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Cultural Landscapes, Racial Violence, and Memory, 1876-1923

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Cultural Landscapes, Racial Violence, and Memory, 1876-1923 University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Theses (Historic Preservation) Graduate Program in Historic Preservation 2012 Disorderly History: Cultural Landscapes, Racial Violence, and Memory, 1876-1923 Monica L. Rhodes University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses Part of the Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons Rhodes, Monica L., "Disorderly History: Cultural Landscapes, Racial Violence, and Memory, 1876-1923" (2012). Theses (Historic Preservation). 201. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/201 Suggested Citation: Rhodes, Monica L. (2012). Disorderly History: Cultural Landscapes, Racial Violence, and Memory, 1876-1923. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/201 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Disorderly History: Cultural Landscapes, Racial Violence, and Memory, 1876-1923 Keywords memorials, riots, commemoration, culture, violence Disciplines Historic Preservation and Conservation Comments Suggested Citation: Rhodes, Monica L. (2012). Disorderly History: Cultural Landscapes, Racial Violence, and Memory, 1876-1923. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/201 DISORDERLY HISTORY: CULTURAL LANDSCAPES, RACIAL VIOLENCE, AND MEMORY, 1876-1923 Monica L. Rhodes A THESIS in Historic Preservation Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HISTORIC PRESERVATION 2012 ___________________ Advisor Program Chair Randall F. Mason Associate Professor Dedication: The process of identifying, researching, and creating a thesis is a solo en- deavor. Fortunately, I never felt too disconnected from those that truly cheered my efforts and supported my dreams. To my sisters, Cherika and Vana’. Thank you for the late night Skype conversations. My parents, Carol and Russell, thank you for the encouraging words and help to define my work by asking the famous question, “Now, what are you studying, again?” To my friend/family circle, Chevaughn, Nikki, Keina, Marquita, Ibram, your support has meant the world to me. Finally, to Kaylin, for the constant support and unwelcomed prodding at times. Thank you for reminding that my office hours are from 9-5. ii Acknowledgements: This thesis could have been completed all alone. However, I am completely aware that without the assistance of an advisor that asked essential questions when necessary, this project would not have been completed on time or with the level of analysis that is presented here. Randall Mason, thank you for your encourage- ment and conversations throughout this process. Derek Alderman provided important direction for my thesis and led me into some interesting international conversations about this very same issue. Last, but certainly not least, Craig Stutman for reading drafts of this work. Any errors found in this document are my own. iii Table of Contents Dedication: ..............................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements: ................................................................................................................iii List of Illustrations: ................................................................................................................v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................6 Literature Review ...................................................................................................................11 Limitations ..............................................................................................................................18 Methodology and Chapter Outline .........................................................................................20 CHAPTER 2: THE NADIR IN AMERICAN HISTORY .......................................22 Voting ......................................................................................................................................27 Labor .......................................................................................................................................29 Accusations of Sexual Assault ................................................................................................30 Resistance ...............................................................................................................................32 Law Enforcement ...................................................................................................................34 Red Summer ...........................................................................................................................35 CHAPTER 3: PUBLIC HISTORY, COMMEMORATION, AND VIOLENCE ........38 Cultural Landscapes of Violence ............................................................................................41 Intangible Heritage ................................................................................................................44 CHAPTER 4: WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA (1898) ..............................50 Event .......................................................................................................................................50 Commemorative Response .....................................................................................................54 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................56 CHAPTER 5: SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS (1908) ...............................................57 Event .......................................................................................................................................57 Commemorative Response .....................................................................................................60 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................62 CHAPTER 6: TULSA, OKLAHOMA (1921).......................................................63 Event .......................................................................................................................................63 Commemorative Response .....................................................................................................66 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................67 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION ............................................................................69 APPENDIX: A .........................................................................................................................76 APPENDIX: B .........................................................................................................................79 APPENDIX: C .........................................................................................................................94 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................103 INDEX ....................................................................................................................................108 iv List of Illustrations: Figure 1: Battle of Liberty Place Monument (1906)............................................ 8 Figure 2: Battle of Liberty Place Monument (2010)............................................ 10 Figure 3: Map of Racial Violence: Voting............................................................ 28 Figure 4: Map of Racial Violence: Labor............................................................. 29 Figure 5: Map of Racial Violence: Assault........................................................... 31 Figure 6: Map of Racial Violence: Resistance...................................................... 32 Figure 7: Map of Racial Violence: Law Enforcement.......................................... 34 Figure 8: Map of Racial Violence: Red Summer (1919)....................................... 36 Figure 9: Hamburg, S.C. Monument, 2008......................................................... 40 Figure 10: Silent Protest March in New York City.................................................43 Figure 11: Wilmington, N.C. Monument............................................................. 52 Figure 12: Springfield, IL destruction................................................................... 58 Figure 13: Springfield, IL Monument.................................................................. 60 Figure 14: John Hope Franklin Reconciliation Park........................................... 65 v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION With the erection of a National Monument dedicated to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in 2011, Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Incorporated, in partnership with the National Park Service made a deliberate effort to commemorate a time when the battle for equality was in full swing. The design of the 30-foot memorial, entitled the Stone of Hope, was borrowed from King’s “I Have A Dream” speech. The monument encourages the viewer to see the struggle for equality by experiencing excerpts from some King’s most notable speeches and is now permanently embedded
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