DOCSLIB.ORG

Characterisation of the Xylem of 352 Conifers L

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Characterisation of the Xylem of 352 Conifers L Invest Agrar: Sist Recur For (2004) 13(3), 452-478 Characterisation of the xylem of 352 conifers L. García Esteban1*, P. de Palacios de Palacios1, A. Guindeo Casasús1 and F. García Fernández2 1 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Cátedra de Tecnología de la Madera. ETS Ingenieros de Montes. Ciudad Universitaria. 28040 Madrid. Spain 2 Asociación de Investigación Técnica de las Industrias de Madera y Corcho. C/ Flora, 3. 28013 Madrid. Spain Abstract Following the traditional methods of preparation and description of wood at microscopy level, 352 descriptions of the woods of conifers were made. For the characterisation of each wood a multiple entry key was prepared, with a total of 81 features divided into four groups: tracheids with 29 features, axial parenchyma with 8, wood rays with 37 and resin canals with 7. Key words: anatomy, wood, identification. Resumen Caracterización del xilema de 352 coníferas Siguiendo los métodos tradicionales de preparación y descripción de la madera a nivel microscópico, se han reali- zado 352 descripciones de maderas de coníferas. Para la caracterización de cada madera se ha elaborado una clave de múltiple entrada con un total de 81 caracteres dividida en cuatro grupos: traqueidas con 29 caracteres, parénquima axial 8, radios leñosos 37 y canales resiníferos 7. Palabras clave: anatomía, madera, identificación. Introduction measurements and only uses counting for the number of epithelial cells in the resin canals and the number The uniformity of the xylem of conifers places this of pits per cross field. The last group, containing three vegetal group among those that present most difficulties features, is reserved for the density and hardness of when it comes to making an identification. When the wood. undertaking identification of the wood of conifers, the After this contribution, there have been other first obstacle to overcome is delimiting which large multiple entry keys, which in addition to including the group the wood belongs to, e.g. with or without canals, description of features, also include a data base with with or without ray tracheids, etc. the descriptions of the wood of conifers based on the The tool that best responds to this initial placement particular key (LaPasha, 1986; García Esteban et al., is without a doubt the multiple entry key. Philipps 2002; Heiss, 2003). (1948), proposed the first list of features with which In a manner parallel, or even subsequent to the first any conifer wood could be characterised using a key placement, dichotomic keys provide a fundamental tool of this type. He based it on 36 features divided into for the process of identification, either in terms of 6 groups, bringing about a radical change in the families, genera, species of a specific geographical process of identification. Although the simplicity of region, and so on. (e.g. Castellarnau, 1880; Jacquiot, the features chosen made it difficult for users to 1955; Greguss, 1955; Peraza, 1964; García Esteban and identify conifers at the species level, its use has Guindeo, 1988; Schweingruber, 1990). allowed, and continues to allow, the placement of the Finally, specific studies of comparative anatomy and wood within the large groups of conifers. It lacks the separation of species of conifers anatomically very close to each other can be used to determine species. * Corresponding author: [email protected] (e.g. Castellarnau, 1883; Visscher and Jagels, 2003; Received: 17-03-04; Accepted: 01-06-04. Wiedenhoeft et al., 2003). Xylem of 352 conifers 453 The recent publication of IAWA Committee (2004), AT3. Axial tracheids of circular section. The with its list of the features of the woods of conifers, transverse section of the axial tracheids defines a will unify the dispersion of identification keys and will section with a circular shape. Non-excluding feature. be a compulsory reference document with which all AT4. Axial tracheids of polygonal section. The keys will have to concur. transverse section of the axial tracheids defines a The present work, in addition to characterising the section with a polygonal shape. It must not be xylem of 352 woods of conifers, proposes an open considered an excluding feature in terms of genus but identification key of 81 features. it should be considered so in terms of species, as some genera such as Araucaria have both types of section. AT5. Resinous axial tracheids. IAWA 48. These are Materials and Methods normal tracheids but they have resin inside. Their access is through the cross-field pits. In microscopic slides they The materials used in this study came from samples appear with a reddish or black colour in the cross section. from our own wood collection and from the collections of This feature has been included in the key in spite of the the following centres: Jodrell Kew Botanic Garden; fact that it has no analytical value because of its constant Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria presence in genera such as Araucaria and Agathis. y Alimentaria Madrid. Spain; U.S. Forest Products AT6. Intercellular spaces present. IAWA 53. This Laboratory, Madison Wisconsin. USA; Wood Research is the space between two or more axial tracheids. It is Institute Kyoto University, Kyoto. Japan; National a feature associated to circular section tracheids, although Museum of Natural History. Smithsonian Institution. it is also present in polygonal section tracheids Botany Department, Washington. USA; Landbouw- (Juniperus, Tetraclinis, etc). At least 12 genera present universiteit. Department of Forestry, Wagenigen. Holland; abundant intercellular spaces. Excluding feature. Papua New Guinea Forest Research Institute, Papua New AT7. Spiral thickenings present in all the axial Guinea; Universiteit Utrecht. Department of Plant Ecology tracheids. IAWA 62. This is a very important analytical and Evolutionary Biology, Utrecht. Holland. feature as its origin is genetic. It is a thickening The preparation of the microscopic slides followed produced in the secondary wall of the tracheids which the traditional methods of softening, cutting, staining develops in the form of a spiral. All the genera of the and mounting. Taxaceae family (Taxus, Torreya, Amentotaxus and The descriptions were made according to the Nothotaxus), with the exception of the Austrotaxus following multiple entry key. For features that correspond genus, have spiral thickenings. Other genera such as to the IAWA Committee (2004), a code has been Pseudotsuga, Cephalotaxus, Acmopyle and Austrocedrus included below. also have them. Excluding feature. AT8. Spiral thickenings present, but not in all the Axial tracheids axial tracheids. IAWA 63-64. Some genera such as Larix or Pseudotsuga do not present these thickenings AT1. Well-defined growth rings. IAWA 40. The in all the tracheids, but thickenings may appear in a structural differences between earlywood cells, which random manner in the whole ring or be confined to show thin walls and wide lumen, and latewood either earlywood or latewood. Excluding feature. cells, of thick walls and small lumen, establish the AT9. Bordered pits present on the tangential walls differentiation between the growth rings. This is a of the axial tracheids. This is an important analytical common feature in Araucariaceae, Cupressaceae and feature, as some species do not have it. Its presence Podocarpaceae. It is not an excluding feature as its indicates a greater degree of evolution of the species. presence only determines the location of the species in a Excluding feature. zone with marked periods of vegetative activity and rest. AT10. Uniseriate bordered pits on the radial walls AT2. Slightly-defined growth rings. IAWA 41. The of the axial tracheids. IAWA 44. The pits are arranged similarity between earlywood and latewood cells on the radial walls of the tracheids, in both earlywood makes differentiation between growth rings very and latewood, in rows of one series. Excluding feature. difficult. As with the previous feature, its presence AT11. Biseriate bordered pits on the radial walls conforms to the location of the species in sites where of the axial tracheids. IAWA 45. The pits are located in the vegetative period is not interrupted abruptly. pairs on the radial walls along the tracheids, normally in 454 L. García Esteban et al. / Invest Agrar: Sist Recur For (2004) 13(3), 452-478 earlywood, and may also be present simultaneously in the radial wall of the axial tracheids. It is a thickening uniseriate rows on the tracheids of both earlywood and of the secondary wall associated with the bordered pits, latewood. This feature only exists in tracheids of large located on the external face of the pit chamber. lumen in earlywood, and is not found in the wood near Excluding feature. the pith. It is a useful feature for differentiating the AT19. Bars of Sanio. Unlike the callitroid thickening, sapwood of alerce from that of picea. Excluding feature. the bars of Sanio or crassulae are thickenings in the AT12. Triseriate or multiseriate bordered pits on primary wall and the middle lamella. They are the radial walls of the axial tracheids. IAWA 45. These associated with the bordered pits and they must be only appear on the radial face of the axial tracheids observed on the radial wall of the axial tracheids. They and are normally found in the tracheids of earlywood, have the appearance of bars surrounding the pits. They while the pits form uniseriate rows simultaneously on are located on both uniseriate and biseriate pits, latewood. For some genera this feature has a fundamental although they are more numerous on biseriate pits. analytical value as it is always present, as is the case They are considered a differentiating analytical feature of the Araucaria, Agathis, Taxodium and Sequoia of the genera which have them. genera, among others. Excluding feature. AT20. Trabecula. Structure with the shape of a AT13. Polygonal bordered pits on the radial walls cylindrical bar crossing the lumen of the tracheids from of the axial tracheids. IAWA 47.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1151CIRC.Pdf
    CIRCULAR 153 MAY 1967 OBSERVATIONS on SPECIES of CYPRESS INDIGENOUS to the UNITED STATES Agricultural Experiment Station AUBURN UNIVERSIT Y E. V. Smith, Director Auburn, Alabama CONTENTS Page SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF CUPRESSUS STUDIED 4 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION-- 4 CONE COLLECTION 5 Cupressus arizonica var. arizonica (Arizona Cypress) 7 Cupressus arizonica var. glabra (Smooth Arizona Cypress) 11 Cupressus guadalupensis (Tecate Cypress) 11 Cupressus arizonicavar. stephensonii (Cuyamaca Cypress) 11 Cupressus sargentii (Sargent Cypress) 12 Cupressus macrocarpa (Monterey Cypress) 12 Cupressus goveniana (Gowen Cypress) 12 Cupressus goveniana (Santa Cruz Cypress) 12 Cupressus goveniana var. pygmaca (Mendocino Cypress) 12 Cupressus bakeri (Siskiyou Cypress) 13 Cupressus bakeri (Modoc Cypress) 13 Cupressus macnabiana (McNab Cypress) 13 Cupressus arizonica var. nevadensis (Piute Cypress) 13 GENERAL COMMENTS ON GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION ---------- 13 COMMENTS ON STUDYING CYPRESSES 19 FIRST PRINTING 3M, MAY 1967 OBSERVATIONS on SPECIES of CYPRESS INDIGENOUS to the UNITED STATES CLAYTON E. POSEY* and JAMES F. GOGGANS Department of Forestry THERE HAS BEEN considerable interest in growing Cupressus (cypress) in the Southeast for several years. The Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, was the first institution in the Southeast to initiate work on the cy- presses in 1937, and since that time many states have introduced Cupressus in hope of finding a species suitable for Christmas tree production. In most cases seed for trial plantings were obtained from commercial dealers without reference to seed source or form of parent tree. Many plantings yielded a high proportion of columnar-shaped trees not suitable for the Christmas tree market. It is probable that seed used in Alabama and other Southeastern States came from only a few trees of a given geo- graphic source.
    [Show full text]
  • Letter from the Desk of David Challinor August 2001 About 1,000
    Letter From the Desk of David Challinor August 2001 About 1,000 miles west of the mid-Atlantic Ridge at latitude 32°20' north (roughly Charleston, SC), lies a small, isolated archipelago some 600 miles off the US coast. Bermuda is the only portion of a large, relatively shallow area or bank that reaches the surface. This bank intrudes into the much deeper Northwestern Atlantic Basin, an oceanic depression averaging some 6,000 m deep. A few kilometers off Bermuda's south shore, the depth of the ocean slopes precipitously to several hundred meters. Bermuda's geographic isolation has caused many endemic plants to evolve independently from their close relatives on the US mainland. This month's letter will continue the theme of last month's about Iceland and will illustrate the joys and rewards of longevity that enable us to witness what appears to be the beginnings of landscape changes. In the case of Bermuda, I have watched for more than 40 years a scientist trying to encourage an endemic tree's resistance to an introduced pathogen. My first Bermuda visit was in the spring of 1931. At that time the archipelago was covered with Bermuda cedar ( Juniperus bermudiana ). This endemic species was extraordinarily well adapted to the limestone soil and sank its roots deep into crevices of the atoll's coral rock foundation. The juniper's relatively low height, (it grows only 50' high in sheltered locations), protected it from "blow down," a frequent risk to trees in this hurricane-prone area. Juniper regenerated easily and its wood was used in construction, furniture, and for centuries in local boat building.
    [Show full text]
  • "National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary."
    Intro 1996 National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands The Fish and Wildlife Service has prepared a National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary (1996 National List). The 1996 National List is a draft revision of the National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1988 National Summary (Reed 1988) (1988 National List). The 1996 National List is provided to encourage additional public review and comments on the draft regional wetland indicator assignments. The 1996 National List reflects a significant amount of new information that has become available since 1988 on the wetland affinity of vascular plants. This new information has resulted from the extensive use of the 1988 National List in the field by individuals involved in wetland and other resource inventories, wetland identification and delineation, and wetland research. Interim Regional Interagency Review Panel (Regional Panel) changes in indicator status as well as additions and deletions to the 1988 National List were documented in Regional supplements. The National List was originally developed as an appendix to the Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States (Cowardin et al.1979) to aid in the consistent application of this classification system for wetlands in the field.. The 1996 National List also was developed to aid in determining the presence of hydrophytic vegetation in the Clean Water Act Section 404 wetland regulatory program and in the implementation of the swampbuster provisions of the Food Security Act. While not required by law or regulation, the Fish and Wildlife Service is making the 1996 National List available for review and comment.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Assessment
    U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Environmental Assessment DOI-BLM-CA-N020-2018-0011-EA Timbered Crater ACEC/WSA Hazard Tree Removal Project May 2018 Craig Drake Applegate Field Office Manager 708 W. 12th Street Alturas, CA 96101 U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Applegate Field Office Phone: (530) 233-4666 Fax: (530) 233-5696 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .............................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Proposed Action Location ....................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Purpose and Need .................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Scoping, Public Involvement, and Issues ................................................................................................................ 3 1.5 Plan Compliance and Tiering .................................................................................................................................. 3 Special Designations – Areas of Critical Environmental Concern: ............................................................................... 4 2. PROPOSED ACTION AND
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Biodiversity and Tropical Forests in Indonesia
    Report on Biodiversity and Tropical Forests in Indonesia Submitted in accordance with Foreign Assistance Act Sections 118/119 February 20, 2004 Prepared for USAID/Indonesia Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5 Jakarta 10110 Indonesia Prepared by Steve Rhee, M.E.Sc. Darrell Kitchener, Ph.D. Tim Brown, Ph.D. Reed Merrill, M.Sc. Russ Dilts, Ph.D. Stacey Tighe, Ph.D. Table of Contents Table of Contents............................................................................................................................. i List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. v List of Figures............................................................................................................................... vii Acronyms....................................................................................................................................... ix Executive Summary.................................................................................................................... xvii 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................1- 1 2. Legislative and Institutional Structure Affecting Biological Resources...............................2 - 1 2.1 Government of Indonesia................................................................................................2 - 2 2.1.1 Legislative Basis for Protection and Management of Biodiversity and
    [Show full text]
  • Agathis Macrophylla Araucariaceae (Lindley) Masters
    Agathis macrophylla (Lindley) Masters Araucariaceae LOCAL NAMES English (pacific kauri); Fijian (da‘ua,dakua dina,makadri,makadre,takua makadre,dakua,dakua makadre) BOTANIC DESCRIPTION Agathis macrophylla is a tall tree typically to about 30–40 m tall, 3 m in bole diameter, with a broad canopy of up to 36 m diameter. Branches may be erect to horizontal and massive. Mature specimens have wide, spreading root systems whereas seedlings and young specimens have a vigorous taproot with one or more whorls of lateral roots. Leaves simple, entire, elliptic to lanceolate, leathery, and dark green, and shiny above and often glaucous below; about 7–15 cm long and 2–3.5 cm wide, with many close inconspicuous parallel veins. The leaves taper to a more or less pointed tip, rounded at the base, with the margins curved down at the edge. Petioles short, from almost sessile up to 5 mm long. Cones egg-shaped at the end of the first year, about 5 cm long, and 3 cm in diameter, more or less round at the end of the second year, 8–10 cm in diameter. Female cones much larger than males, globular, on thick woody stalks, green, slightly glaucous, turning brownish during ripening. Seeds brown, small, ovoid to globose, flattened, winged, and attached to a triangular cone scale about 2.5 cm across. BIOLOGY Pacific kauri is monoecious and produces cones instead of flowers. The first female cones begin to be produced at about 10 years old and take up to 2 years to mature (more often in 12-15 months).
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Analyses of Juniperus Species in Turkey and Their Relations with Other Juniperus Based on Cpdna Supervisor: Prof
    MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES OF JUNIPERUS L. SPECIES IN TURKEY AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH OTHER JUNIPERS BASED ON cpDNA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY AYSUN DEMET GÜVENDİREN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BIOLOGY APRIL 2015 Approval of the thesis MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES OF JUNIPERUS L. SPECIES IN TURKEY AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH OTHER JUNIPERS BASED ON cpDNA submitted by AYSUN DEMET GÜVENDİREN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Gülbin Dural Ünver Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Orhan Adalı Head of the Department, Biological Sciences Prof. Dr. Zeki Kaya Supervisor, Dept. of Biological Sciences METU Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Musa Doğan Dept. Biological Sciences, METU Prof. Dr. Zeki Kaya Dept. Biological Sciences, METU Prof.Dr. Hayri Duman Biology Dept., Gazi University Prof. Dr. İrfan Kandemir Biology Dept., Ankara University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sertaç Önde Dept. Biological Sciences, METU Date: iii I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Aysun Demet GÜVENDİREN Signature : iv ABSTRACT MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES OF JUNIPERUS L. SPECIES IN TURKEY AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH OTHER JUNIPERS BASED ON cpDNA Güvendiren, Aysun Demet Ph.D., Department of Biological Sciences Supervisor: Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Temperate and Tropical Podocarps: How Ecologically Alike Are They? David A
    7 Temperate and Tropical Podocarps: How Ecologically Alike Are They? David A. Coomes and Peter J. Bellingham ABSTRACT. With few exceptions, podocarps are specialists of nutrient-poor soils within temperate and tropical rainforests. They are locally abundant in some tropical mountains, especially near the tree line, and in the lowland tropics most are confined to heathlands and impoverished habitats, although some can persist in forest understories. The ecology of tropical podocarps is not well understood, so here we draw on literature from temperate regions to help characterize their niches. Temperate podocarps are ef- fective at capturing and retaining nutrients at the expense of competitors. They are uni- versally slow growing, but this is not necessarily an encumbrance on poor soils because competition for light is relatively weak. Temperate podocarps are often outcompeted on richer soils because several factors stack against them: they are ill equipped to compete with angiosperms in the race to occupy canopy gaps, there may be few sites for their establishment on the forest floors, and continuous regeneration by podocarps is seldom found in the forest understory because their growth is severely hampered by shading. We suggest that competition excludes imbricate- leaved podocarps from most lowland tropi- cal forests, whereas broad- leaved species with anastomosing veins (Nageia and some Podocarpus) are so shade tolerant that they regenerate beneath closed canopies. INTRODUCTION In 1989, Bond revisited an old but unresolved question: why were coni- David A. Coomes, Forest Conservation and fers pushed out of the lowland tropics and mesic temperate regions by angio- Ecology Group, Department of Plant Sciences, sperms as they diversified and expanded in range during the Late Cretaceous? University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Cupressus Lusitanica Cupressaceae
    Cupressus lusitanica Cupressaceae Mexico, Guatemala Am: Yeferenji-tid Eng: Mexican cypress Ecology Seed The Mexican cypress originates from the Germination rate about 30‑45% in 10‑20 moist mountain forests of Mexico and days. 160,000–290,000 seed per kg. The Central America. After the eucalypts it is right time for collection is when the cones one of the commonest plantation trees in start to turn brown. After collection the Ethiopia. It grows best in Dry, Moist, and cones are dried in the sun until they open. Wet Weyna Dega and Dega agroclimatic The seeds can then be separated from zones. The tree is only moderately drought the cones by shaking on a sieve. Sow in a resistant and requires deep moist soils. seedbed and prick out in pots. Cypress aphid in Ethiopia Treatment: Not necessary. Storage Uses : Seed can be stored for some months but the viability is gradually Firewood, timber (furniture, construction), reduced. poles, posts, shade, ornamental, windbreak, live fence. Management Fast‑growing on good sites, moderate Description on poorer sites. Weeding during early A large evergreen conifer to 35 m with a establishment. Pruning and thinning of straight trunk, generally conical but not trees in woodlots managed for timber regular in shape, branches wide spreading. production, trimming if grown as a live The branchlets grow in many planes and fence. branches hang down. BARK: Red‑brown with vertical grooves, grey with age. Remarks LEAVES: Dull blue‑green, in 4 ranks, Cypress can produce poles after 10 years with spreading pointed tips. CONES: and general‑purpose timber in as little as 20 Male cones like fat tips on branchlets, years.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity Conservation in Botanical Gardens
    AgroSMART 2019 International scientific and practical conference ``AgroSMART - Smart solutions for agriculture'' Volume 2019 Conference Paper Biodiversity Conservation in Botanical Gardens: The Collection of Pinaceae Representatives in the Greenhouses of Peter the Great Botanical Garden (BIN RAN) E M Arnautova and M A Yaroslavceva Department of Botanical garden, BIN RAN, Saint-Petersburg, Russia Abstract The work researches the role of botanical gardens in biodiversity conservation. It cites the total number of rare and endangered plants in the greenhouse collection of Peter the Great Botanical garden (BIN RAN). The greenhouse collection of Pinaceae representatives has been analysed, provided with a short description of family, genus and certain species, presented in the collection. The article highlights the importance of Pinaceae for various industries, decorative value of plants of this group, the worth of the pinaceous as having environment-improving properties. In Corresponding Author: the greenhouses there are 37 species of Pinaceae, of 7 geni, all species have a E M Arnautova conservation status: CR -- 2 species, EN -- 3 species, VU- 3 species, NT -- 4 species, LC [email protected] -- 25 species. For most species it is indicated what causes depletion. Most often it is Received: 25 October 2019 the destruction of natural habitats, uncontrolled clearance, insect invasion and diseases. Accepted: 15 November 2019 Published: 25 November 2019 Keywords: biodiversity, botanical gardens, collections of tropical and subtropical plants, Pinaceae plants, conservation status Publishing services provided by Knowledge E E M Arnautova and M A Yaroslavceva. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons 1. Introduction Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and Nowadays research of biodiversity is believed to be one of the overarching goals for redistribution provided that the original author and source are the modern world.
    [Show full text]
  • 2011 – Northern Sierra Nevada Foothills Vegetation Mapping Report
    Northern Sierra Nevada Foothills Vegetation Project: Vegetation Mapping Report Prepared by: John Menke, Ed Reyes, and Debbie Johnson And Aerial Information Systems 112 First St. Todd Keeler-Wolf and Rosie Yacoub, Redlands, CA 92373 Vegetation Classification and Mapping Program Julie Evens and Kendra Sikes, Department of Fish and Game Vegetation Program 1807 13th Street, Suite 202 California Native Plant Society Sacramento, CA 95811 2707 K Street, Suite 1 Sacramento, CA 95816 February 2011 Acknowledgements: We are grateful to the following agencies and organizations for financially supporting this effort: California Department of Fish and Game’s Wildlife Conservation Board, Resources Legacy Fund Foundation, and Sierra Nevada Conservancy. We want to thank individuals at AIS who provided GIS services from photo-interpretation to map compilation: John Fulton, Arin Glass, Anne Hepburn, Mike Nelson, Ben Johnson, Janet Reyes, Lisa Morse, and Lisa Cotterman. We also thank the following CNPS staff who provided GIS and field expertise during the map accuracy assessment: Jennifer Buck, Rebecca Crowe, Melinda Elster, Betsy Harbert, Theresa Johnson, and Lisa Stelzner, and in particular Suzanne Harmon and Danielle Roach. We are indebted to the CDFG staff who provided significant input and field checks: Rachelle Boul, Melanie Gogul-Prokurat, Diana Hickson, Anne Klein, Cynthia Roye, Steve Schoenig, and Jerrad Swaney. Table of Contents Introduction....................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Disturbances Influence Trait Evolution in Pinus
    Master's Thesis Diversify or specialize: Disturbances influence trait evolution in Pinus Supervision by: Prof. Dr. Elena Conti & Dr. Niklaus E. Zimmermann University of Zurich, Institute of Systematic Botany & Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Landscape Dynamics Bianca Saladin October 2013 Front page: Forest of Pinus taeda, northern Florida, 1/2013 Table of content 1 STRONG PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL IN PINE TRAITS 5 1.1 ABSTRACT 5 1.2 INTRODUCTION 5 1.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 8 1.3.1 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 8 1.3.2 TRAIT DATA 9 1.3.3 PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL 9 1.4 RESULTS 11 1.4.1 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 11 1.4.2 PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL 12 1.5 DISCUSSION 14 1.5.1 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 14 1.5.2 PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL 16 1.6 CONCLUSION 17 1.7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 17 1.8 REFERENCES 19 2 THE ROLE OF FIRE IN TRIGGERING DIVERSIFICATION RATES IN PINE SPECIES 21 2.1 ABSTRACT 21 2.2 INTRODUCTION 21 2.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 24 2.3.1 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 24 2.3.2 DIVERSIFICATION RATE 24 2.4 RESULTS 25 2.4.1 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 25 2.4.2 DIVERSIFICATION RATE 25 2.5 DISCUSSION 29 2.5.1 DIVERSIFICATION RATE IN RESPONSE TO FIRE ADAPTATIONS 29 2.5.2 DIVERSIFICATION RATE IN RESPONSE TO DISTURBANCE, STRESS AND PLEIOTROPIC COSTS 30 2.5.3 CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE ANALYSIS PATHWAY 33 2.5.4 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 34 2.6 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 34 2.7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 35 2.8 REFERENCES 36 3 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 39 3.1 S1 - ACCESSION NUMBERS OF GENE SEQUENCES 40 3.2 S2 - TRAIT DATABASE 44 3.3 S3 - SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MAPS 58 3.4 S4 - DISTRIBUTION OF TRAITS OVER PHYLOGENY 81 3.5 S5 - PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL OF 19 BIOCLIM VARIABLES 84 3.6 S6 – COMPLETE LIST OF REFERENCES 85 2 Introduction to the Master's thesis The aim of my master's thesis was to assess trait and niche evolution in pines within a phylogenetic comparative framework.
    [Show full text]