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Glossary (PDF, 343KB) Glossary Abstract Expressionist: An artistic movement background: The part of a scene that lies behind of the mid-twentieth century emphasizing an art- the foreground and the middle ground and ist’s freedom to express attitudes and emotions, appears most distant from the viewer. usually through nonrealistic means. Battle of Gettysburg: This defining battle of the Age of Exploration (also, Age of Discovery): American Civil War (see entry above) took place From the early fifteenth century to the early in 1863 and marked the defeat of Robert E. Lee’s seventeenth century, European ships traveled invading Confederate Army and a major victory around the world in search of new trading routes, for the Union (United States). lands, and partners to supply an ever-growing European market. bill: A written proposal for a new law that members of a legislative body discuss and Albumen silver print: A photograph made using vote upon. a process that was prevalent until the 1890s. The paper is coated with albumen (egg whites), bourgeois: A person belonging to the middle and the image is created using a solution of class, whose attitudes and behavior are silver salts. oftentimes marked by conformity to the standards and conventions of that class. Alexander the Great (also, Alexander III) (336–323 b.c.): Ancient Greek king of Macedon, brass: Any metal alloy made by combining and one of the most successful military com- varying proportions of copper and zinc to manders in history. He remained undefeated in create a variety of brasses with a different range battle, conquering most of the world known to of properties. the ancient Greeks. brayer: A hand roller used for applying ink to American Civil War (also, the U.S. Civil War): relief printing blocks or occasionally for the direct From 1861 to 1865, the United States of America application of paint or ink to a surface. (the Union), led by Abraham Lincoln, fought against the Southern slave states of the newly bust: In sculpture, the representation of the formed Confederate States of America. head and upper part of the body, often mounted on a socle (see entry below) or base. Busts may assembly line: The mechanical system in a show only the head and neck or may include factory in which large quantities of items are shoulders, arms, and sometimes hands. Many assembled in stages until completed. busts are portraits. Augustus (also, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus) Byzantine Empire (also, the Eastern Roman (63 b.c.–a.d. 14): First emperor of Rome and Empire): The successor state to the Roman grandnephew and adopted heir of Julius Caesar. Empire in the East, centered on its capital of His rule marked an era of relative peace known Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), which as the Pax Romana, or Roman peace. After his existed from late antiquity (fourth century) until death, Augustus was declared a god by the the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Senate, to be worshipped by the Romans. Caligula (also, Gaius Claudius Caesar Germanicus) colonialism: A policy in which a country rules (a.d. 12–41): Emperor of Rome (a.d. 37–41), who other nations and develops trade for its own succeeded his adopted father, Tiberius. After benefit. a severe illness, he exhibited mental instability and tyrannical behavior, which led to his color palette: 1) A set of colors that makes up assassination. an image or animation, and 2) the group of colors available to be used to create an image. caricature: A representation in either literature or visual art that includes a ridiculous distortion composition: The process of arranging artistic or exaggeration of body parts or physical charac- elements into specific relationships to create teristics to create a comic or gross imitation. an art object. cartoon: A drawing intended as a satire (see cropping: In photographic terms, cutting the entry below) or caricature (see entry above), borders of an image in order to enhance certain commenting on public or political matters. In parts of the composition. current language use, the term refers to a draw- ing, often accompanied by a caption, depicting a cultural imperialism: The practice of extending, humorous situation. sometimes by force, the culture of one nation or group to another nation or group. ceramics: Vessels of clay (see entry below) made by using a variety of shaping techniques daguerreotype: An early method of photography and then hardening or firing the clay with heat produced on a silver plate or a silver-covered at a high temperature. copper plate made sensitive to light. chasing: A term encompassing two processes deportation: In general, the expulsion of in metalworking: 1) modeling decorative foreigners from a country or place. patterns on a hand-shaped sheet-metal surface using punches applied to the front, and divine right to rule: A set of beliefs stating that 2) finishing and refining a cast sculpture. supreme rulers like kings and queens derive their right to rule by the virtue of their birth alone—a classical: Describes a prime example of quality right based on ancestry and the laws of God. or “ideal” beauty. It often refers to the culture, art, literature, or ideals of the ancient Greek or ebony: A heavy, black, fine-grained heartwood Roman world, especially that of Greece in the that comes from a tree in the genus Diospyros, fourth and fifth centuries b.c. native to southern India and Sri Lanka. clay: A natural earthy material that is flexible El Capitan: A three-thousand-foot granite when wet, consisting essentially of the metal monolith located near the western end of aluminum and compounds containing silicon Yosemite National Park (see entry below). This and oxygen. Clay typically hardens when fired rock formation is a favorite challenge of rock in a kiln unless the clay is “self-hardening” or climbers worldwide. “air-hardening.” elements of design: The visual elements that collage: An art form and technique in which artists use to design and create works of art. pre-existing materials or objects are arranged and Formal elements include the design principles attached as part of a two-dimensional surface. of line, shape, space, value (light and dark), color, and texture. CURRICULUM RESOURCES elevation: Height above the earth’s surface or Farm Security Administration (FSA): The above sea level. FSA was created as part of the Department of Agriculture in 1937. The FSA and its predecessor, Emancipation Proclamation: A public statement the Resettlement Administration, were New Deal issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January programs designed to assist poor farmers during 1, 1863, in which he declared that all slaves, in the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression. states or portions of states in rebellion against the United States, “are, and henceforward shall First Republic of France: Lasting from 1792 be free.” until 1804, this French government spent most of its existence under the control of Maximilien Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803–1882): American Robespierre, one of the best-known leaders writer, philosopher, and central figure of of the French Revolution (see entry below). American Transcendentalism (see entry below). Robespierre initiated the beheading of thousands His poems, speeches, and especially his essays, of French people with the newly invented guil- such as Nature (1836), were integral to the lotine. The First Republic ended when Napoleon development of American philosophical thought Bonaparte (see entry below) established the First and literary expression. French Empire. Enlightenment: Dominant intellectual trend of fleur-de-lis: A stylized design of either an iris thought in western Europe and America in the or a lily that is used both decoratively and 1700s, characterized by a confidence in reason symbolically. Although historically known as the and a belief in progress. This rational approach symbol of the French royal family, the fleur de-lis to economic, religious, social, and political issues was not adopted officially by any of the French promoted a nonreligious worldview. republics. exoticism: Fascination with and exploration and foreground: The part of an image that is representation of unfamiliar cultures and customs nearest to and in front of the viewer. through the lens of a European way of thinking, especially in the nineteenth century. Franco-Prussian War: The war between France and the German states under the leadership of expansionism: A policy of increasing a country’s Prussia that lasted from 1870 to 1871. The conflict economy or territory. was due largely to Prussian statesman Prince Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck’s desire expressionism: A style of art inspired by an to unify Germany under Prussian control and artist’s subjective feelings rather than objective eliminate French influence over Germany. or realistic depictions based on observation. Expressionism as a movement is mainly associated French Revolution: A civil war in France with early-twentieth-century German artists (1789–99) that began with the storming of the interested in exploring the spiritual and Bastille and ended when Napoleon Bonaparte emotional aspects of human existence. seized power. This period of political and social upheaval led to the destruction of the absolute farandole [FER-en-dole]: A lively folk dance in monarchy of the Bourbon kings and the end of which men and woman hold hands, form a chain, feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic and follow a leader through a serpentine course. clergy. GLOSSARY gelatin silver print: A photograph made through inking plate: A flat surface used for rolling ink a chemical process in which a negative is printed out in preparation for applying ink to a plate on a surface coated with an emulsion of gelatin or block. (an animal protein) containing light-sensitive silver salts. inscription: A historical, religious, or other kind of record that is cut, impressed, painted, or writ- global economy: The international expansion ten on stone, brick, metal, or other hard surface.
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