Scientific Rationale for Saturn׳S in Situ Exploration
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Mission to Jupiter
This book attempts to convey the creativity, Project A History of the Galileo Jupiter: To Mission The Galileo mission to Jupiter explored leadership, and vision that were necessary for the an exciting new frontier, had a major impact mission’s success. It is a book about dedicated people on planetary science, and provided invaluable and their scientific and engineering achievements. lessons for the design of spacecraft. This The Galileo mission faced many significant problems. mission amassed so many scientific firsts and Some of the most brilliant accomplishments and key discoveries that it can truly be called one of “work-arounds” of the Galileo staff occurred the most impressive feats of exploration of the precisely when these challenges arose. Throughout 20th century. In the words of John Casani, the the mission, engineers and scientists found ways to original project manager of the mission, “Galileo keep the spacecraft operational from a distance of was a way of demonstrating . just what U.S. nearly half a billion miles, enabling one of the most technology was capable of doing.” An engineer impressive voyages of scientific discovery. on the Galileo team expressed more personal * * * * * sentiments when she said, “I had never been a Michael Meltzer is an environmental part of something with such great scope . To scientist who has been writing about science know that the whole world was watching and and technology for nearly 30 years. His books hoping with us that this would work. We were and articles have investigated topics that include doing something for all mankind.” designing solar houses, preventing pollution in When Galileo lifted off from Kennedy electroplating shops, catching salmon with sonar and Space Center on 18 October 1989, it began an radar, and developing a sensor for examining Space interplanetary voyage that took it to Venus, to Michael Meltzer Michael Shuttle engines. -
JUICE Red Book
ESA/SRE(2014)1 September 2014 JUICE JUpiter ICy moons Explorer Exploring the emergence of habitable worlds around gas giants Definition Study Report European Space Agency 1 This page left intentionally blank 2 Mission Description Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer Key science goals The emergence of habitable worlds around gas giants Characterise Ganymede, Europa and Callisto as planetary objects and potential habitats Explore the Jupiter system as an archetype for gas giants Payload Ten instruments Laser Altimeter Radio Science Experiment Ice Penetrating Radar Visible-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging Spectrometer Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph Imaging System Magnetometer Particle Package Submillimetre Wave Instrument Radio and Plasma Wave Instrument Overall mission profile 06/2022 - Launch by Ariane-5 ECA + EVEE Cruise 01/2030 - Jupiter orbit insertion Jupiter tour Transfer to Callisto (11 months) Europa phase: 2 Europa and 3 Callisto flybys (1 month) Jupiter High Latitude Phase: 9 Callisto flybys (9 months) Transfer to Ganymede (11 months) 09/2032 – Ganymede orbit insertion Ganymede tour Elliptical and high altitude circular phases (5 months) Low altitude (500 km) circular orbit (4 months) 06/2033 – End of nominal mission Spacecraft 3-axis stabilised Power: solar panels: ~900 W HGA: ~3 m, body fixed X and Ka bands Downlink ≥ 1.4 Gbit/day High Δv capability (2700 m/s) Radiation tolerance: 50 krad at equipment level Dry mass: ~1800 kg Ground TM stations ESTRAC network Key mission drivers Radiation tolerance and technology Power budget and solar arrays challenges Mass budget Responsibilities ESA: manufacturing, launch, operations of the spacecraft and data archiving PI Teams: science payload provision, operations, and data analysis 3 Foreword The JUICE (JUpiter ICy moon Explorer) mission, selected by ESA in May 2012 to be the first large mission within the Cosmic Vision Program 2015–2025, will provide the most comprehensive exploration to date of the Jovian system in all its complexity, with particular emphasis on Ganymede as a planetary body and potential habitat. -
3.1 Discipline Science Results
CASSINI FINAL MISSION REPORT 2019 1 SATURN Before Cassini, scientists viewed Saturn’s unique features only from Earth and from a few spacecraft flybys. During more than a decade orbiting the gas giant, Cassini studied the composition and temperature of Saturn’s upper atmosphere as the seasons changed there. Cassini also provided up-close observations of Saturn’s exotic storms and jet streams, and heard Saturn’s lightning, which cannot be detected from Earth. The Grand Finale orbits provided valuable data for understanding Saturn’s interior structure and magnetic dynamo, in addition to providing insight into material falling into the atmosphere from parts of the rings. Cassini’s Saturn science objectives were overseen by the Saturn Working Group (SWG). This group consisted of the scientists on the mission interested in studying the planet itself and phenomena which influenced it. The Saturn Atmospheric Modeling Working Group (SAMWG) was formed to specifically characterize Saturn’s uppermost atmosphere (thermosphere) and its variation with time, define the shape of Saturn’s 100 mbar and 1 bar pressure levels, and determine when the Saturn safely eclipsed Cassini from the Sun. Its membership consisted of experts in studying Saturn’s upper atmosphere and members of the engineering team. 2 VOLUME 1: MISSION OVERVIEW & SCIENCE OBJECTIVES AND RESULTS CONTENTS SATURN ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Executive -
Archons (Commanders) [NOTICE: They Are NOT Anlien Parasites], and Then, in a Mirror Image of the Great Emanations of the Pleroma, Hundreds of Lesser Angels
A R C H O N S HIDDEN RULERS THROUGH THE AGES A R C H O N S HIDDEN RULERS THROUGH THE AGES WATCH THIS IMPORTANT VIDEO UFOs, Aliens, and the Question of Contact MUST-SEE THE OCCULT REASON FOR PSYCHOPATHY Organic Portals: Aliens and Psychopaths KNOWLEDGE THROUGH GNOSIS Boris Mouravieff - GNOSIS IN THE BEGINNING ...1 The Gnostic core belief was a strong dualism: that the world of matter was deadening and inferior to a remote nonphysical home, to which an interior divine spark in most humans aspired to return after death. This led them to an absorption with the Jewish creation myths in Genesis, which they obsessively reinterpreted to formulate allegorical explanations of how humans ended up trapped in the world of matter. The basic Gnostic story, which varied in details from teacher to teacher, was this: In the beginning there was an unknowable, immaterial, and invisible God, sometimes called the Father of All and sometimes by other names. “He” was neither male nor female, and was composed of an implicitly finite amount of a living nonphysical substance. Surrounding this God was a great empty region called the Pleroma (the fullness). Beyond the Pleroma lay empty space. The God acted to fill the Pleroma through a series of emanations, a squeezing off of small portions of his/its nonphysical energetic divine material. In most accounts there are thirty emanations in fifteen complementary pairs, each getting slightly less of the divine material and therefore being slightly weaker. The emanations are called Aeons (eternities) and are mostly named personifications in Greek of abstract ideas. -
The Pancam Instrument for the Exomars Rover
ASTROBIOLOGY ExoMars Rover Mission Volume 17, Numbers 6 and 7, 2017 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1548 The PanCam Instrument for the ExoMars Rover A.J. Coates,1,2 R. Jaumann,3 A.D. Griffiths,1,2 C.E. Leff,1,2 N. Schmitz,3 J.-L. Josset,4 G. Paar,5 M. Gunn,6 E. Hauber,3 C.R. Cousins,7 R.E. Cross,6 P. Grindrod,2,8 J.C. Bridges,9 M. Balme,10 S. Gupta,11 I.A. Crawford,2,8 P. Irwin,12 R. Stabbins,1,2 D. Tirsch,3 J.L. Vago,13 T. Theodorou,1,2 M. Caballo-Perucha,5 G.R. Osinski,14 and the PanCam Team Abstract The scientific objectives of the ExoMars rover are designed to answer several key questions in the search for life on Mars. In particular, the unique subsurface drill will address some of these, such as the possible existence and stability of subsurface organics. PanCam will establish the surface geological and morphological context for the mission, working in collaboration with other context instruments. Here, we describe the PanCam scientific objectives in geology, atmospheric science, and 3-D vision. We discuss the design of PanCam, which includes a stereo pair of Wide Angle Cameras (WACs), each of which has an 11-position filter wheel and a High Resolution Camera (HRC) for high-resolution investigations of rock texture at a distance. The cameras and electronics are housed in an optical bench that provides the mechanical interface to the rover mast and a planetary protection barrier. -
Mission Juno: Extended & Expanded 29 11 42
“Since its first orbit in 2016, Juno has delivered one revelation after another about the inner workings of this massive gas giant. With the extended mission, we will answer fundamental questions that arose during Juno’s prime mission while reaching beyond the planet to explore Mission Juno: Extended & Expanded Jupiter’s ring system and largest satellites.” by the numbers —SwRI’s Scott Bolton, Juno principal investigator “The Juno team will start tackling a breadth of science historically required of flagships. This represents an efficient and innovative advance for NASA’s solar system exploration strategy.” — Lori Glaze, Planetary Science Division Director, NASA HQ primary mission Investigate Jupiter’s origins, interior, atmosphere extended mission and magnetosphere Investigation of Jupiter’s northern hemisphere and polar cyclones, dilute core, magnetic LAUNCH: August 5, 2011 ARRIVAL: July 2016 features being sheared by Jupiter’s zonal jets; flybys of Io, Europa and Ganymede; observation PRIMARY MISSION ENDS: July 2021 of the distant boundaries of the magnetosphere; and the first exploration of Jupiter’s rings MISSION STARTS: August 2021 MISSION ENDS: September 2025 34 Science Orbits 42 Additional Orbits Flybys over the Great Blue 6 Spot, a Magnetic Enigma SPACECRAFT ST Detailed Exploration of 19 Atmospheric 1 Jupiter’s Faint Rings Occultations ST Spacecraft Equipped 1 with a Radiation Vault MOON FLYBYS Titanium Mapping of 400 ST POUND Electronics Vault 1 Europa’s Ice Shell Thickness 3 EUROPA FLYBYS 29 Science Sensors on 11 Instruments Measurement ST of Space Search for 1 GANYMEDE FLYBYS ST Weathering 2 IO FLYBYS 1 Io’s Global on an Icy Solar Panels Spanning 66 11 Magma Ocean 3 FEET Moon 18 SPRING 2021 IMAGES COURTESY NASA/JPL/DLR/JPL-CALTECH D024769. -
Corporate Rating Component Scores North America Q4 2020
Corporate Rating Component Scores North America Q4 2020 FALSE NA Corporate Rating Component Scores Oct. 31, 2020 Corporate Rating Component Scores North America Methodology," which is the criteria we use for rating corporate industrial companies and utilities. We list the scores for the 2308 public ratings in NA that are within the scope of our corporate methodology, accompanied by charts that show the distribution of aggregated scores. We believe that the list and charts enhance benchmarking across industries and rating levels for all market participants. We disclose these scores in line with the information we provide in our rating research publications, such as research updates and full analyses. By releasing all scores for public corporate ratings in NA, S&P Global Ratings confirms its commitment to deliver greater transparency and insight into the ratings process and simplify access for all market participants. Ratings are organized alphabetically by industry sector. The scores reflect the building blocks of the corporate ratings framework (see chart 1). Modifiers and components related to our group rating methodology or government-related entity methodology are indicated only where they have a positive or negative effect on the rating. The report reflects corporate credit ratings and scores as of Oct. 31, 2020. This document will not be updated for future rating actions or score revisions. To keep it concise, the list only discloses scores for the main rated entity of larger corporate groups. We omit certain entities such as subsidiaries or holding companies where the ratings are linked to those on their parent companies. In this report, we highlight changes since Jan. -
Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter Trajectory Design: Reaching High Inclination in the Jovian System
Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter trajectory design: reaching high inclination in the Jovian system Stefano Campagnola (1), Yasuhiro Kawakatsu (2) (1)JSPS postdocrotal fellow, JAXA/ISAS, Kanagawa-ken, Sagamihara-shi, Chuo-ku, Yoshinodai 3-1-1, 252-5210, Japan, +81-50-336-23664, [email protected] (2)Associate professor, JAXA, [email protected] Abstract This paper presents the trajectory design for the Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter (JMO) in the Jovian system. JMO is JAXA’s contribution to the Europa Jupiter System Mission, and its science objectives include in-situ exploration of different regions of the magnetosphere and the remote sensing of the plasma torus from high latitudes. For this reason the spacecraft is initially captured into low-inclination, high-apojove orbits, and gradually increases the inclination and reduces the apojove using gravity assists. In order to minimize the mission cost and complexity, JMO avoids the high- radiation regions. At the same time, the trajectory minimizes the transfer time and the propellant mass, and maximize the final inclination to the Jupiter equator. This work analyzes the solution space of this complex multi-objective optimization problem and discusses the trade-offs by comparing two representative solutions on its Pareto front. The design approach is also presented. Keywords: Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter, Jovian system, multiple gravity assists,orbit plane change 1 Introduction In the last years the scientific community has become increasingly interested in the Jovian system. The scientific return from a mission devoted to the exploration of Jupiter and its environment would be enormous, addressing fundamental questions on the plasma science, and on the presence of water - and possibly life - below the surface of the moons Europa and Ganymede. -
2004-118.Pdf
East MeetsWest in Near-Earth The Hubble Space Telescope Space SpaceTechnologies for Building Making the Most of Earth Observation Data The Hubble Space Telescope ESA's Cooperation with International Partners - Present and Future - Export Control lssues Nino Panagia Andre Farand & Ukike Bohlmann 49 ESA Reaches Out into Deep Space from Spain lntellectual Property Rights -The New Cebreros Station - A New Regime in ESA Contracts Valeriano Claros, Gisela Siiss & Manfred Warhaut tt Karl Eisermann & Christian Grafd 55 East Meets West in Near-Earth Space Programmes in Progress bU - Double Star Bodo Gramkow et al. z.t News - In Brief 76 Making the Most of Earth Observation with Publications 82 Data Assimilation Alan O'Neill, Pierre-Philippe Mathieu & Claus Zehner JJ Space Technologies for the Building Sector Fritz Gamoe 41 eso bulletin ll8-moy 2004 For over twenty yeors Gore Spoce Wire ond Cobies hcve contributed to the success of mony spoce missions, slch os Moon Londing, Spcceob, EURECA, ERSI + 2, lfolsol, SAX, SPCT, lSC, Envisot, XMM, Metop, Integrol, scienfific reseorch in spoce, Co,.lmbus As o speciol cob e supplier we support you in p onning the nexf sfep inlo spoce Coll us now. EORE IEI + 49/91 44/6 Al O Creative Technologies FAX.+ 49/91 44/6a l4 53 Worldwide e ectronics europe@w gore com www goree ecfron co com Our spoce communicotion scenqrio covers the whole ronge of sotellite ond spocecroh opplicotions: Telecommunicotions, Eorth Observotion, Science, Spoce Inlrostructure ond Novigotion. As on experienced developer & supplier of On-Boord TTC & Doto Tronsmission, Pqssive Microwoves, Digitol Processing Units. For over fifteen yeors, Alcotel Espocio hos contributed to the success of more thon 50 progroms sotellites Alcotel Espocio is o Sponish subsidiory compony of Alcotel Spoce BROADEN YOUR IIFE Nino Panogio Spoce Telexope Srience Inslilule, ISA Direclorole of Scientific Progrommes, Boltimore, USA Hubble role in n of the mosl importonl ond prolilic spoce oslronomy nissions of oll time. -
The Future Exploration of Saturn 417-441, in Saturn in the 21St Century (Eds. KH Baines, FM Flasar, N Krupp, T Stallard)
The Future Exploration of Saturn By Kevin H. Baines, Sushil K. Atreya, Frank Crary, Scott G. Edgington, Thomas K. Greathouse, Henrik Melin, Olivier Mousis, Glenn S. Orton, Thomas R. Spilker, Anthony Wesley (2019). pp 417-441, in Saturn in the 21st Century (eds. KH Baines, FM Flasar, N Krupp, T Stallard), Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316227220.014 14 The Future Exploration of Saturn KEVIN H. BAINES, SUSHIL K. ATREYA, FRANK CRARY, SCOTT G. EDGINGTON, THOMAS K. GREATHOUSE, HENRIK MELIN, OLIVIER MOUSIS, GLENN S. ORTON, THOMAS R. SPILKER AND ANTHONY WESLEY Abstract missions, achieving a remarkable record of discoveries Despite the lack of another Flagship-class mission about the entire Saturn system, including its icy satel- such as Cassini–Huygens, prospects for the future lites, the large atmosphere-enshrouded moon Titan, the ’ exploration of Saturn are nevertheless encoura- planet s surprisingly intricate ring system and the pla- ’ ging. Both NASA and the European Space net s complex magnetosphere, atmosphere and interior. Agency (ESA) are exploring the possibilities of Far from being a small (500 km diameter) geologically focused interplanetary missions (1) to drop one or dead moon, Enceladus proved to be exceptionally more in situ atmospheric entry probes into Saturn active, erupting with numerous geysers that spew – and (2) to explore the satellites Titan and liquid water vapor and ice grains into space some of fi Enceladus, which would provide opportunities for which falls back to form nearly pure white snow elds both in situ investigations of Saturn’s magneto- and some of which escapes to form a distinctive ring sphere and detailed remote-sensing observations around Saturn (e.g. -
CASSINI Exploration of Saturn
CASSINI Exploration of Saturn Launch Location Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Vehicle Titan IV-B Launch Date October 15, 1997 SATURN What do I see when I picture Saturn? Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and has been called “The Jewel of the Solar System.” Scientists be- lieve that Saturn formed more than four billion years ago from the same giant cloud of gas and dust whirling around the very young Sun that formed Earth and the other planets of our solar system. Saturn is much larg- er than Earth. Its mass is 95.18 times Earth’s mass. In other words, it would take over 95 Earths to equal the mass of Saturn. If you could weigh the planets on a giant scale, you would need slightly more than 95 Earths to equal the weight of Saturn. Saturn’s diameter is about 9.5 Earths across. At that ratio, if Saturn were as big as a baseball, Earth would be about half the size of a regular M&M candy. Saturn spins on its axis (rotates) just as our planet Earth spins on its axis. However, its period of rotation, or the time it takes Saturn to spin around one time, is only 10.2 Earth hours. A day on Saturn is just a little more than 10 hours long; so if you lived on Saturn, you would only have to be in school for a couple of hours each day! Because Saturn spins so fast, and its interior is gas, not rock, Saturn is noticeably flattened, top and bottom. -
In Situ Exploration of the Giant Planets Olivier Mousis, David H
In situ Exploration of the Giant Planets Olivier Mousis, David H. Atkinson, Richard Ambrosi, Sushil Atreya, Don Banfield, Stas Barabash, Michel Blanc, T. Cavalié, Athena Coustenis, Magali Deleuil, et al. To cite this version: Olivier Mousis, David H. Atkinson, Richard Ambrosi, Sushil Atreya, Don Banfield, et al.. In situ Exploration of the Giant Planets. 2019. hal-02282409 HAL Id: hal-02282409 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02282409 Submitted on 2 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. In Situ Exploration of the Giant Planets A White Paper Submitted to ESA’s Voyage 2050 Call arXiv:1908.00917v1 [astro-ph.EP] 31 Jul 2019 Olivier Mousis Contact Person: Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM, Marseille, France ([email protected]) July 31, 2019 WHITE PAPER RESPONSE TO ESA CALL FOR VOYAGE 2050 SCIENCE THEME In Situ Exploration of the Giant Planets Abstract Remote sensing observations suffer significant limitations when used to study the bulk atmospheric composition of the giant planets of our solar system. This impacts our knowledge of the formation of these planets and the physics of their atmospheres. A remarkable example of the superiority of in situ probe measurements was illustrated by the exploration of Jupiter, where key measurements such as the determination of the noble gases’ abundances and the precise measurement of the helium mixing ratio were only made available through in situ measurements by the Galileo probe.