftainship to More because the rightful successor Tskoku was still too young to rule. During More’s reign which stretched over a long period there was continual fighting with

25 the Bapô and the Bakgatla. More raised Tsoku with his own son, Segwati and provided both with wives.

When Tskoku became old enough to rule More handed him the chief’s spear, axe and horn with the chief’s ointment at a pitso. Tskoku became chief of the Kwena Môgôpa that remained with his uncle Mooketsi. More and his followers settled at Lengwatladi or Mangwatladi, west of the Pienaars River. Tskoku became known as an arrogant, ruthless and cruel ruler. Many of his followers left him to join the Môgôpa of More.

Due to a dwindling in the number of his followers and for greater safety Tsoku went to live with a Kgatla chief known as Mmusi a Tagane. However, this clan eventually burnt his kraal and made him fled with his regiment, Matshetshele (‘the old men’) to sought refuge with More’s section of the Môgôpa. Here, he was eventually killed by More and Segwati as a result of all his misdeeds.

During the last quarter of the 18th century More returned as chief to Mabjanamatswana. He fought several wars and was feared by many tribes. He was initially on friendly terms with the Kgatla chief Mmusi but later settled at Kwate (Mmamogaleskraal) at the foot of the hill Thaba ya Morena in order to avoid conflict with Mmusi. During his old age he ruled with his son Segwati.

Around AD1820 a horde consisting of Bakgatla, Bawaduba, Bamoletlane, Batlhako and Baseabe came from the east and inflicted heavy losses on the Môgôpa Hereafter Mzilikazi’s Ndebele invaded the country during 1829 to 1837. More fought the Ndebele at Kutata (Silkaatsnek) but suffered heavy losses and eventually succumbed to the Ndebele’s attack together with his son Segwati. The Môgôpa now acknowledged Mzilikazi as chief.

Segwati’s two sons Motsile and Tedie Mmamogale were now in charge of the remnants of the Môgôpa. Motsile resided at Ramotlotlwe near Soutpan and some Môgôpa went to Makapanstad. The Môgôpa that remained under Mzilikazi were under the leadership of Mogajana.

Motsiele died around AD1834-36. Mmamogale was 60 years old and was recognised as supreme chief of the Mogopa. They lived in peace with the Ndebele until Shaka’s (Zulu) impi arrived in the Brits area. In the ensuing battle the Zulu defeated the Ndebele and the Môgôpa.

When the Voortrekkers arrived Mmamogale and his followers left for Bechuanaland in 1840/1845. Shortly afterwards in 1868 they returned to Matlhare and soon afterwards to Makolokwe and Mantabole (Bethanie). Mmamogale probably reached an age of 110 years and died in 1884.

5.3 Brief history of the Bakwena Bamogale (Bapô)

The following is a brief outline of the Bapô’s history describing their origins, some of their rulers and division of the Bapô into two tribes. The brief history follows the reigns of some of the most important rulers of the Bapô from AD1760 to AD1900.

The Sotho name Bapô is derived from the Nguni equivalent abaMbô. The tribe originated four generations after the first Ndebele chief, Musi, as a junior branch of the Ndebele of Valtyn. There is uncertainty about the identity of the first chief. He may have been Môgale Monyane. Other spokespersons say it was his son, Lotsane who, however, did not rule but Majaka who acted on his behalf.

The Bapô is derived from regiments of the Ndebele (of Mankopane/Makopane) who participated in a war between two Tswana tribes during c. 1670 to 1720. They were sent to assist the Bakwêna Bamôgôpa and after the war refused to return as they have married Tswana women.

At least five chiefs and regents initially lived at Makolokwe (Wolwekraal) where Moerane rose to prominence. He led the group to Thlôgôkgôlô (Wolhuterskop). During the reign of Moerane (c. 1795 to 1815) the Bapô fought various battles such as the following, namely:  Against the Bakwena Bamôgôpa over the possession of Bethanië (Mantabole) at Zandfontein east of the Bapô’s villages. (The Magôpa was defeated and Sekane More was slain).

 Against the Bafokeng and killed four of chief Sekete’s sons. (Hostilities between the Môgôpa and the Bafokeng continued during Moerane’s reign).  During 1817 to 1823 the Pedi under Malekutu (the eldest brother of Sekwati) raided the Bapô. At the time Moerane hide in the cave known as Phato in the Magaliesberg. Although the Bapô withstood the attack Malekutu’s Pedi routed the women and children at the Bapô’s villages on their return journey while Masite and most of Moerane’s sons at his head wife were killed. His grandson Mogalemogale (born, c. 1810) returned with him. Moerane died in 1821/1822.

Semetsa Botloko acted as regent for the minor Mogalemogale. He fought the Bathlakwana (probably Bataung) of Ramabutsetsa in 1823/1824 at Leeuwkop (Lokwane). After the Bathlakwana events, Botloko formed allies with Sebitwane’s Bafokeng (who arrived from Basotholand) and with Ratsebe (who came from Kroonstad [Mokolamu]) as Mzilikazi was on his way to the Magaliesberg area. However, Botloko deserted his allies when he saw Mzilikazi advanced through Mpame Neck. Botloko fled to Trantsekwane where he was killed by his own people (who believed that he killed his brothers to open the way to the chieftaincy).

Moruri, who had brought up Mogalamogale became regent. During this period the Bapô was disorganized and dispersed and the Matabele seized the opportunity to kidnap Mzilikazi. They pierced his ears according to Zulu custom. The Bapô, however, succeeded in freeing Mogalemogale from the Matabele.

In about 1837/38 Mogalamogale became the 12th Bapô chief. He resided on the Mogale River, near the Ngakotse, a tributary of the Crocodile River. Mogale had twelve wives, three of whom he had married before he escaped from the Matabele.

After 1841 some Matabele lead by Gozane appeared again on their way to Zululand. However, they were slain with the aid of the Voortrekkers who maintained relationships with Mogalamogale.

A man called Rautiegabo Moerane told the Boers that Mogalemogale was hiding rifles in a cave. Before the Voortrekkers could take possession of the fire arms they

28 were sent to chief Makapan/Mankopane in Mokopane. Soon afterwards a farmer was shot in Makapan’s country and Mogalemogale summoned to appear before Veldkormet Gert Kruger and Hans van Aswegen. He did not obey the summons but fled to the mountains with his sons. His son Moruatona sided with the Voortrekkers against Makopane.

Mogalemogale fled to Basutoland (Lesotho) with many of his followers who went to work on farms in Kroonstad, Heidelberg and Potchefstroom. He was later joined by his wives and successor (son), Moruatona.

After the Senekal and Seqiti wars in Basotuland Mogale returned and bought the farm Boschfontein from a Mr. Orsmond ‘because the kraals of his ancestors were situated there’. From 1862 Mogale lived at Boschfontein where he died at the age of 70 or 80 in 1869.

Mogalemogale was succeeded by Frederik Maruatona Mogale (born c. 1840/44). During his rule the Hermansburgse Lutheran Mission Station, Ebenezer, was established in 1874. The Bapô regiments Matlakana and Matsie participated with the ZAR in the Sekhukhune War of 1876. Frederik died about 1880.

George Rangane Mogale now acted on behalf of Darius Mogale until 1893. Darius Mogale became chief in 1893 but soon got into trouble with his people and behaved in such a way that the government deposed of him in 1908. He west to live in Heidelberg with his family and was allowed to return to the tribe in 1940.

The Bapô divided into two tribes as a dispute between Darius and his uncle Diederik Mogale in 1896 led to the departure of a part of the Bapô who went to live at Phorotlane (Bultfontein) near the Pilanesberg.

5.4 Historical Period

The Historical Period is associated with the arrival of the Voortrekkers in the Madibeng area and beyond its borders. During the early 19th century travellers, traders and missionaries visited the Rustenburg area where they encountered the numerous

29 devastated Tswana chiefdoms. These visitors moved from the Cape Colony to the far north-west and used the gap between the Magaliesberg and the Pilanesberg as a corridor to enter the Bankeveld. Wagons passed through this corridor on their way to Rustenburg and further to the east. These early visitors left descriptions of the devastation that was caused by Mzilikazi’s Ndebele and mentioned that numerous Tswana tribes were displaced from the area.

These early travellers included the traders Robert Schoon and William McLuckie in August 1829. They were soon followed by the missionary Robert Moffat who visited Mzilikazi in an umuzi (village) near what is today Pretoria. In June 1835 Charles Bell and other members of Andrew Smith's expedition visited a Ndebele village near Rustenburg which Bell subsequently painted. One year later, in December 1836, Cornwallis Harris also visited the Central Bankeveld where he painted emHlalandlela near Brits (Madibeng). Both these Ndebele village complexes have been identified by means of archaeological research.

The Bankeveld was rich in fauna which attracted the Griqua and the first white hunters to the region. Ivory was plentiful, with herds of elephants roaming the area. Ivory and the skins of the wide variety of fauna were sought after as precious trade commodities. Although the Tswana hunted the fauna of the Bankeveld, they were more renowned as agriculturists and cattle herders than as hunters.

During the first half of the 19th century Rustenburg, was one of the first colonial towns to be established by Voortrekkers during the first half of the 19th century. Other farms that were settled by the Voortrekkers were Schaapkraal near Marikana. The Hartebeespoort Dam was constructed between 1921 and 1924, during the depression, mostly using poor white labour. Since the second half of the 19th century, farmers and workers occupied the Rustenburg District (including the Mooinooi, Marikana, Hartebeespoort and Brits areas). Tobacco and citrus farming, together with cattle herding, became a subsistence pattern that has lasted to some extent to this day. Old farm homesteads, agricultural implements and other infrastructure such as tobacco drying sheds still exist on farms in the wider area.

During the Second/Anglo Transvaal Boer War (1899-1902) British blockhouses were built along the ridge of the Magaliesburg, from Pretoria in the east to Rustenburg in the west. Several of these structures are located in Kommandonek, Pampoennek and in Olifantsnek in the Magaliesberg.

5.5 Early platinum mining

The Merensky Reef is part of the crescent-shaped Bushveld Complex that stretches across the central part of South Africa. This Reef is known for its wealth of mineral resources, generally referred to as the platinum-group metals (PGM’s). These two limbs of the Complex are confined to the North-West Province and to the Limpopo and the Mpumalanga Provinces of South Africa. The eastern limb of the Reef is geologically less well known than the western limb, because mining activities in this part of the Reef have been limited.

The discovery of platinum in South Africa dates back to the late 19th century. In 1892, William Bettel identified osmium-iridium alloy particles in concentrate from the Witwatersrand gold mines. Bettel (1902) and Hall and Humphrey (1908) also recorded the presence of platinum in the chromatite layers of the Bushveld Complex. Wagner (1924) reported the presence of sperrylite in the ore bodies at Vlakfontein near the Pilanesberg. However, none of these discoveries were considered to be of any economic significance. The first deposits that were economically viable, called the Waterberg Platinum, were found by Adolf Erasmus in the Rooiberg fellsites between Nylstroom and Potgietersrust. These deposits did not prove to be significant. Andries Lombaard’s discovery of platinum nuggets in the Moopetsi River on the farm Maandagshoek in the Steelpoort area in 1924 can be considered the initial discovery of the Merenky Reef.

During the great platinum boom of 1925 over fifty companies were started in the Union of South Africa to exploit the mineral resources of the Bushveld Complex and the Waterberg district. Oxidized ores were initially taken from the Merensky Reef. When these ores had been exhausted, they were replaced by sulphide ores.

The world’s consumption of platinum and its price became extremely depressed by 1930. This led to the collapse of all the mining companies in the 1930’s. Many of the companies faded from memory. More prosperous companies absorbed others, while some companies transferred their activities from the Lydenburg District to the more favourably circumstanced Rustenburg district, while retaining their Lydenburg properties. Some companies went bankrupt and suspended their operations which they never resumed.

6 THE PHASE I HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT

6.1 Types and ranges of heritage resources

6.2 Late Iron Age stone walled sites

From a historical point of view it is quite clear that the Ga-Tshopje and the Kareepoort Mountain ranges served as the cultural and historical backdrop where the pre-history and history of Sotho-Tswana clans such as the Bakwena Bamôgôpa unfolded. This mountainous terrain together with the mountain ranges of Ga-Ramadingwana and Ga- Ratua on Wolwekraal 408JQ and Kareepoort 407JQ as well as the Malaphiri Hills on Swartkopjes or Rooikopies 429JQ which is located to the east of Madibeng acted as a cultural-historical landscape from as early as AD1600AD onwards. Here, the Bakwena Bamôgôpa, who in time divided in two main sections and other smaller branches, established most of the stone walled sites which dominates the heritage character of

33 this area. However, it is likely that Nguni clans lived in this area before the Sotho- Tswana arrived and that the two groups became assimilated over time and that the stone walled sites which still exist reflect this historical and cultural assimilation which occurred over several centuries.

The following stone walled sites were recorded in and near the exploration areas. The spatial occurrence of these sites is indicated in Figure 4 and the sites tabulated in Table 1. (No coordinates are provided in this report as this information is treated as confidential and in order to protect the heritage resources).

PORTIONS 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181 and 1182

These portions are located in the north-western part of the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area where large scale granite mining is taking place on the Kareepoort Mountain. At least three large villages composed of stone walls were discovered on Portions 1177 and 1178, on Portion 1179 and Portion 1180 and on Portion 1181.

Site HAR01

Site HAR01 covers a large surface on both Portions 1178 and 1179. It is not clear whether this site was composed of one individual site or whether it was comprised of a cluster of individual sites.

The spatial composition of the site is unclear as it was covered with tall grass and low bushes when the survey was conducted. The features that could be observed, however, suggested that the site may differ in its spatial composition and general features from those of ‘traditional’ Bakgatla and Bakwena residential villages.

Site HAR01 once covered a surface area of more than one hectare but a substantial part of the site was destroyed by granite mining activities.

Site HAR02

Site HAR02 is located in a thicket of trees on the border of Portion 1179 and 1180. The site is characterised by low stone walls and cannot be recognised at first glance because it’s stone walls are low and barely visible.

The site covers a considerable surface area, perhaps as large as one hectare. However, several dirt roads have been bulldozed through the site. Pottery fragments, a lower grinding stone and clay nodules with pole impression markings derived from disintegrated hut walls were observed on the surface of the site

Site HAR03

Site HAR03 is located to the north of a ravine on the western slope of the Kareepoort Mountain. This site is located on Portion 1181. Site HAR003 extends from near the foot up the lower slope of the mountain. The site is overgrown with sickle-bush which prevented proper observations and an investigation of the site.

Features located against low granite knolls

Features consisting of possible hut foundations and short stretches of walls were observed in association with granite knolls located to the north of the Kareepoort Mountain on Portion 1178.

These features have little significance when considered in isolation. It is most likely that they were part of Site HAR01.

Features located on the Kareepoort Mountain

Stone walls were observed in at least four localities on Portions 1177, 1178, 1179 1180, 1181 and 1182 on the Kareepoort Mountain but are not part of what can be described as settlements. These stone walls were seldom longer than five metres and not higher than one meter and they occur as isolated entities.

PORTION 1059

At least two stone walled complexes dating from the Late Iron Age and isolated stone walls were observed on this portion.

Cluster HAR04

Cluster HAR04 is located on the summit of an elongated granite hill and is covered with thick vegetation. No clear ground plan or spatial composition can be distinguished due to the thick bush that covers this complex that is still in pristine condition.

Cluster HAR05

Cluster HAR05 is located on level ground close to the southern base of an elongated granite hill but also extends northwards onto the hill. This cluster was composed of circular walls covered by a small stud of trees. Stone walls extended from these enclosures to the north and to the south. These parts of the cluster, however, have been damaged and destroyed.

Figure 5- Cluster HAR05 is situated in the southern part of the elongated series of hills running parallel with the Kareespruit. This cluster has been damaged and partly destroyed by granite mining activities in the more recent past.

Isolated stone walls observed at different localities on Portion 1059 but may be part of Clusters HAR04 and Cluster HAR05.

Site HAR06

Site HAR06 is located along the base and lower slope of a granite kopje. This site may have been substantially larger as a part of this site, situated to the southwest of the hill, has been destroyed in the past.

Figure 6- The remains of Site HAR06 are located along the southern base of a hill and extend onto the lower slope of the hill (above). It is also associated with a wall along the eastern base of the hill.

Site HAR07

Site HAR07 is located along the western foot of the series of granite hills that have been mined.

It seems as if Site HAR07 was still in the process of being built when this site was abandoned. (This could have occurred during a period of unrest, such as during the pre-difaqane wars or during the difaqane itself, when the Tswana was scattered and subjugated by the Matabele of Mzilikazi).

The surface of Site HAR07 contains several heaps of stone that still had to be built into walls. The ground plan (spatial composition) of the site cannot be interpreted due to the fact that the site was not completed.

It is, however, clear that this site was occupied for some time, as nodules of clay (the remains of huts) were observed on the surface of the site.

Site HAR07 has not yet been affected by granite mining activities.

Site HAR08

Site HAR08 is located on a flat summit of the granite hills located in the central part of the study area. This site consists of an outer circular stone wall that surrounds one or more centrally located enclosures overgrown with small trees. The site has a diameter of approximately 40 metres.

This site’s spatial composition may roughly represent that of a Nguni settlement (umusi). The outer wall probably enclosed dwellings that were built against the inner surface of the outer wall. The central enclosures probably served as kraals for domestic stock.

Site HAR08 is at present not endangered by granite mining activities.

Isolated stone walls

A single isolated, stone wall and one or more rudimentary walls occur in a neck high up between two granite hills in the central part of the study area. It is possible that these walls may be part of Site HAR08.

PORTION 609

Site HAR07

Site HAR07 is located along the western foot of the series of granite hills that have been mined.

It seems as if Site HAR07 was still in the process of being built when this site was abandoned. (This could have occurred during a period of unrest, such as during the difaqane wars, when the Tswana was scattered and subjugated by the Matabele of Mzilikazi).

It is, however, clear that this site was occupied for some time, as nodules of clay (the remains of huts) were observed on the surface of the site.

Site HAR07 has not yet been affected by granite mining activities.

Site HAR08

Site HAR08 is located on a flat summit of granite hills. This site consists of an outer circular stone wall that surrounds one or more centrally located enclosures overgrown with small trees. The site has a diameter of approximately 40m.

Isolated stone walls

A single isolated, stone wall and one or more rudimentary walls occur in a neck high up between two granite hills. It is possible that these walls may be part of Site HAR08.

PORTIONS 1151, 1152 AND PORTION 1153

Portion 1151, Portion 1152 and Portion 1153 of the farm Hartebeestpoort B 410 JQ comprise a section of the south-eastern part of the Kareepoort Mountain as well as a considerable part of the foothills located to the south of the Kareepoort Mountain. The terrain of these portions is undulating and there is a height variation more than 200 metres from the northern part of Portion 1153 to Portion 1152 and Portion 1151 further to the south.

The three portions proved to be exceptionally rich in remains dating from the Late Iron Age. This observation, based on the Phase I work, was corroborated by means of a study of Google imagery of the Kareepoort Mountain. The Google imagery indicates that the south-eastern ‘corner’ of the mountain, including the foothills to the south of the Kareepoort Mountain, contains an abundance of archaeological remains associated with the Late Iron Age.

Large numbers of stone walled sites also occur outside the southern boundaries of Portion 1151 and Portion 1152. These sites occur within the boundaries of the Sonop terrain and are therefore on state property (the Department of Welfare and Pensions). Parts of these complexes, however, have either been destroyed or disturbed by development activities.

Portion 1151 and Portion 1152 of the Kareepoort Mountain proved to be very difficult to survey due to the thick vegetation that covers the bases and slopes of granite kopjes. These bushes are mostly impenetrable and, in some instances, prefer to grow in the fertile soil of archaeological sites.

PORTION 1151

This portion can be divided into a low-lying northern zone where there are no granite protrusions and a southern zone covered with a high granite hill that lies in a north to south direction. Some granite mining has already occurred on this kopje, which is located in the western parts of Portion 1151. The southern high part of Portion 1151 is covered with a long mountain range lying largely outside the mining boundaries. This mountain has several spurs and foothills running northwards into the southern and central parts of Portion 1151 and Portion 1152

The remains of at least two stone walled sites were observed in the western and eastern parts of Portion 1151, namely:

 Site HAR09 in a neck on the southern side of the kopje located near the south-western border of Portion 1151.

 Site HAR10 on a granite hill located in the eastern part of Portion 1151. This site covers the larger part of this granite hill.

Site HAR09

Site HAR09 is located in the neck on the southern side of a granite kopje located near the south-western edge of Portion 1151. This site, however, was largely destroyed when granite was mined on the kopje. Only a few stone walls can still be observed in the neck.

The north-eastern base of this kopje as well as the flats and low rising granite knolls located to the north-east of this kopje were not surveyed for any settlements. No granite mining has as yet occurred in this area.

Figure 7- Site HAR09 was destroyed by earlier granite mining activities. Note the remains of stone walls visible in the road built for granite mining.

Site HAR10

Site HAR10 covers the southern and eastern part as well as the summit of a small granite hill near the eastern border of Portion 1151. This site can be observed on the southern foot of the kopje from where it rises through successive terraces up the slope to the summit of the kopje. The site then descends through different levels of terraces down the southern slope of the kopje.

Site HAR10 is therefore comprised of a substantial number of terraces of varying sizes. Stone walls demarcate the terrace levels. The surfaces of the terraces are covered with grass and no archaeological material could be observed on these features.

Site HAR10 is in a pristine condition.

Figure 8- A thatch-roofed house and a garden have been built in the midst of Cluster HAR11. The beautiful stepped ‘garden’ and lawn actually comprise the terraces of the original stone walled site. Slightly raised mounds on the extensive ‘lawn’ (behind walls) are middens containing archaeological material such as ash, bone material, potsherds and other ‘rubbish’ which serve as important information to archaeologists.

PORTION 1152

Portion 1152 can be divided into a lower lying eastern part which gradually ascends into a higher western part covered by a range of granite hills running from the east (from Portion 1152) to the west (to Portion 1151). The eastern and southern slopes of a high kopje in this range located near the southern border of Portion 1152 are covered with clusters of stone walled sites. Some of these clusters occur on state property. It is impossible to establish the exact number of clusters associated with this concentration of sites.

At least three separate clusters of sites were distinguished on Portion 1152. However, it is possible that more clusters may occur on Portion 1152. Considered together with

46 those clusters that occur to the south of Portion 1152 (on the Sonop premises) it can be safely said that this concentration of sites together represents a mega-complex of sites which must have been occupied by a historical Tswana chiefdom such as the Bakwena Bamôgôpa.

The clusters of sites inside Portion 1152 were designated Cluster HAR11, Cluster HAR12 and Cluster HAR13.

At least two more localities with stone walls and one stone walled site were observed on Portion 1152. The latter site was called Site HAR14. It is possible that the first group of stone walls were part of a site but that I may have missed this site as it was covered by thick bush while the second group of enclosures may have been part of a site that has been badly eroded.

The clusters of sites, sites and stone walls observed on Portion 1152 were the following:  Cluster HAR11 is located on the eastern foot and lower slopes of the prominent granite kopje on the southern border of Portion 1152.

 Cluster HAR12 is located higher up against the slope of the same granite kopje.

 Cluster HAR13 is located on the flat summit of the northern slope of the same granite kopje.

 Site HAR14 is located against the slope of a granite kopje on the border of Portion 1151 and Portion 1152.

Several stone walls are located at the foot of a granite kopje.

Several enclosures located on the bare surfaces of large granite boulders protruding from the surface.

Cluster HAR11

Cluster HAR11 is an extensive cluster of sites covering a considerable surface. This cluster is located on the foot and lower eastern slope of a granite kopje in the centre of Portion 1152. The site extends up the slope of the kopje to where Eskom’s transmission lines run (from north to south) through Portion 1152.

A homestead on Portion 1152 has been built in the centre of Cluster HAR11. The beautiful ‘garden’ of this thatched-roof dwelling is comprised of stone walled terraces defined by upright standing stones. These terraces are part of the Late Iron Age site. Low mounds on the terraces covered with green lawn are actually middens containing archaeological material such as animal bone remains, potsherds, etc.

Cluster HAR11 has been affected by the building of the homestead and the laying out of the garden.

Cluster HAR12

Cluster HAR12 is located above, up the slope (or to the west) of Site HAR11. This site extends from Eskom’s transmission lines westwards and covers the eastern, southern and probably a part of the northern slopes of the granite hill. This cluster also extends to the south onto the Sonop terrain.

Cluster HAR12 contains some magnificent stone walls. It is possible that this cluster may have been the highest ranking of all the clusters associated with this concentration of sites, as it is situated on the highest physical point of the site cluster.

The top (western) part of Cluster HAR12 that falls within the boundary of Portion 1152 has been affected by the building of the homestead and the development of a garden but not by granite mining activities.

Figure 9- Cluster HAR012 is characterised by some formidable stone walls. Cluster HAR012 may be the kgosing (living quarters of the king) of a Batswana village (motse) composed of the clusters described as HAR11, HAR12 and HAR13. Cluster HAR12 is located at the highest altitude and may therefore be the highest ranking social unit in this complex. The part of Site HAR12 that falls on land that belongs to the state, south of Portion 1152, have severely been affected by the building of infrastructure such as houses, reservoirs, a grave yard, roads and a quarry for the removal of gravel (above).

Cluster HAR13

Cluster HAR13 spreads from the foot of a granite kopje up the slope to a level area below the highest summit of this kopje. The site is characterised by prominent stone walls located at the foot of the kopje. Cluster HAR13 may be composed of two components, namely a component located on level ground (at the base of the kopje) and a component located on a level area higher ups the kopje.

The component higher up has low stone walls and is covered by tall grass. It seems that this component served as the residential part of the site, while the component lower down contained the entrance and other features of the site. It is possible that the

49 residential unit may have had the spatial composition of a kgoro. It has a diameter of approximately 60 metres.

Cluster HAR13 is in a pristine condition.

Site HAR14

This site is located on the border between Portion 1151 and Portion 1152. It is possible, however, that the larger part of this site may occur on Portion 1151.

Site HAR14 differs in its spatial composition from Clusters such as HAR11, HAR12 and HAR13. This site is composed of terraces built up the slope of the kopje to higher levels. This site is similar in spatial composition to Site HAR03 observed on the Eagle Quarries premises. (Similar types of sites were observed on high mountains at the Boschpoortdam in the Rustenburg district).

The terraces of Site HAR14 were built with large heavy stones. The terraces are long and narrow and stretch over many metres.

The stone walls

A number of stone walls were observed some distance from the base of a granite kopje. It is possible that these walls may be part of a larger settlement covered with bush and located along the base and/or on the kopje itself.

The enclosures

At least three circular enclosures occur some distance from the foot of a granite kopje. These enclosures were built on the bare surfaces of large granite boulders that protrude above the surface. It is possible that these enclosures were part of a settlement consisting of a residential unit that was built around the enclosures (or cattle byres). The residential unit consisting of clay huts (dwellings) may have eroded away over the years so that only the stone enclosures (or cattle byres) remain.

PORTION 1153

Portion 1153 can be divided into a lower lying southern part and a higher northern part. The southern part contains some of the foothills of the Kareepoort Mountains, which, further to the north, rise into some of the highest slopes and peaks of the Kareepoort Mountains.

At least six stone walled sites were observed in the low lying southern part and the lower slopes of the higher lying northern part of Portion 1152. These settlements include:  Site HAR15 on the bare surfaces of granite boulders in the southern part of the study area  Site HAR16 between granite outcrops on a flat area between the foothills in the southern part of the study area  Site HAR17 on the bare surfaces of granite boulders protruding above the surface in the southern part of the study area  Site HAR18 with limited stone walls on the lower slopes of the northern part  Site HAR19 on the edge of a quarry and  Site HAR20, at the highest altitude of all the sites recorded on Portion 1153.

Site HAR15

Site HAR15 is a small site, perhaps 50 metres in diameter, located on the lower contours of foothills of the Kareepoort Mountains and in the southern part of Portion 1153. The site has been built partly on the bare surfaces of rocky outcrops.

No clear ground plan could be distinguished, as the site is covered with grass.

This site is in pristine condition and has not been affected by granite mining activities.

Site HAR16

Site HAR16 is one of several sites located on a level area in the foothills of the Kareepoort Mountains and in the southern part of Portion 1153. Only a part of Site HAR16 is still intact. It is, however, clear that a number of settlements have been concentrated between these foothills, as potsherds, ashy deposits, animal bone remains (from destroyed middens) and stones (scattered when the sites were destroyed) are visible in this area. . Site HAR16 is comprised of a single enclosure with two walls noticeable at levels lower than the enclosure. It is possible that this enclosure was used for stock and that it was part of a larger settlement. A quarry on the southern border of the site suggests that the site’s main body was destroyed by granite mining activities.

Figure 10- Both Site HAR15 and Site HAR17 are located partly on the bare surface of large granite boulders.

Site HAR17

Site HAR17 is located at slightly higher point than Site HAR016 and it is partly located on the bare surfaces of granite boulders. The site has a diameter of approximately 70 metres.

Site HAR17 is covered by tall grass. It is not clear of what the spatial composition of the site is comprised. It appears, however, that the site may display a similar settlement style as Site HAR15.

This site is in a pristine condition.

Site HAR18

Site HAR18 is only vaguely recognisable in the tall grass cover. The site has a limited number of stone walls. Its presence, however, is indicated by a grass species different from that, which grows on the foothills, and by sickle-bush cover (such grass variations and sickle-bush are often indicators of sites).

The site has a diameter of approximately 40 metres.

This site is in pristine condition.

Site HAR19

This site is located slightly higher up the lower contours of the northern part of Portion 1153. Site HAR19, therefore, has the highest elevation of all the sites recorded on Portion 1153.

Site HAR19 is marked by some formidable stone walls built against the slope and on some of the flatter parts of the lower slopes of the Kareepoort Mountains.

Site HAR19 is in a pristine condition.

Site HAR20

Site HAR20 is located on the lower slopes of the higher northern part of Portion 1153. The site is located directly adjacent the edge of a quarry. A part of this site was destroyed by granite mining activities.

The site has few stone walls however some are formidable.

Figure 11- Late Iron Age site HAR21 is located in the western part of Portion 1193 and is in pristine condition. This site is composed of one or more centrally located enclosures that may be surrounded by a scalloped wall.

PORTION 1193

Portion 1193 is situated to the north-east of Portion 1059 and stretches from the Kareespruit eastwards to the tar road running between Sonop in the south and Geluk, Wolwekraal and Losperfontein in the north. This portion of land is small, roughly covering 11 hectares. It is square with an average breadth of 800 to 900 metres (from south to north) and a length of approximately one kilometre (from the east to the west).

The following heritage remains were observed on Portion 1193:

Site HAR21

Site HAR21 is a Late Iron site that is situated against one of the granite protrusions in the western part of the study area. This site may be composed of one or more centrally located enclosures that are encircled by scalloped walls.

Site HAR22

Site HAR22 is a clear spot situated on the flats in the eastern part of the study area. According to an aerial photograph dating from 1985 this spot may have been an archaeological site dating from the historical period or from the Late Iron Age. It appears from the aerial photograph that the spot contained a circular enclosure (that was probably built with stone) that was surrounded with a narrow tier devoid of any vegetation.

The spot or site was disturbed in more recent times when a bulldozer flattened the stone wall and disturbed part of the surface of this spot/site. The cleared spot/site also contains a substantial number of potsherds confirming the possible presence of a Nguni type of settlement (umuzi) on this spot.

Isolated stone wall

A single half-circular stone wall dating from the Late Iron Age is built against one of the granite protrusions in the western part of the study area.

Figure 12- Isolated stone wall on the bare surfaces of granite boulders at the Kareepoort and the Ga-Tshopje Mountain ranges may have been part of settlements of which the clay dwellings have been weathered away, leaving only the stone walls intact (below).

SONOP TERRAIN

Cluster HAR23 to Cluster 28

These six clusters of stone walled sites are located in the southern parts of the Kareepoort Mountains, above the village of Sonop and can be linked with Cluster 11, Cluster 12 and Cluster 13. These ‘different’ clusters in fact may be part of each other.

It seems as if this part of the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area may hold the highest and densest concentration of stone walled sites on Hartebeespoort B 410JQ. It is highly likely that a Tswana capital such as that of the Bakwena Bamôgôpa may have existed on this part of the Kareepoort Mountains.

Figure 13- Google image of Clusters HAR25 to Cluster HAR28 in the southern part of the Kareepoort Mountain range above the historical village of Sonop near Madibeng. More of these clusters of stone walled sites occur in this part of the Kareepoort Mountains (above).

PORTIONS 1123 AND 1124

Cluster HAR29

This cluster is probably composed of several smaller sites that are linked together and which are spread along the southern base of the Tshopje Mountain. This complex dates from the 17th to the 19th centuries but is covered with thick vegetation and cannot be studied properly.

Cluster HAR29 has partly been damaged (destroyed) as a dirt road following the foot of the mountain has been built through parts of this complex. The eastern part of this cluster was destroyed by agricultural activities. Although this cluster was severely damaged by road building and agricultural activities it is associated with middens, potsherds and clay nodules (remains of hut walls).

Site HAR30

Site HAR30 is located along the north-eastern base of Mmantadile kopje situated on the western border of Portion 1123 and extends onto the adjacent (northern) Portion 1124. Site HAR30 was damaged when the dirt road running across Portions 1123 and 1124 was built along the eastern foot of Mmantadile kopje.

The spatial composition of Site HAR30 differs from those of stone walled sites previously investigated in the Central Bankeveld. It seems as if the site is composed of oval-shaped enclosures that are linked together along the base of the kopje. Several long walls are also part of this site. A footpath paved with flat stones and approximately one metre in width and longer than 20 metres is also associated with this site.

PORTIONS 1124 AND 1125

Site HAR31 and Site HAR32

A single enclosure, approximately eight metres in diameter, was built on a flat surface on the western slope of the Tshopje Mountain. This structure is associated with two separate occurrences of stone walls that occur on the adjacent Portion 1125. The single, isolated enclosure on Portion 1124 therefore may be part of these two clusters which, together, were coined Site HAR31 and Site HAR32.

PORTION 1221

Cluster HAR33

This site is probably composed of several smaller sites that are linked together and which are spread along the south-eastern base of the kopje located on Portion 1221. This complex of sites extends along a substantial part of the eastern and south- eastern base of the kopje. This complex dates from the 17th to the 19th centuries but is covered with thick vegetation and cannot be studied properly.

Cluster HAR33 has not been affected by any development activities in the past and is in pristine condition. The site was not photographed, as it is barely visible in the dense vegetation that surrounds the base of the kopje. The site is associated with potsherds and clay nodules (remains of hut walls). No middens were observed but the vegetation may cover these archaeological features.

6.2 Historical remains

Historical remains such as the village of Sonop and other individual historical structures such as houses and associated infrastructure occur in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area.

Not all of the individual historical houses with associated historical infrastructure were recorded in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area, primarily as a result of the exhaustive nature of recording these structures on each and every portion within the project area in conjunction with the restricted time allowed for the completion of this study. However, as most of the historical houses in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area date from the 1930’s and 1940’s when the Hartbeespoort Dam irrigation system came into being. It is therefore relatively easy to identify these structures as they are replications of each other.

6.2.1 The historical village of Sonop

The historical village of Sonop came into being during the first decades of the twentieth century at the time when the Hartebeespoort Dam irrigation system was completed (1821 to 1825). The residential area was constructed by the South African government and was initially used to accommodate poor whites which amongst others experienced the crush of the ostrich feature industry in the Cape Province and other economic downturns during the great depression of the early twentieth century.

Figure 14- The historical village of Sonop along the southern foot of the Kareepoort Mountains to the west of Madibeng in the North-West Province (above).

6.2.2 Historical houses and associated infrastructure

A number of historical houses occur on different portions of the farm Hartebeespoort B 410JQ in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area. The houses were established on agricultural small holdings at places such as Geluk, Losperfontein and Wolwekraal during the early decades of the 20th century as a result of the development of the Hartebeespoort irrigation system.

Most of these residences were constructed during the 1930’s and therefore are similar in architectural style. It seems as if older residences, such as ‘hartebeeshuisies’ which were constructed by the first colonists at places such as De Kroon near Brits during the second half of the nineteenth century did not exist on Hartebeespoort B 410JQ. The most common types of infrastructure that co-existed with historical houses were tobacco and milk sheds.

Figures 15 & 16- A common type of historical house which occurs in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area (above). A second type of historical residence in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area. Both these houses date from the 1930’s when the Hartebeespoort Dam irrigation system came into use (below)

Figure 17- A tobacco drying shed which was renovated. Tobacco drying sheds were common infrastructure in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area and dates from an era when tobacco served an important economic role in the Rustenburg-Brits area (below).

6.3 Graveyards

At least two formal graveyards both located in the Sonop village were recorded in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area. These graveyards occur in the Sonop villages where they need not to be affected by developmental projects. Both graveyards, particularly GY01 holds a high number of graves which are in most instances decorated.

Both graveyards have been geo-referenced and mapped (Figure 4; Table 2).

6.3.1 Graveyard 01

This graveyard (GY01) is located on the northern shoulder of the tar road that links Kareepoort (and Bapong) with Madibeng.

GY01 is situated in the southern part of the village of Sonop.

Figures 18 & 19- GY01 in the historical village of Sonop (above) and Graveyard 02 on the northern border of the village of Sonop (above).

6.3.2 Graveyard 02

GY02 is located on the northern border of the village of Sonop and holds more than a hundred graves of which the most are decorated with granite.

6.4 Other heritage resources

Although no other types and ranges of heritage resources were recorded in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area this may primarily be the result of the resolution of the survey as well as the time that was allowed for this study. It is therefore highly likely that heritage resources such as stone tools will occur in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area.

6.5 Tables

Tables outlining the types and ranges of heritage resources recorded in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area with their coordinates and level of significance are the following:

PORTION SITE COORDINATES EXPLORATION CONDITION NUMBER AREA 1178 & 1179 HAR01 Imbasa East Extensively damaged 1179 & 1180 HAR02 Imbasa East Extensively damaged 1181 HAR03 Imbasa East Extensively damaged 1059 Cluster 04 Inkosi Extensively damaged Cluster 05 Inkosi Extensively damaged HAR06 Inkosi Extensively damaged 609 HAR07 Inkosi Extensively damaged HAR08 Inkosi Extensively damaged 1151 HAR09 Imbasa East Pristine HAR10 Imbasa East Pristine 1152 Cluster 11 Inkosi Damaged Cluster 12 Inkosi Damaged Cluster 13 Inkosi Damaged HAR14 Inkosi Pristine

1153 HAR15 Inkosi Damaged HAR16 Inkosi Damaged HAR17 Inkosi Damaged HAR18 Inkosi Damaged HAR19 Inkosi Damaged HAR20 Inkosi Pristine 1193 HAR21 Inkosi Extensively damaged HAR22 Inkosi Extensively damaged Cluster 23 Inkosi Pristine Cluster 24 Inkosi Pristine Cluster 25 Inkosi Slightly damaged Cluster 26 Inkosi Slightly damaged Cluster 27 Inkosi Slightly damaged SONOP Cluster 28 Inkosi Slightly damaged TERRAIN 1123 & 1124 Cluster 29 Imbasa West Slightly damaged HAR30 Imbasa West Slightly damaged 1124 & 1125 HAR31 Imbasa West Extensively damaged HAR32 Imbasa West Extensively damaged 1221 Cluster 33 Imbasa West Extensively damaged

Table 1- Coordinates for Late Iron Age stone walled sites and stone structures in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area. Clusters of stone walled sites represent cultural landscapes (above).

PORTION SITE COORDINATES EXPLORATION SIGNIFICANCE NUMBER AREA GY01 25˚ 38.578ʹs Inkosi (border on) SONOP 27˚ 41.858e TERRAIN GY02 25˚ 38.937s Outside Project 27˚ 41.962ʹe Area

Table 2- Coordinates for graveyards in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area (above).

PORTION SITE COORDINATES EXPLORATION SIGNIFICANCE NUMBER AREA

Outside HH01 25˚ 35.494ʹs Outside Project HIGH Project Area 27˚ 38.629e Area TS01 25˚ 35.535s Outside Project MED-HIGH (due to 27˚ 38.625ʹe Area renovation)

Table 3- Coordinates for a historical house and tobacco shed in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area (above).

7 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HERITAGE RESOURCES IN THE INKOSI AND IMBASA PROJECT AREA

The following types and ranges of heritage resources were discovered in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area, namely (Figure 4):  Single and clusters of stone walled settlements dating from the Late Iron Age in association with the Ga-Tshopje and the Kareepoort Mountain ranges.  Historical remains such as the Sonop village as well as individual farms homes which sometimes are associated with structures such as tobacco sheds.  At least two formal graveyards.

The levels of significance of these heritage resources are indicated below.

7.1 Late Iron Age sites

Late Iron Age (stone walled and non-stone walled) sites qualify as archaeological sites, some of which may date from the Historical Period. All archaeological (historical) and paleontological sites are protected by Section 35 of the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999). These site may not be affected (demolished, altered, renovated, removed) before the South African Heritage Resources Authority (SAHRA) has approved such alterations.

7.2 Historical remains

All buildings and structures older than sixty years are protected by Section 34 of the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999) and may not be affected (demolished, altered, renovated, removed) before SAHRA has approved such alterations.

7.3 Graveyards

All graves and graveyards are considered to be of high significance and are protected by various laws. Legislation with regard to graves includes the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999) whenever graves are older than sixty years. The act also distinguishes various categories of graves and burial grounds. Other legislation with regard to graves includes those which apply when graves are exhumed and relocated, namely the Ordinance on Exhumations (No 12 of 1980) and the Human Tissues Act (No 65 of 1983 as amended).

unaffected existence, maintenance and that controlled access must exist for any relatives or friends who wish to visit the deceased.

8 POSSIBLE IMPACT ON HERITAGE RESOURCES IN THE PROJECT AREA

It is possible that heritage resources may be affected (alter, destroy, remove) during the exploration project as a result of the following consequences:  Accidental damage may occur to heritage resources in close proximity of project activities.  Deliberate (planned) damaged to heritage resources in close proximity of project activities that have to be affected (altered, removed destroyed) in order to obtain satisfactory exploration results.

8.1 Possible impacts on heritage resources

The following guidelines are recommended for the proposed exploration activities in order to minimise any possible impact on heritage resources in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area. These mitigation measures are divided into guidelines that must be applied to specific sites where possible clashes between heritage resources and exploration activities may occur and general guidelines which must be applied throughout the exploration survey.

8.1.1 Mitigating guidelines for archaeological zones (cultural landscapes)

It is clear from Figure 4 that the majority of heritage resources that were identified occur in and near the Ga-Tshopje and the Kareepoort Mountain ranges which represents the largest part of the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area. The majority of heritage sites in this area comprises of stone walled settlements which date from the Late Iron Age and the Historical Period. Some of these sites occur in clusters which constitute cultural landscapes of some proportions (see Table 1).

The following guidelines must be applied to archaeological zones (cultural landscapes) or specific sites with high significance where possible impacts between these heritage resources and exploration activities may occur. Archaeological zones with high concentrations of stone walled sites are indicated in Table 1 (also see Figure 4). These cultural landscapes have high potential for possible impact with exploration activities. It is recommended that the following mitigation measures be applied at these archaeological zones with high significance, namely:  Sensitive archaeological zones and sites must be visited before exploration activities commence.  Exploration activities must be planned and adapted around these cultural landscapes in such a way that these structures and remains are not affected during the exploration activities.  Attempts therefore must be made that satisfactory exploration results are obtained and that heritage resources and cultural landscapes are protected.

 Appropriate mitigation measures must be applied to heritage resources where exploration activities could not be adapted and heritage resources were affected (altered, demolished, removed) as a result of exploration activities.  Authorisation must be obtained from the authorities before any mitigation measures are applied.

8.1.2 General mitigating guidelines

The following general guidelines have to be adhered to during the onset, conducting and completion of exploration activities, namely: Project personnel:  Project personnel should be made aware of the possible presence of the types and ranges of heritage resources that may occur in the Inkosi and Imbasa Project Area.  Project personnel must be encouraged to avoid heritage sites and cultural landscapes at all possible costs.  The discovery of any heritage sites (not recorded in this survey) must be reported to an environmental officer who again must rapport these discoveries to the archaeologist.  Contractors and workers should be informed about the penalties associated with the unlawful removal of cultural, historical and archaeological remains and artefacts associated with heritage sites. It must be emphasised that artefacts such as potsherds, stone tools, grindings stones, etc. must be left un-interfered and in situ.  If any heritage resources of significance are exposed as a result of exploration related activities the environmental officer should be notified. Exploration activities have to be stopped and an archaeologist must be notified in order to determine appropriate mitigation measures for the discovered finds. This may include obtaining authorisation (permits) from SAHRA to conduct mitigation measures if any heritage resources have been affected. Project activities (areas):  The project area should be inspected before exploration activities commence. If exploration activities impacts on a heritage site it should be relocated. If

relocation is not possible mitigation measures have to be applied to the heritage site prior to exploration activities commencing. These inspection activities apply for all areas where exploration work will be undertaken.  ‘Safe distances’ between heritage resources and exploration activities and other surface infrastructure have to be determined by the archaeologists and personnel as these safety measures are not outlined in the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999).  Conspicuous areas in the project area sensitive to the harbouring of possible heritage resources must be carefully approached: e.g. river banks and beds may contain stone tools; outer edges of towns such as Sonop and Makolokwe harbour cemeteries; historical houses occur in both these towns as well as on the outskirts of these towns; stone walled sites nearly always occur near norite hills and mountains; informal graveyards may occur anywhere in the veld where informal dwellers lived in temporary dwellings, etc. Communities:  Communities living close to exploration activities should be consulted as these locations may hold some significance to the local community, e.g. there may be inconspicuous graves known to the community, the site may be used for church services or the site may hold some unknown emotional (ideological) significance, etc. Graves and cemeteries:  All graves and cemeteries must strictly be avoided. If exploration activities are conducted near inconspicuous graves they have to be demarcated with red cautionary tape. Burials hold high emotional value. Mitigation measures for graves are time consuming, extensive and expensive, especially when graves have to be relocated.

Dr Julius CC Pistorius Archaeologist & Heritage Consultant

Member ASAPA

8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The levels of significance of these heritage resources are indicated below.

7.1 Late Iron Age sites

72 removed) before the South African Heritage Resources Authority (SAHRA) has approved such alterations.

7.2 Historical remains

7.3 Graveyards

 Graveyards can be demarcated with brick walls or with fences when they are not affected in any physical way (but only indirectly). Conserving graveyards in situ (e.g. in mining areas) create the risk and responsibility that they may be damaged, accidentally, that the mine remains responsible for its future unaffected existence, maintenance and that controlled access must exist for any relatives or friends who wish to visit the deceased.

8.1 Possible impacts on heritage resources

8.1.1 Mitigating guidelines for archaeological zones (cultural landscapes)

8.1.2 General mitigating guidelines

 Conspicuous areas in the project area sensitive to the harbouring of possible heritage resources must be carefully approached: e.g. river banks and beds may contain stone tools; outer edges of towns such as Sonop and Makolokwe harbour cemeteries; historical houses occur in both these towns as well as on the outskirts of these towns; stone walled sites nearly always occur near norite hills and mountains; informal graveyards may occur anywhere in the veld where informal dwellers lived in temporary dwellings, etc. Communities:  Communities living close to exploration activities should be consulted as these locations may hold some significance to the local community, e.g. there may be inconspicuous graves known to the community, the site may be used for church services or the site may hold some unknown emotional (ideological) significance, etc. Graves and cemeteries:  All graves and cemeteries must strictly be avoided. If exploration activities are conducted near inconspicuous graves they have to be demarcated with red cautionary tape. Burials hold high emotional value. Mitigation measures for graves are time consuming, extensive and expensive, especially when graves have to be relocated.

DR JULIUS CC PISTORIUS Archaeologist & Heritage Consultant Member ASAPA

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