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Cassini Changed HowWe Think of "Habitability" The Cassini-Huygens mission's observations of Enceladus and Titan marked one of the mission's most profound leg- acies: a tectonic shift in how we think of Cossini coptured this imoge of Encelodus, with its south pole plumes of "habitability.,, Before Cassini-Huygens, when scientists pondered wotet shooting into spoce, from o distonce of 77ZOOO kiloneters. The life beyond Earth, they imagined searching soo-kilometer-wide moon ond its internol oceon hove coptivoted the terresftial planets Iike Mars or Venus, orbiting close enough Sun scientific world ever since the Cosslnl feom dete cted them in 2OO5. to the where liquid water could pool on a rocky surface. Unfortunately, Cred it: NASNJ P L-Co ltech/Spoce Scie nce I nstitute Venus turned out to be a scorching hot planet with a run- away greenhouse gas effect, and a cavalcade of rovers has Unfortunately, Cassini does not hold instruments that yet to find biological traces on Mars. ('Had can study the ocean's depths, Spilker said. we known But Cassini-Huygens changed the game when it found that Enceladus had geysers, we would have maybe picked complex hydrocarbons on Saturn's ocean moons, hinted at some instruments to help answer" the question of whether hydrothermal vents on Enceladus, and revealed a cycle of life exists underneath the icy shell. liquid methane on Titan, explained Scott Edgington, the "We must go back and look for life," Waite added. Cassini team's deputy project scientist. The bottom line is, ocean worlds encapsulated by ice are Huygens Showed Us Titan, now targets in the broader search for life beyond Earth. a Possibly Primordial Earthlike World "Those two tiny little moons in the Saturn system have When Voyager passed by the Saturn system, it sent back changed our paradigm" of what a "habitable,'world might images of Saturn's largest moon, Titan, covered in a thick, Iook like, Edgington said. yellow haze. Voyager's infrared spectrometers detected a nitrogen-rich atmosphere peppered with hydrocarbons Cassini Found Enceladus Ocean Material and organic molecules thought to be biological precursors, in the E Ring leading scientists to speculate that Titan could resemble a Saturn's outermost ring, the E ring, is huge, stretching primordial Earth. To investigate further, the European from Titan to the smaller moon Mlmas (a distance of about Space Agency designed the Huygens probe, which hitched a ride to Titan on Cassini's back. On z4 Decemberzoo4, the saucer-shaped craft popped off Cassini and careened toward Titan. Several weeks later, on 14 January 2oo5, Huygens parachuted onto Titan,s sur- face. Throughout the 2.5-hour journey, Huygens gathered the first in situ data about Titan's atmosphere and sent humanity the first pictures of the moon's surface. Mission scientists combined those images to create a video (http:// bit.lylHuygens-Titan). Cassini has flown by Titan more than 1oo times since 2oo5. Some flybys aimed to sample its upper atmosphere and observe surface features, whereas others allowed Cas- sini to gaze at Titan's clouds and study its climate. The flybys showed that Titan is more complex than any- one imagined, said Elizabeth Turtle, a planetary scientist who works with Cassini's Imaging Science Subsystem and radar instruments. Cassini-Huygens revealed that Titan,s Soturn's icy oceon moon Enceladus orbits within the densest porl of the atmosphere hoids heavy, carbon- and hydrogen-rich com- E ring, which made scientists wonder whether moteriol from Encelddus's plex ions, thought to be precursors of life. Dunes of electri- plumes hod enough energy to leave its otmosphere. A,s it turns out, they fied hydrocarbon sand sweep overTitan's surface, hinting were right. This imoge wos sndpped by Cossini's wide-ongle comero in at an atmosphere whipped bywind. Storm clouds dump September 2006 os fhe Sun wos directly behind Soturn from Cosslni's methane rain that may carve river channels through the point of view Credit: NASNJPL/Spoce Science lnstitute

Earth & Space Science News Eos.org // z7 lroz requraldes sog l/ 8z

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