DOCSLIB.ORG

Militarized Gender Performativity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Militarized Gender Performativity Militarized Gender Performativity: Women and Demobilization in Colombia’s FARC and AUC. by Andrea Méndez A thesis submitted to the Graduate Program in the Department of Political Studies in conformity with the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada August, 2012 Copyright © Andrea Méndez, 2012 Abstract Women are usually represented as victims in the literature on conflict and conflict resolution. While women are indeed victims of violence in the context of conflict, this representation excludes the experiences of women who have joined and fought in illegal armed groups. Little is known about the lives of women who fight alongside men in illegal militarized organizations. These women are often overlooked during peace negotiations and in the design and implementation of Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration programs, affecting their conditions and experiences during the transition to civilian life. The Colombian conflict presents an important case study regarding the militarization of women in illegal armed groups, and the experience of demobilization, and is the focus of this dissertation. To address this case study, the concept of “militarized gender performativity” is advanced, drawing on the works of Cynthia Enloe and Judith Butler. In the Colombian case, both left–wing and right–wing armed groups have incorporated women into their ranks. This research elucidates the effects of non– state militarism on the social processes that produce and reproduce gender systems in two of Colombia’s illegal armed groups, uncovering how the FARC and the AUC construct, negotiate, challenge, or reinforce gender roles. The research indicates that there are significant differences in the way this is done. Interviews with ex–combatants from the FARC and the AUC show that women’s sexuality plays a central role in the militarization of women combatants in both organizations, but there are specific policies that establish the nature of the relationships in each group. These differences represent distinct militarized femininities which maintain aspects of traditional gender relations while transforming others according to the needs of the organization in question. The transformation of gender identities in each of the armed groups reveals the performative nature of gender roles in a militarized context. ii Acknowledgements There are a few people whom I would like to acknowledge, for without their insights, support, and encouragement, my dissertation would not have been possible. I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors Dr. Catherine Conaghan and Dr. Abigail Bakan. Their guidance and wisdom over the last five years have been extremely important to me. They have both shared relevant insights and knowledge and have inspired me with their hard work and diligence. For this, I am indebted to them. I would also like to thank Dr. Jacqueline Solway at Trent University for encouraging me to pursue post–graduate education. She has influenced my studies in more ways than she will ever know. In the Political Studies Department at Queen’s University, I would like to thank Dr. Zsuzsa Csergo for her encouraging words and thoughtful advice over the last five years, and Barb Murphy for her constant help in making sure my student permit was always renewed on time. I am also very grateful to Angela Pietrobon for her assistance in the final stages of preparation of the dissertation and for her help in copy editing, proofreading, and formatting it. I would also like to thank the Alta Consejería para la Reintegración Social y Económica de Personas y Grupos Alzadas en Armas in Colombia for their guidance and for faciliating the interviews with former members of the FARC and AUC. I want to express my heartfelt gratitude to my husband for his pragmatism, my son for his presence, my father for his positivity, my mother for helping me to see the bigger picture, my sister for her sense of humour, and all of my extended family for supporting me in any way they could. They have been there for me unconditionally to acknowledge my efforts and encourage me through the demanding times. I would also like to thank my friend Maaike for looking after my son on many occasions so that I could work on my dissertation. I owe her much gratitude. iii Dedication For my son. iv Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iii Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ v List of Acronyms ......................................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Organization of the Study ......................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 2. Women and War: Recognizing Multiple Voices ........................................................ 17 Women in the Military .............................................................................................................. 25 Theoretical Framework: Militarized Gender Performativity .................................................... 28 Scope and Methods ................................................................................................................... 43 The Ethnography of Violence ................................................................................................... 44 Feminist Approaches to Methodology ...................................................................................... 51 Chapter 3. Armed Struggle and War in Colombia ........................................................................ 56 Women in Colombia: From Independence to the National Front ............................................ 57 Colombian Women: Democracy, Collective Action, and Inclusion ........................................ 66 The Rise of the Armed Groups ................................................................................................. 70 The FARC ................................................................................................................................. 72 The Paramilitaries ..................................................................................................................... 79 Comparing Combat: FARC and AUC ...................................................................................... 87 Drug Trafficking, Guerrillas, and Paramilitaries ...................................................................... 89 BACRIMs: A New, but Familiar Challenge ............................................................................. 92 Women in Illegal Armed Groups in Colombia ......................................................................... 93 Chapter 4. Disarming, Demobilizing, and Reintegrating in the Midst of Conflict ....................... 98 Colombian Peace Talks and DDR Processes .......................................................................... 102 Uribe’s Democratic Security .................................................................................................. 107 Uribe’s Peace Talks with the AUC and the FARC ................................................................. 111 Colombian DDR: Individual and Collective Processes .......................................................... 116 Colombian DDR: The Reintegration Stage ............................................................................ 120 Women and DDR in Colombia ............................................................................................... 123 v Chapter 5. Women in the FARC ................................................................................................. 128 Gender in the FARC: Rhetoric and Practice ........................................................................... 129 Soldiering: Daily Life and Discipline ..................................................................................... 136 Sexuality and Reproductive Rights ......................................................................................... 143 Reintegration and the Future ................................................................................................... 158 Chapter 6. Women in the AUC ................................................................................................... 161 Paramilitary Violence: Morality Under Siege ........................................................................ 161 Soldiering: Daily Life and Discipline ..................................................................................... 165 Sexuality and Reproductive Rights ......................................................................................... 175 Reintegration and the Future ................................................................................................... 186 Chapter 7. Women in the FARC and the AUC ..........................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CURRICULUM VITAE February 2016 [email protected]
    CURRICULUM VITAE February 2016 [email protected] Name: J. Ann Tickner Positions: Professor Emerita, School of International Relations, University of Southern California Distinguished Scholar in Residence, The American University, Washington, DC Professor, Politics and International Relations, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia 2014- Education: Ph.D. Brandeis University 1983, Political Science M.A. Yale University 1960, International Relations B.A. University of London 1959, History Awards and • 2016 Faculty Lifetime Achievement Award, University of Southern California Recognition: • Tickner Award, International Studies Association. Established in 2011 to recognize J. Ann Tickner for her pathbreaking role within the ISA and in the discipline of International Relations more generally. • J. Ann Tickner Book Prize. Established in 2012 by the School of International Relations, University of Southern California • Distinguished Scholar-in-Residence, American University, 2011- • J. Ann Tickner Prize for the Best Masters Dissertation in International Relations, Queen Mary College University of London (established 2010) • Visiting Distinguished Professor, University of Auckland (in residence July 2010) • 2009 Remarkable Woman Award, University of Southern California • Gamma Sigma Alpha Professor of the Year 2009, University of Southern California • Susan S. Northcutt Award, Women’s Caucus for International Studies, International Studies Association, 2007 • Ranked #19 of scholars having the greatest impact on the International Relations discipline over the past 20 years, TRIP Survey 2011 • President, International Studies Association 2006-2007 • Award for Excellence in Graduate Education, SIRGA, USC, 2005 • Honorary Ph.D. University of Uppsala, 1999 • Honorary Professor, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK • Named as one of Fifty Key Thinkers in Martin Griffiths, Fifty Key Thinkers in International Relations, Routledge, 1999, 2nd edition 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • PARAMILITARIES Kill Suspected Supporters of the FARC
    UniTeD SelF-DeFenSe FoRCeS oF ColoMBiA (AUC) PARAMiliTARY TRooPS, lA GABARRA, noRTe De SAnTAnDeR, DeCeMBeR 10, 2004 PARAMiliTARieS kill suspected supporters of the FARC. By 1983, locals reported DEATh TO KIDNAPPERs cases of army troops and MAS fighters working together to assas- sinate civilians and burn farms.5 After the 1959 Cuban revolution, the U.S. became alarmed power and wealth, to the point that by 2004 the autodefensas had this model of counterinsurgency proved attractive to the Colom- that Marxist revolts would break out elsewhere in latin Ameri- taken over much of the country. bian state. on a 1985 visit to Puerto Boyacá, President Belisario Be- ca. in 1962, an Army special warfare team arrived in Colombia to As they expanded their control across Colombia, paramil- tancur reportedly declared, “every inhabitant of Magdalena Medio help design a counterinsurgency strategy for the Colombian armed itary militias forcibly displaced over a million persons from the has risen up to become a defender of peace, next to our army, next to forces. even though the FARC and other insurgent groups had not land.3 By official numbers, as of 2011, the autodefensas are estimat- our police… Continue on, people of Puerto Boyacá!”6 yet appeared on the scene, U.S. advisers recommended that a force ed to have killed at least 140,000 civilians including hundreds of Soon, landowners, drug traffickers, and security forces set made up of civilians be used “to perform counteragent and coun- trade unionists, teachers, human rights defenders, rural organiz- up local autodefensas across Colombia. in 1987, the Minister of terpropaganda functions and, as necessary, execute paramilitary, ers, politicians, and journalists who they labelled as sympathetic government César gaviria testified to the existence of 140 ac- sabotage, and/or terrorist activities against known communist pro- to the guerrillas.3 tive right-wing militias in the country.7 Many sported macabre ponents.
    [Show full text]
  • Proquest Dissertations
    University of Alberta Disciplining Development: Sex, Power and the (Re)Construction of Women in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone by Megan Hazel MacKenzie CO) A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science Edmonton, Alberta Fall 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-46374-1 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-46374-1 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Nightlife, Djing, and the Rise of Digital DJ Technologies a Dissertatio
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Turning the Tables: Nightlife, DJing, and the Rise of Digital DJ Technologies A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Communication by Kate R. Levitt Committee in Charge: Professor Chandra Mukerji, Chair Professor Fernando Dominguez Rubio Professor Kelly Gates Professor Christo Sims Professor Timothy D. Taylor Professor K. Wayne Yang 2016 Copyright Kate R. Levitt, 2016 All rights reserved The Dissertation of Kate R. Levitt is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2016 iii DEDICATION For my family iv TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE……………………………………………………………….........iii DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………….......iv TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………...v LIST OF IMAGES………………………………………………………………….......vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………….viii VITA……………………………………………………………………………………...xii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION……………………………………………...xiii Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..1 Methodologies………………………………………………………………….11 On Music, Technology, Culture………………………………………….......17 Overview of Dissertation………………………………………………….......24 Chapter One: The Freaks
    [Show full text]
  • COLOMBIA the Ties That Bind: Colombia and Military-Paramilitary Links
    February 2000 Vol. 12 No. 1 (B) COLOMBIA The Ties That Bind: Colombia and Military-Paramilitary Links TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................................2 COLOMBIA AND MILITARY-PARAMILITARY LINKS .......................................................................................................................6 THIRD BRIGADE .....................................................................................................................................................6 FOURTH BRIGADE................................................................................................................................................10 THIRTEENTH BRIGADE.......................................................................................................................................19 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS Human Rights Watch here presents detailed, abundant, and compelling evidence of continuing close ties between the Colombian Army and paramilitary groups responsible for gross human rights violations. This information was compiled by Colombian government investigators and Human Rights Watch. Several of our sources, including eyewitnesses, requested anonymity because their lives have been under threat as a result of their testimony. Far from moving decisively to sever ties to paramilitaries, Human Rights Watch=s evidence strongly suggests that Colombia=s military high command has yet to take the necessary steps to accomplish
    [Show full text]
  • Violence and Discrimination Against Women in the Armed Conflict in Colombia
    ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc. 67 18 October 2006 Original: Spanish VIOLENCE AND DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN IN THE ARMED CONFLICT IN COLOMBIA GENERAL SECRETARITA ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES 1889 F. St. N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C. 20006 2006 Internet: http://www.cidh.org E-mail: [email protected] OAS Cataloging-in-Publication Data Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Violence and discrimination against women in the armed conflict in Colombia /Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. v. ; cm. (OEA documentos oficiales ; OEA/Ser.L) ISBN OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc.67 Eng Document published thanks to the financial support of Finland. Positions herein expressed are those of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and do not reflect the views of Finland. VIOLENCE AND DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN IN THE ARMED CONFLICT IN COLOMBIA TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .........................................................................v I. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................1 A. The on-site visit to Colombia on June of 2005....................7 B. Legal framework of the report: international norms and standards applicable to discrimination and violence against women .............................................7 II. THE ARMED CONFLICT IN COLOMBIA AND ITS IMPACT ON WOMEN ............................................................................11 A. Characteristics of the Colombian armed conflict ................11 B. Dynamics
    [Show full text]
  • The Venezuelan Crisis, Regional Dynamics and the Colombian Peace Process by David Smilde and Dimitris Pantoulas Executive Summary
    Report August 2016 The Venezuelan crisis, regional dynamics and the Colombian peace process By David Smilde and Dimitris Pantoulas Executive summary Venezuela has entered a crisis of governance that will last for at least another two years. An unsustainable economic model has caused triple-digit inflation, economic contraction, and widespread scarcities of food and medicines. An unpopular government is trying to keep power through increasingly authoritarian measures: restricting the powers of the opposition-controlled National Assembly, avoiding a recall referendum, and restricting civil and political rights. Venezuela’s prestige and influence in the region have clearly suffered. Nevertheless, the general contours of the region’s emphasis on regional autonomy and state sovereignty are intact and suggestions that Venezuela is isolated are premature. Venezuela’s participation in the Colombian peace process since 2012 has allowed it to project an image of a responsible member of the international community and thereby counteract perceptions of it as a “rogue state”. Its growing democratic deficits make this projected image all the more valuable and Venezuela will likely continue with a constructive role both in consolidating peace with the FARC-EP and facilitating negotiations between the Colombian government and the ELN. However, a political breakdown or humanitarian crisis could alter relations with Colombia and change Venezuela’s role in a number of ways. Introduction aimed to maximise profits from the country’s oil production. During his 14 years in office Venezuelan president Hugo Together with Iran and Russia, the Venezuelan government Chávez Frias sought to turn his country into a leading has sought to accomplish this through restricting produc- promotor of the integration of Latin American states and tion and thus maintaining prices.
    [Show full text]
  • Andean Countries
    GENDER AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT BRIEF ©IFAD/Cristóbal Corral Andean Countries KEY GENDER ISSUES Despite high levels of economic growth – with GDP increasing by between 4 and 8 per cent a year over the last decade in all countries but Venezuela1 – and increased attention to gender equality and women’s empowerment, gender-based inequalities are still very high in Andean countries. The trend for rural-urban migration by men – coupled with the internal displacement of people in Columbia – has increased the number of woman-headed households in rural areas over the last ten years, leaving women with responsibility for both productive and household activities. The Plurinational State of Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru have the highest concentrations of indigenous peoples in the American continent, particularly in rural areas: 77 per cent of the Bolivian rural population is indigenous, and 14 per cent of Ecuador’s.2 Rural indigenous women are often the most disadvantaged in terms of poverty, malnutrition and access to services such as health care and education. In Peru, 8 per cent of the total population is illiterate, but rates among women are 12 per cent overall and 30 per cent in rural areas.3 Equivalent figures for the Plurinational State of Bolivia are 13 per cent for the whole population, 12 per cent for women and 26 per cent for rural women.3 People of African descent account for 10–25 per cent of the population in Colombia and 5–10 percent in Ecuador and Peru, and are also over-represented among the poor.3 Gender-based violence is a major issue in the Andean region; the number of women killed or beaten by their partners or ex-partners has remained constant over the years.4 For instance, more than 60 per cent of all women and 68 per cent of indigenous women in Ecuador suffered some kind of gender-based violence,5 along with 37 per cent of women A women’s group in Cocapata, Plurinational in Colombia6 and 80 per cent of Bolivian women.7 In Peru, of the 59 per cent of women State of Bolivia, where they learn new ways to work with llama wool.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Case Log October 2000 - April 2002
    Description of document: Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Case Log October 2000 - April 2002 Requested date: 2002 Release date: 2003 Posted date: 08-February-2021 Source of document: Information and Privacy Coordinator Central Intelligence Agency Washington, DC 20505 Fax: 703-613-3007 Filing a FOIA Records Request Online The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is a First Amendment free speech web site and is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question. GovernmentAttic.org is not responsible for the contents of documents published on the website. 1 O ct 2000_30 April 2002 Creation Date Requester Last Name Case Subject 36802.28679 STRANEY TECHNOLOGICAL GROWTH OF INDIA; HONG KONG; CHINA AND WTO 36802.2992 CRAWFORD EIGHT DIFFERENT REQUESTS FOR REPORTS REGARDING CIA EMPLOYEES OR AGENTS 36802.43927 MONTAN EDWARD GRADY PARTIN 36802.44378 TAVAKOLI-NOURI STEPHEN FLACK GUNTHER 36810.54721 BISHOP SCIENCE OF IDENTITY FOUNDATION 36810.55028 KHEMANEY TI LEAF PRODUCTIONS, LTD.
    [Show full text]
  • Survival. Activism. Feminism?: Exploring the Lives of Trans* Individuals in Chicago
    SURVIVAL. ACTIVISM. FEMINISM? Survival. Activism. Feminism?: Exploring the Lives of Trans* Individuals in Chicago Some radical lesbian feminists, like Sheila Jeffreys (1997, 2003, 2014) argue that trans individuals are destroying feminism by succumbing to the greater forces of the patriarchy and by opting for surgery, thus conforming to normative ideas of sex and gender. Jeffreys is not alone in her views. Janice Raymond (1994, 2015) also maintains that trans individuals work either as male-to-females (MTFs) to uphold stereotypes of femininity and womanhood, or as female-to-males (FTMs) to join the ranks of the oppressors, support the patriarchy, and embrace hegemonic masculinity. Both Jeffreys and Raymond conclude that sex/gender is fixed by genitals at birth and thus deny trans individuals their right to move beyond the identities that they were assigned at birth. Ironically, a paradox is created by these radical lesbians feminist theorists, who deny trans individuals the right to define their own lives and control their own bodies. Such essentialist discourse, however, fails to recognize the oppression, persecution, and violence to which trans individuals are subjected because they do not conform to the sex that they were assigned at birth. Jeffreys (1997) also claims there is an emergency and that the human rights of those who are now identifying as trans are being violated. These critiques are not only troubling to me, as a self-identified lesbian feminist, but are also illogical and transphobic. My research, with trans identified individuals in Chicago, presents a different story and will show another side of the complex relationship between trans and lesbian feminist communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.History of the Colombian Left-Wings Between 1958 and 2010
    Revista Tempo e Argumento E-ISSN: 2175-1803 [email protected] Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina Brasil Archila, Mauricio; Cote, Jorge History of the Colombian left-wings between 1958 and 2010 Revista Tempo e Argumento, vol. 7, núm. 16, septiembre-diciembre, 2015, pp. 376-400 Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina Florianópolis, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=338144734018 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative e ‐ ISSN 2175 ‐ 1803 History of the Colombian left‐wings between 1958 and 20101 Abstract This article looks at the history of left‐wings in Colombia, Mauricio Archila framed within what was happening in the country, Latin Ph.D. and Professor in the Graduate program at America, and the world between 1958 and 2010. After the Universidad Nacional, in Bogotá, and specifying what we mean by “left‐wings” and outlining their associate researcher of the CINEP. background in the first half of the 20th century, there is a Colombia. panorama of five great moments of the period under study to [email protected] reach the recent situation. The chronology favors the internal aspects of the history of Colombian left‐wings, allowing us to appreciate their achievements and limitations framed into Jorge Cote such a particular context as the Colombian one. MA student in History at the Universidad Nacional, in Bogotá. Keywords: Colombia; Left‐wings; Guerrillas; Social Colombia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Drug Trade in Colombia: a Threat Assessment
    DEA Resources, For Law Enforcement Officers, Intelligence Reports, The Drug Trade in Colombia | HOME | PRIVACY POLICY | CONTACT US | SITE DIRECTORY | [print friendly page] The Drug Trade in Colombia: A Threat Assessment DEA Intelligence Division This report was prepared by the South America/Caribbean Strategic Intelligence Unit (NIBC) of the Office of International Intelligence. This report reflects information through December 2001. Comments and requests for copies are welcome and may be directed to the Intelligence Production Unit, Intelligence Division, DEA Headquarters, at (202) 307-8726. March 2002 DEA-02006 CONTENTS MESSAGE BY THE ASSISTANT THE HEROIN TRADE IN DRUG PRICES AND DRUG THE COLOMBIAN COLOMBIA’S ADMINISTRATOR FOR COLOMBIA ABUSE IN COLOMBIA GOVERNMENT COUNTERDRUG INTELLIGENCE STRATEGY IN A LEGAL ● Introduction: The ● Drug Prices ● The Formation of the CONTEXT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Development of ● Drug Abuse Modern State of the Heroin Trade Colombia ● Counterdrug ● Cocaine in Colombia DRUG RELATED MONEY ● Colombian Impact of ● Colombia’s 1991 ● Heroin Opium-Poppy LAUNDERING AND Government Institutions Involved in Constitution ● Marijuana Cultivation CHEMICAL DIVERSION ● Opium-Poppy the Counterdrug ● Extradition ● Synthetic Drugs Eradication Arena ● Sentencing Codes ● Money Laundering ● Drug-Related Money ● Opiate Production ● The Office of the ● Money Laundering ● Chemical Diversion Laundering ● Opiate Laboratory President Laws ● Insurgents and Illegal “Self- ● Chemical Diversion Operations in ● The Ministry of ● Asset Seizure
    [Show full text]