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Archaeology in East Berkshire: a Resource Assessment

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Archaeology in East Berkshire: a Resource Assessment ARCHAEOLOGY IN EAST BERKSHIRE: A RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Report for the Ardeola Charitable Trust Department of Archaeology, SAGES Dr Owen Humphreys 22/01/2019 Acknowledgements This report represents the fruit of a project undertaken in summer 2018, involving the collaboration of a wide range of societies, institutions and individuals, to whom thanks are overdue. This project was the brainchild of Graham Barker and Paul Seddon, who first identified the need for such a project, and organised the collaborative meetings which led to this report. Paul in particular has been instrumental to its success, providing reading material, identifying key features on LiDAR and aerial photographs, facilitating access to MAHS archive, compiling the list of action points in Appendix 06, and guiding the project with enthusiasm. The work for this report was made possible by Graham Barker, whose generous charitable donation through the Ardeola Charitable Trust funded this work. In addition, this project involved input from a large number of institutions and individuals, all of whom generously provided their valuable time and expertise free of charge. Thanks are due first to Fiona MacDonald (Principal Archaeologist, Berkshire Archaeology) who provided information on and access to the Berkshire HER. Fiona has been supportive of this project from the outset, and performed multiple searches of the HER database. Access to the Reading Museum database was facilitated by Angela Houghton (Curator, Reading Museum), who was very patient when our large searches crashed their database twice. Nick Forder provided access to, and information about, the Maidenhead Heritage Centre. Thanks are due to the staff at the Berkshire Record Office, who accommodated my very large map requests. Vaughn Roberts (Archive Services, Historic England) and Eva Bryant (Archive Services Officer, Historic England) provided information on the aerial photographs kept by Historic England. In addition, the following people are thanked for providing information about the collections of their museums; Della Fitzgerald (Secretary, Marlow Museum), Ruth Howard (Curator, West Berkshire Museum), Dana Macmillan (Museum Assistant, Ashmolean Museum), and Rebecca Tessier (Collections Cataloguer and Museums Officer, Eton College Collections). Many members of local archaeological societies attended the initial joint consultation meeting for this project, and have provided access to their collections and knowledge throughout, for which they are thanked. Janet Firth (Chair, BARG) provided information on the activities of the Berkshire Archaeological Research Group, and access to the Spencer’s Farm excavation records. Anne Griffin (Chair (outgoing), BAS) and Andrew Hutt (Treasurer, BAS) provided information on the activities of the Berkshire Archaeological Society, as well as access to BAS and BARG reports and other local literature. Roger Epps provided advice on geology and created the QGIS version of the database. The research for this project was conducted at the University of Reading, and supervised by Professor Hella Eckardt, without whose guidance this report would be much the poorer. Special thanks are also due to Professor Martin Bell and Professor Emeritus Grenville Astill, whose insight and comments greatly improved my understanding of the material and its significance. Martin Bell, Gary Marshall (Archaeologist, National Trust) and Dave Vincent (Volunteer, National Trust) also gave up their time to conduct a field visit to Maidenhead Thicket. Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ 3 List of Tables.................................................................................................................................. 4 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 5 Previous Studies ............................................................................................................................ 7 2. Archaeological Resources .............................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Aerial Survey ............................................................................................................................ 8 Aerial Photography .................................................................................................................... 8 LiDAR ....................................................................................................................................... 14 2. 2 Archaeological Fieldwork ...................................................................................................... 24 Identifying Fieldwork in East Berkshire ..................................................................................... 24 Excavations, Evaluations and Watching Briefs .......................................................................... 25 Fieldwalking Surveys ................................................................................................................ 31 Geoarchaeological Survey ........................................................................................................ 33 Geophysical Survey .................................................................................................................. 33 2.3 Artefact Collections................................................................................................................ 35 Museum Collections ................................................................................................................ 35 The Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) .................................................................................... 41 2.4 Other Resources .................................................................................................................... 46 Historical Maps ........................................................................................................................ 46 Place Names ............................................................................................................................ 52 Monuments and Listed Buildings ............................................................................................. 53 3. East Berkshire Through Time ....................................................................................................... 54 3.1 Palaeolithic (500,000 – 10,000 BC) ......................................................................................... 56 3.2 Mesolithic (10,000 – 4,000 BC) ............................................................................................... 59 3.3 Neolithic (4,000 – 2,200 BC) ................................................................................................... 61 3.4 Bronze Age (2,200 – 700 BC) .................................................................................................. 64 Sites......................................................................................................................................... 65 Artefacts .................................................................................................................................. 67 Bronze Age Settlement in East Berkshire .................................................................................. 67 3.5 Iron Age (700 BC – 43 AD) ...................................................................................................... 69 Sites......................................................................................................................................... 70 Artefacts .................................................................................................................................. 71 Iron Age Settlement in East Berkshire ...................................................................................... 72 3.6 Roman (43 – 410 AD) ............................................................................................................. 73 1 Sites......................................................................................................................................... 74 Artefacts .................................................................................................................................. 79 Roman Settlement in East Berkshire ........................................................................................ 80 3.7 Early Medieval (410 – 1066 AD) ............................................................................................. 83 Sites......................................................................................................................................... 84 Artefacts .................................................................................................................................. 86 Early Medieval Settlement in East Berkshire ............................................................................ 86 3.8 Medieval (1066 – 1540 AD) .................................................................................................... 88 Sites......................................................................................................................................... 89 Artefacts .................................................................................................................................
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