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A Portal to Saturn

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paurpal al(alv\ uo pua il!/A puD l66t Jeqopo u paq)unq uolsslw suadlng leqt a8palivrool rno alel o1 Suro8 ar(alysuoll)arlp lua (ples -lulssoJ eLL's.tDat g $Dd aql u saaDw! MDJ OOO'OO€ uDtll aJow pa4ull -ralJrp I1e oB pue,, asradsrp 1utl ureal lulssp) aql aqs -uMop puD unDs p IDAUJD sil a)uls sJapuol!4 uollllq e uDql aJow pale 'spua uolss-rru eql raUV'uorlenper8 looqrs qBrq e a{ll slaaJ (lsrluarls -^ill sDLl Uu) aqf 'uJnlDS tD AD.Da)Dds /u/ssDJ qysyN Jo uollD4sryl! uV pua s(rursse3 peaq s(uolsslru suaS[n11-rursse3 frozen surface. This rain may also help to fill the lakes of liquid methane and ethane that spread across the north pole. The iiquid cycling of methane is akin to Earth,s water cycle, scientists speculate. Although Huygens and Cassini revealed much about Titan, there are still mountains more mysteries to solve, Tgrtle noted. How do complex molecules form in the atmo- sphere? How do the lakes and seas get their liquid hydro- carbons-solely from the rain or possibly from a subsur- face reservoir? Could Titan be a window into our own nlanel-'s nast? Cassini Changed HowWe Think of "Habitability" The Cassini-Huygens mission's observations of Enceladus and Titan marked one of the mission's most profound leg- acies: a tectonic shift in how we think of Cossini coptured this imoge of Encelodus, with its south pole plumes of "habitability.,, Before Cassini-Huygens, when scientists pondered wotet shooting into spoce, from o distonce of 77ZOOO kiloneters. The life beyond Earth, they imagined searching soo-kilometer-wide moon ond its internol oceon hove coptivoted the terresftial planets Iike Mars or Venus, orbiting close enough Sun scientific world ever since the Cosslnl feom dete cted them in 2OO5. to the where liquid water could pool on a rocky surface. Unfortunately, Cred it: NASNJ P L-Co ltech/Spoce Scie nce I nstitute Venus turned out to be a scorching hot planet with a run- away greenhouse gas effect, and a cavalcade of rovers has Unfortunately, Cassini does not hold instruments that yet to find biological traces on Mars. ('Had can study the ocean's depths, Spilker said. we known But Cassini-Huygens changed the game when it found that Enceladus had geysers, we would have maybe picked complex hydrocarbons on Saturn's ocean moons, hinted at some instruments to help answer" the question of whether hydrothermal vents on Enceladus, and revealed a cycle of life exists underneath the icy shell. liquid methane on Titan, explained Scott Edgington, the "We must go back and look for life," Waite added. Cassini team's deputy project scientist. The bottom line is, ocean worlds encapsulated by ice are Huygens Showed Us Titan, now targets in the broader search for life beyond Earth. a Possibly Primordial Earthlike World "Those two tiny little moons in the Saturn system have When Voyager passed by the Saturn system, it sent back changed our paradigm" of what a "habitable,'world might images of Saturn's largest moon, Titan, covered in a thick, Iook like, Edgington said. yellow haze. Voyager's infrared spectrometers detected a nitrogen-rich atmosphere peppered with hydrocarbons Cassini Found Enceladus Ocean Material and organic molecules thought to be biological precursors, in the E Ring leading scientists to speculate that Titan could resemble a Saturn's outermost ring, the E ring, is huge, stretching primordial Earth. To investigate further, the European from Titan to the smaller moon Mlmas (a distance of about Space Agency designed the Huygens probe, which hitched a ride to Titan on Cassini's back. On z4 Decemberzoo4, the saucer-shaped craft popped off Cassini and careened toward Titan. Several weeks later, on 14 January 2oo5, Huygens parachuted onto Titan,s sur- face. Throughout the 2.5-hour journey, Huygens gathered the first in situ data about Titan's atmosphere and sent humanity the first pictures of the moon's surface. Mission scientists combined those images to create a video (http:// bit.lylHuygens-Titan).
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