Upper Devonian Corals Op the Canadian Cordilleran

UPPER DEVONIAN CORALS OP

THE CANADIAN CORDILLERAN REGION

by

ARNOLD GORDON THOMLINSON

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE

in the Department

of

GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY

We accept this thesis as conforming to the

standard required from candidates for the

degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE

Members of the Department of

THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

April, 1954 CORALS IN SLAB OF DEVONIAN LIMESTONE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to thank Dr. V.J. Okulitch, Chairman,

Division of Geology, for advice on numerous paleontological problems encountered in the preparation of this thesis. To him I am also indebted for instruction and assistance in the reproduction of illustrations from the literature, and in illustration of specimens.

I am especially grateful to my wife, Joan Delia

Thomlinson, who has typed and patiently proof-read my manuscript.

To Mrs. J.A. Donnan I also extend my thanks for the co-operative spirit with which she has undertaken typing of the thesis.

Mr. J.A. Donnan, geological technician, has furthered by work by instructing me in the preparation of thin sections, and in preparing for me those which I found most difficult.

My friend and fellow-student, Mr. F.A. Frebold has presented me with the beautiful specimen illustrated in the frontispiece. Both he and Mr. J.A.C. Fortescue, in discussing with me problems common to our various studies, have aided me in the development of my thesis. i

ABSTRACT

Preliminary to the descriptions of genera and

species is a very brief discussion of coral terminology and classification.

The thesis embodies descriptions and illus• trations of 29 genera and 42 species of fossil corals, reported in the literature to occur in Upper Devonian rocks of western Canada. Although most of these are reported from the Rocky Mountain area, several species from the

Mackenzie River-Mackenzie Mountains area are also included.

In addition, species reported from the Upper Devonian

Outcrops east of the Rocky Mountains have been dealt with.

Numerous taxonomic problems encountered in the study are discussed in remarks on the genera and species involved.

Fossil corals collected from the region drained by the headwaters of the North Saskatchewan River are described, identified and illustrated. Nine genera and

14 species are recognized in the collection. Of these, .1 genus and 4 species do not appear to have been previously reported to occur in the Upper Devonian beds of the Rocky

Mountains in Canada. The species of Coenites described is possibly a new one but it cannot be regarded as such until a study is made of literature which, at present, is not available. ii

From this study of Upper Devonian corals, the writer concludes that the DISPHYLLIDAE are in need of division into new subfamilies, and he suggests two character• istics whose phylogenetic significance requires invest• igation. However, it is considered that existing paleon- tologlc data Is neither comprehensive enough nor precise enough to permit such an undertaking. Reasons are given for the present inadequacies of knowledge of Upper Devonian corals and recommendations are made for improvement of the situation. TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

ABSTRACT i

INTRODUCTION iii

CHAPTER I. TAXONOMY OF FOSSIL CORALS 1

Terminology 1

Classification 4

CHAPTER II. DESCRIPTIONS OF GENERA AND SPECIES ... 8

Subclass TETRACORALLA Family HADROPHYLLIDAE Microcyclus 8

Family METRIOPHYLLIDAE Metriophyllum 10

Family ZAPHRENTIDAE Zaphrentls 12

Family BETHANYPHYLLIDAE Subfamily BET HANYP HYLLINAE Ceratophyllum 14

Family ACANTHOPHYLLIDAE Acanthophyllum 15 Cyathophyllum V$ Heliophyllum 19

Family LEPT0INOPHYLLIDAE Subfamily LEPTOINOPHYLLINAE Brevipnyllum 22 Charactophyllum 23 Diversophyllum 2b Mictophyllum 28

Subfamily GRYPOPHYLLINAE Tabulophyllum 30

Family C0LUMNARIIDAE Subfamily S P ON GOP HYLLINAE Spongophyllum 36 TABLE OF CONTENTS CONCLUDED

PAGE Family DTSPHYLLIDAE Subfamily DISPHYLLINAE Aeervularia 38 Disphyllum . . 39 Hexagonaria 55 Macgeea 60 Phillipsas traea 64 Subfamily ERIDOPHYLLINAE Eridophyllum 79 Family CYSTIPHYLLOIDAE Subfamily CYSTIPHYLLOINAE Cystiphylloldes . .. 80

Family C HON OP HYLLIDAE Subfamily CHONOPHYLLINAE Chonophyllum 84 Ptychophyllum 86

Subclass TABULATA Family FAVOSITEDAE Alveolites 88 Coenites 94 Favosites 99 Striatopora 103 Thamnopora 104

Family SYRINGOPORIDAE Syringopora 113 Family AULOPORIDAE Aulopora . . . . 115 Cladochonus . 119 Romingeria 119

CONCLUSIONS 122

BIBLIOGRAPHY 124

APPENDIX A 132

APPENDIX B

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 148 iii

UPPER DEVONIAN CORALS OF

THE CANADIAN CORDILLERAN REGION

INTRODUCTION

This work is intended to constitute an assem• blage of descriptions and illustrations of all fossil corals which have been reported to occur in the Upper

Devonian rocks of the Cordilleran region of Canada.

Possibly a more desirable goal would be the inclusion of all species reported from the Cordilleran region of North

America. Unfortunately, time does not permit such a vast undertaking. The forty-ninth parallel has therefore been arbitrarily made the southern limit of this work. Although no definite northern limit has been set, the greatest emphasis has been on the Rocky Mountain area and the exposed Devonian rocks to the east. Either the Liard River or the fiftieth parallel could well serve as a northern limit for the major part of the thesis. However, a few coral species from the Mackenzie River-Mackenzie Mountains area not already covered by Smith (194-5) are included here.

Because available fossil coral specimens are representative of only a small portion of the area dealt with, this work is of necessity largely a compilation from numerous published works. The literature has been searched exhaustively for fossil coral assemblages and for generic iv

and specific descriptions and illustrations. Although work

of this nature may lack the appeal of original study of

fossil specimens, it permits, Indeed requires, the worker

to become acquainted with paleontological problems and to

decide upon a working solution for them. Numerous taxonomic

problems involving genera and species have been encountered.

Solutions I propose for such problems are, in the main, not

original but are rather a result of my assessment of con•

tributions of various authors. Discussion of the individual

taxonomic difficulties follows the descriptions of involved

genera and species.

Supplemental to the literature research phase of

the thesis, fossil specimens from Upper Devonian strata of

the Rocky Mountains of Canada are described, identified and

illustrated. Most of the fossil corals studied were

collected during the summers of 1950 and 1951 by Dr. V.J.

Okulitch from the area drained by the headwaters of the

North Saskatchewan River. These specimens now constitute

part of the paleontological research material housed at the

University of British Columbia, Division of Geology.

With no intention of dealing with stratigraphy

I have appended, for the sake of convenience, a chart

showing the major Upper Devonian stratigraphic units in which the described fossil corals are reported to occur.

Also appended is a table including the genera and

species reported, their localities and horizons, and an V

abbreviated reference, indicating the reporter. The generic and specific names listed are those which I hold to be valid. Where my opinion is at variance with that of the writer who has reported a species, the generic and/ or specific name assigned to it by that writer is given in brackets. In each of these cases the reasons for my opinion are given in the remarks upon the genus and/or species which I recognize. 1

CHAPTER I

TAXONOMY OF FOSSIL CORALS

Terminology

A necessary prerequisite to fossil descriptions is a set of definitions of ontogenetic and morphological terms used in the descriptions. Indeed, many coral descriptions, particularly those of the nineteenth century, lacking explan• ations of nomenclature, are meaningless, or at best ambig• uous. The condition was aggravated by lack of uniformity In use of terms by contemporary workers, and by lack of consis• tency by individual workers in their choice of terms. A trend toward standardization of terminology of tetracorals has been initiated by Hill (1935)» and carried on by Sanford (1939),

Easton (1944) and Smith (1945). These workers are In accord as to the definition of most terms, and have adequately defined these terms, many of which apply equally well to the tabulate corals. More detailed discussions of tabulate coral nomenclature have been given by Swann (1947) and Ross (1953).

In this work the terminology employed in describing fossil specimens has- been drawn from the works cited above, partic• ularly from Hill (1935) and Smith (1945).

An exhaustive compilation here of definitions from the works referred to above would be an unnecessary 2 duplication. However, many of the generic and specific descriptions to follow, taken from the literature, contain terms which have become- ambiguous through misuse, or have fallen into disuse, or well ill-founded. It is therefore deemed necessary to provide definitionsof some of the more obscure terms met with, particularly in the older works.

Furthermore, a few terms in current use, but which are not self explanatory^, are included in the hope that they will facilitate comprehension of the coral descriptions.

Glossary of Terms astreiform (also astraeform) - having corallites polygonal in cross section. brephic (also nepionlc) - first ontogenetic stage in which six protosepta are developed. calycinal gemmation - mode of increase by which offsets arise from calice of parent. cerloid - prismatic corallites separated- by theca. coenenchyma - common connective tissue between corallites of some massive coralla. cystimorph - a coral in which septa are entirely or nearly obsolete and in which the transverse tissue con• sists of tabulae. dendroid - corallites spreading to subparallel. denticulate septa - septa with serrate axial edges. diaphragms - obsolete term synonomous with term 'tabulae'. ephebic - mature ontogenetic stage, i.e. wherein specific characteristics are attained. 3 exsert septa - septa protruding above top of calice. fasciculate - neighbouringeorallltes not in contact, fossa, fossette - fossula. geniculate - having abrupt change in direction of growth. genomorph - individual of a genus which differs from the genotype in expressing some common orthogenetic trend. gerontic - senile ontogenetic stage, rarely recognizable. infundibullform - cone" - or funnel-shaped intercostal loculi - (= intercostal spaces?) space between two adjacent septa

Intercostal spaces - («-Intercostal loculi?) interseptal loculi - space between two adjacent septa. lateral gemmation - obsolete term indicating origin of offsets from side of parent corallite. lonsedaloid septa - septa which have retreated from the epitheca and do not completely intersect the d is s epimentarium. lumen - interior of a corallite mural circles - stereotheca formed by coaleseenee of septa dilated periaxially. mural investment - obsolete term variously used to indicate theca, sclerotheca, stereotheca. (?) neanlc - adolescent ontogenetic stage. pall - short vertical plates located axially. peduncle - basal, usually central, cone-shaped point of attachment. phaeeloid - fasciculate with parallel eorallltes. plocoid - eorallltes of massive corallum are united by septa and/or dissepiments. 4

polyp stems - obsolete term synonomous with term 'corallites' pyriform

radiciform processes - root-like anchoring structures in simple corals. Term sometimes applied to pro• cesses connecting adjacent corallites in a fasciculate corallum.

radii - obsolete term supplanted by 'septa'.

reptant - prone or creeping

sclerotheca - inner wall formed by densely packed ring of dissepiments.

septal fossette - obsolete term supplanted by 'fossula'.

septal fovea - obsolete term, synonym of 'fossula'.

septal radii - obsolete term, supplanted by 'septa'.

septal rays - obsolete term supplanted by 'septa'.

squamae (squamulae ?) - linguiform or petal-shaped plates of septal origin projecting like shelves from the corallite wall into the lumen and ending in a free edge.

stereoplasm - calcareous secondary deposit upon skeletal structures.

trabeculae - the bundle of calcareous fibers which build up coral tissue.

umbellate - radiating from a common point, as petals of a flower.

visceral chamber - incorrect term, for the interior of a corallite i.e. the lumen.

Classification

The so-called 'natural' or phylogenetic type of

classification, while undoubtedly desirable, is unattainable.

As Henbest (1952, pp. 305-308) points out, only about ohe-

~ fifth of the earth's surface is accessible for the study of 5 pre-Pleistocene geological history, and within that area there are numerous gaps in the stratigraphic sequence. Obviously the record of biologic history is similarly incomplete, both geographically, and temporally. It follows that the develop• ment of a wholly phylogenetic fossil classification is forever

Impossible. This does not mean that the concept of phylogene• sis cannot be employed in classification. Indeed, genetic relationships within restricted fossil groups have already been indicated, and more will undoubtedly appear in the future.

However, as is expressed by Weller (1949, pp. 682-684), a

'natural1 classification ought not to be held paramount, and striven for at the expense of practicability. It seems, rather, that the foremost purpose of classification should be to organize paleont©logical data into recognizable units which may be readily used in identifying fossil specimens. The classification should invoke all determinable morphologic and ontogenetic characteristics, emphasizing those features which indicate evolutionary trends.

Of classifications of Devonian tetracorals yet proposed, that of Stumm (1949) most nearly fulfills the require• ments just mentioned.. It is essentially, a convenient means of 'pigeon-holing', founded in part upon characteristics held by Stumm to be phylogenetically significant. Most of the families and subfamilies set forth by Stumm have been found practical for this work. 6

His subfamily PACHYPHYLLINAE and its genera

Pachyphyllum. Phacelophyllum and Synaptophyllum. however, do not appear to be well-founded. Lang and Smith (1935, p. 566) show that all forms possessing horse-shoe dissepiments cannot be considered to be a distinct lineage. This indicates the weakness of Stumm1s subfamily PACHYPHYLLINAE. Furthermore,

Lang and Smith (1935» P. 555) have observed Pachyphyllum devoniense-type eorallltes and typical Philllpsastraea eorallltes together in the same corallum. These authors point out that most workers have interpreted Pachyphyllum on

P. devoniens e-type structure rather than on the genotype

P. bouehardi. Even the genotype Pachyphyllum bouchardl is considered by Lang and Smith to be a species of Philllpsastraea.

On the basis of the above evidence, I follow Lang and Smith in merging Pachyphyllum in Phillipsastraea« and Synaptophyllum and Phacellophyllum in Disphyllum. In considering

Pachyphyllum to be synonomous with Philllpsastraea. I autom• atically suppress Stumm's subfamily PACHYPHYLLINAE. This move necessitates redefining his subfamily DISPHYLLINAE.

Then subfamily DISPHYLLINAE is here considered to encompass phaceloid, cerioid, astraeold, and aphroid forms which may or may not possess horse-shoe-shaped dissepiments.

In none of these forms Is an aulos developed.

Genetic relationships between tabulate coral families are even less apparent than are affinities between tetracoral 7

families. In fact, they are almost certainly-unrelated groups which have attained common morphological aspects by various paths. Nevertheless, they may be readily recognized as unique taxonomic units. Species encountered In this work are representative of the families FAVOSITIDAE, SYRINGOPORIDAE, and AULOPORIDAE. With respect to the latter family, I do not feel confident that all its members have proven coralline affinities. As Fenton and Fenton (1937, pp. 109-115) have shown, the type genus Aulopora. probably encompasses conver- gent forms of bryozoans and corals. I refer some of my specimens to the family AULOPORIDAE, with the reservation that they may be either corals or bryozoans. CHAPTER II

DESCRIPTIONS OF GENERA AND SPECIES

Phylum COELENTERATA

Class . ANTHOZOA

Subclass TETRACOlALLA..

Family HADROPHYLLIDAE Stumm

Genus Microcyclus Meek and Wort hen

Microcyclus Meek and Worthen, 1868, p. 420

Genotype: Microcyclus discus Meek and Worthen 1868, p. 420.

Original description: "Corallum free, or with a minute central point of attachment, dlscoidal, without columella; calice very shallow or nearly obsolete, and provided with a simple small fossette; septa short, nearly regularly radiating, or with a few of those nearest the fossette converging a little towards its sides; epitheca well developed.

This little coral seems to be related to Combophyllum and Baryphyllum. Edwards and Haime, but differs from the first In having a well-developed epitheca, and from the latter, not only in that character, but in having its fossette simple, and its costae nearly regularly radia• ting. It also presents similar differences from Hadrophyllum. of Edwards and Haime. As we have sought in vain amongst the established groups for a genus that will receive it, we have been compelled to propose a new genus for its reception."

Remarks: Whereas in the original description of the genus the fossula is said to be "simple", the genus Is now o conceived to be characterized by a fossula containing the cardinal septum. This conception is apparent in Bassler's

(1937) description In Stumm (1949, p. 6), which reads: "Thin, discoidal, almost flat free coralla with a small central irregular basal scar of attachment and a shallow calyx provided with smooth septa arranged in four groups separated by fossulae of which the cardinal one, with a con• spicuous cardinal septum, is best developed. Major septa merging into a smooth central area; minor septa short and often attached to the major. The smooth septa and conspicuous cardinal fossula with its cardinal septum are characteristic of Microcyclus. which represents the stage of development in the family at which all the fossulae but the cardinal one are inconspicuous."

Microcyclus mnltiradiatum (Meek) tPlate 1 , Figures 1-2)

Combophyllum multiradlaturn Meek, 1867» p. 84, pi. XI, fig. 4 Original description: "Corallum depressed, discoid, circular, flat below; upper side with a broad, very shallow calice, which is flattened within; septal fossette narrow, but well defined, extending from the middle to the margin of the calice. Lateral margins rounded, and as it were duplic• ated by a distinct furrow, extending entirely around. Radial septa numbering 48 to ?0 in the primary series, which alter• nate with a shorter intermediate series, only extending into the inner margin of the very shallow calice. Height, 0.13 inch; breadth, 0.6? inch." Remarks: Neither Meek's description nor his Illustration indicates the presence of the cardinal septum within the fossula, a condition held by Bassler (1937) to be diagnostic of Microcyclus. It is with some doubt, there• fore, that I include this species in Microcyclus. Family METRIOPHYLLIDAE Hill

Genus Metriophyllum Edwards and Haime

Metriophyllum Edwards and Haime 1850, p. lxix

Genotype: Metriophyllum bouchardi Edwards and Haime, 1850, p. lxix, 1851» pi 318, pi. 7, figures l-2b. Upper Devonian, Frasnian (Beaulieu shales and Fergues lime• stone); near Bologne, France.

Original description: "Corallum simple, turbinate Septa well developed, slightly twisted, and extending to the center of the visceral chamber, through well-developed tabulae."

Remarks: The above description does not fully describe the genus and is, therefore, supplemented by Smith

(194-5, p. 28) diagnosis which reads:

"Small, trochoid rugose corals which typically are only slightly curved, have long major septa which reach the axis, but only very short minor septa. The axial edges of the major septa are welded by sclerenchyme into a solid styllforra structure, while the peripheral edges expand and form by lateral contiguity a narrow stereozone. The sides of the septa carry stout, horizontal or nearly horizontal carinae which extend from the wall of the corallum to its axial pillar. The tabulae which slope downward toward the periphery are thin and distant. There are no dissepiments.

Metriophyllum rectum (Hall)

(Plate 1 ,, figures 3-4)

Strombodes ? rectus Hall, 1843, p. 210, fig. 5

Cyathophyllum rectum Edwards and Haime, 1851, p. 372

Streptelasma recta Hall, 1876, pi. xix, figs. 1-13.

Streptelasma rectum Whiteaves. 1891, p. 199, pi. XXVII, Figs. 1, la, 2. Streptelasma rectum Hall, Lambe, 1901, p. 117, pi. VII, Figs. 5.

Metriophyllum rectum (Hall), Smith, 1945, pi. 1, figs. 9, 10, pi. 34, figs. 2, 3. 11

Description: (Lambe's description of specimens from the Mackenzie River, 10 miles below Bear River) "Corallum simple, conical, straight, or only slightly curved, pointed at the base, reaching a length of 38 mm. with a maximum breadth of 15 mm. Outer surface rather smooth with indistinct trans• verse accretion ridges and minor lines of growth, and pinnately arranged longitudinal septal furrows; epitheca complete. Calyx exceeding in depth one half the height of the corallum, its enclosing wall thin and steep, the floor consisting of an exsert mass formed of dissepiments and primary septal ends. Septa stout, alternately long and short, the primaries gener• ally uniting in twos or threes near the center, secondaries almost obsolete; numbering altogether in different sized speci• mens from about seventy to one hundred and ten. In the calyx the primaries extend over the floor to the center, but on the sides they are much reduced in size and project only about 1.5 mm. inward from the wall; free edges of the septa strongly toothed, the denticulations being represented on the sides of the septa as slight linear thickenings of the septa directed outward toward the wall. Dissepiments irregular, small, occupying the narrow interseptal loculi, inclined obliquely and convexly inward toward the center.

Remarks: Smith (194-5, p. 29) states that this

species differs from M. bouchardi Edwards and Haime only in

size and "unimportant details". Illustrations of the two

species do indicate a very similar morphology. Probably the

chief reason for considering them distinct species is. their wide geographical separation. The genotype' M. bouchardi

Edwards and Haime occurs in the upper Devonian near Boulogne,

France, while M. rectum is a North American species. Future

study may well prove the species to be synonomous. 12

Family ZAPHRENTIDAE Edwards and Haime

Genus Zaphrentis Rafinesque and Clifford

Zaphrentis (as Zaphrenthis) Rafinesque and Clifford, 1820, p. 234

Zaphrentis (Rafinesque and Clifford). Stumm, 1949, p. 12

Genotype: By subsequent designation of Miller, 1889, Zaphrentis phryqia Rafinesque and Clifford, 1820, p. 235.

Horizon and Locality of the Genotype: Middle Devonian, Jefferson limestone: Falls of the Ohio, U.S.A.

Generic Description: (Stumm, 1949) "Simple, small, ceratoid to trochoid corals with external appearance simil• ar to Heterophrentls. Calyx erect or gradually expanding, sometimes with a slightly flaring margin. Cardinal fossula prominent and located on convex side of corallum. Septa of two orders, major and minor, of which former extends almost to axis and latter are very short. Septa are denticulate on their distal edges and are provided with crossbar carinae in their peripheral portions. Tabulae are arranged exactly as in Heterophrentls. having an axial horizontal position, a periaxial distally inclined position, and a pronounced downwarping at periphery. No dissepiments present."

Zaphrentis recta Meek

(Plate 1 , figure

Zaphrentis recta Meek, 1867, p. 82, pi. XI, fig. 1.

Original description: "Corallum obconical, straight, or probably sometimes a little curved, rather attenuate at the lower extremity. Epitheca thick, strongly wrinkled, or, at irregular intervals, even constricted by the marks of growth, almost entirely concealing the septa. Calice cir• cular, conical, and rather shallow; septal fossette lateral, very shallow. Septa thin and numbering in the primary series about forty, which alternate with as many imperfectly devel• oped secondary ones; on grinding away the epitheca, about seven of these two sets may be counted in the space of 0.20 inch. Tabulae forming irregular vesicular cavities, apparently not very distinct from those formed by the dissepiments,

t 13

excepting that they are larger and more transverse. Vesicles of the outer zone rather small and ranging obliquely outward and upward.

Length, 1.70 inches; breadth, 0.95 inch; depth of calice, 0.33 inch."

Remarks: Meek tells us that the septal fossette

(fossula) is so faint, as to be easily overlooked, thus causing

this coral to be referred to Cyathophyllum.

Zaphrentis mcfarlanei Meek

(Plate 1 , figures 7-9 )

Zaphrentis mcfarlanei Meek. 1867, p. 83, pi. XI, fig. 2.

Original description: "Corallum about medium size, ©r rather less, conical, and distinctly arched, surface with strong Irregular ridges of growth, and especially where the epitheca is a little worn, showing the septa; calice cir• cular, oblique, and apparently of moderate depth; septal fossette small, but deep and well defined, placed about half way between the middle and the side, in a lateral position with relation to the curve. Septa about forty, every alter• nate one being stouter and more prominent than the others, and extending to the middle of the calice, where they are considerably contorted. Tabulae apparently nearly wanting, or only dividing some portions of the centro-lateral region into irregular vesicular cavities; outer interseptal area occupied by numerous small vesicles.

Length, about 2.30 inches; greatest breadth, 1.20 inches." 14

Family BETHANYPBYLLIDAE Stumm

Subfamily BETHANYPHYLLINAE Stumm

Genus Ceratophyllum Gurich

(Plate 1 , figures 10-13)

Ceratophyllum Gurich 1896, p. 163

Ceratophyllum Gurich. Stumm, 1949, p. 18, pi. 8, figs. 15-18

"Genotype: By original designation, C. typus Gurich, 1896, p. 163, n. name for Cyathophyllum""ceratites Freeh, 1886, p. 178, pi. 17, figs. 4-8, 12, 14-16, possibly equal to Cyathophyllum ceratites Goldfuss 1826, p. 57, pi. 17, figs. 2a-k.

Horizon and Locality of Genotype: Middle Devonian, Stinkkalkeni Szydlowek, Poland; and Middle Devonian, various localities in the Elfel district, Germany.

-Generic Description: Simple, small, ceratiod corals having a bell-shaped calyx with a flaring margin. An obscure cardinal fossula apparently present on convex side of . corallum. In neanlc stage, septa are dilated and fossula is distinct, and in ephebic stage septa become attenuate and fossula obscure. Septa may retain axial dilation at maturity. Major septa are long, approaching axis and minor septa are from one-third to one-half as long. Tabularlum is wide and composed of tabulae that are usually horizontal and complete. Narrow peripheral disseplmentarium is composed of several rows of inclined dissepiments." 15

Family: ACANTHOPHYLLIDAE Hill

Genus Acanthophyllum Dybowski

(Plate 2 , figure 1-3 )

Acanthophyllum Dybowski, 1873a, p. 339 (83); 1874, p. 493 (79); Lang, Smith and Thomas, 1940, p. 13.

Acanthophyllum Dybowski. Smith, 1945, p. 10, pi. 6, figs. 1, 2, 2a. "Genolectotype: Cyathophyllum heterophyllum Edwards and Haime.

Diagnosis: (Smith 1945). Simple rugose corals with long major septa whose axial ends often reach the axis and twist to form a vortex, but are sometimes straight, minor septa appreciably thinner than the major, small arched tabellae arranged in concave floors, which are sometimes shallow, sometimes deep and funnel-shaped, and fine dis• sepiments which form a wide dissepimentarium. The major septa are characteristically spindle-shaped and generally more or less modified. They are usually much dilated, sometimes carinate (within the tabularium), and often appear to form a loose-plaited strand which breaks up peripherally.

Remarks: The genotype of Acanthophyllum (PI. 6, figs. 1, 2, 2a) and its allies constitute an important group of Middle Devonian corals particularly characteristic of the Eifel region. Before the genotype can be described accurately a lectotype must be chosen, and details of its internal structure ascertained."

Genus Cyathophyllum Goldfuss

Cyathophyllum Goldfuss, 1826, p. 54, tab. xx, fig. 2.

Cyathophyllum Goldfuss. Edwards and Haime, 1850, p. lxviii.

Cyathophyllum Goldfuss. Stumm, 1949, p. 22, pi. 10, figs. 9-13.

Genotype: By subsequent designation of Dana, 1846, p. 183, C. dlanthus Goldfuss 1826, p. 54, pi. 15, fig. 13; pi. 16, Tigs. la-e. Middle Devonian, Eifel Germany. 16

Description: (Stumm 1949) "Simple to aggregate corals, composed of subcyllndrical to trochoid eorallltes with calyxes having an axial pit and a horizontal or reflexed peripheral platform. Most forms bud profusely through either axial or peripheral portions of calyx.. Septa are noncarinate, radially arranged, and of two orders, major and minor. Major septa approach axis, while minor terminate at border of tabularium. Tabularlum Is composed of complete or incom• plete tabulae, and dissepimentarium of many rows of inclined dissepiments."

Remarks: Goldfuss1 original descriptions are not

available to the writer. Stumm's description has been chosen

because it is more comprehensive than that of Edwards and

Haime (1850, p. lxviii) which is given below for the sake of

completeness.

"Corallum simple or composite. No costae. Septa well devel• oped, extending to the centre of the calice, and twisted together so as to produce the appearance of a small columella. Tabulae occupying only the centre of the visceral chamber, the outer portion of which is filled up with numerous vesic• ular dissepiments. A single wall, situated exteriorly, and provided with a complete epitheca."

Cyathophyllum athabascense Whiteaves

(Plate 2 f. figures 4-6)

Cyathophyllum athabascense Whiteaves, 1891, p. 202, pi. 32, figs. 1, la, lb.

Original description: "Corallum simple, elongate- turbinate and slightly curved: epitheca well-developed, marked with rounded and not very prominent longitudinal ribs, which are much broader than the grooves between them, and by transverse striae or wrinkles and an occasional constriction caused by an arrest of growth. Calyx circular, rather deep, with steep sides: septa about 34 in number, simple, not bearing arched carinae on their sides and apparently not denticulated at their summits. Interior structure as seen in longitudinal sections, consisting of an outer or peri• pheral zone of oblique ascending rows of rather large vesicles, and of a broad central area in which the inter• stices between the septa are crossed by large curved 17

dissepiments, whose size, shape and disposition are very irregular. Transverse sections made a little below the base of the calyx shew that the 34 septa extend almost to the center, and that they are all equal in length." Remarks: Whiteaves says this species is similar to Cyathophyllum ceratltes Goldfuss in shape and surface markings, but that species differs in having from 60 to 120 subdentic- ulated septa. It is to be noted that C. ceratites Goldfuss, 1826, may be conspecific with C. ceratites Freeh, 1886, which has been designated by Gurich 1896, as the genotype of Ceratophyllnm. (See Stumm, 194-9, p. 18). Apparently proof that these species are equivalent must depend upon the find• ing of a cardinal fossula in Goldfuss1 types, but until this has been accomplished, C. ceratites Goldfuss must remain in Cyathophyllum.

Cyathophyllum ceratites Goldfuss

8 (Plate 2 f figure ?- ) Cyathophyllum ceratites. Goldfuss, 1826, p. 57, pi. XVII. figs. 2a-h. Cyathophyllum ceratites. McCoy. 1855, p. 7© Not Cyathophyllum ceratites Freeh, 1886, p. 64. Cyathophyllum Caespitosum. Whiteaves, 1891, p. 200, pi. XXVII figs. 7 and 8. Cyathophyllum dianthus, Whiteaves, 1892, p. 264. Cyathophyllum ceratites Goldfuss. Lambe, 1901, p. 146. Ceratophyllum ceratites Goldfuss, Bassler, 1950, p. 167. Description: (From Lamba, 1901, p. 146). "Corallum simple, conical when young, later becoming cylindrical above, generally curved, sharply pointed below, marked by annular, more or less decided, ridges and constrictions. Epitheca smooth, with faint transverse lines of growth, but with scarcely any Indication of septal grooves. The largest of the conical specimens has a diameter of about 2 cent, and a length of 4 cent, measured along the convex curve, the more cylindrical ones have a maximum diameter of less than 2 cent, with a length varying between 6 and 8 cent. Calyx sometimes as deep as wide, more often shallower, narrowing slightly toward the bottom where It is flat or evenly con• cave. Septa from about fifty to seventy in number, alter• nately long and short, the long ones almost reaching the centre, thick near their outer ends, the short ones, stout, seldom more than 2 mm. in length; their outer ends, when the epitheca is wanting, appearing at the surface as strong costal ribs. Septa delicately denticulated at their free edges and carinated on the sides, prominent and sometimes appearing to pass over the somewhat rounded margin of the calyx. Tabulae numerous, close set, equal in breadth to about half the diameter of the corallite, generally concave. Vesicles of the peripheral area, enclosing the tabulae, rather large, unequal in size; numerous, much smaller vesicles occur between the costal ends of the septa."

Remarks: Cyathophyllum ceratltes of Freeh 1886 was renamed C. typus when selected as the genotype of

Ceratophyllum by Gurich, 1896. The chief feature distinguish• ing this genus from Cyathophyllum is the presence of a car• dinal fossula which is obscure in the ephebic stage.

Ceratophyllum ceratltes of Goldfuss 1826, however, has yet to be proven to possess such a fossula. Although Wedekind

(1924, p. 76-77) is said to claim that no fossula is present, his illustrations reproduced by Stumm (1949, pi. 8, figs.

15-16) indicate what appears to be a poorly developed fossula.

A study of Goldfuss* type material, if it is available, is necessary to ascertain the exact taxonomic position of this species. Until this has been done, Cyathophyllum ceratltes 19

Goldfuss must remain in Cyathophyllum and ought not to be

referred to Ceratophyllum as has been done by Bassler

(1950. p. 167).

Genus Heliophyllum Hall

Heliophyllum Hall 1846, p. 396.

Heliophyllum Hall. Edwards and Haime, 1850, p. lxlx.

Heliophyllum Hall. Stumm, 1949, p. 21, pi. 9, figs. 8-12.

"Genotype: By monotypy, Strombodes helianthoides Hall (not Phillips), 1843, p. .209, text fig. 87, p. 209, and no. 48, fig. 3, p. 44 of tables; renamed Heliophyllum halll by Edwards and Haime, 1850, p. lxix.

Horizon and Locality of Genotype: Upper Middle Devonian, Hamilton group, Moscow, York, and Seneca Lake, New York, U.S.A.

Generic Description: (Stumm 1949). Simple or weakly aggregate, subcylindrical to trochoid corals with calyx similar to that of Acanthophyllum. having a peripheral plat• form and an axial pit. No distinct fossula present, but cardinal septum may be amplexoid, or depressed in calyx. In brephic stage, septa are greatly dilated and in lateral contact. In neanic stage, septa attenuate from periphery inward and attenuate portions are heavily carinate with crossbar carinae. As seen in transverse section of ephebic stage, septa are of two orders, of which major extend nearly or all the way to axis, and may develop ah axial whorl. Minor are about half as long. All septa are attenuate and crossbar carinae are prominent. Tabularium usually wide, and composed of relatively horizontal or concave, incomplete tabulae. Dissepimentarlum composed of many rows of small, usually steeply inclined dissepiments."

Remarks: I have not had access to Hall's original description, and the generic description given by Edwards and Haime is inadequate. Stumm's excellent description has

therefore been selected for presentation here. 20

Hellophyllum halll Edwards and Haime

(Plate 3 , figure 1.2 )

Strombodes helianthoides Phillips, 1841, p. 10, pl. V, fig. 13a.

Cyathophyllum helianthoides Hall, 1843, no. 48, p. 209, fig. 3.

Cyathophyllum turbinatum Hall, 1843, no. 49, fig. 1.

Cyathophyllum turbinatum Castlenau, 1843, pl. xvi, fig. 5>.

Hellophyllum halll Edwards and Haime, 1850, p; .lxix.

Hellophyllum halll Edwards and Haime, 1851, P. 408, pl. vii, fig. 6.

Hellophyllum halli Edwards and Haime, 1853, P. 235, tab. LI,

... .. fig. 3.

Hellophyllum halli Edwards and Haime, Smith, 1945, p. 26, pl. 33, fig. 3.

Description: "Corallum simple, turbinate, or cylindro-conical, usually elongate, and slightly curved at its base, provided with an epitheca, and presenting slight circular swellings. Calice circular, rather deep, with a small septal fossula. Septa (80 or even more) very thin, closely set, rather broad at their upper end, where they are arched and denticulate, alternately larger and smaller, slightly twisted near the centre of the visceral chamber. A vertical section shows that the lateral processes of the septa are arched and ascendant; those situated towards the upper end of the corallum terminate at the edge of the septa; those situated lower down unite near the centre of the visceral chamber, so as to constitute irregular tabulae. The interseptal loculi are filled up with these lamellate pro• cesses, which are situated at about half a line apart, and united by closely set simple dissepiments that form right angles with them. Diameter of the calice from 1 to 2 inches."

Hellophyllum parvulum Whiteaves

(Plate 3 , figures 3-5)

Hellophyllum parvulum Whlteaves, 1891, p. 203, pl. 27, figs. 9, 9a, 10. 21

Original description: "Corallum small, simple, either nearly straight, subconical and not much longer than broad, as in the specimen represented by fig. 9» or some• what bent, irregularly distorted in growth and proportion• ately rather narrower, as in the original of fig. 10, but apparently never either slender or narrowly elongated. Calyx circular in outline, moderately deep: septa thirty-six of each kind, at least in the broader of the two specimens figured, their edges, as seen in the cup, presenting a toothed appearance, which is due to the passing over them of arched carinae: primary septa reaching nearly to the centre at the bottom of the cup: secondary septa very short and feebly developed: septal fossette lateral, shallow. Epitheca thin, transversely striated and wrinkled, with an occasional rather deep constriction, and marked also with longitudinal, riblike markings which correspond to the septa within.

Internal structure, as seen in a longitudinal section through the centre of each specimen, consisting of a narrow central tabulate area, surrounded by a broad, external zone of vesicular tissue. The tabulate area occupies about one- fifth of the entire diameter, and the tabulae are straight, regular and closely arranged. In the outer vesicular zone the vesicules are slightly smaller and more regularly dis• posed towards the outside than near the centre, their general direction being in rows which curve obliquely upward and out• ward. The general direction of the arched carinae which cross the sides of the septa throughout their entire length, on the other hand, is uniformly upward and inward." 22

Family LEPTOINOPHYLLIDAE (Wedekind)

Subfamily LEPTOINOPHYLLINAE (Stumm)

Genus Breviphyllum Stumm

Breviphyllum Stumm, 194-9, p. 25, pl. 12, figs. 1-7

"Genotype? Amplexus lonensis Stumm, 1937, p. 428 pl. 53, fig. 4; pl. 54, figs. 4a-b.

Horizon and Locality of Genotype: Lower Kiddle Devonian, basal 500 feet of the Nevada limestone, Lone Mountain, 18 miles northwest of Eureka, Nevada.

Generic Description: (Stumm 1949), Subcylindrical to broadly ceratoid corals with a bell-shaped calyx having steeply sloping to vertical walls. Septa usually very thin, noncarinate, of two orders, major and minor. Both orders are very amplexoid, major reaching from one-third to one-half the distance to the axis, while minor may be very short or almost as long as major. No fossulae or other modifications are produced by protosepta. In some forms, septa may be dilated peripherally, and in others they may have slightly rhopaloid axial ends. Tabularium is very wide and is com• posed of tabulae that are usually horizontal, complete, and rather widely spaced. Occasional incomplete tabulae are found. Narrow peripheral dissepimentarium is composed of a few rows of inclined dissepiments."

Remarks: In establishing this genus Stumm has

proposed that it should include Devonian forms previously

"referred to Campophyllum. He mentions that Schindewolf and

Hill in Lang, Smith, and Thomas (1940, p. 30) have shown

that Campophyllum is a Carboniferous genus with a tabular

fossula and is allied either to canlnia or Palaeosmllla.

I have not had access to the above mentioned work and cannot,

therefore, judge its accuracy. In the original description

of Campophyllum which follows, Edwards and Haime (1850,

p. lxvii) do not, however, mention the presence of a fossula. "Corallum simple, very tall, and protected by an epitheca. Septa well developed. Tabulae very large, and smooth to• wards the center. Interseptal loculi filled with small vesiculae."

This description obviously does not constitute

a full coverage of the genus. It seems quite probable that

a fossula did exist in the type material, but was overlooked

by the authors. It is expedient then, to recognize Stumm*s

genus Breviphyllum as a recipient for Devonian species

formerly referred to Campophyllum.

Genus Charactophyllum Simpson

(Plate 3 f figures 6-13 )

Charactophyllum Simpson. 1900, p. 209, figs. 28, 29.

Charactophyllum Simpson. Smith; 194-5, p. 17, pi. 1, figs. 7, 8a, 8b; pi. 31, figs. la-i. Genotpye: (by original designation): Campophyllum namnm Hall and Whitfield, 1872, p. 14; (1872) 1873, p. 232. Upper Devonian, Hackberry series. "In the marly beds", Rockford, Iowa. (Recorded by Simpson as Camptophyllum nanum Hall and Whitfield, 1873, p. 232. Lower Carbonic, Rockford, Ind.)

"Diagnosis: (Smith, 1945), Simple trochoid rugose corals which have typically long, amplexoid, axially dilated carinated septa, complete or nearly complete, irregularly spaced, convex tabulae, and small, somewhat elongated, steeply ascending dissepiments. The major septa extend almost, to the axis and display a notably pinnate symmetry in the ephebic stage."

Remarks: I have consulted Simpson's original

"preliminary" description of the genus and I concur with

Smith (1945, p. 17) in considering it inadequate. Smith's

description of topotype material is therefore given here

verbatum: 24

"The largest of some topotypes furnished me is 4 cm. long and 1.4 cm. in diameter; some of the other specimens, although not so long, are slightly wider. The corallum is trochoid, sometimes almost ceratold, and is strongly curved. The sides of the coral display marked rugosity but are only lightly striated. There are about 68 septa in the distal part of the coral. The major septa reach almost to the axis yet leave a space of some 3 or 4 mm. free. The minor septa may be half as long as the major, but they are very irregularly developed. Some of them abut against the major septa.

In transverse section the septa appear to be twisted and uneven, and their axial parts are often much dilated and in lateral contact. In the ephebic stage the septa display very clearly their pinnate arrangement. This is less noticeable in the neanic stages in which the septa appear more radial and more evenly thickened, and in which, more particularly perhaps in the later phases, they are later• ally contiguous through their whole length and almost completely fill the lumen.

The convex tabulae often sag at the axis and are sometimes widely separated. The dissepiments form only a narrow dissepimentarium which is not everywhere very clearly marked off from the tabularium."

It would appear that Simpson was in error with regards the age and locality of the genotype (see above).

I can only assume that Smith has made the needed corrections.

Charactophyllum sp.

(Plate 4 , figure 1-3)

Two solitary coralla of similar size and shape were sectioned for study.

Description: External features - One curved, trochoid corallum was 25 mm. long before being cut, but the distal end was missing. Theca is striated and wrinkled. Only the distal portion of the second coralla is present.

Transverse section - Septa total 80 in a section 25

below the calice, and 82 in a section through the calice.

Minor septa are discontinuous, appearing as crests on the axial

side of dissepiments. Major septa are somewhat pinnately

arranged. Except for the aborted cardinal septum in the

fossula, all major septa extend about 2/3 of the distance to

the axis. Axially they become greatly attenuated, slightly

sinuous, and in the neanic stage at least are discontinuous.

The dissepimentarium consists of a few large irregular

dissepiments, numerous concentric dissepiments, and occasional

herringbone dissepiments. The calice is eccentric, having a much thicker wall on the cardinal side than on the counter

side. Cardinal and counter fossulae are apparent in the

neanic stage, while the alar fossula are better developed

in the epheblc stage.

Longitudinal section - The tabularium has 12 to 15

tabulae in 5 mm. of corallite length. The tabulae are

approximately horizontal, complete and incomplete, and bear

the tips of amplexold septa. Large, highly Irregular diss•

epiments comprise a dissepimentarium occupying at least

half of the lumen.

Remarks: On the basis of size, shape, septation,

type of dissepimentarium and tabularium, I consider this form

to be almost certainly referable to the genus Charactophyllum.

In their description of that genus Fenton and Fenton (1924,

p. 25) state that the septa appear to be strongly carinate

when viewed in the calice, but do not show this feature well in transverse sections. Smith (194-5, p. 17, 18) in describing

Charactophyllum makes no mention of carinae. His illus•

trations (Pl. 1, figs. 6, 7, 8; Pl. 31, figs, la-i) indicate

only occasional septal swellings which may be carinae.

Neither of the two sections at hand reveal any carinae. It

seems probable that carinae are not a diagnostic feature of

the genus, and that they are actually a weathering phenomenon

seen only in calices which have been exposed.

The form I have studied differs from the genotype

C. nanum in having more septa. It more closely resembles

Charactophyllum sp. Smith (194-5, p. 18) (pl. 1, fig. 6).

This Hay River form is larger than mine, but the two are

structurally similar and have nearly the same number of septa.

I consider the specimens at hand to be conspecific with

Smith's unnamed species.

Occurrence of hypotypes: C5077, Bluefly Creek,

south (reef) side; Green shale drift; C5083, Bluefly Creek, north side, black shale, green shale drift.

Genus Dlversophyllum Sloss

Diversophyllum Sloss, 1939, p. 65 Genotype: Dlversophyllum traversense (Winchell)

Original Description: (p. 66). "Cylindrical or ceratoid simple rugose corals with long, unornamented septa, and vertically elongate concentric dissepiments; tabulae flat or domed, often Incomplete but not commonly differentiated septa characteristically exhibiting gerontic lonsdaleoid retreat. 27

Genus differs from Tabulophyllum Fenton and Fenton (1923, p. 30) in exhibiting definite and persistent minor septa, from Diphyphyllum Lonsdale (194-5, p. 622) and Diphystrotion Smith and Lang (1930, pp. 177-199) in solitary habit.

Remarks: In his discussion Sloss says the genus

consists of a variational series ranging from ceratoid corals with flat tabulae and numerous inclined disseplmental rows to cylindrical forms with highly arched tabulae and reduced dissepiments. He states that ephebic portions of large corallites exhibit the former condition while neanic portions of the same corallites show the latter condition, which he considers to be of phylogenetic significance.

Diversophyllum traversense (Winchell)

(Plate 4 , figures 5-7 )

Zaphrentis traversensis Winchell, 1866.

Cyathophyllum boughtonl Rominger, 1876. pt. 2, p. 104, Not

Hall, 1876, III.

Tabulophyllum noughtonl Fenton and Fenton, 1923, vol. 1, p.31.

Diversophyllum traversense Winchell. Sloss, 1939, p. 66, pi. 11, figs. 13-23; pi. 12, fig. 22, text, fig. 7. The revised description of the species given by Sloss is as follows:

"External characters: Corallum simple, cylindrical to ceratoid, one specimen exhibiting increase by lateral gemmation. Average ceratoid specimen measures 30 mm. in greatest diameter, 75 mm. in height; average cylindrical specimen 15 mm. by 75 mm. Largest specimen discovered measures 33 mm. by 150 mm. Epitheca thick, lacks septal grooves, bears deep growth constrictions. Periodic rejuven• ation characteristic, leaves edges of abandoned calices pro• truding around corallum as series of sharp, upturned, frill• like ridges. Calyx depth about equal to radius, walls steeply dipping to domed, flat, or slightly concave floor, which may exhibit a low axial boss or shallow axial pit. Several major septa extend to axis, meet without torsion or formation of axial complex.

Transverse section: Thirty-two to 34- major septa extend from peripheral stereozone of variable width, either anastomose subaxially or extend to axis. Minor septa extend at least one-half distance to axis in ephebic sections of ceratoid coralla, restricted or lacking in neanic sections of cylindrical coralla. Gerontic sections ©f large coralla exhibit lonsdaleoid withdrawal of septa from periphery and replacement by large dissepiments. Dissepiments character• istically few, seldom arranged in more than three concentric rings. Peripheral stereozone often repeated within lumen by rejuvenation.

Longitudinal section: Thin cylindrical specimens lack dissepimentarium in neanic stage, never develop more than two steeply inclined rows of large elongate dissepiments. Ceratoid specimens develop several axlally inclined rows of dissepiments, which may occupy over half of the lumen. Peripheral stereozone often involved with dissepimentary rows as result of rejuvenation. Tabulae highly domed in thin cylindrical coralla, less domed in subcylindrical coralla flat or slightly concave In ceratoid specimens. Large sub- cylindrical coralla exhibit domed neanic tabulae, flat ephe• bic tabulae. Tabulae commonly incomplete, rarely differen• tiated. Some septa that do not extend to axis along whole of their distal ends have axial ridgelike processes on top of tabulae (like amplexoid septa), appear in median section as spines or tabulae.

Localities: Sloss has recognized this species from the limestones of Hay River, Northwest Territory,

Canada.

Genus Mictophyllum Lang and Smith

Mlctophyllum Lang and Smith, 1939, p. 155, pl. iv, figs la lb. 29

Genotype: (By original designation) Mlctophyllum nobile Lang and Smith 1939, pi. iv, figs, la, lb, Upper Devonian, bed S, Gorge of Redknife River, Northwest Terr• itories, Canada.

"Diagnosis: (Lang and Smith 1939) Simple trochoid, rugose corals of large, or medium, size, in which the typically thin and unmodified septa reach, or nearly reach, the axis, but do not form an axial complex; and in which the tabular tissue is mainly represented by small, arched tabellae arranged in concave floors, and not very clearly differentiated from the typically rather large, somewhat elongated diss• epiments; but at some levels complete, or almost complete, nearly flat or sagging tabulae are developed."

Remarks: The authors state that the holotype of

nobile is nearly straight, originally about 12 cm. long and 4.5 cm. wide distally. Approximately 40 major septa, some extend to the axis, others shorter, abutt against the longer ones. Minor septa extremely short.

The commonest species is said to be about 5 cm. long with septa which may be peripherally dilated. A third form has septa peripherally thin, but axially dilated.

MictophyMum richardsoni (Meek)

(Plate 4 , figures 8-11 )

Aulophyllum richardsoni Meek. 1867, p. 81, pi. XI, fig. 3.

Cyathophyllum richardsoni (Meek), Whiteaves, 1891, p. 200. pi. xxvii, figs. 3, 4.

Cyathophyllum richardsoni (Meek), Lambe, 1901, p. 141, partim at least.

Mietophyllum richardsoni (Meek), Smith, 194-5, p. 34, pi. 5, figs. 10-12b. 30

"Diagnosis* (Smith, 194-5) Slender cylindrical Mictophyllum with long, rather twisted major septa, well- developed minor septa, strongly globose dissepiments, and a wide dissepimentarium."

Description: (Smith's description amended) Corallites vary from about 7.5 cm. long and 2 cm. in diameter to 4 cm. long and 2.5 cm. in diameter, are slightly curved. Calice variable from deep, with thin vertical walls and flat floor to shallow, with thick walls and concave floor.

Septa (about 72) may be thin throughout entire length or may be dilated peripherally. Major septa reach nearly to axis, minor extend inward 1/3 to 1/2 the radius.

Tabulae flat or curved, approximately horizontal, surrounded by smaller, strongly arched tabellae, convex toward the axis. Transverse tissue intersected and broken by the septa.

Dissepiments smaller and more globose than the periaxial tabellae, but occasional ones are larger and flatter than most. Dissepimentarium may form nearly half the radius of the corallite.

Remarks: In the original description of the species

Aulophyllum ? richardsoni. Meek states that the minor septa

terminate at a "kind of a rudimentary wall". This "wall"

evidently occurs at the periphery of the rabularium as a

result of crowding of dissepiments. Illustrations of the

species do not, however, indicate that the dissepiments are

concentrated so as to constitute a distinct sclerotheca.

Subfamily GRYPOPRYLLINAE Stumm

Genus Tabulophyllum Fenton and Fenton

Tabulophyllum Fenton and Fenton, 1924, p. 30. Genotype: (By original designation) Tabulophyllnm rectum. Spirifer and Idiostroma zones of Owen substage in the Hackberry.

Original description: "Coral small to large, solitary, irregularly turbinate, subturbinate, or subcylin- drical. Growth, in all species, consists of a series of alternating periods of activity and rest. In some of the more symmetrical species these alternations are not pronounced; in others they are so abrupt as to give an appearance of repeated calypinal gemmation. The epitheca is either complete or more or less broken, the latter being the more typical condition. In most species it is thin, and is more or less lacking in weathered specimens. Costae show plainly through the epitheca. Calyx shallow to deep, typically flattened or slightly elevated at the bottom, with sides that ascend at various angles, depending on the species. Fossula very weak or lacking; septa heavy, strong, alternating, non- car inate. Primaries extend entirely or almost to the center; in several species their inner margins unite to form an irregular, vertical tube occupying the central region. In other forms the septa are more or less twisted and coiled, even forming a broad, low pseudo-columella. Commonly there are secondary, irregular calcareous deposits about the septa in the central region.

The tabulae are incomplete, the degree varying with the species. In several forms they are intermingled with dissepiments. Vesicular area commonly well defined; dissepiments small to large, commonly extending into and even across the tabular region. They tend to form broad expansions beyond the main body of the coral. The septa are either free from the tabulae or show upon them, always being less prom• inent in the zones of crowding, which correspond to the periods of rest."

Remarks: Fenton and Fenton state that Tabulophyllum differs from Cyathophyllum in having more imperfect tabulae and intermingled dissepiments, strongly annular type of growth with attendant bunching of tabulae, uniformly weak epitheca, and strong dissepiments. The septa and tabulae separate it from Cystiphyllum. From Campophyllum it differs in manner of growth, strength of dissepiments and in having septa commonly reaching center and even coiling. '"' 32

Tabulophyllum mcconnelll (Whiteaves)

(Plate 5 , figure 1-2 )

Embedded in dark brown, finely crystalline lime• stone are several coralla of two contrasting sizes. There are large ones, ranging in diameter from 20 to 30 mm., intimately associated with a few having a diameter of 7 or

8 mm.

Descriptions External features - The large coralla are subcylindrical and geniculate. One of the smaller coralla is cylindrical and straight for the revealed distance of 7 mm.

Fine, sharp growth wrinkles superimposed upon larger con• strictions ornament the large coralla. Surface ornamentation of the smaller ones cannot be seen.

On a polished surface two of the small coralla are revealed adjacent to one of the large coralla. One corallum, 7 mm. in diameter, is sectioned transversely. It has about 50 septa. The major are straight, attenuate, and extend about 2/3 of the distance to the axis. The minor septa are very short. All septa are dilated near the peri• phery of the corallum. Some of the major septa are dis• continuous in this region. From 2 to 3 sets of dissepiments are exposed. Of great interest is the second small corallum, which is sectioned obliquely through the calice. It appears to have arisen from the side of the large corallum. Whether or not it has really done so cannot be ascertained from the polished section. 33

Transverse section - (Of the neanic stage of a large corallum) Septa total 80 in a circular section having a diameter of 20 mm. All septa have retreated about 2 mm. from the periphery. This peripheral portion of the cup is occupied by large dissepiments which persist axially another 2 to 3 mm. Through the innermost 2 to 3 mm. of the dissepimentarium the septa are markedly lonsdaloid and slightly dilated. Minor septa extend about 1 mm. beyond the axial boundary of the dissepimentarium (i.e. 5 to 6 mm. from the periphery). Some major septa terminate short of the axis. Others continue in and become deflected, thus forming a loose axial whorl.

A feebly developed, closed fossula is developed.

Longitudinal section - (Of the neanic stage of another corallum). Total corallite diameter is 25 mm.

Tabularium is 11 mm. wide. In general, closely packed, in• complete, flat to concave, axial tabulae with down-turned edges are seen to inosculate with a periaxial series of tabellae. These tabellae typically slope downward and axially from the boundary of the dissepimentarium to form a periaxial trough, and then proceed upward and axially to come to rest against the axial tabulae. Many departures from the 'typical' 0 nature of the tabularium were observed. These are so diverse and complex as to beg description.

The broad dissepimentarium consists chiefly of large, crescentic, distally convex dissepiments whieh are directed! downward and axially. Occasionally small dissepiments occur among the large ones. 34

Remarks: Although the description is based upon neanic portions of two coralla, comparison with polished sections of more mature stages indicates that most ephebic characteristics are attained. Smith (1945. p. 60) found this to be also true "of his Hay River forms. It does seem probable, however, that septa are fewer in the neanic stage. A polished section of a corallum 30 mm. in diameter reveals at least 88 septa.

Except in possibly having fewer septa, the specimens at hand correspond very closely to those described by Smith

(1945, pp. 59-61). I therefore refer my specimens to

Tabulophyllum -mcconnelli.

Occurrence of hypotype: C5068, Cripple Creek area, black (Perdrix) shale.

Tabulophyllum rectum Fenton and Fenton

(Plate 5 , figures 3-7 )

Tabulophyllum rectum Fenton and Fenton, 1924, p. 31, pl. vi, figs. 8-12. Original description: "Coral small, irregularly subturbinate, laterally compressed, and distorted. Surface with continuous but thin epitheca which generally is partly eroded, giving that portion of the coral a wesiculose appearance. Transverse sections show that throughout life the growth is compressed; the average proportions show the lesser diameter to be about two-thirds of the greater. Growth somewhat like that of T. ehlersi but with the early creeping less pronounced, and the twisting generally lacking.

Calyx deep, flattened at bottom, with steeply ascend• ing sides. Septa sharp and alternating, 60 to 70 in number, of which about half reach the center. They are thin and weak, and much distorted, and their inner edges unite to form a ring which surrounds the central part of the body. This ring is much distorted and more or less pierced by septa, but no septa reach the exact center, or come into septa from opposite parts of the coral. The tabulae are flattened and nearly complete, and closely spaced, the holotype showing as many as 11 in the space of 2 mm. They exhibit bunching somewhat as do those of T. regulare and the erratic T. ehlersi, but the bunches are~"never widely separated. The vesicular zone is broad and the dissepiments large and coarse; commonly they extend considerably beyond the main body of the coral, forming epitheca-covered frills bearing weak septa. One of these is shown in the transverse section of the holotype.

Remarks: This species is characterized by the closely and regularly spaced tabulae, which extend over about two-thirds of the diameter of the coral, the sharply marked central-ring which is without calcareous deposit on its inner side, and the frilling of the dissepiments." 36

Family COLUMNARIIDAE Rominger

Subfamily SPONGOPHYLLINAE Dybowski

Genus Spangophyilum Edwards and Haime

Spongophyllum Edwards and Haime, 1851, p. 4-25

SpongophyllumEdwards and Haime, Smith 194-5, p. 54-.

"Genotype (by monotypy): Spongophyllum sedgwicki Edwards and Haime, 1851, p. 425; 1853, p. 242, pl. lvi, figs. 2, 2a-e. Devonian; Torquay, England."

Diagnosis? (Smith, 1945) Cerioid and phaceloid rugose corals with thin septa which are often separated from their bases by dissepiments, typically complete horizontal tabulae flat or only slightly bowed, and large elongated dissepiments, typically uniserial and in some species not always everywhere present. The major septa may'reach the axis but seldom if ever form an axial structure; they may, on the other hand, be very short. The minor septa are always feebly developed."

Remarks: "The dissepiments in all species of ?Spongophyllum are large and elongated. In the phaceloid forms, they are generally uniserial, often impersistent, and are vertical or very steeply inclined but in the cerioid forms the dissepiments slope at gentler angles and even tend to become horizontal as in S. near semiseptatum. The septa tend to retreat from both the"~axis and the periphery and to become obsolete. semiseptatum in its incomplete cycle of very short septa""exemplifies this trend also. The species of Spongophyllum approach nearest in character those of Columnaria and are probably derived from this older and simpler group. They seem to lead on to Lonsdaleia (distinguished from Spongophyllum by its axial columella), which occupies an important place in the Carboniferous and Permian coral fauna especially of the Tethys. The remarkable coral Strombodes stellaris is probably an early specialized form belonging to the same lineage as Columnaria and Spongophyllum."

Spongophyllum pax Smith

(Plate 5 , Figures eilO) Diphyphyllum —? compare D. arundinaceum and D. stramineum Billings, Whiteaves, 1877, p.~102 37

Diphyphyllum arundinaceum Billings, Lambe, 1901, p. 162. partim, "a loose specimen from Peace River B.C. between Fossil Point and the Canon of the Mountain of Rocks, collected by Professor John Macoun in 1875" but excluding everything else.

Spongophyllum pax Smith, 194-5, p. 56, pi. 11, figs. 6a-6c.

"Diagnosis: (Smith, 1945) The specimen (3588) described on the label as having been found on the Peace River near Old Fort St. John by J. Maeoun in 1875, is a small piece of black limestone embedding the coral. The coral is white. It is silicified and stands out some millimeters above the surface of the stone and is evidently part of a large phaceloid colony. The corallites are long, straight, and about 7 mm. in diameter, and parallel, and are usually 2 mm. to 5 mm. apart. There are no calices, and the sides of the corallites are corroded by mineral changes and are weathered. It is clear, however, that the epitheca was smooth and very little wrinkled. The septa, of which there are about 44, are very short, the major septa being 1 mm. to 1.5 mm. long and the minor 0.25 mm. to 0.5 mm. The tabulae, of which many are complete, are usually convex although nearly flat and are very close together, the interval between them being on an average about 0.5 mm. The dissepiments while having the form and habit characteristic of the genus, being elongated and uniserial, are small and impersistent (as in S. imperfectum).

Remarks: Smith's original diagnosis of the species given above is followed by remarks to the effect that S. pax is distinguished from S. imperfectum by the inferior size of

Its corallites, shorter septa, more closely packed tabulae, and smaller dissepiments. 38

Family DISPHYLLIDAE Hill

Subfamily DISPHYLLINAE Hill

Genus Acervularla Schweigger

(Plate 6 , figures 1-2)

Acervularla Schweigger. 18191 table vi; Lang, Smith, and Thomas, 1940, p. 13.

Acervularla Schweigger. Smith, 194?, p. 10, pi. 30, figs. 4a, 4b.

"Genotype: (by monotypy): Acervularla baltica Schweigger, 1819, • Madrepora ananas Linaeus, 1758, p. 797 B Madrepora composita centraconcava Linnaeus, 1745, p. 21, fig. ix, n. 2. Silurian, Salopian; Gotland.

Diagnosis: "Phaceloid and cerioid rugose corals in which a distinct wall divides the tabularium from the dissep• imentarium; at this wall the septa dilate and are often con• tiguous. The major septa typically reach the axis, the tabulae are typically small, basin-shaped, and form successive concave floors, and the dissepiments are of two kinds, the inner series invariably flat and horizontal, the outer globose. Increase is typically axial, parricidal, and quadripartite.

This diagnosis differs from that given by Lang and Smith (1927, p. 451; 1931, p. 85) in statements concerning the character and position of the inner wall. Previously it was considered to lie within the tabularium and to be entirely formed by the dilation of the septa.

Remarks: The above diagnosis is based strictly upon the genotype. There are, however, species of Acervularla which differ considerably from A. ananas in structural details. A. breviseptata Welssermel (1894, p. 41; 1894, p. 608, pi. xlix, figs. 4, 5; Smith and Lang, 1931, pi. ii, figs. 15-17; pi. iii, fig. 4) has short major septa, which with the minor terminate at the inner wall, complete horizontal tabulae, and only the inner series of flat dissepiments. In A.exlgua Smith and Lang (1931, p. 89, pi. ill, figs. 6-8) the~septa do not thicken at the inner wall, yet both these species are linked to A. ananas by intermediate varieties. Acervularla is sometimes carinate and often has tertiary septa. The name Acervularla has been extensively though quite wrongly used for species of Prlsmatophyllum and for forms of Phillipsastraea in which there are traces of epitheca between the corallites. Edwards and Haime (1850, p. lxx), following Verneuil (1850, p. 162), cited the type of Acervularia as Acervalaria roemeri Haime and Edwards • Astrea hennahli Lonsdale? Roemer (1843, p. 5, pl. ii, fig. 13), not Astrea hennahli Lonsdale, the genotype of Philllpsastraea. but a closely~related form with less degenerate epitheca. Floseularla Eichwald, Diplophyllum Hall, and Rhabdophyllum Wedekind are synonyms of Acervularia."

Genus Disphyllum Be Fromentel

(ris^e , figure )

Disphyllum De Fromentel 1861, p. 302.

Disphyllum De Fromentel, Lang and Smith, 1935, p. 544.

Disphyllum De Fromentel, Smith 1945, p. 20.

"Genosyntypes: Twelve species of phaceloid rugose corals including Cyathophyllum caespitosum Goldfuss and the genotypes of the genera Xylodes. Cystlphyllum. Kodonophyllum. and Tryplasma.

Genolectotype: Cyathophyllum caespitosum Goldfuss, 1826, p. 60, pl. xix, figs. 2a-d - Claddcora goIdfussi Geinitz, 1845, p. 569* Middle Devonian: Eifel and Bensberg, Germany. See Lang and Smith (1934, p. 80) who restrict the species to 2b and possibly 2a and 2c but exclude 2d and select 2b as lectotype.

Diagnosis: (Smith, 1945) Phaceloid rugose corals with typically thin, usually long septa, tabulae sometimes complete though generally incomplete and differentiated into a transverse axial and an inclined periaxial series, and dissepiments typically of one kind — small, strongly arched but frequently of two kinds — an inner single series of globose distally directed (horse-shoe) dissepiments and an outer series which may be flat or arched."

Remarks: The magnitude of the genus Disphyllum has been a subject of varying opinions among coral specialist

Lang and Smith (1935) have merged in Disphyllum several other genera, notably: Synaptophyllum Simpson (1900, p. 212),

Cylindrophyllum Simpson (1900, p. 217), and Phacellophyllum

Gurich (1922a, p. 5). In so disposing of these genera, Lang 40 and Smith point out the phylogenetic insignificance of certain structures. In discussing Eridophyllum (1935» p. 5*7) tne7 deprecate lateral outgrowths between corallites by saying:

"The development of connecting processes is a very common trend in rugose corals, met with in many Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous coral lineages and is not found in every species of Eridophyllum."

And with reference to Synaptophyllum Simpson, Lang and Smith

(1935, P. 561) say that even if it is to be retained as a genus, the diagnostic characteristic is not the presence of radiciform processes uniting the corallites, but rather the strong development of denticulate septa.

These authors also devaluate the importance of horse• shoe dissepiments as a criterion of phylogeny. On p. 566 they remark:

"It has already been mentioned that many forms included by us in Disphyllum have what were described as horse-shoe dissep• iments. If it were possible to show that all those possessing horse-shoe dissepiments belonged to a single, albeit complex, lineage, we should be justified in separating them as a generic offshoot of Disphyllum, and they would fall under Gurlch1 s genus Phacellophyllum. But it is probable that horse-shoe dissepiments have arisen more than once in diff• erent lineages of Disphyllum and that within the genus this character is merely a trend. (Phacellophyllum) then' can only be used as a genomorph of Disphyllum.h

Stumm, however, (1949, p. 32) invokes the presence of horse-shoe dissepiments as a feature distinguishing his sub- family Pachyphllllnae from subfamily Disphylllnae. In so doing he would resurrect Phacellophyllum and Synaptophyllum to full generic standing, thereby removing from Disphyllum all forms bearing horse-shoe dissepiments. I prefer to follow the practice of Lang and Smith in retaining these genera in Disphyllum. at least until a thorough phylogenetic study has been made of the group of corals involved.

Disphyllum arundinaneeum Billings

(Plate 6 , figure 3-5 )

Disphyllum arundinaeeum Billings, I859j p. 134.

Diphyphyllum arundinaeeum Billings, Lambe, 1901, p. 162, pl. xlv, figs. 1, la, lb, (partim)

Original description: "Corallum forming large masses of long, cylindrical, straight or flexuous stems, from three to four lines in diameter, sometimes in contact but usually distant from one to three lines from each other; radiating septa thin, between forty and fifty in number, rarely reaching the centre; transverse diaphragms turning downward on approach• ing the margin; two to four in one line. In some of the eorallltes the walls are so thin and closely united that no separation can be observed, but in others of the same cluster an outer area is distinctly visible. There is usually a cir• cular space in the centre of the eorallltes, half a line or a little more wide, into which the radiating septa do not penetrate, often, however, they reach the centre. The young eorallltes sometimes spring from the side of the parent with a slender base, and curving upwards immediately become parallel with those of the whole group. In large colonies frequent Instances may be seen where instead of this lateral budding a bifurcation takes place, both branches being of the same size. In large groups, owing to the numerous additions of young, the eorallltes diverge slightly, as if radiating from a point. The colonies are from six inches to several feet in diameter, and large blocks of stone are of frequent occurrence, which are penetrated at right angles to the stratification by the closely crowded stems."

Disphyllum ef. D. arundinaeeum

(Plate 6 , figures 6-8 )

In much of the material the eorallltes are fract• ured and displaced, but a few coralla are preserved intact.

Five thin sections representing 4 coralla. were prepared. Descriptions External features - Coralla are

dendroid to phaceloid. Corallites are irregularly spaced,

seldom farther than 8 mm. apart, usually about 3mm. apart,

but may be contiguous. Increase is lateral, the offsets

attaining mature diameter within 5 mm. of growth. Corallites

are feebly striated, and bear occasional pronounced transverse

constrictions. Diameter of eorallltes ranges from 5 to 9 mm.

but is usually about 7 mm. Calices are about 3 mm. deep, have

thin vertical walls and flat floors.

Transverse section - Total number of septa 36 to

44. Major septa almost reach the axis. Minor septa are about

half the length of the major, extending barely beyond the

dissepimentarium. All septa are dilated through the dissep•

imentarium but major become suddenly attenuated shortly after

entering the tabularlum. In some sections the dilated portion

of the septa appear to be feebly carinate.

Longitudinal section - Tabularlum occupies about

2/3 of the diameter. Tabulae flat, concave or convex, From

6 to 9 axially flat, concave, or convex tabulae occur in 5

mm. of corallite length. Periaxially they slope down sharply

to the dissepimentarium. The inclined portion is often con•

cave distally. Most tabulae are complete and may be supple• mented in their axial portion by flat domed tabellae. In

specimen 5145 one corallite exhibits this type of tabularlum while an adjacent corallite has incomplete domed axial tabulae

inosculating with distally concave, often bifurcating tabellae which slope down to the dissepimentarium. In some portions of 43 the sections the tabulae appear to be nearly horizontal, but

I think this is only a result of sectioning through their downwarped periphery.

There is typically a single row of dissepiments which range in shape from nearly flat, to distally convex, to almost horse-shoe-shaped. The inner edge of the dissep• imentarium is much thickened except where the single row of dissepiments gives way to 2 or 3 rows of globose dissepiments.

Remarks: This species bears a strong resemblance to D. arundinaceum described by Smith from the Hay River, differing only in having horse-shoe dissepiments not as well developed as in Smith's specimens. Septa are fewer thanin

D. arundanaceum Billings, but otherwise these specimens appear to be closely related to Billing's material.

Occurrence of hypotypes: C 5046 from Hummingbird

Creek - Ram Creek junction in D3 reef; C5074, south of Cripple

Creek, Devonian 'green shale1; 5143, Tarpelan Rock, horizon not listed; 5145, pass from Upper Coral Creek to Bighorn

Creek, uppermost Mount Hawk formation.

Disphyllum caespitosum (Goldfuss)

(Plate 6 , figures 9-10)

Llthodendron caespitosum Goldfuss, 1826, p. 44, pi. xiii, fig.4.

Bisphyllum (Phacellophyllum) caespitosum (Goldfuss) Lang and Smith, 1935, p. 573, pi. xxxv, figs. 1, 2, text figs. 28, 29.

o The synonomy given above includes only the earliest and latest references known to me. A fuller list of synonomy is given in Lang and Smith, 1935, p. 573.

Lectotypes (By designation of Lang and Smith, 1935, p. 574-) Lithodendron caespitosum Goldfuss. 1826, p. 44, pl. xiii, fig. 4. Middle Devonian (Givetian); Bensberg, near Cologne.

Description: (Lang and Smith 1935) "The figured specimen is a group of slender, rather twisted corallites of sub-phaceloid growth-habit, measuring approximately 10 cm. by 2.5 cm. The corallites have an average diameter of 6 cm. The calices appear to be rather shallow, but to have the steep walls and flattish floors characteristic of the group of corals to which they belong. Very few calices, however, are preserved either in the lectotype itself or in the paratype. Increase is lateral and non-parricidal, but the large offsets very often appear in groups of two, or even three, and the young corallites branch at a rather wide angle. The epitheca is smooth, since both striation and annulation are subdued. The specimen is very much weathered and corroded, so that in many places the edges of the septa are exposed.

Transverse section. There are usually from 32 to 36 thin septa, of which the major are often sinuous and nearly reach the axis, but leave a free axial space of a millimeter or less in diameter. The minor septa attain only about half the length of the major. The epitheca is very thin. Inter• sections of the inner dissepiments with the transverse section appear as one, or often two, annular walls.

Longitudinal section. The flat or slightly arched, usually complete, axial tabulae are supplemented at the border of the tabularlum by others which are small, arched and axially" inclined, and inosculate with them. The two kinds of dissep• iments each form a single series. The outer dissepiments are transverse, flat, or only gently arched; the inner series are small and of the horse-shoe type.

The paratype is a much larger specimen than the lectotype, having corallites of the same size and structure as this, and in general the same type of increase. But in one instance we observed ,that the daughter corallites at a point of furcation were united by dissepimental tissue, as in ; Disphyllum (Phacellophyllum) trigemme. This observation is important in that it shows that the plocoid structure at the points of increase in Thamnophyllum cannot be regarded by itself as a diagnostic generic character." 4£

Remarks: In the above description the statement

that the average corallite diameter is 6 cm. is obviously

a misprint, since the diameter of text figure 28 is only 3.3

cm. at a magnification of about 5. Therefore, "6 mm." should

stand in place of "6 cm.".

Disphyllum camselli Smith

(Plate 7 , figures 3-10)

Disphyllum camselli Smith. 194-5, p. 23, pi. 12, figs. 4a-h

Smith's original description is as follows:

"Diagnosis: Large Disphyllum with short, thin septa and widely separated complete tabulae.

Description: The corallites are tall and cylindrical but flexuous; some are in lateral contact, while others are widely separated. The largest are about 9 mm. in diameter and have about 50 septa. The major septa are usually very little longer than the minor, which are.about 1 mm. in length, but sometimes the former are as much as three times the length of" the latter. In one corallite (PI. 12, fig. 4h) the major septa reach the axis, but this is an exception. The septa are generally very thin, though they may be slightly thickened at the periphery of the corallites where some sclerenchyme is often present. Most of the tabulae are complete or nearly so, but they are indifferently convex, concave, or flat and are very often flexed. They are usually between 1 mm. to 2 mm. apart. One, two, or locally three rows of dissepiments form a narrow dissepimentarium rarely more than 1 mm. wide. The outer series which clearly represent the horse-shoe dissep• iments, although they are not characteristically developed, are very much larger and more persistent than the very small ones which in many places form the wall of the tabularium."

Remarks: "D. camselli is closely related to D. cf. arnndlnaceum and D. densurn which it resembles in size but from which it differs in its much shorter major septa, more widely spaced tabulae and finer tissues."

> 46

Disphyllum camselli ? Smith

(Plate 7 , figures 1-S)

Disphyllum camselli Smith, 1945, p. 23, pl. 12, figs. 4a-h. o

The specimen is preserved in buff-grey finely crystalline limestone. One thin section reveals the structures very well.

Description: External features - Corallum phaceloid, corallites may be contiguous, but usually are about 1/2 a diameter apart. Increase is lateral and non-parricidal.

Corallite exterior is delicately striated and bears fine transverse wrinkles. The average diameter of the corallites is 7 mm. The only calice observed is 3*5 mm. deep and has a distally convex floor.

Transverse section: Corallites sectioned through the calice and below the calice bear 40 septa, all of which are slightly dilated peripherally. The straight, attenuate, major septa seldom extend more than half the way toward the axis, and in some corallites are much shorter. Minor septa are approximately .5 mm. long, barely extending beyond the dissepimentarium. Dissepiments appear as a continuous ring concentric to the theca and a little less than .5 mm. inside of it.

Longitudinal section - Many complete, variably flat, concave, and convex tabulae, with some incomplete tabulae, comprise the wide tabularlum. There are 8 or 9 tabulae in

5 mm. of corallite length. The dissepimentarium consists mainly of a single series of large globose dissepiments superposed one upon another. In places they almost approach horse-shoe shape.

An inner series of very small dissepiments is sporadically developed.

Remarks: The only apparent discrepancy between this form and Smith's species D. camselli is the smaller number of septa. The specimen at hand has only 40 septa, whereas

camselli has a maximum of 50 septa. Therefore it is with some doubt that I refer my specimen to D. camselli.

Occurrence of hypotype: C5028, Coral Creek, Devonian.

Disphyllum colemanense (Warren)

(Plate 7 , figure- 11 )

Diphyphyllum colemanense Warren. 1928,p. 116, pi. I, fig. 18. Original description: "Corallum composed of sub- parallel, cylindrical, flexuous corallites from 5 to 9 mm. in diameter. Corallites separated from one another by distance of from one-half to twice their diameter. Septa numerous, from 40 to 50 in number, the primaries reaching nearly to the center, the secondaries reaching a little beyond the dissep• iment zone. Tabulae apparently thin, numerous, about 6 in 3 mm. Dissepiments in one series, curved, arching against the outer wall, their inner edges forming a wall about three- quarters of a mm. from the outer wall. Epithecae strongly fluted with septal ridges."

Remarks: Warren mentions that this species differs from D. caespitosum in being more strongly fluted externally, having larger corallites, and more septa. Like D. caespitosum it has delicate tabulae. This form according to Warren,

(p. 117) may be conspecific with D. caespitosum of the Jefferson limestone in the Little Belt Mountains of Montana. Disphyllum geinitzl ? Lang and Smith (Plate 7 , figures 12-13)

Cyathophyllum caespitosum partim Goldfuss, 1826, p. 60, pl. xix, fig. 2d. Disphyllum geinitzl Lang and Smith, 1935» p. 570, text figures 25,26; pl. xxxvi, figs. 1-3.

Large corallites forming a phaceloid corallum em•

bedded in black, finely crystalline limestone are mostly

recrystallized. Many corallites are fractured and dislocated.

In thin sections internal structures are barely visible by

transmitted light but are made quite distinct by reflected light.

Description: External features - The corallites are closely crowded, often in contact throughout much of their length. Ornamentation is; poorly revealed as fine striations and feeble growth wrinkles. Diameter of corallites ranges from 8 to 13 mm., but is-commonly about 10.5 mm.

Transverse section - Total number of septa is 46 to 52. The major septa extend about 1/2 the distance toward the axis. The minor are only about .5 mm. long. All septa are markedly dilated peripherally. The major become attenuated upon entering the tabularlum. In some sections the axial ends of the major septa appear to bifurcate and become diffusely associated with the tabulae to form an appar• ent inner wall. Near the periphery the thickened dissep• iments form an annular wall.

Longitudinal section - Increase is lateral and non- parricidal. One offset was seen to arise from the side of a corallite and develop to a diameter of 7 mm. within 13 mm of

growth. The calice is 5 mm. deep and has a flat floor.

Tabularium bears complete tabulae which are flat axially and directed downwards peripherally. These are supplemented by an equal number of incomplete tabulae of the same shape resting upon the complete ones, and by occasional peripheral tabellae inclined upward toward the dissepimentarium. The dissepimen• tarium typically consists of a single series of steeply in• clined, small dissepiments. Locally there may be instead, two or three series of even smaller globose dissepiments. A section grazing the axial ends of the septa reveals their amplexoid nature. The septa appear as short vertical spines usually arising from the tabulae.

Remarks: In transverse sections the down-turned edges of the tabulae intersecting with the septa create the

'appearance of an aulos. In longitudinal sections, however, no aulos is seen to exist.

In size, septation, and in the type of dissepiment• arium my specimen corresponds to D. g;einitzi. It differs from that species only in possessing numerous incomplete tabulae supplemental to the complete ones. Evidence in favour of the specimen being closely allied to D. %einitzi is over• whelming.

To my knowledge this is the first reported occurrence of this species from the Canadian Rocky Mountain area.

Occurrence of hypotype: C5034, North branch of

Saskatchewan river, Mile 109, Devonian Coral reef. 50

Disphyllum goldfuss! (Geinitz)

(Plate 8 > figures 1.4 )

Cyathophyllum caespitosum Goldfuss 1826, p. 60, pl. xix,

fig. 2b only (Middle) Devonian; Eifel, Germany.

Cladocora goldfussl Geinitz, 1846, p. 569

Disphyllum goldfussl (Geinitz). Lang and Smith, 1935» p. 569

pl. xxxv, figs. 4-8, text figs. 23, 24.

The above list of synonomy is merely representative

of the complex literary history of this species. Lang and

Smith (1935» pp. 568, 569) discuss the synonomy of the species at length.

Lectotype: (By designation of Lang and Smith, 1935> p. 569) Goldfuss1s Cyathophyllum caespitosum pl. xix, fig. 2b. Description: (That of Lang and Smith 1935» p. 569i, 570) is quoted in part.) "The specimen consists of a corallite, which.gives rise to several others by parricidal increase; of these, five only in any way approach completeness — The parent corallite, of which only the distal part is present, measures 15 mm. in diameter; and the daughter corallites, measuring about 5*5 cm. in length, are 8 mm. or 9 mm. in diameter at their proximal ends, increasing distally to 10 mm. or 11 mm. The calices are deep, and have steep walls; but they are very poorly preserved. The sides of the corallites are distinctly striated, but only very faintly annulated. Transverse section (11 mm. diameter). There are 50 septa of somewhat varying length, thin axially, but rather suddenly widening peripherally, of which the major do not quite reach the axis, but leave a free space of about 1.5 mm., while the minor, varying in length more than the major, are nearly half as long as these.0 The interseptal spaces are occupied by the transverse tissue, in which the dissepiments and tabulae are not easily distinguished from one another.

Longitudinal section. The dissepiments, which form a zone about 2 mm. wide, are globose, and convex towards the axis. They vary, however, in convexity, and very much in size. The tabulae are differentiated into an axial series of transverse, approximately flat plates, and a periaxial series of strongly convex, steeply inclined plates, which 5*

somewhat resemble large dissepiments, and inosculate with the axial tabulae."

Remarks: The references to illustrations given in

the above description are amended to fit the sequence of

figures in the thesis.

Disphyllum stramineum (Billings)

(Plate 8 , figure 5.20 )

Diphyphyllum stramineum. Billings, 1859, p. 135.

Diphyphyllum stramineum. Billings, Nicholson, 1874-, p. 33, pl. v, fig. 6. Probably Diphyphyllum gracile M'Coy, Nicholson, 18?4, p. 33, pl. v, fig.~5 (Not Diphyphyllum gracile M'Coy 1851a, p. 168; 1851b, p. 88, figs, d, e and f on the same page.)

Amplexus or Diphyphyllum. Whiteaves, 1892, p. 270, pl. 35,

figs. 2, 2a.

Synaptophyllum stramineum (Billings), Simpson, 1900, p. 212.

Synaptophyllum simcoense (Billings), Simpson, 1900, p. 212, figs. 33, 34 on p. 213. Diphyphyllum simcoense (Billings), Lambe, 1901, p. 161, partim. (Not pl. xiii, figs. 6, 6a-b, if Diphyphyllum simcoense and D. stramineum are considered to be distinct species)

Disphyllum stramineum (Billings). Smith, 194-5, p. 23, pl.13, figs. 1-12. "Diagnosis: (Smith 1945) Small Disphyllum which forms phaceloid or dendroid colonies and has characteristically complete tabulae and horse-shoe dissepiments usually supple• mented by an outer series of gently arched or nearly flat dissepiments.

Descriptions The corallites which are only 3 mm. to 4 mm. in diameter may be perfectly straight and form com• pact phaceloid bundles, or they may be extremely flexuous and 52

give rise to dendroid colonies with widely separated branches. There are usually between 30 and 40 septa. The minor septa are about 0.5 mm. long; the major may be very little longer or may be three times as long and therefore nearly reach the axis. The septa are usually dilated and are often united by sclerr- enehyme at the periphery of the corallite. The tabulae are typically complete, convex, flat, or, less often, concave. In some specimens, however, the tabulae are incomplete and are more or less differentiated into an axial and a periaxial series. The character of the dissepimentarium, which is about 0.5 mm. wide, differs in different individuals. It consists typically of an inner series of horse-shoe dissepiments surr• ounded by an outer series of nearly flat or only feebly arched ones, and is about 0.5 mm. wide, but sometimes only the horse• shoe type are present. Occasionally these distinctive forms of dissepiments are not clearly developed, and instead we have two or three series of the more ordinary type, in which case the dissepimentarium is correspondingly wider. Much sclerenchyme is often present in the peripheral parts of the corallites, and this often masks the dissepiments. These variations in details of structure are all illustrated on Plate 13."

Remarks: Disphyllum (Phacellophyllum) caespitosum

has flat dissepiments exterior to horse-shoe dissepiments, while Disphyllum (Phacellophyllum) minum has horse-shoe dissepiments only. Disphyllum stramlneum and its allies differ from these in the more pronounced amplexoid, and more defin•

itely carinate, characters of the septa."

Disphyllum cf. D. stramlneum

(Plate g , figures 1-2 )

Three partial coralla were cut and polished, and one thin section was prepared. The coralline material consists mainly of white calcite. In specimen C5077» however, the corals are silicified. The enclosing rock is black and brown, in part argillaceous, finely crystalline limestone. Descriptions External features - Corallites may be

contiguous or several diameters apart, and are irregularly

disposed. In two specimens (C5036 and 5128) they are greatly broken and with fragments of Thamnopora and Alveolites, appear

to lie along the bedding plane. A few corallites have arisen

by non-parricidal lateral increase. Exterior of many of the

corallites bears promiment costae adjacent to the septa and

grooves corresponding to the interseptal areas. Transverse

ornamentation is totally lacking.

Corallite diameters range from 2 to 4- mm., but are

commonly about 3 mm. No calices were observed.

Transverse section - That the costae seen on the

exterior of the corallites resulted from solution of the coral

skeleton within the theca is apparent in several transverse sections. In some cases the theca appears as a smooth dark band bounding the corallites. In other corallites the theca

is lacking and the peripheral ends of the septa stand out as

costae. Still other corallites exhibit both conditions just mentioned, or the smooth theca is present but separated from

the serrated periphery of the internal skeletal structures.

Septa number 24 to 28, most commonly 28. Major septa are

rarely longer than half the radius. The minor are about 2/3 as long as the major and terminate at the inner edge of the

dissepimentarium. Dilation of all septa within the dissepim•

entarium is common, but not always pronounced. Longitudinal section - Tabularium occupies 2/3 to

.3/4 of the diameter. Most tabulae are complete and flat, although some are distally concave or convex. A few are incomplete and curved. From 6 to 8 tabulae occur in 5 mm. of corallite length.

The narrow dissepimentarium typically consists of a single row of dissepiments, which in places are only gently convex distally and in other places are so strongly convex distally that they may be called horse-shoe dissepiments. The inner side of the dissepimentarium is consistently about twice as thick as the dissepiments.

Remarks: Affinities with D. stramlneum (Billings) and D. minus (Roemer) are apparent in this species. In the small size of the corallites it resembles both D. stramlneum and D. minus. The presence of horse-shoe shaped dissepiments alone is more characteristic of the latter species than of the former. On the other hand, the predominantly flat, complete tabulae indicate closer affinity to D. stramlneum. My material however, has only 28 septa per corallite as opposed to 30 or more septa in each corallite of typical D. minus or D. stramlneum.

On the whole this species appears to be most closely related to D. stramlneum but cannot be unequivocally referred to that species.

Occurrence of Hypotypes: C5077, Bluefly Creek, Upper Devonian 'Green shales'; 5128, Roche Miette, Upper Mount

Hawk Formation. 55

Genus Hexagonaria Gurich

Polyphyllum de Fromentel, 1861, (non Blanchard, 1850)

Hexagonaria Gurich, 1896, p. 1?1

Prlsmatophyllum Simpson, 1900, p. 218

Hexagoniaphyllum Gurich, 1909, p. 102.

Hexagonaria Gurich, Stumm, 194-8, p. 18: 1949, p. 33, pl.15, figs. 13-18. "Genotype: By subsequent designation of Lang, Smith, and Thomas, 1940, p. 69, Cyathophyllum hexagonum Goldfuss, 1826, p. 61, pl. 19, figs. 5e-f: pl. 20, figs. la-b.

Horizon and Locality of Genotype: Middle Devon• ian, Eifel district and Bensberg, Germany.

Generic Description: (Stumm 1949) "Cerioid corals with individual corallites separated by polygonal walls. Calyxes usually with an axial pit and a peripheral platform. Septa radially arranged, of two orders, major extended into tabularlum while minor are confined to dissepimentarium. They are lightly or heavily carinate, rarely dilated. No modification of protesepta is visible. Dissepimentarium is wide and composed of many rows of horizontal or inclined dissepiments. Tabularlum is relatively narrow and composed of closely set, complete or incomplete tabulae, that are horizontally disposed."

Remarks: The original description and illustrations of Prlsmatophyllum Simpson (1900, p. 218, figs. 43-45) have been compared with those of Stumm for Hexagonaria Gurich, 1896.

I can detect nothing which supports the retention of

Prlsmatophyllum and I follow Stumm (1948, p. 10; 1949, p. 33) in considering it a junior synonym of Hexagonaria. Lang and

Smith (1935, p. 550) have previously shown that Hexagonio- phyllum Gurich, 1909, is a synonym of Prlsmatophyllum. Hence

Stumm is correct in listing it also as a synonym of Hexagonaria.

Several species described by Smith (1945) under Prlsmatophyllum 56 now mast be included in Hexagonaria. Bassler (1950, pp. 167,

168) has anticipated me in so disposing of Smith's species, but has done so without comment.

Hexagonaria percarlnatum (Sloss)

(Plate 9 , figures 3-7 )

Prismatophyllum percarlnatum Sloss. 1939, p. 69, pi. 10, figs. 6-9, text fig. 8A-B. Original Description: "External characters: Cerioid corals typically forming broad, flat, or doraally convex colonies arising from a central point of attachment. Under side bears a thin annularly wrinkled holotheca with fine septal grooves. Colonies may attain 30 cm. in diameter, are commonly 12 to 16 cm. Individual adult corallites poly• gonal, average 10 mm. in mean diameter. Immature individuals commonly circular In outline. Some colonies bear individuals protruding above general surface or projecting from edge, in which case these individuals are circular in cross-section and phacelloid in their relation to neighbouring corallites.

Calices extremely variable, being different in form between colonies or between individuals of the same colony. Most frequently occurring calyx type bears horizontal peri• pheral platform occupying one half the radius, a deep callcular pit at the axis. All degrees occur between this central type and forms in which the calicular wall descends abruptly fipom periphery as in P. profundum (Hall and Whitfield). Ephebic ealices bear edges of 3b to 40 denticulate, highly carinate septa. Majors and minors not differentiated near periphery; septa taper axially, majors extending close to axis.

Transverse section: Dissepimentarium occupies one- half the radius, bounded axially by large carinae, occasion• ally by dilate dissepiments, to form a discontinuous wall similar to, but not homologous with, aulos of Acervularla Schweigger (Smith and Lang, 1931, p. 85). Major septa approach but do not attain axis, minor septa extend but slightly be• yond dissepimentarium. All septa dilate, carinate within dissepimentarium; fine, unornamented within tabularium. Character of carinae variable; three types may occur in one individual — large diamond-shaped areas, simple yard-arms (Hill, 1935, P. 501), or prolongations of angles of "zig-zag septa" (Hill and Butler, 1936,. p. 523). Dissepiments concen• tric, numerous, fine. Boundary between individuals fine but distinct. 57

Longitudinal section: Numerous small globose dissepiments arranged in rows, which vary in same manner as calicular platform. Rows may be horizontal at periphery, descend abruptly at margin of dissepimentarium or descend directly from periphery. Dissepimentarium restricted in neanie stage, quickly widens to occupy one-half the lumen in ephebic stage. Tabulae numerous horizontal, complete or incomplete, not differentiated. Arched carinae, spaced approximately 0.3 mm. apart, prominent wherever plane of section transects plane of septum, and extending but slightly in tabularium."

Hexagonaria quadrigeminum arcticum (Meek)

(Plate 10 , figures 1-3 )

Cyathophyllum arcticum. Meek, 1867, p. 79, pi- xi, figs.

8, Sa-b, partim at least.

Cyathophyllum arcticum. Meek, Whiteaves, 1891, p. 199,

Cyathophyllum quadrigeminum Goldfuss, Lambe, 1901, p. ~:1'53, pi. xii, fTgs. 6, 7, 7a-b. Not Cyathophyllum quadrigeminum var. aretlcad LoBwe, 1913, p. 9, pi. ii, figs. 3a-c. Prismatiphyllum quadrigeminum arcticum (Meek). Smith, 194-5, p. 47, pi. 14, figs. 4a-c; PI. 18, fig. 1. Diagnosis: (Smith, 1945) "Cyathophyllum quadrigeminum with major septa which are strongly dilated peripherally and which curve, though only slightly, in a vortical manner; very short minor septa and small more arched axial tabulae.

Description: The lectotype of Cyathophyllum arcticum Meek (1867, pi. xi, fig. 8) is a small group of cdrallites 3.5 cm. in diameter. The calices are deeply concave have steep sides, and no peripheral platform or only a very narrow one. The largest corallites are about 10 mm. in diameter and have about 44 septa. The major septa are long though it is only rarely that they quite reach the axis. They are strongly dilated peripherally but taper away grad• ually to a very thin axial edge. In most corallites the axial ends of the septa twist vertically though only to a very slight degree. The very short minor septa are rarely more than .5 mm. in length and are dilated throughout. The tabulae are small, most of them strongly convex, and form a succession of concave floors. The dissepimentarium which is only about 2 mm. wide is built up of three or four series of small, fairly globose dissepiments. 58

Remarks: Smith's description is based on paratypes

from the Porcupine River. He and Lambe (1901, p. 153) reduce

Meek's Cyathophyllum arcticum to subspecific rank under

Prismatophyllum quadrigeminum and Cyathophyllum quadrlgeminum

respectively. For reasons given in remarks on the genus i

Hexagonaria. I consider Smith's species of Prlsmatophyllum

to be referable to Hexagonaria.

Hexagonaria cf. H. stewartae Stumm

(Plate MIO i figures 4-5 )

Prismatophyllum whitefieldi Stewart, 1938, p. 52, pl. 10, figs. 3-4, (non Acervularia whitfieldi Fenton and Fenton, 1924, p. 57, pl. 14, figs. 1-3) homonym.

Hexagonaria stewartae Stumm. 1948. p. 16, pl. VI, figs. 6-7. o

Description: External features - Half of a discoidal corallum 13 cm. in diameter and 3.5 cm. in height, plus several fragments previously cut from this corallum constitute the basis of the description. The corallum is eroded so that only traces of the basal holotheca are present. The corallites have an inward-sloping peripheral platform about 2 mm. wide surrounding the axial.pit which is 4 to 5 mm. in diameter.

Corallites are of fairly uniform size, having an average diameter of 7*5 mm.

One transverse and one longitudinal thin section were prepared for this study.

Transverse section - The corallites have from 4 to 7 thick walls which are usually straight hut sometimes curved. 59

Septa numbering 30 to 34- extend in dilated form for a little more than half the radius, at which point the minor terminate while the major continue greatly attenuated almost to the axis. The dilated portion of each septum bears occasional feeble carinae. Between each pair of septa in the peripheral zone are from 5 to 7 concentric dissepiments. Longitudinal section - The tabularlum is 3 mm. in diameter and appears to have both complete and incomplete tabulae which are flat axially and slope upward a little periaxially. Small, broad, axially inclined dissepiments are arranged In alternating vertical series peripheral to the tabularlum. Remarks: In possessing peripherally dilated, axially attenuated major septa of greater length than the minor, this specimen clearly belongs to the Hexagonaria hexagona lineage of Stumm (1948, p. 12). Structural similarities to H. quadringeminum are apparent but that species has larger corallites and about 10 more septa per corallite than has my specimen. There seems to be closer affinity to H. stewartae. which has an average diameter of 9 num. and bears 30 to 34 septa. H. stewartae appears to differ from my specimen only in having slightly larger corallites and a greater concen• tration of dissepiments adjacent to the tabularlum. Occurrence of hypotype: C5Q28, Coral Creek, Devonian. 60

Genus Macgeea Webster

Macgeea Webster 1889, p. 710

Macgeea Webster. Fenton and Fenton, 1924, p. 53.

Macgeea Webster. Lang and Smith, 1935> P. 556, text figs. 10, 11. Macgeea Webster. Smith, 1945, p. 27

Genotype: (By subsequent designation of Fenton and Fenton, 1924, p. 54) Pachyphyllum solltarium Hall and Whitfield. 1872, p. 232, pi. 9, figs. 6, 7; Upper Devonian, Hackberry Group, Iowa.

Original description: "Corals growing in solitary, cylindrical, sometimes compressed, cup-shaped cells; usually from five mm. to forty-seven mm. in lengthjnand calyx from one and a half mm. to eighteen mm. in diameter; slightly curved, externally irregular, usually showing evidence of , attachment.

Calyx generally as deep as wide, but very rarely being only one-sixth as deep as wide; outer wall thin, rays numerous, from thirty-two to sixty seven in number, alternat• ing in size within the cup.

Costae (often very strong, and usually alternating in size) continuous with the rays over the edge of the cup and for some distance below the margin; lower down generally interrupted, or covered with a more or less epithecal coat (the epithecal coat is, however, sometimes entirely wanting), showing traces of numerous transverse partitions. Bottom of the cup large, occupied by a slight depression; rays some• times very slightly twisted in the bottom of the cup. The rays, and costae for some distance below the margin of the cup, more or less distinctly denticulate on the edge."

Remarks: Webster's description deals mainly with external features of the genus. Stumm (1949, p. 35) has given a more complete description which is quoted:

"Simple or weakly aggregate, short ceratoid to trochoid corals with pronounced septal ridges on exterior. Calyx" bell- shaped with a rounded margin. Septa of two orders, major and minor, peripherally dilated and lightly carinate. They extend over rounded calyx margin and form vertical grooves on exterior of corallite. As seen in transverse sections they are greatly dilated in their peripheral portions. Minor are very short, while major extend from one-half to two-thirds the distance to axis, becoming attenuate at their axial ends. Dissepimentarium is narrow, with a series of horizontal dissepiments at periphery followed by a row of vertically superposed, strongly distally convex, horse-shoe dissepiments. Tabularlum is wide, occupying about three-fourths the diameter of corallum and is composed of an axial series of inclined tabulae."

That Macgeea may be a simple derivative of

Philllpsastraea rather than a simple ancestor of that genus

is mentioned by Lang and Smith (1935, p. 553) and Smith (194-5, p. 27). I am not in a position to elaborate on this possible relationship, but I am of the opinion that it may be proved only by a phylogenetic study of Phillipsastraea-Maegeea assemblages. Stainbrook (1946, p. 420) lists as evidence against such a relationship between Philllpsastraea and Macgeea.

the fact that Macgeea possesses tetrameral symmetry and a fossula. These characteristics would be difficult to acquire in descent from Philllpsastraea. Stainbrook suggests that perhaps Philllpsastraea and Macgeea are parallel descendents from a common ancestor.

Macgeea solitaria (Hall and Whitfield)

.(Plater'•±0';* figures 6wg}-$flate 11, figures 1-3) Pachyphyllum solitarium Hall and Whitfield, 1873, p. 232. pl. 9, figs. 6-7. Macgeea solitaria Webster, 1889, p. 711

Macgeea solitaria Fenton and Fenton, 1924, p. 54, pl. IX, figs. 7-10. About 50 specimens were studied in polished and

thin sections. Much of the material has been altered so that

internal structures are difficult to distinguish from white

calcite infilling. Some specimens have been partly pyritized.

Description: External features - Solitary, trochoid

to turbinate coralla, slightly oval to circular in transverse

section. None possess offsets. Theca thin, locally thick, wrinkled, absent near top of cup in some specimens, and worn

off in places so that septa and dissepiments are revealed

as a delicate reticulate pattern.

Transverse section - For 23 specimens, diameter

ranges from 10 to 20 mm. averages 16 mm. Total number1 of

septa ranges from 52 to 76, and averages 64, which is the

figure for 5 specimens. Major septa extend 1/4 of radius in

the calice, and may be gently sinuous. In neanic stage their axial ends are sometimes slightly rhopaloid and exhibit a

feeble pinnate arrangement in the counter quadrants.- An

obscure cardinal (?) fossula is sometimes, but not always, developed in the neanic stage. In this stage major septa are

sometimes deflected to form an infirm, hollow vortex. Minor septa are short throughout the cup. Septa are sometimes

spindle shaped in neanic stage, and are often peripherally dilated in ephebie portion, though sometimes spindle shaped

there too. Major septa are much more dilated than are the minor.

In the neanic stage the dilated septa are linked

by thickened dissepiments to form a stereotheca close to the 63 theca. The distinct sterotheea may persist into the ephebic stage, but more often it lies next to the theca as a peri• pheral stereozone, or the dissepiments may lack sclerenchymial thickening and appear as five or six concentric curved bands between adjacent septa.

Longitudinal section: Axial sections reveal a calice whose depth equals 1/3 to 1/2 the total corallum length. Walls have vertical sides, and a broad, flat, tabulate floor, or a flat axial platform rising 1-2 mm. above a peripheral trough.

Tabulae are variably flat, concave or convex axially, often concave peripherally. They are usually incomplete and supplemented peripherally by tabellae inclined toward the axis. Tabularia are occasionally bounded by a narrow zone of thickened, small horse-shoe dissepiments, peripheral to which may be 0 to 3 rows of small inclined dissepiments, and an outer row of nearly horizontal dissepiments. Horse-shoe dissepiments were observed in only a few specimens. Of five longitudinal thin-sections prepared, only one exhibits horse• shoe dissepiments. In the others steeply inclined dissepiments border the tabularia.

Remarks: This species resembles M. solitaria described by the Fentohs (1924, p. 54-, pl. IX, figs. 7-10), although there seems to be a greater variety of characteristics in the specimens at hand. There is a closer resemblance to

H\- solitaria described in great detail by Stainbrook (1946, pp. 419-421). From Stainbrook1s specimens, mine differ mainly 64 in having a much more obscure fossula, and a less persistent stereotheca.

There appears to be disagreement among authors as to the role of horse-shoe dissepiments in this species. Whereas

Stumm (1949, p. 35) implies that they lie next -to the tabul• arium, Stainbrook (1946, p. 420) states that axial to the horse-shoe dissepiments there is an inner series of dissepiments convex upward and axially. From a study of specimens and of illustrations of the species it appears likely that horse-shoe dissepiments have been over-rated as a characteristic of

Macgeea. Of some 50 specimens, which in all other respects appear conspecific, only 4 distinctly exhibit horse-shoe dissepiments.

Occurrence of hypotypesr C5040, Cripple Creek,

•Green shale1 in drift; C5042, and C5062, Cripple Creek,

•Green shale1 samples; C5©70, Cripple Creek Area, Fairholme formation; C5074, South of Cripple Creek, Devonian 'Green shale'; C5077, Bluefly Creek, south (reef) side, 'Green shale1 drift. C5082, Bluefly Creek, Flume formation; < 5161, Job

Creek, Mount Hawk formation, scree; 5185? Isaac Creek.

Genus Phillipsastraea D'Orbigny

Phillipsastraea D'Orbigny, 1848, p. 12.

Pachyphyllum Edwards and Haime, 1850, p. lxviii.

Phillipsastraea D1Orbigny. Smith, 1945, p. 36.

Genolectotype: Astrea hennahli Lonsdale (1840, p. 697, pl. lviii, figs. 3, 3a, b). 65

Diagnosis: (Smith 1945) Plocoid or subcerioid rugose corals, in which the corallites are united by their dissepimental tissue or are separated only by thin degenerate epitheca. In the plocoid forms the septa may either be con• fluent or abutting or may not reach the septa of the neighbor• ing corallites. Typically, the septa are dilated at the margin of the tabularlum, and there the minor septa terminate, though the major septa may extend to the axis. They are usually carinate, sometimes very strongly so. There is no columella, and the tabulae are transverse but may or may not be complete. Dissepimental tissue is strongly developed, and the dissep• iments forming the wall of the tabularlum are often smaller and more globose than the rest, corresponding to the horse• shoe dissepiments of Disphyllum (Phacellophyllum), Macgeea. and other allied genera."

Description: In common with most plocoid corals the corallum usually spreads outward without attaining much height and assumes a discoidal or an irregular flattened form. The more regular colonies are circular or oval in outline, have a flat or convex distal surface, and an obtusely conical, flat, or even reflexed base. The cone of attachment is more or less centrally placed, and in well-preserved specimens the entire under surface is covered by a thin concentrically wrinkl• ed epitheca.

The epitheca is almost absent; traces are to he seen between some of the corallites. Throughout most of the coral, the septa of the contiguous corallites are confluent, abutting, or do not meet; in this respect the type specimen exhibits all the conditions mentioned in the diagnosis. There are 26 septa in most of the corallites, and these are very strongly dilated for about 1 mm. The major septa extend into the tabularia'nearly three-quarters of their radius. Philllpsastraea exhibits various forms of septal degeneration. The septa may, for instance, split up into dissociated seg• ments and ultimately disappear from the dissepimental tissue, as for example in P. exigua, or they may break down into trabeculate condition as in "Haplothecla" fllata (Schlotheim). Carinae are usually present. Philllpsastraea appears to grade Into the cerioid Prismatophyllum on the one hand and into simple Macgeea on the other.

In the type specimen of Astrea hennahi Lonsdale the dissepiments are small, numerous, and fairly uniform. Those which form the walls of the tabularia appear to be slightly differentiated from the rest as horse-shoe dissep• iments but, owing to recrystallization, the structure is not clear. Horse-shoe dissepiments are very well developed in many species but are not found in all. 66

The tabularia are approximately 3 mm. in diameter, and the distance between, although varying, averages about 6 mm. The tabulae are closely set, mostly complete, and either flat or concave.

Remarks: The above description is taken from the remarks of Smith (194-5, pp. 37, 38). I have not added to the description, but have re-arranged and abbreviated it with the aim of making it more concise.

In place of Smith1s term 1epitheca' at the end of the first paragraph, I would prefer 'holotheca' (after Hill,

1935, p. 4-97; Easton, 1944, p. 18; and Smith, 1945, p. 6)

Lang and Smith (1935, p. 555) -consider Pachyphyllum to be a synonym of Phillipsastraea because they have observed

'Pachyphyllum' devonlense type corallites in a corallum along with Phillipsastraea corallites, and because most authors have interpreted Pachyphyllum on P. devoniense-type corals rather , than on Pachyphyllum bouchardi - like corals. That

Pachyphyllum ought to be considered a junior synonjan of

Phillipsastraea appears particularly reasonable when it is noted that the only distinguishing characteristic given by

Stumm (1949, p. 37) is that 'Pachyphyllum' usually has mueh larger tabularia than has Phillipsastraea. Furthermore the original description of the genus Pachyphyllum of Edwards and Haime (1850, p. lxviii) provides no criterion for setting that genus apart from Phillipsastraea as described by them

(1850, p. lxxi).

» Philllpsastraea breviseptatum Stumm (Plate 11, figures 4-7 ) - Philllpsastraea breviseptatum Stumm. 1940, p. 65» pl. 8, figs. 16a-b. A portion of a very irregular corallum enclosed in buff-grey limestone was revealed only on cut surfaces and in thin section. There are no naturally exposed surfaces to indicate the external characteristics of the specimen. Description: Transverse section - Corallum exhibits a strong aphroid tendency but occasional septa of adjacent corallites are abutting and in a few places there are vestiges of theca between the corallites. The distance between coral- lite axes ranges from 4.5 to 8 mm. but is most often about 6 mm. There are from 28 to 30 septa, all of which are greatly dilated through a zone about 1 mm. wide surrounding the tabu• larlum. Peripherally all the septa extend in attenuated form for 2 or 3 mm. before losing their identity in the inter- corallite dissepimental tissue, where they appear occasionally as septal crests. Minor septa terminate axially at the edge of the tabularlum while the major septa extend in attenuated sinuous form to within about .5 mm. of the axis. None of the septa are carinate. The septa, in their peripheral'portion, are linked by concentric, axially convex dissepiments occurring about .3 mm apart. Peripheral to the zone of recognizable septa is a zone of variable width comprised of irregular cystosepiments. Within this zone there are sometimes traces of degenerate theca. 68

Longitudinal section: - The tabularium, varying in width from 3.5 to 5 mm., bears complete nearly horizontal, flat tabulae with as many incomplete ones which typically slope downwards and axially. In some places there is an axial zone of flat tabulae upon each of which rests a periaxial tabella inclined downwards and axially. Bordering the tabularium is a series of small, distinct horse-shoe dissepiments, peripheral to which is a zone of variously shaped dissepiments.

Remarks: The specimen I have studied conforms in most respects to Stumm's description of P. breviseptatum. It differs from his species only in being slightly smaller and in having 2 fewer septa. My specimen, therefore is almost cer• tainly referable to P. breviseptatum.

My specimen is remarkable similar to Smith's paratype of P. maeouni (No. 6330, §.S.C.) (1945j pi. 21, figs, la, lb).

However neither my material nor Smith's paratype;.illustration conform to either his description of P. maeouni or to his illustration of the holotype of that species. P. maeouni has only 18 to 20 septa which are confluent or abutting whereas the specimen I have studied and Smith's paratype No. 6330 have

28 to 30 septa and are aphroid.

It seems probable that Smith's paratype mentioned above may also be referred to P. breviseptatum. Stumm (1948) has shown P. maeouni Smith to be a synonym of P. nevadensls

Stumm. It is my suspicion, however, that the paratype of

P. maeouni mentioned above is conspecific not with P. nevadensls 69

but with P. breviseptatum. Confirmation of this suspicion

would necessitate a study of type specimens, an accomplish•

ment beyond the scope of this work.

Occurrence of hypotype: 5165, Job Creek, Mount

Hawk formation.

Philllpsastraea devoniense (Edwards and Haime)

(Plate 18 , figures 1-2 )

Pachyphyllum devoniense Edwards and Haime, 1851, p. 397; 1853, p. 234, tab. LII. figs. 5, 5a. Original Descriptions "The corallites are not circumscribed, but their radii are not completely confluent. The exterior portion of each individual is principally formed by a vesicular tissue, through which well defined but very slightly constituted costae extend. At some distance from the centre of each corallite, a well-marked subcircular or ellipt• ical zone is formed by a slight enlargement of the septa, and appears to represent a rudimentary wall. Septa (44, or 48) very slender, unequally developed alternately, the larger ones very slender inwardly, where they become somewhat flexuous and appear to have a paliform lobe, and extending only to a short distance from the centre of the calice. Breadth of the corallites about 8 lines; diameter of the mural zones about 4 lines."

Remarkss Edwards and Haime tell us (p 234) that

this species differs from the genotype Pachyphyllum bouchardi

by its septa being more numerous, more slender and unequal,

and by the principal ones bearing a small paliform lobe.

Philllpsastraea ef. P. devoniense (Edwards and Haime)

(Plate 12 , figures 3-5 )

The specimen is only a small part of a large corallum which probably was about 9 cm. in diameter and 3 to 4 cm.

high. Little structural detail is visible on cut surfaces but

thin sections show the structures very well. 70

Description: External features - The exsert walls

surrounding the calices are raised 2 to 3 mm. above the general

surface. Galices are approximately 3 mm. deep, and are cir•

cular to oval transversely.

Transverse section - The minimum diameter of the

tabularia is 5 mm. The distance from axis to axis varies

from 15 to 18 mm.

There are from 44 to 50 septa. Many septa of adjac•

ent corallites are confluent, or nearly so, while some are

abutting. The septa are attenuated peripherally and typically

follow a narrow zig-zag path which imparts to them a carinate

appearance. True carinae, however, are rare and not of the

yard-arm type. All septa become dilated for a distance of 2 mm.

as they pass through the exsert wall surrounding the tabular•

ium. Minor septa terminate at the boundary of the tabularium while the major continue in an irregularly sinuous, atten•

uated form almost to the axis where they exhibit a tendency

to twist.

Between adjacent septa peripheral to the tabularium

are numerous axially convex concentric septa mixed with many

pseudo-herrinbone dissepiments.

Longitudinal section - The tabularium bears fine,

closely erowded essentially horizontal complete and incom•

plete tabulae. They may be nearly flat axially but periax-

ially they tend to be distally concave. A series of poorly

defined horse-shoe dissepiments surrounds the tabularium.

They combine with the dilated septa to form the exsert wall 71

seen on the exposed surface of the corallum. In the inter- r tabulate areas there are numerous, small dissepiments of various shapes. Some of them have the same herring-bone shape observed in the transverse section of this part of the corallum.

Remarks: Of the species known to the writer this specimen resembles only P. devoniense. The large number of septa make it distinct from several species of comparable structures. The original description of P. devoniense, however, is not comprehensive enough to permit certain identification.

Occurrence of hypotype: C5074, south of Cripple

Creek, Devonian, mostly 'Green shale'.

Phillipsastraea exlgua Lambe

(Plate 13* , figures 1-7 )

Phillipsastraea verilli (Meek) Whiteaves, 1891, p. 205. Phillipsastraea verilli var. exiguum Lambe, 1901, p. 168. pl. xiv, fig. 7. "var. exiguum" in explan• ation of pl. xiv.

Phillipsastraea exigua Lambe. Smith, 1945, p. 41, pl. 21, figs. 3-6; pl. 23, fig. 7. Diagnosis: (Smith, 1945) "Small Phillipsastraea with septa which dilate at the borders of the tabularia but disintegrate peripherally into discontinuous segments, and with well-developed horse-shoe dissepiments.

Description: The coralla are characteristically small and discoidal, sometimes built up of superposed laminae. The largest measure 15 cm. in diameter, and tallest, 5 cm. in height. More usually they are about 3 em. high. The convex or almost flat distal surface is indifferently even or hummocky. The calicular pits are surrounded by a raised border of exsert septa. The sharply defined rings, about 1 mm. in diameter, are separated by distances which, though varying very much, average about 2.5 mm. The septa, where they are less degenerate, stand out plainly above the 72

dissepimental surface but where they have broken up the dissepiments are exposed as closely packed minute blisters (as in P. vesiculosa but much smaller). There are 16 to 20 septa which are dilated for a fraction of a millimeter at the border of the tabularia. The major septa sometimes extend well into the tabularium but are more often very little longer than the minor and terminate axially just within the border of the tabularia. The septa break up peripherally both in a vertical and a horizontal direction into dissociated parts which in transverse section appear as a row of dashes ending in a medley of dots. In longitudinal section they appear as vertical crests on dissepimental platforms. The septa of adjacent corallites may be confluent, but more usually they fail to meet.

The tabulae are indifferently complete or incomplete, flat or strongly convex. The ordinary dissepiments are well arched, broader than high, and are arranged in stratified layers. They are rather large but very considerably in size, and some, being very much larger than the rest, are developed sporadically among the finer tissue. The horse-shoe dissep• iments are very small but very regular and constant." 0 Remarks: Because Lambe's description of the species

is considered inadequate, Smith's description, based on four plesiotypes has been quoted here.

Phillipsastraea hennahii (Lonsdale)

C» ::i/:e , f .V.:r"3 }

Astrea hennahii Lonsdale (pars) 1840, p. 697, pi- lviii, fig.3. Astrea hennahii Phillips, 1841, p. 12, pi. vi, fig. io.

Cyathophyllum hennahii. Brown, 1848, p. 368. Lithostrotion hennahii. Actinocyathus hennahii. and Phillipsastraea hennahii (pars) D1Orbigny 1850, pp. 106, 107. Smithia hennahii Edwards and Haime, 1851, p. 421.

Arachnophyllum hennahii M'Coy, 1851, p. 72. Smithia hennahii Edwards and Haime, 1853, p. 240, tabi LIV, fig. 4-4d.

/ 73

Phillipsastraea hennahli Londsale, Smith, 1945, pl. 19, fig. la, b, Description: (Edwards and Haime, 1853) "A polished horizontal section of this compound astreiform corallum shows that the mural circles, although slender, are well character• ised, and placed at a distance from each other, equal to 2,3, or even 4 times their diameter, but varying sometimes very much in the same specimen. Costal radii (24 or 26 in a corallite) slender, appearing to be slightly granulated on their sides, and in general much more developed, more con• fluent and straighter in one direction than in the other, where they become irregular, flexuous, angular or geniculate; half of the radii do not extend beyond the wall; the others become somewhat thicker at that part, and pass on towards the centre of the visceral chamber, where some traces of small paliform lobes are seen. Diameter of the mural circles about 1.5 line.

A vertical section shows that the intercostal loculi are filled up with vesicles, which are very small and pretty regular. The dissepiments of the interseptal loculi are almost horizontal, and unite at the centre of the visceral chamber so as to form a series of small and very closely set tabulae."

Phillipsastraea nevadensIs Stumm

(Plate i3, figures 8 )

Smithia hennahl Meek, 1877, (not Astraea hennahi Lonsdale) p. 32, pl. 2, figs. 6, 6a. Phillipsastraea hennahl Whiteaves. 1891, in part, p. 204, (excluding specimens from the Middle Devonian of Ontario).

Phillipsastraea verrilli Lambe,-1901, (not Smithia verrilli Meek) pp. 167-168, pl. 14, figs. 5, 5a-b, 6 (excluding specimens mentioned in the text from the Middle Devonian of Ontario).

Phillipsastraea nevadensis Stumm. 1939, p. 66, pl. 7, fig. 13; pl. 8, figs. 15a-b. Phillipsastraea sp. a Merriam, 1940, pl. 14, fig. 1

Philllpsastraea sp. f Merriam, 1940, pl. 15, fig. 4. Not P. sp. b Merriam; 1940, pl. 15, fig. 2 which is Phillipsastraea breviseptatum Stumm; P. sp. c Merriam, 1940, pl. 15, fig. 2 which is Pachyphyllum exiguum CSmith); or P. sp. e Merriah, 1940, pl. 15, fig. 3 which is Phillipsastraea verrilli (Meek). 74

Phillipsastraea maeouni Smith, 1945, p. 41, pi. 20, figs. 4-8, pi. 21, fig. 2; pi. 23, figs. 5-6. Pachyphyllum nevadense (Stumm) 1948, p. 45, pi. 10, fig. 3, 5, pi. 13, figs. 1, 3, 11. Description: (Stumm, 1948) Astraeoid coralla that vary from hemispherical to subhemispherical to discoid in external form. The margins of the tabularia are strongly exsert and project from 2 mm. to 4 mm. above the distal surface. They average about 3 mm. in diameter. The peripheral portions of the septa are of variable length so the tabularia range from a minimum of 5 mm. to a maximum of over 10 mm. apart when meas• ured from their axes. The septa become quite irregular and wavy in their peripheral portions and may be confluent with those of a neighbouring corallite or may abut against them. The major septa enter the tabularia and may extend to the axes, forming a small oxial boss. In the transverse section the septa vary from 18 to 24 in number. They are strongly dilated across the margins of the tabularia and the minor terminate there while the major, becoming attenuate, extend to or almost to the axes. Outside the tabularia the septa are lightly carinate with small, spinose, offset carinae. The margins of the tabularia have a distinct double-walled appearance between the dilated septa. This is due to the interception of the strongly distally convex marginal row of horse-shoe dissep• iments. In the longitudinal section the tabularia are dist• inct and bounded by a single row of horse-shoe dissepiments that are small, very globose, and distally convex. The tab• ulae are complete or incomplete, relatively horizontal, and closely set. In some corallites they are elevated axially and depressed periaxially. In the intertabulate areas the dissepiments are horizontally disposed and elongate."

Remarks: By a eareful comparison of the original

description of Phillipsastraea nevadensls Stumm (1939, p. 66) with those of Phillipsastraea maeouni Smith (1945, p. 41)

I can detect nothing which indicates these forms to be

separate species. I therefore follow Stumm (1948, p. 45)

in considering P. maeouni to be a junior synonym of P.

nevadensls.

In my remarks on the genus Phillipsastraea, I have

already stated my reasons for considering Pachyphyllum to be

invalid. On this point I am at variance with Stumm (1948, 75

p. 45; 1949, p. 32) I prefer to revert to Stumm's original

designation of the species as Philllpsastraea nevadensis.

"His 1948 description of the species has been selected because

it is more comprehensive than the original.

Phillipsastraea verilli (Meek)

(Plate 14 , figures 1-4 )

Smithia verilli Meek, 1867, p. 83, pl. xl, fig. 7.

Not Philllpsastraea verilli Meek, Whit'eaves, 1891, p. 205.

Phillipsastraea verilli (Meek) Smith, 1945, p. 38, pl. 19, figs. 2a-c; pl. 23, fig. 1. " "Diagnosis: (From Smith, 1945, p. 38). Phillipsastraea with confluent or abutting septa dilated most of their length, and major septa which reach the axis."

Original description: ••; (Meek's description of Smithia verilli) "corallum depressed, moderately convex below, where it seems to have been protected by a thin epi• theca, and attached by a small central peduncle; upper side nearly flat. Calices nearly as deep as wide, with vertical walls, and subangular; slightly raised margins, showing about fifteen principal septal radii, and as many short intermediate secondary ones; the former rather prominent on the walls, and continued in the bottom of the calices to the centre, while the latter assume the appearance of raised striae between. Mural circles, "as seen in sections, not very distinctly defined, being mainly indicated by the sudden thickening of the radii as they pass on; situated regularly at intervals of once to twice their own diameter apart. Radii thirty to thirty' five, rather thin, and minutely and very obscurely granulose, or striate on the sides; a few of them straighter and more confluent in one direction than the others, and*generally meeting those from the adjacent corallites at various angles, as seen in transverse sections; the twelve to fifteen prin• cipal ones continued to the center, while the others coalesce with them, or die out a short distance within the walls. Dissepiments very thin, and arching a little downwards, in crossing the intercostal spaces, arranged closer together than the radii themselves.

Transverse diameter of the corallum 2.20 inches; height of do., 0.75 inch; breadth of mural circles and eal- ices, 0.13 inch; interspaces from 0.13 to (occasionally) 0.18 inch." 76

Remarks: Smith (194-5, p. 38) has written a more lucid description of the specie which is a necessary supplement to the original and is given here:

"The original of Meek»s Figure 7 of Plate 11 is a small oval, discoidal corallum, measuring 5.5 cm. by 4.5 cm. by 2 cm. The distal surface is almost flat, while the proximal side is convex and has a more or less centrally placed cone of"attach• ment. The deep calicular pits which have only slightly elevated borders, nearly as deep as wide, and vertical sides, are about 4 mm. in diameter and approximately 3 mm. apart. There are about 32 septa which stand out very plainly above the distal surface and from the walls and floors of the cali• cular pits. The septa of contiguous corallites are confluent or abut or are separated by vestiges of epitheca. The major septa are long, and a few of them meet at the axis of the corallites, but on entering the tabularia they become very thin. Outside the tabularia they are strongly dilated through• out almost their whole length although they sometimes atten• uate a little at the boundaries of the corallites. The diluted parts of the septa reveal a granular structure, the darker elements taking the form of bars crossing the septa at right angles and projecting slightly as feeble carinae. The tabulae are incomplete and distally arched, and the dissepiments are small and apparently all of.one kind.

Phillipsastraea verneuili Edwards and Haime

4 5 (Plate I f figUre )

Phillipsastraea verneuili Edwards and Haime, 1851, p. 4-47, pi. 10, fig. 5. Phillipsastraea affinis Billings, 1874, p. 11 Phillipsastraea verneuili Nicholson, 1875, p. 78 Phillipsastraea verneuili Rominger, 1876, p. 128, pi. XXXVIII, fig. 2. Phillipsastraea verneuili Lambe, 1901, p. 166, pi. XIV, fig.4. Description: (Lambe 1901) "Corallum forming large discoidal masses over 30 cent, broad and 8 cent, thick or high, upper surface flat, lower surface irregular, strongly marked by concentric foldings or wrinkles of growth and covered by an epitheca. Septa numbering from about thirty- to forty-six. Corallites varying in diameter from 10 to 16 mm. 77

Central pit of the calices from 3 to 5 mm. in diameter. In no particular does this species differ from P. Billingsi. except in the smaller size of its corallites~and in a dimin• ution in the number of the septa. In transverse sections and in weathered specimens it is observed that a single row of pore-openings occurs between each pair of septa, the pores piercing the dissepiments where they rest on each other, the distance apart of the pores in a single row thus depend• ing on the size of the dissepiments. This pore structure, which appears not no have been noticed previously in species of this genus, and which is well shown in some specimens of P. Billings1, in the collection, is apparently somewhat analagous to that which is seen in some species of the genus Arachnophyllum."

Remarks: Rominger (1876, p. 128) says the number of septa varies from 36 to 40, which figure is at variance with Lambe's given above, which may well be a misprint.

This appears probable since such a large range in number of septa is extraordinary within a species. Lambe's figure probably should read "thirty-six to forty", rather than

"thirty to forty-six".

Philllpsastraea woodmani (White)

(Plate 14 , figures 6-8 )

Smithia woodmani White, 1870, p. 188.

Pachyphyllum woodmani. Hall and Whitfield, 1873, p. 239, pl.9, fig. 9. Pachyphyllum woodmani, Fenton and Fenton, 1924, pp. 46-47, pl. 7, figs. 1-3, pl. 8, fig. 2; pl. 9, figs. 11-12; pl. 10, fig. 3. Phillipsastraea woodmani (White) Stumm, 1940, p. 64, pl. 7, fig. J.1; pl. 8, figs. 13a-b. Holotype: U.S. Nat. Mus. 98279 Descriptions (Stumm 194-0) "The holotype is a portion of a hemispherical corallum that is composed of astraeoid corallites with confluent septa. The individual corallites vary from 1 to 2 cm. in diameter. Dilation of the septa at the margin of the tabularia produces strong exsert rims that project as much as 4- mm. above the dissepimentaria and the central pits. These exsert rims surrounding the tabularia vary from 5 mm. to 1 cm. in diameter. The minor septa terminate at this wall, but the major continue and stop just short of the axis. In the transverse section there are from 36 to 42 radially arranged septa in the individual corallites. They are either confluent with those of neigh• bouring corallites or abut against them. All the septa be• come strongly dilated at the margin of the tabularlum, and minor septa stop here., The major septa, becoming very attenuated, continue to within 2 mm. of the axis. Transverse dissepiments are common between the peripheral ends of the septa and the margin of the tabularlum. In the longitudinal section the tabularia vary from 5 mm. to 1 cm. in width and are composed of a central series of horizontal tabellae bounded in either side by a series of inclined tabellae.

Remarks: This species has usually been placed in the genus Pachyphyllum. but this genus, as shown by the genotype, P. bouchardi, differs from Phillipsastraea only in the larger""size of the individual corallites. Most authors do not consider Pachyphyllum to be worthy of generic dist• inction. Belanski (1928, p. 174) has interpreted Pachy• phyllum on the basis of P. devoniense Edwards and Haime (1851, p. 397) and his own species P. websteri (op. cit., pp. 171-174, text fig. p. 172), in which peripheral retreat of the septa has caused the corallites to be separated by dissepimental tissue. Lang and Smith (1935, P. 555) show that this interpretation is untenable because peripheral septal retreat is not exhibited in the genotype of Pachyphyllum. £• bouchardi Edwards and Haime (1850, p. 68). In addition Lang and Smith claim that both septal confluence and peri• pheral septal retreat can be seen in the same colony of corallites at different stages of growth.

Occurrence: Upper 500 feet of the Nevada lime• stone at Devil's Gate, 7 miles northwest of Eureka, Nevada. 79

Subfamily ERIDOPHYLLINAE Stumm

Genus Eridophyllum Edwards and Haime

(Plate 15 , figures 1-3 )

Eridophyllum Edwards and Haime, 1850, p. lxxi.

Eridophyllum Edwards and Haime, Stumm, 1949, p. 37, pi. 18,

figs. 1-14.

Genotype: (By original designation)

Eridophyllum seriale Edwards and Haime, 1850, p. lxxi, 1851, p. 424. Original description: "Corallum composite, and increasing by lateral gemmation. Corallites tall, cylin- droid, and provided with a thick epitheca, which gives rise to a vertical series of short and thick subradiciform productions that extend to the next individual and unite them together.. Tabulae well developed, and occupying the central area circumscribed by the inner wall. Septal apparatus occupying the annular area situated between the outer and inner mural investment! but not extending into the inner or central area." 80

Family CYSTIPHYLLOIDAE Wedekind and Vollbrecht

Subfamily CYSTlPHYLLOINAE

Genus Cystlphylloides Chapman

Cystlphylloides. Chapman, 1893, p. 46.

Cystlphylloides. Yoh, 1937, (123), pp. 50, 53, (as a n. genus)

Cystlphylloides Chapman. Stumm, 1949, p. 39, pi. 19, figs. 1-7; pi. 20, figs. 14, 15. "Genotypes By monotypy, Cystiphyllum aggregatum Billings, 1859, p. 137, text-fig. 2B.

Horizon and Locality of Genotype? Middle Devonian, Onondaga limestone: near Simcoe, Ontario, Canada.

Generic Description: (Stumm 1949), "Simple or weakly aggregate, long, subcylindrical to ceratoid corals with a characteristic bell-shaped calyx and a heavy, horizontally wrinkled epitheca. Calyx filled with dissepiments that are crossed by radiating septal striae. Periodic rejuvenescence causes septal cones to be present at varying vertical dist• ances apart. In transverse section these appear as concen• tric bands of short septal crests. Dissepimentarium is wide and composed of many small inclined dissepiments. Tabularium centrally located, narrow, composed of closely set, usually distally convex tabellae.

Remarks: Stumm, (1949, p. 38) points out that

Devonian forms possess septal cones derived from calycinal septal striae and are thus generically distinct from the

Silurian genus Cystiphyllum which has septal crests, devel• oped from lateral acanthine septa. It is presumably on this basis that Stumm (1949, p. 39) bases his remark that North

American species Cystiphyllum americanum and related species from Onondaga and Hamilton strata belong to the genus

Cystlphylloides. 81

Cystiphylloides americanum (Edwards and Haime)

(Plate 15, ("fig^es 4^5; ^lafce,216, figures 1-3)

Cystiphyllum cylindricum Hall (not lonsdale) 1843, p. 209, figs. 1, 2. Cystiphyllum americanum Edwards and Haime 1851» p. 464, Pl. 13, figs. 4-4a.

Cystiphyllum americanum Nicholson 1874, p. 36, pl. 6, fig. 8.

(?) Cystiphyllum vesiculosum Nicholson, 1874, p. 37, fig. 8.

Cystiphyllum vesiculosum Lambe, 1901, p. 1$2.

Cystiphyllum vesiculosum Stewart, 1938, p. 57, pl- 11, figs. 3-5. Cystiphyllum americanum Fenton and Fenton, 1938, p. 228, pl. XXII, figs. 6, 7; pl. XXIII, figs. 2-8, pl. XXIV, figs. 1-3. Descriptions (Fenton and Fenton 1938) "Corallum cylindro-turbinate with moderate rate of expansion and varied yet rather regular curvature. Constrictions numerous, angular, and commonly of magnitude exceeding 0.3 of the diameter, Epitheca thin, complete or incomplete, commonly removed by corrosion or erosion before fossilization or after it. Fossa shallow to deepl marginal zone concave to convex, undefined. Septal rays poorly developed in some specimens; in others they number 90 to 100 and cross the dissepiments to the axial region.

Transverse sections show a marginal band of cysts 1 to 3 mm. In greatest diameter and oval to concentric in shape; the dissepiments enclosing them are thin and generally lack septal rays. The size of dissepiments and cysts decreases centrally; thickness of the former increases; septal rays form priminent "teeth" on their inward faces, and cysts become irregularly oval or even round. At 5 to 12 mm. from the periphery (in sections 17 to 43 mm. in diameter) there is an irregular but commonly heavy sclerotheca formed partly by crowding together of small dissepiments and partly by depos• ition of stereoplasm upon and within them (plate XXIII, figures 6 to 8). Inside this wall, cysts and dissepiments enlarge — or more properly, merge with incomplete, highly convex, cyst-forming tabulae 1.5 to 12 mm. in width, whose outermost members bear septal rays. Constriction is accom• plished primarily by reduction of the dissepimental zone; except in extreme cases the tabulae retain normal size and cover almost normal areas. 82

Longitudinal sections show the dissepiments arranged in broadly funnel-shaped series approximating the "cystosepimentsM of Grabau. The false inner wall is either cylindrical though broken (plate XXIV, figure 1) or is resolved into another series of funnels variably spaced and either distinct or connected; their individual deposits are as much as 2.6 mm. thick. Tabulae merge with dissepiments on levels between these funnels and (apparently) in them. Some tabulae are concave; others reach convexities of about 200 degrees, forming cysts that are circular in transverse section."

Remarks: The reference of Devonian cystimorphs to

Cystlphylloides rather than to Cystiphyllum has already been discussed in connection with the description of Cystlphylloides.

Nicholson, Lambe and Stewart have referred this form to Cystiphyllum veslculosum Goldfuss. Fenton and Fenton

(1938, p. 230) point out that this identification, although probably correct, has not been based on a comparison of sectioned type material of Goldfuss1 species with North

American specimens. They therefore uphold the retention of

C. amerlcanum until such a comparison has been made. I have not discovered, during the course of this study, any further work on this problem and therefore feel obliged to follow

Fenton and Fenton in referring North American forms to C. amerlcanum until affinities with the previously established

European species C. veslculosum have been proven.

Cystlphylloides amerlcanum. var. arcticum Meek

(Plate 16, figures 4-6)

Cystiphyllum amerlcanum Edwards and Haime, (185D, p. 4-64, pi. xiii, fig. 4, 4a. 83

Cysteophyllum amerlcanum* var. arcticum Meek, 1867» p. 80, pi. XI, fig. 6. Original description: "Corallum conical, or possibly becoming cylindrical in large specimens, straight or somewhat curved. Surface with a thin epitheca, and distinct wrinkles, with stronger encircling ridges of growth. Calice circular, or a little oval, conical, and of moderate depth; marked with radiating impressed lines, indicating the position of rudimentary septa, formed by the crowding together of the walls of the vesicles within. Interior, as seen in a long• itudinal section, entirely occupied by a dense vesicular tissue, the vesicles being largest and most irregular in the central region, and becoming very small, crowded, and arranged in oblique ascending series on each side; in a transverse section,'' showing thin radiating false septa, of which about one hundred may be counted in the entire series. -Near the middle, these false septa are distinct, but they become gradually more irregular and obscure as they approach the exterior.

Length, 2.10 inches, or more; breadth, 1.25 inches."

Remarks: Meek's illustrations are not clear enough to base decisions upon, but the writer entertains some doubt as to the necessity of establishing the variety arcticum.

Indeed, C. amerlcanum arcticum apparently differs from the typical species only in having a more eystose central region.

In a genus so notorious for possessing variable internal structures, this single characteristic probably does not warrant the erection of a separate variety. Family CHONOPHYLLIDAE Holmes

Subfamily CHONOPHYLLINAE Holmes

Genus Chonophyllum Edwards and Haime

Genotype: (By original designation) "Typ. sp. Chonophyllum perfoliatum; Cyathophyllum perfoliatum, Goldfuss, tab. xviii, fig. 5."

Original description: "Corallum simple, and con• stituted principally by a series of infundibuliform tabulae, superposed and Invaginated, the surface of which presents numerous septal radii equally developed, and extending from the centre to the circumference. No columella or walls."

Remarks: The original description is not consid• ered to be adequate and is supplemented by Stumm*s descript• ion (1949, p. 48); "Simple, patelloid corals having a calyx with an axial pit and broad reflexed peripheral platform. Repeated rejuven• escence produces a marked foliated appearance to corallum. Septa are radially arranged and heavily dilated across wide dissepimentarium. Minor septa terminate at border of tabul• arlum, but major enter tabularlum in an attenuated form and may extend to axis, producing an axial whorl. Septa are true lamellar septa only in axial region. Across wide peripheral platform, they occur as series of horizontal plates recurring with each rejuvenescence. Interspaces between these horiz• ontal plates are filled with elongated, almost horizontal dissepiments. Plates appear radially continuous because septa are in lateral contact, but interseptal striae are always visible. Central tabularlum is narrow and composed of closely set, complete or incomplete tabulae."

The reader is referred to Smith 1945, p. 19, pl. 30, fig. 3, for a discussion and an illustration of the genotype of

Chonophyllum. and to Stumm 1949, pl. 23, figs. 3-7, for illustrations of the holotype of C. perfoliatum. Chonophyllum magnificum Billings

(Plate 17 , figures 1-3 )

Chonophyllum magnificum. Billings, i860, p. 264, pi. 1.

Chonophyllum magnificum. Rominger, 1876, p. 115, pi. XLIII. upper row. Chonophyllum magnificum. Sherzer. 1892. p. 267, pi. 8, figs. 2,3, 4 and 5, Chonophyllum magnificum Billings. Lambe, 1901, p. 188 An abbreviated and amended form of Lambe* s lengthy description of the species is given here.

Description: Corallum short, broadly expanding to cylindro-turbinate, obtusely pointed and slightly curved at the base. The type specimen is 16 to 17 cm. in diameter and about 8 cm. high. Calicular pit deep, from about 1/3 to nearly 1/2 the entire diameter in width. Septa (in type specimen) 132 in marginal area, are lamellar on sides of calice, bifur• cating when about half way up and gradually change, on expanded margin, into low,- convex ridges from 3 to 5 mm. broad. Near periphery they consist of a series of thin, separate, super• imposed convex layers, of which there are from 18 to 30-40 in 5 mm., supported by numerous granules or short pillars. As septal layers converge, they become compressed laterally, till they become thin, double, lamellar plates. Septa passing into the pit apparently do not extend into the center, but stop.at the bottom of the steep sides where they meet and alternate with an equal number of septa which reach the center and are there slightly twisted. ThesB septa do not appear,on the sides of the central pit. Dissepiments small, convex, arching upward in the narrow interseptal spaces. 'Toward the center of the lumen they become larger and irregular in dis• position.

Remarks: For further details of the internal structures of Chonophyllum the reader is referred to Sherzer,

1892, p. 267. 86

Genus Ptychophyllum Edwards and Haime Strombodes (pars), Lonsdale, 1839, p. 691

Ptychophyllum Edwards and Haime, 1850, p. lxix.

Ptychophyllum Edwards and Haime, Smith, 1945, p. 51, pl. 35» figs. 2a, b. Genotype: (By original designation) Ptychophyllum stokesi.

Original description: "Corallum simple, and organized as in the preceding genus, but having the septal radii strongly twisted towards the center of the tabulae, so as to constitute a spurious columella."

Remarks: The 'preceding genus' alluded to in the description is Chonophyllum. which Edwards and Haime describe thus:

"Corallum simple, and constituted principally by a series of infundibuliform tabulae, superposed and invaginated, the surface of which presents numerous septal radii equally developed, and extending from the center to the circumference. No columella nor walls."

The original description, even when supplemented by that of Chonophyllum. is obviously inadequate. Ptychophyllum has been discussed by Smith (1945, p. 5D» whose diagnosis of the genus follows:

"Diagnosis: Rugose corals which are typically simple, patellate, or turbinate in shape and in which the calice has typically a wide reflex peripheral platform and a moderately deep axial depression occupied by a prominent boss. The septa are long and typically thin but break up peripher• ally in such a way that in transverse section they appear to split into component strands. The major septa reach the axis where they form a strongly twisted axial Vortex. There is a narrow inconspicuous cardinal fossula which invades the vortex.

The small arched tabellae form a series of convex floors, and the rather small but elongated dissepiments form a wide dissepimentarium." 87

Smith expresses some doubt in referring his species ' tt

kindlei and vhittaker! to PtychophyllumT since the genotype is known only from the Middle Silurian and no other forms have so far been found to fill the Middle Silurian to Upper Devon• ian gap. He has tentatively placed the Upper Devonian species under Ptychophyllum. solely on the basis of similar morphology. •88

Subclass TABULATA

Family FAVOSITIDAE

Genus Alveolites Lamarck

Alveolites Lamarck, 1801, p. 375.

Alveolites Lamarck. Smith, 1945, p. 11.

Smith (1945, p. 11) was unable to trace the types

of Alveolites suborbicularis and considers them lost. His

diagnosis of the genus, which follows, is based upon a neotype, which is the original of Calamopora spongites var.

tuberosa Goldfuss, 1829, p. 80, pl. 28, figs. Id, le. Middle

Devonian.

> "Diagnosis: (Smith, 1945) Tabulate corals typically massive, in which the corallum is built up of superposed layers and the corallites grow horizontally or obliquely from one or more centres of growth, molding their lower side on the layer below. Typically the corallites are small, semil- unate, or sub-triangular in section, generally more or less compressed, and usually opening at the surface in oblique calices with a projecting lower lip. The walls are indiff• erently thick or thin, the septa, when present, are acanthine, the tabulae are complete, and the mural pores large and distant. Remarks: The above diagnosis is based chiefly upon the genotype, but allied forms are also considered. While the typical forms are massive, there are others which are ramose in habit; in these the corallites grow mainly parallel to the axis of the branch. The stratification of the corallum, although not by any means peculiar to Alveolites. is a very characteristic and consistent feature. The whole colony is typically built up of relatively thin sheets, and thin layers of sediment and foreign growth (often a stromatoporoid) may be found between the layers of coral. Nearly every previous writer has described the walls in Alveolites as thin, but this is by no means always the case. The lectotype of A. suborbicularis has rather thick walls, but the thickness even in this specimen varies in different parts of the corallum. 89

The corallites are very often much compressed, so much so that in some species of Alveolites — in A. lemniscus Smith (PI. 26, fig. 7), for example, they almost; resemble ribbons.

The species of Alveolites are like so many other "genera" of tabulate corals, a polyphyletic group having been derived from more than one species of Pavosites. The group ranges from Silurian to Devonian but is more partic• ularly characteristic of the latter."

Alveolites multlperforatus Salee MS. in Lecompte

Alveolites vallorum Meek, Whiteaves, 1891, p. 207; 1892, p. 274; Lambe, 1899, p. 25, partim, who include this species under Alveolites vallorum.

Alveolites multlperforatus Salee Ms., in Lecompte, 1933, p. 39 pi. iii, figs. 1, la, and b. Alveolites multlperf oratus Salee. Smith, 194-5, p. 13, pi. 26 figs. 3-5. Smith's description of the species is chosen because

it is,based upon Canadian material. His diagnosis and descript•

ion are as follows: "Diagnosis: (Smith, 194-5) Alveolites with corallites which are less obliquely inclined and less compressed than are usually found in Alveolites suborbicularis and with numerous mural pores, and occasionally numerous septal spines.

Description: The coralla are generally built up of superposed laminae and often enclose intercalations of sediment. They form irregular but generally discoidal masses and also thin sheets. A basal epitheca with fine concentric growth lines is sometimes present. The distal surface is generally very uneven and often monticulate. The corallites are usually inclined at angles varying from 20 to 40 from the horizontal, but they may rise almost perpendicularly or lie nearly horizontal. Their transverse sections vary considerably. The more upright corallites are usually subpolygonal to polygonal, but the oblique ones are invariably subtriangular or semilunate. The more or less polygonal corallites are usually about 0.3 to 0.4 mm. in diameter, the semilunate rather 9G

more in their longer and less in their shorter diameters. The corallite walls vary very considerably in thickness even in the same corallum. In some coralla or in some parts of a corallum they are not much more than 0.1 mm. thick while in other places they may attain a thickness of more than 0.5 mm. Septal spines have not, it is true, been noticed in every section cut. This may be due in some cases to the spines being buried in the sclerenchyme of the wall or to some re• crystallization of the specimen. In most cases, however, spines are to be seen, at least in some corallites. In some of the solitary row of prominent stout spines, so character• istic of Alveolites suborbicularis, is present; in others numerous minute spines are visible. Most of the tabulae are complete, straight, or curved and usually one to two thirds of a millimeter apart. The large, closely set mural pores constitute the most diagnostic character of the species. These are about 0.2 mm. in diameter and at vertical intersals of about 0.7 mm. Their arrangement appears to follow no very definite rule; they may occur in opposite or in adjacent sides of a corallite and are not necessarily confined to the corners.11

Remarks: A. multiperforatus differs from A.

suborbicularis and A. vallorum, in having less compressed

corallites, thus being closer to Favosites.

Alveolites cf. A. mult iperforatus

(Plate 17 , figures 4.5 )

Some of the material studied by the writer conforms

to Smith's description of the species. It consists chiefly

of broken coralla embedded in black, finely crystalline lime•

stone along with Thamnopora-type corals. The white calcite

constituting the coral skeleton is partly recrystallized,

rendering structures difficult to observe except in thin

sections. 91

Coralla appear to have originally been irregularly undulating superposed laminae ranging from 1 mm. to 4 mm. in

thickness. Many of them are fractured and separated from one another by a few millimeters of the engulfing limestone. This may well have resulted from wave or current action if the corals lived in a shallow-water environment.

Description: Corallites are irregularly disposed, but in general, they tend to lie horizontal in the base of the corallum and to curve upwards to open at the surface of an angle of from 30 to 40 degrees. Occasional groups of corallites, however, are nearly normal to the surface. Calices are moderately depressed and vary in shape from polygonal to semi-lunate. Their maximum transverse dimension is about.7 mm. the minimum about.5 mm. Wall thickness varies from one-third to one-half the corallite diameter. Occasionally a single, weakly developed septal spine may be seen projecting a short distance into a corallite. A few mural pores, having a diameter of about one-third that of a corallite, may be seen in thin sections. Tabulae are rare. Where observed they are very delicate, which may be the reason for their paucity.

Remarks: The laminar nature of the coralla, the moderately depressed nature of the calices, and presence of large mural pores provides the basis for considering this material to be closely related to A. multlperforatus Salee.

Occurrence of hypotype: The specimens are merely list• ed as being from the Devonian of the Cripple Creek area.

Specimen no. C5072, several fragments. Alveolites aff. A. multlperforatus

(Plate 18 , Figures 1 X

Description: A globose corallum 3 cm. in diameter

was found to consist of a coralline encrustation from 1 to

4 mm. thick upon a low-spired gastropod shell. Part of the

corallum has two distinct laminae separated by two closely

spaced, concentric plates which are mutually supported by

short pillars or plates. A similar pair of plates coats the

gastropod shell beneath the basal portion of the coral. These

distinct bi-plate structures are probably the basal holotheca

of two Alveolites coralla, one ..superimposed upon the other.

(See Plate , figure ). One layer preceded coral growth

upon the gastropod and the other developed on the surface of

the first Alveolites lamina, and was in turn engulfed in the

second layer of coral.

Corallites are polygonal to compressed polygonal in

transverse section with maximum and minimum transverse dimensions of 0.7 and 0.4 mm. They are mostly inclined to the

corallum surface at an angle of about 40 degrees. Wall thick• ness varies greatly. On weathered surface a few corallites bear a feeble indentation of the wall suggestive of septal spines. A thin section reveals no definite mural pores. Some

corallites possess delicate tabulae which are flat or gently convex,orally and are spaced at intervals of about 5 mm.

Remarks: The specimen bears general resemblance to

A. multlperforatus but apparent lack of mural pores detracts

somewhat from the comparison. It is therefore, considered re•

lated to that species, but not identical with it. 93

Occurrence of hypotype: 5163, Job Greek, Devonian.

Alveolites multlperforatus ? Salee

(Plate 18 , figure 2 )

A polished section and a thin section reveal an irregular corallum of Alveolites engulfing a branch of a

Thamnopora-type coral.

Description: The corallites are very irregularly disposed, but most of the calices exposed in thin section are oblique to the corallum surface. The few corallites sectioned transversely are compressed, but their calicinal dimensions cannot be ascertained. Thickness of walls varies throughout the specimen. No mural pores or tabulae were observed.

Remarks: The specimen provides very little evidence of specific value, but it is interesting in its encrusting habit, and in this respect is similar to A. suborbicularis and A. multiperforatus. Its moderately compressed corallites indicate closer affinity to the latter species.

Occurrence of hypotype: C5034, North branch of

Saskatchewan River, Mile 109, Banff-Jasper Highway, Devonian coral reef.

Alveolites rockfordensis Hall & Whitfield

(Plate is > figures 3-6 )

Alveolites rockfordensis Hall and Whitfield, p. 229, 1873. Alveolites rockfordensis Hall and Whitfield, Fenton and Fenton, 1924, p. 61, pi. XIII, fig. 1, pi. XII, figs. 3-6. 94

"Description: (Fenton and Fenton, 19241) Corallum forming broad, irregular, discoidal or oval expansions that range in size up to a maximum of more than a foot on the long• est diameter. The thickness is most commonly less than an inch, but in some specimens is as much as three. Corallites small, numbering from 9-12 in the space of 5mm. Septa very slightly developed; in most specimens indistinguishable. Apertures rhombic, highly oblique, with the middle of the upper lip forming a sharp, subangular elevation, and that of the lower occupying the angle between two corallites in advance."

Remarks: "Alveolites rockfordensis is a gregarious species, but does not form reefs. It grew among stromato- poroids, and many specimens show interlaminations of Stromatoporella and Syringostroma along with the coral. In such specimens, the Alveolites furnishes the base, the stroma- toporoids being of later growth."

Alveolites vallorum Meek

(Plate is , figure 7 )

Alveolites vallorum Meek, 1867, p. 86, pi. XI, fig. 9. Original description: "Corallum massive, large, wider than high, apparently lenticular in form, or sometimes concave below, and convex above; laminated structure not always distinct. Calices very small, or rarely more than 0.03 inch wide and half that in height, oblique, generally nearly twice as wide as high, and more or less rhombic in out• line. Walls between the calices apparently nearly as thick in worn or weathered specimens, as the diameters of the calices themselves.

Entire size of corallum unknown, apparently some• times as much as four or five inches broad, and one arid a half inches thick or high. "

Genus Coenites Eichwald

Coenites Eichwald, 1829, p. 127.

Limaria Steininger, 1831, p. 339.

Coenites, Eichwald, Lambe, 1899, p. 26, 95

Genolectotype: (By subsequent designation of

Bassler, 1915, p. 254) Coenites .iuniperlnus Eichvald 1829,

p. 127.

Description: (Lambe, 1899) "Corallum dendroid or forming thin expansions with a basal epitheca, composed of flattened or subpolygonal corallites that reach the surface by an abrupt bend and terminate in narrow slit-like calyces almost at right angles to the surface; walls of the corallites thin except at the surface where they are suddenly thickened; mural pores irregularly dispersed; tabulae complete, trans• verse, rather distant; three longitudinal ridges are some• times present In the outer ends of the corallites.

Coenites appears to be most nearly related to Cladopora. from which it is distinguished by the shape of the calyces and by the sudden, not gradual, thickening of the walls of the corallites at the surface. The corallites are at first prostrate, when the corallum has the form of a thin ex• pansion, but when it is dendroid they are almost upright in the centre of the branch or stem. The calyces are trans• versely elongated and may be straight or curved."

Remarks: Oakley (1936, p. 20) mentioned that Dr.

Stanley Smith was studying the morphology of Coenites in 1936.

Hill (1936-1937, p. 56) makes reference to unpublished work of Lang and Smith on this group of corals. In a search of available literature, however, I have been unable to find a publication of either of the works just mentioned. For this reason I must tentatively refer to Lambe*s description of the genus.

However, the genus as it is conceived by Oakley

(1936, pp. 20-26) and Weissermel (1939, pp. 70-72) is not restricted to forms possessing compressed calices. Indeed, the species assigned to Coenites by them have circular calices. Apparently the only distinguishing characteristic of Coenites is the sudden distal sclerenchymal thickening of the corallite walls.

Coenites sp.

(Plate 19, figures l-£) .if.1 •... •' y • The specimens consist of numerous broken branches lying along bedding planes of brown, finely crystalline lime• stone. Mixed with these corals are fragments of Disphyllum.

Macgeea? Thamnopora. Aulopora or Cladochonus. bryozoans, and brachiopods, and unidentifiable organic debris.

Descriptionr External features - Cylindrical, dichotomously branching coralla with rounded calices opening nearly normal to the surface. Some specimens exhibit a pro• jecting lip along the proximal side of each corallite.

Corallites tend to be arranged alternately in longitudinal rows, and are spaced more closely longitudinally than trans• versely. The diameter of branches ranges from 1.5 - 2.5 mm. and averages 1.7 mm.

Transverse sections - Mutual thin polygonal walls usually appear as thin dark lines. Light colored scleren• chymal thickening of these walls imparts a rounded appearance to the interior of the corallites. From 3 to 5 corallites are revealed in cross section at any particular level. Of these only one or two have attained mature diameter. Opening to the surface at a given level are from 6 to 8 calices whose walls suddenly thicken distally. 97

Longitudinal section - Sections cut along the axes of the branches reveal one or two corallites paralleling the axis for 3 to 4 mm. before curving outward toward the surface of the branch. Young axial corallites appear to arise at the point of divergence of a previous axial corallite. Four or five corallites arise from the side of each axial corallite and immediately curve outward to the surface. The distal extremity of the thin mutual walls of the corallites are in• clined to the surface at about 45 degrees, but their lower sides are excessively thickened by sclerenchyme which extends outward beyond the extremity of the mutual walls. By this means the calices are disposed at an angle of from 70 to 80 degrees to the surface of the branch. There are about 7 such calices per 5 nmi. of length.

Mural pores have a diameter of about one third that of the corallites, and are irregularly distributed. They occur along the sides of the axial corallites, and between the short lateral corallites. No tabulae or septal spines were found.

Remarks* Oakely (1936, p. 24-26) has pointed out that Coenites is distinguished from the Cyclostornate bryozoans in having large mural pores perforating secondary calcareous tissue, and in having occasional individuals arising by interpolation of a wall. He adds that the sclerenchymal thickening found in Coenites is simulated by the cryptostomate bryozoans only. This group of bryozoans is dissimilar to

Coenites in all other respects. 98

The specimens described above have been shown to

possess all the distinctive attributes of Coenites and are

therefore assigned to that genus.

In size of coralla and corallites, pattern of

corallite distribution and shape of calices, the specimens

studied resemble C. seriatopora (Edwards and Haime) described and illustrated by Oakley (1936, pp. 20-23, pl. Ill, figs.

1-3*?• However, C. seriatopora has 10 to 12 radially elongated axial corallites, whereas my form has from 3 to 5 nearly equidimensional corallites in the axial region. The general size and structure of C. declivis Weissermel is also similar to that of the specimens at hand, but again the number of axial corallites is greater than in my specimens.

In the possession of rounded calices the specimens

I have described differ notably from species of Coenites described by Lambe (1899, pp. 26-28). In fact, there is here a divergence from typical Coenites similar to that in C. declivis and C. seriatopora.

Although the species I have described may be a new one, I am reluctant to consider it as such until a study can be made of literature which is at present unavailable.

Occurrence of hypotypess C5077, Bluefly Creek, south (reef) side, 'green shale1 drift; C5080 Bluefly Creek, south (reef) side, 'green shale' sample; C5086, Gap north of

Ram River, 'green shale'. 99

Genus Favosltes Lamarck

Favosites Lamarck, 1816, p. 204.

Favosites Lamarck. Swann, 1947, p. 258.

"Genolectotype: (see Edwards and Haime, 1850, p. IX). — Favosites gothlandica. Lamarck" Diagnosis: (Translated from the French of Lecompte, 1939, p. 81, in Swann 1947, p. 259) "Massive tab• ulate corals, composed of prismatic, contiguous, but not amalgamate corallites. Walls lightly marked by a dark axis, generally thin, sometimes thickened. Septa absent or represented by spines arranged in vertical rows. Tabulae complete, horizontal or depressed (concave). Mural pores large."

(Fenton and Fenton, 1936, p.22).(in Swann 1947, p. 258) -- "Corallum branched, expanded or massive. Cor• allites contiguous and prismatic. Walls perforated by pores. Septa absent or represented by ridges or rows of spines, their condition varying greatly within individual coralla and corallites in some cases, but uniform for species in others. Tabulae dominantly complete and approximately horizontal."

Favosites basaltica (Goldfuss)

(Plate 19 , figures 3-4 )

Calamopora basaltica (pars), Goldfuss. 1829, p. 78, pl. XXVI

fig. 4a.

Favosites Gothlandica Billings, 1859, p. 104, figs. 2,3,4.

Favosites basaltica Billings, 1859, p. 106, fig. 8.

Calamopora epidermata Rominger, 1862, p. 396.

Favosltes Gothlandica Nicholson, 1874, p. 45

Favosltes Forbesl Nicholson, 1874, p. 48, pl. VII, fig. 8 and pl. VIII, fig. 4. Favosites Forbes! var. tuberosa. Nicholson, 1879, p. 62, pl. III., figs. 2, 2a-e. Favosites epidermatus Rominger, I876, p. 28, pl. VIII figs. 1, 2, 3. 100

Favosites tuberosus Romlnger, I876, p. 30, pi. IX, figs. 1, 2,

Favosites tuberosa Hall. 18?6, pi. VIII., figs. 1-7, pi. VI. fig. 6 and pi. XI, fig. 1; var. pi. I., fig. 1 pi. IV, fig. 1, and pi. VII., fig. 1.

Favosites epidermata Hall. 1876, pi. VI, figs. 1-5 and pi. XII, figs. 6, 9-13. Favosites tuberosa Whiteaves. 1889. p. 121.

Favosites basaltlea (Goldfuss). Lambe, 1899, p. 8, pi. I, figs. 3, 3a. Description: (Lambe 1899) "Corallum forming irreg• ularly shaped, more or less spreading masses, often with flat or sublobate minor expansions proceeding from the upper sur• face, or the general form may be hemispherical, subspherieal, pyriform, lobate, clavate or even subramose; basal attachment small. Under surfaces and often the sides protected by a strong wrinkled epitheca; the wrinkles are generally rather irregularly disposed and overlap or run into each other, but in some specimens they are more nearly parallel and give to the epitheca a ribbed appearance. The basal portion of the corallum is frequently strongly plicated. The ends of the corallites, when directed upward or outward, except at the top of the corallum, are generally closed by opercula which show a certain amount of concentric structure. The corallites are generally prismatic and rather equal in size when the surface of the corallum is moderately flat but round and unequal in size in specimens or parts of specimens where the surface is rounded; varying in diameter in the same colony or in different individuals from 2 mm., or even less, to 4 or 5 ^am» Tabulae horizontal, complete, sometimes apparently formed by the union of several squamulae which are present in large numbers. Pores piercing the sides of the corallites in from one to three longitudinal rows, in some specimens large and placed close together, in others smaller and farther apart, generally surrounded by a raised rim which is frequently not preserved on much weathered surfaces. Inner surface of the corallites marked, with varying distinctness, by longitudinal impressed lines, one to each space, between the rows of pores.

This coral is subject to much variation in outward form, in the size and number of the mural pores and in the size and shape of the corallites themselves, whilst its appearance is much affected by the state of preservation of the epitheca and of the tabulae and squamulae, especially the last, which are frequently not preserved, leaving the walls of the corallites on the inside quite smooth. 101

The squamulae occur one above another in longitudinal rows corresponding in a general way with the rows of pores, those of one row frequently interlocking with those of another. When the mural pores are numerous the squamulae are generally placed one above eaeh pore, but, when fewer in number and farther apart, two or three squamulae are found occupying the space between any two pores of a longitudinal row. Prom this it would appear that the squamulae may be equally numerous when the pores are distant from each other or when they are placed close together. Most frequently the squamulae have their bases only preserved but under favourable circumstances they are seen to reach the center of the corallite in the form of thin tongue-shaped processes that are longer than broad and at times inclined slightly upward.

In different coralla the pores vary in diameter from about .33 to .50 mm., and in their distance from each other; in some specimens, especially in those in which the pores are large, they are about .50 mm. from each other, whilst in others they are as much as 2 mm. apart vertically. In most cases the absenee of the raised border of the pores is probably due to weathering, as examples occur in which the rim is present in certain portions of the corallum and absent in more exposed parts; in the case of the latter the pores appear larger than they really are.

As in some species of the genus, small marginal depressions in the tabulae are not unfrequently developed.

Broadly expanded examples sometimes measure nearly 9 inches across with a height of 3 or 4 inches; clavate specimens occur that are 10 or more inches high and few inches thick; some of the pyriform specimens are 6 or 7 inches in breadth.M

Favosites digitatus Rominger

Favosites digitatus Rominger, 1876, p. 39, pi. XV, fig. 4.

Original descriptions "Cespitose masses of sub- parallel anastomosing stems of the thickness of a finger, or single stems with more straddling branches. Tube walls stout, joining under polygonal outlines, lined by a cycle of vertical rows of horizontal squamae, usually fewer in number than the normal twelve. Diaphragms sometimes regular, frequently Incomplete, replaced by the lateral squamae. Pores large. Tubes in different specimens variable, from one to 102

one and a half millimeters in diameter. The polygonal form of the orifices and the generally well-developed squamae within the tube channels render this form at once recognizable from other branching forms of Favosites. which have their orifices always more rounded, nearly circular."

Favosites limitaris Rominger

(Plate 19 , figure 5-8 )

Favosltes limitaris Rominger 1876, p. 36, pl. XIII, figs 1-4

Original description: "Ramified and reticulated stems, from five, to fifteen millimeters in thickness, form• ing horizontally explanate expansions or erect fruticose ramifications. Tubes very thick-walled, opening nearly rectangularly to the surface, with circular orifices, the walls forming either a solid, undefined interstitial mass, or, in another state of preservation, the polygonal outlines of each tube are visible on the surface of the interstices as delicate engraved lines. Several varieties are observed, in regard to the mode of growth and the size of tubes. The tube orifices rarely exceed the diameter of one millimeter; often they are smaller, and in some forms they are all equal in a specimen; others have smaller and larger orifices inter• mingled. A part of the orifices on the side faces of the stems are often found closed by opercula, situated below the outer edge of the channels; in the interior parts of the tube channels diaphragms are not regularly developed, and are of rare occurrence. Pores large, distant, and irregularly dispersed. In older stems the tube channels not infrequently become considerably narrowed by excessive incrassation of the tube walls, while the pore channels gain in length and width, and appear on the surface as vermicular, transverse channels connecting the tube channels, which latter are, in their narrowed condition, hardly larger than the connecting pore channels. In certain specimens the orifices are at a slightly oblique angle to the surface, and surround at the lower external rim by a raised margin, which approximates this species to the forms of Favositoids comprehended under the name Cladopora. in indication of which similarity of structure I selected for it the name limitaris. a 1 joining, transitory form.'" 103

Favosites nitelia Winchell

(Plate 20 , figures i )

Favosites nitelia Winchell, 1866, p. 89.

Favosites nitelia Winchell. Rominger, 1876, p. 33, pl. XI, Fig. 4 (?)

Favosites nitelia Winchell. Lambe, 1899, p. 17,

(?) Favosltes nitelia Winchell. Stewart, 1938, p. 64, pl. 14, figs. 1-2. Favosites nitelia Winchell. Ross, 1953, p. 68. Pl. 20, figs. 8-9. Description: (Winchell1 s original in Stewart, 1938, p. 64) "In small masses varying from globoid to elon• gate or scarcely branching. Cells sub-circular, sub-equal, with a few minute interstitial ones. Septa distinct, irregular, complete or incomplete; pores scattered, indented around the orifices. Distance of pores .76 mm; diameter of largest cells .76 mm."

Discussion: (Stewart, 1938, p. 65) "Lambe considered this species a synonym of F. placenta Rominger. It seems, however, that the discoidal or mushroom shape of F. placenta is so distinctive that this feature alone would be" sufficient to separate it from F. nitelia. which is characterized by small, irregular, and slightly branching colonies. Otherwise there is no difference of special note between the two species."

Genus Striatopora Hall

Striatopora Hall, 1851, p. 400; 1852, p. 156, pl. XLB, figs. la-e.

Striatopora^ Hall. Nicholson, 1879, p. 97.

Striatopora Hall. Hill 1937, p. 56.

Striatopora Hall. LeCompte, 1839, p. 132.

Striatopora Hall. Wells, 1944, p. 259.

Striatopora Hall. Stumm, 1949, p. 115.

Striatopora Hall. Ross, 195^, p. 82. 104

Genotypes (By monotypy) Striatopora flexuosa Hall, 1851, p. 400 and 1852, p. 156, PI. xIB, figs. la-e. Silurian, Niagara shale, Loekport, New York.

Description: (After Ross 1953) "Ramose, cerioid coralla, with cylindrical or slightly compressed branches. Corallites uniform or variable in size, opening obliquely on small branches or perpendicularly on thick branches to surface. Corallites gently curving away from axial region, relatively uniform in diameter axially, strongly dilated distally. Calices round, subpolygonal or polygonal. Apparently no intercorallite spaces. Peripheral stereozone thin or thick axially, usually very thick distally. Mural pores generally small, spaced at regular or irregular intervals. Squamulae (septal spines) developed, superficially expressed as pseudo- septal ridges. Tabulae present or absent; when present, complete and best developed axially."

Genus Thamnopora Steininger

Thamnopora Steininger 1831, p. 10; 1834, p. 338. Cladopora Hall 1852, p. 137.

Pachypora Lindstrom 1874, p. 14.

Thamnopora Steininger, Hill, 1936-37, p. 56.

Thamnopora Steininger. Smith, 1945, p. 61.

Genotypes Thamnopora madreporacea Steininger, 1849, p. 12. Diagnosis: (Hill, 1936-37, p. 56) "Ramose tabulate corals in which the cylindrical branches may be flattened and coalesced; the corallites are typically polygonal, and diverge from the axis of the branch and usually open normally to the surface; the corallite walls are dilated throughout, and the dilation increases distally; typically the growth lamination in the sclerenchyme of the wall is obvious, while Its fibrous nature is not; septal spines are usually obsolete, and mural pores are large."

Remarks: Hall's description of Cladopora discloses nothing which warrants it being set apart from Thamnopora as described by Hill (1936-1937, p. 56) and by Smith (1945, p.61) Therefore I concur with Smith in considering Cladopora to he a junior synonym of Thamnopora. With somewhat less certainty

Pachypora is also taken to be synonymous with Thamnopora.

Hill (1936-1937, p. 56) alludes to a manuscript of Lang and

Smith in which this synonymy is established. I have not, however, succeeded in finding this work published, and must therefore rely upon Hill's statement.

To the above diagnosis it may be added that the genus typically has thin complete tabulae which, because of their delicate nature, are very often partly or completely destroyed in specimens.

Thamnopora cervicornis (De Blainville)

(Plate 20, figures 2-5 ) Alveolites cervicornis De Blainville, 1830, Diet. Sci. Nat., t.~"5o, p. 369. Favosites cervicornis. Edward and Haime, 1851, p. 243; 1853. p. 216, pl. xlviii, fig. 2, partim at least. Pachypora cervicornis. Nicholson, 1879, p. 82. Thamnopora cervicornis. Quenstedt, 1881, p. 35, pl. cxliv, figs. 19-22. Thamnopora cervicornis (De Blainville). Smith, 1945, p. 62, pl. 27, figs. 1,.2. Diagnosis: (Smith, 1945) "Thamnopora with stout corallum branches and slender tapering corallites. The corallites curve outward from the axis of the branch, and their walls, though thickened throughout gradually, increase in thickness distally.

Description: Thamnopora eervicornis. which often forms extensive growths of coral in the Middle Devonian rocks of northwestern Europe, has cylindrical branches usually 106

10 mm. to 20 mm. In diameter which in places coalesce and in others swell out into irregular nodes. The lectotype con• sists of several branches of the Thamnopora embedded in a piece of ocherous limestone 11 mm. by 8 mm. by 5 mm. From the weathered surface some of the branches stand out almost free of the matrix. The branches are for the most part cylindrical and are approximately 10 mm. to 14 mm. in diameter, but in places they are oval in section and broader. They bifurcate at wide angles and terminate distally in rounded ends. The long, tapering corallites curve gradually outward from the axis of the branch and open normally at the surfaee. Where it is well preserved the common wall between two corallites, which is usually about 0.1 mm. to 0;15 mm. thick but may be more, has a sharp edge. Within this common wall a distinct cleavage can be seen in sections defining the two individuals. In transverse section the laminae which form the wall are con• centric with the lumen; in longitudinal section these slope downward at a small angle from the suture toward the interior of the corallite. The tabulae are very thin, flat, or curved, and although irregularly distributed are in most cases 1.0 mm. to 1.5 mm. apart."

Remarks: The synonymy listed above represents only a small part of.the long and complicated history of this species. A much more comprehensive history is given by Smith (1945, p. 62).

Smith's description of the species is based on a lectotype and a paratype from the Middle Devonian Germany.

Thamnopora cervicornis (De Blainville) ^ • (.Plate 21„ figure ll ,., . . Part of a large well preserved corallum embedded

in medium grained, black, crystalline limestone was cut

into five serial sections.

Description: External features - Only a small

portion of the coral exterior is exposed. The calices open

nearly normal to the;surface, are irregularly distributed and

usually are .5 to A.8 mm. apart.

Transverse section - Comparison of serial sections

through the corallum reveal it to consist of anastomosing 107 subcylindrical stems approximately 15 mm. in minimum diameter.

Where the stems coalesce the total corallum thickness may exceed 15 mm. Individual corallites in the central part of the corallum have an inner diameter of about .5 mm. but in• crease to 1 mm. as they curve outward to open perpendicul• arly to the corallum surface. Mutual walls are polygonal, appearing in different parts of the corallum variously as dark lines or light colored lines, invariably lined with sclerenchyme which thickens distally. Where the mutual walls are light colored a very thin, dark dividing line may often be seen. Mural pores .2 to .3 mm. in diameter are numerous.

Only in a few corallites were tabulae observed. Those seen are flat or distally convex and are extremely delicate.

Remarks: In the size and shape of the corallum, in the distribution and attitude of the corallites, and in the structure of the mutual walls, the specimen under consideration very closely resembles the lectotype of T. cervicornis, described and illustrated by Smith (1945, p. 62, pl. 27, figs.

1, 2). My specimen apparently differs from Smith's only in possessing fewer tabulae. When the very delicate nature of the tabulae is taken into consideration, however, this dis• crepancy assumes little significance.

Occurrence of hypotype: C5012, Brazeau Creek,

Devonian. 108

Thamnopora lablosa (Billings)

(Plate 21 , figures 2 )

Alveolites labiosa Billings, 1859, p. 114, figs. 14, 15.

Alveolites labiosa Billings. Nicholson, 1874, p. 53, fig. 12b.

Cladopora labiosa (Billings). Rominger, 1876, p. 52, pl. 21,

fig. 2.

Cladopora labiosa (Billings), Lambe, 1889, p. 32.

Cladopora labiosa (Billings), Stewart, 1938, p. 73, pl. 17. figs. 4-7. Description: (Stewart, 1938) "Corallum in the form of small,, slender, branching stems, sometimes forming ana• stomosing or reticulate colonies of considerable extent. Stems circular in cross section, about 3 to 8 mm. in diameter. Tubes arching out from axial portion of stem, enlarging out• ward, and opening obliquely on the surface of the corallum. Cell openings circular to transversely oval, becoming trian• gular when the lower lip is worn away, about .50 to .75 mm. across; somewhat expanded and outlined by a faint raised rim which, in conjunction with the extended lower lip, gives a decidedly rhomboidal or pentagonal outline to the calices. Mural pores small, distantly but quite regularly spaced on the specimens where their characteristics have been preserved. A very slight development of the tabulae has also been noted."

Thamnopora polyforata (Sehlotheim)

(Plate 22 , figures 1-7 )

Milleporites polyforatus Sehlotheim, 1820, p. 365, partim at at least, since the syntypes include more than one species. Alveolites dubia De Blainville, 1830, p. 370; 1834, p. 405. Pachypora cristata (Blumenbach), Roemer, 1883, p. 435, partim. Favosites dubius (De Blainville), Lecompte, 1936, p. 54, pl. X, figs. 1, la, lb. (figures of Goldfuss type)

Thamnopora polyforata (De Blainville). Smith 1945, p. 63, pl. 28, figs. 1, 2. 109

Diagnosis: (Smith, 194-5) "Ramose Thamnopora with rather slender branches and funnel-shaped corallites which bend sharply outward and open obliquely to the surface and in which the walls are distally very much thickened.

Description: (of lectotype): The coral forms grace• ful ramose colonies with branches typically about 7.5 mm. in diameter and is often found as broken and worn fragments. The corallites attain a length of about 10 mm. Proximally they are cylindrical, lie almost parallel to the axis of the branch, and are less than 1 mm. in diameter, but on reaching a length of several mm. they bend sharply outward, expand rapidly to a calicular diameter of 2mm., and open almost but not quite normal to the surface. The calices are slightly oblique and have a projecting lower lip. The corallite walls are about .2 mm. thick in their proximal (cylindrical) part; and about .4 mm. in their distal region. The lumen is thus reduced to a narrow cylindrical chamber. Under magnific• ation the walls show fibrous structure, the fibers running at right angles to the wall, and also, although much less distinctly, a laminar structure parallel to the walls. The mural pores are large (about .15 mm. in diameter) and distant, and the thin tabulae are unequally distributed."

i Remarks: The history of this species has been

greatly condensed here from Smith (194-5, p. 64).

Thamnopora cf. T. polyforata

(Plate 23 , figures 1-3 )

The specimens consist of numerous fractured, cylin•

drical stems embedded in black, finely crystalline limestone,

often mixed with fragments of other corals, most commonly

Disphyllum. Most of the material is so poorly preserved as to

render details of structure obscure even in thin section.

Description: Transverse section of corallum -

Average diameter of stems is 6 mm. From 18 to 20 corallites

appear in transverse section while from 13 to 15 are exposed

longitudinally as they curve out to the surface. The original walls of the corallites appear as a dark polygonal network. 110

The interior of the corallites, however, are lined with

sclerenchyme which imparts a rounded shape to the corallite

interior.. The sclerenchyme gradually thickens distally so

that thickness of the calice walls nearly equals the calice

diameter.

Longitudinal section: The diameter of the stems

varies from 4 to 8 mm. but is most commonly approximately

6 mm. Dlchotomous branching of the stems occurs at an angle

of about 80 degrees. At any given point along a stem one or

two axial corallites occur. They may parallel the axis for about 10 mm. before noticeably diverging. Within this distance 8 or 9 lateral corallites diverge from the axial corallite and curve very regularly to open at the surfaee at an angle of 70 to 80 degrees. The diameter of the calices ranges from .5 to .7 mm. Where an axial corallite begins to diverge from the axis another arises. The origin of lateral corallites is not clearly revealed but in some cases they were observed to arise adjacent to a mural pore in the wall of the axial corallite. Mural pores are sporadically distributed and their diameter is approximately equal to one-

third of the corallite diameter. No definite tabulae were

observed.

Remarks: Although the material is not well enough preserved to permit certain identification, there is some

evidence of affinities with T. polyforata. The disposition of

the corallites within the stem, and the moderately oblique Ill

calices are reminiscent of that species. Specimens under

consideration, however, have smaller stems and smaller calices,

than has T. polyforata. In size of the stems, and the diameter

of the calices the specimens studied correspond to T. labiosa

(Billings). That species, however, has greatly oblique

calices in contrast to only slightly oblique calices in the

specimens studied here.

Occurrence of hypotypes: C5034, North branch of

Saskatchewan River, Mile 109, Banff-Jasper Highway; C5071,

Cripple Creek area, Devonian 'Coenites1 reef; 5143, section

in pass from upper Coral Creek to Bighorn Creek; 5175, Job

Creek, Mount Hawk formation.

Thamnopora roemeri (Billings)

(Plate 23 , figures 4 ) Alveolites roemeri Billings, I860, p. 255. Alveolites roemeri Billings, Nicholson, 1874, p. 54. Cladopora roemeri (Billings). Rominger, I876, p.51, pi.20, fig.3 Cladopora roemeri (Billings). Lambe, 1899, p. 36.

Cladopora roemeri (Billings). Stewart, 1938, p. 75, pi. 18, figs. 1-3. Description: (Rominger 1876, p. 5D "Cylindrical or compressed branching stems of about five millimeters in diameter. Orifices comparatively large, oblique to the sur• face, and joining with their expanded margins in an undefined interstitial surface, or under subangular, obtusely crested outlines, enclosing shallow, obliquely funnel-shaped pits, the outer margins of which project as arched lips; the inner walls of the pits spread insensibly merging into the lips of 112

the adjoining pits. External diameter of orifices about one millimeter; interior tube channel one third of a millimeter. The orifices are frequently closed by opercula situated below the external margins. Diaphragms in most of the specimens sparingly developed. Pores large and irregularly dispersed." 113

Family SYRINGOPORIDAE

Genus Syringopora Goldfuss

Syringopora Goldfuss, 1826, pp. 75, 76.

Harmodites Fisher, 1828, p. 19.

Syringopora Goldfuss. Rominger, 1876, p. 79.

Genotpye: Syringopora ramulosa

Description: (Rominger, 1876) "Aggregated, sub- parallel, tubular polyp stems, multifpying by lateral budding, and at irregular intervals connected with each other by short, transverse, tubular branchlets. The tubes are inter• sected by numerous irregularly funnel-shaped diaphragms, and radiated by twelve longitudinal rows of spinules, which are sometimes obsolete. The colonies of erect stems are at the base formed of horizontally prostrate and attached ends very much resembling the creeping expansions of Aulopora. from which the young colonies are often hard to be distinguished."

Remarks: Although Rominger lists Theeostegites

Edwards and Haime as a synonym of Syringopora. in the descript• ion of Theeostegites the tabulae are said to be horizontal.

Theeostegites cannot, therefore, be congeneric with Syringopora. which typically has funnel-shaped tabulae.

Syringopora pereleganS Billings

(Plate g4 , figures 1 )

Syringopora elegans Billings, 1858, p. 425. Original description: "Corallites, one line in diameter, sometimes a little more or less, distant a little less than one line; connecting tubes half a line in diameter, and distant from one line to one line and a half, usually projecting at right angles, but sometimes a little oblique. Epitheca with numerous annulations, generally indistinct, but under certain circumstances of growth sharply defined and 114 deep, so much so as to give the corallites the appearance of a jointed stalk of a crinoid. The young individuals are produced by lateral budding, and in one specimen examined, the whole colony appears to be based upon a broad lameillar foot secre• tion like that which forms the base of a Favlosite.

The distance of the corallites is usually about a line, but like all the other species, this one varies a good deal in this respect. When some cause has intervened to prevent their regular growth they are much flexed and consequent• ly at times more distant than when they have (not) been disturbed. The connecting tubes on the same side of the corallite are three or four lines distant, but generally on the other sides one or two others in the same space occur, making the average distance one line or one line and a half."

Remarks: I have inserted the word (not) in the above paragraph, because the description does not make sense as it stands in Billings1 work. Very likely the word was omitted through a typographical error. 115

Family AULOPORIDAE

Genus Aulopora Goldfuss Aulopora Goldfuss, 1826, 1:82.

Aulopora Goldfuss. Fenton and Fenton, 1937, p. 110. Genotype: Aulopora serpens Goldfuss.

Description: (Fenton and Fenton, 1937) "Colony consisting of small tubes; adnate, prostrate, or prostrate basally with erect or more probably pendant compound branches. Reproduction by basal or lateral gemmation. Tubes calcareous or perhaps even chitinous, the former predominating; their walls non-cystose, smooth to wrinkled externally, smooth or pustulose internally. Tabulae (or diaphragms), when present, variably convex toward the apertures. Tubes not continuous• ly united, except in rare instances in which calcification is incomplete.M

Remarks: The problem of the systematic position of Aulopora-type organisms has been discussed by Fenton and

Fenton (1937, PP. 109-115). They point out the striking similarities between some small tabulate corals and large cyclostomate bryozoans such as Stomatopora and Hederella, and suggest that Aulopora, as described above, be considered a form-genus to include organisms which cannot be definitely assigned to either the bryozoa or the anthozoa. I welcome this suggestion particularly because the internal structures of most of the organisms at hand are so poorly preserved that it cannot be ascertained whether they are corals, or bryozoans.

The form-genus description of Feroton and Fenton is supplemented by Smith's (1945, p. 14) description of the coralline members of the group. 116

"Diagnosis: Tabulate corals in which the corallum

consists typically of a repent, uniserial network of small,

trumpet-shaped, dichotomously branching corallites, whose

distal ends bend upward and terminate freely. The septa, when

present, are represented by feeble spines or faint ridges,

and the tabulae are typically concave."

Aulopora sp. (sensu lato)

-•"'•"•* J i., * • '"' •*»

Specimens numbered C5071, 514-3 are, with some doubt, referred

to this genus.

Descriptions: C5071 consists of fragmented,

dichotomously branching, white calcareous tubes embedded in

soft, brown limestone. The tubes have a diameter of approx•

imately 1 mm., have walls about 1/6 mm. in thickness, and are

apparently devoid of septa and tabulae.

Specimens labelled 514-3 have numerous, irregularly

branching, closely crowded tubes of white crystalline calcite

in dense, black limestone along with Disphyllum sp. Preser• vation is so poor that internal structures are rendered

obscure.

Occurrence of hypotypes: C5071, Coenites reef

from Cripple Creek Area; 514-3, Tarpeian rock. 117

Aulopora repens Edwards and Haime

(Plate 24 , figure 2 )

Milleporites repens. Knorr and Walch, 1775, p. 157, pl. vi, fig. 1. Good figure. Tubiporites serpens Linnaeus, Sehlotheim, 1820, p. 367, partim, excluding synonymy. Not Tubipora serpens Linnaeus, 1758, p. a recent Mediterranean form only. Not Tubipora serpens Linnaeus, 1767, p. which includes the recent and fossil (Silurian) form.

Aulopora serpens Goldfuss, 1829, p. 82, pl. xxix, figs, la and d varietas major and fig. 1 b varietas minor, but not fig. lc (also "varietas minor") which is Aulopora reticulum Steininger, 1049, p. 13 which may be a polyzoan, and excluding most of synonymy.

Stomatopora serpens Bronn, 1829, p. 78, partim, at least.

Stomatopora serpens Bronn (1834) 1835, p. 54, pl. v, fig. 10 partim. Aulopora repens Knorr and Walch, Edwards and Haime, 1851, p. 312, partim, since these authors include all Goldfuss' figures.

Aulopora repens Edwards and Haime, Nicholson, 1879, p. 220 fig. 31g. Aulopora repens Edwards and Haime, Smith, 1945, p. 15, pl. 28, fig. 8. Diagnosis: Aulopora with rather small and almost cylindrical corallites.

Description: (Smith 1945)"The main characters of Aulopora repens have already been summarized in the discussion of the genus, and it is therefore necessary to add here only a few details from an Eifel specimen in the British Museum, R 15194 (since types are not available). The coral (Pl. 28, fig. 8) is fixed to the flat surface of a stromatoporoid. The corallites, most of which are 2-3 mm. long and about 1 mm. in diameter, are in some places widely divergent and form a loose irregular hexagonal mesh of about 5 mm. but in others are closely packed, more or less laterally contiguous, and nearly parallel. The distal part of the corallites which is very

/ 118

little wider than the proximal part in slightly raised, and the calice is horizontal."

Aulopora cf. A., repens

(Plate 25 > figures 1 )

Three specimens preserved in impure, brown lime•

stone exhibit dichotomous branching typical of this species.

This feature is best seen in the weathered surfaces of two

specimens numbered C5083. Unfortunately, however, the calices

open into the rock and cannot be observed. Polished sections

of specimen C5086 reveal several calices but do not show the

branching of the corallites as well as the former specimens

do.

Descriptions Corallites branch at angles of 90 to 120

degrees and tend to produce a polygonal network. Their dia• meters increase but little between the points of origin and

the slightly flared calices. Corallite diameters range from

.75 to 1.5 mm. Walls are thick, the inside tube diameter

being only about half the total diameter. Length of corall•

ites is about 2.5 mm. No septa or tabulae were observed.

Remarks: Although specimens are comparable to

A. repens in size and in their branching nature, lack of

internal structures makes positive identification impossible.

Occurrence of hypotypes: C5083 is catalogued,

"Bluefly-Creek, North side — Black shale, green shale, drift,";

C5086, "Gap North of Ram — Green shale." 119

Genus Cladochonus McCoy

(Plate 85, figure B-6)

Cladochonus McCoy, 1847, p. 227.

Monolipora Nicholson and Etherldge, 1879, p. 293; genotype, Jania crassa McCoy, 1844, p. 197. Cladochonus McCoy. Hill (and Smyth] 1938, p. 126, pi. XXIII, figs. la-e. "Genosyntypes: Jania bacillaria McCoy, 1844, p. 197, pi. xxiv, fig. 11; Lower Carboniferous, Ireland. Jania crassa McCoy, 1844, p. 197, pi. xxvii, fig. 4; Lower Carbon• iferous, Ireland, Cladochonus tenuicollis McCoy. 1847, p. 227. pi. xi, fig. 8; Lower Carboniferous, New South Wales.

Genolectotype (chosen Edwards and Haime, 1850, p. lxxvi): Cladochonus tenuicollis McCoy. 1847, p. 227, pi. xi, fig. 8; Carboniferous, New South Wales."

Diagnosis: (Hill and Smyth 1938) "Corallum compound, with a reptant ring of corallites proximally, from which free branches arise; individual corallites trumpet - or pipe- shaped, and in contact only at the point of origin, each giving rise to another by lateral increase through the wall of the expanded calice; each has a thick peripheral stereozone of laminar, sometimes reticulated, sclerenchyme; neither tabulae nor septal spines are seen in the narrow lumen, but longitudinal (?septal) ridges may appear in the calices."

Remarks: Hill and Smyth present an exhaustive synonomy of which only a small part is given here. Their work, based on fossils from the Avonian shales of Co. Donegal,

Ireland, conclusively shows the genera Monilopora and

Cladochonous to be synonomous.

Genus Romingerla Nicholson

Quenstedtia Rominger, 1876, p. 70, (non Quenstedtia Morris and Lycett, 1854)

Romingeria Nicholson, 1879, p. 114.

Romingeria Nicholson. Lambe, 1899, p. 46. 120

Genotype: Anlopora umbellifera Billings, 1859, p. 119.

Description: (original description as quoted in Lambe, 1899, p. 46) "Corallum lax, spreading, attached basally, and free throughout the greater part of its extent. Corall• ites cylindrical, annulated, multiplying by lateral gemmation, and typically producing new tubes in umbellate whorls or vert• icils, which are placed at short intervals. Where their walls are in contact, their visceral chambers are placed in communication by means of mural pores. Tabulae complete, remote, apparently not distinctly infundibuliform. Septa represented by vertical rows of spinules."

Remarks: Quenstedtia Rominger was based on the above-mentioned genotype, but the name Quenstedtia was pre• occupied. Nicholson therefore gave it the new name Romingeria.

Romingeria umbellifera (Billings)

(Plate 25 , figure 7 )

Aulopora umbellifera Billings, 1859, p. 119, fig. 21.

Aulopora umbellifera Nicholson, 1874, p. 43, pi. VI, fig. 4.

Quenstedtia umbellifera Rominger, I876, p. 70, pi. XXXIII, fig. 3. Aulopora umbellifera Whiteaves. 1877, p. 317.

Romingeria umbellifera Nicholson, 1879, p. 116, fig. 19. Original description: (Of Aulopora umbellifera Billings) "The mode of growth of this remarkable species is sufficient to distinguish it at once from all other described forms of the genus. The parent stems are about 1 line in diameter, and remain single and straight for the distance of one fourth, or half an inch, when they give off branches in all directions, sometimes 10 or 12 at once. These are at first oblique or somewhat parallel with the main tube, and are connected laterally; they then radiate like the spokes of a wheel, at right angles to the parent corallites, each soon giving birth to a similar circlet of new tubes."

Remarks: Billings says it may be that this species should constitute a new genus, but as he could not determine 121

wherein its internal structures differ from those of Aulopora he provisionally kept it in that genus. Further to the description of this species Lambe (1899, .p. 4-7) reports that:

"Dr. Rominger points out that the parent stem after having given forth a circle of branchlets grows on in a straight line and again produces a similar circle at a higher level; he also mentions that within the group of young corallites the main stem is generally inflated.

In one of the type specimens in this museum a few small circular openings between contiguous branchlets, and between them and the parent stem are plainly seen; these appear to be structural, and are evidently the same as the pores mentioned by' Rominger in his description of the species. The tabulae are irregular in disposition, from 1 to several lines apart; they appear to be generally convex or obliquely transverse. The exterior or the tubes iH annulated by striae of equal strength, about eight occurring in a space of 1 line. No septal spines have been observed." 122

CONCLUSIONS

A desirable sequel to the foregoing compilation of descriptions and occurrences of Upper Devonian coral genera and species would be a precise determination of their stratigraphic limits. The need of such work is obvious, particularly with respect to the disphyllid corals.

Although Stumm1s subfamily PACHYPHYLLINAE has been shown to be untenable, suppression of that subfamily threatens to render the subfamily DISPHYLLINAE unweildy. A bed-by-bed study of the members of this group is necessary to determine characteristics which can be used to establish valid sub• families. An attempt should be made to prove whether or not horse-shoe dissepiments have genetic significance.

From a study of Macgeea the writer has found reason to sus• pect that horse-shoe dissepiments are not diagnostic of even that genus. Hence, it would appear that they probably are untrustworthy as a subfamily characteristic. This suspicion, however, remains to be upheld by a thorough study of the DISPHYLLIDAE and of Macgeea in particular.

Also to be investigated is the possibility that solitary, fasciculate, cerioid and plocoid habits of the disphyllids are marks of evolutionary trends.

Unfortunately, present paleontologic data is decidedly inadequate to serve as a basis for the much needed phylogenetic studies. The corals of large areas of exposed Upper Devonian rocks remain to be studied, or at least, to be described in the literature. Furthermore, the strati•

graphic positions of those so far reported, have not been precisely recorded. Perhaps of more significance than the incompleteness of field work is the lack of laboratory work on fossil corals. All too many reports merely list corals by their generic name followed by 'sp.', usually with no description or illustration of the specimens. Although this practice may be condoned by some on the grounds that corals are not good horizon markers, it is apparent that if the study of corals is to progress, more precise field methods must be adopted, and more laboratory work must be done. 124

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Dowling, D.B., (1911) Geology of Roche Miette Map-Area, Jasper Park, Alberta; Geol. Surv. Canada, Summ. Rept., pp. 201-219. Easton, W.H., (194-4) Corals from the Chouteau and related formations of the Mississippi Valley region; Indiana State Geol. Surv., Rept. of investigat• ions no. 97. Edwards, H.M., and Haime, J., (1850-1874-) A monograph of the British fossil corals; Palaeont. Soc. Mon., pp. 1-299, pi. 1-72. Ehlers, G.M., and Stumm, E.C., (194-9a) Corals of the Devonian Traverse Group of Michigan; pt. 1, Contr. MUs. Paleont. Univ. of Mich., vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 123-130, 3 pis. (1949b) Corals of the Devonian Traverse Group of Michigan, pt. 2, Contr. Mus. Paleont.; Univer. of Mich. vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 21-41, 8 pis

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BIBLIOGRAPHY CONTINUED

Hall, J., (1876) Illustrations of Devonian fossils; N.Y. State Geol. Surv. Paleont.

Hall, J., and Whitfield, R.P., (1872) Description of new species of fossils from the Devonian rocks of Iowa; 23rd Ann. Rept. N.Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist.

( ) U.S. geological exploration of the fourtieth paralle; (King), vol. 4.

Henbest, L.G., (1952) Symposium on distribution of evolutionary explosions in geologic time; Jour. Paleont., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 297-394.

Hill, D., (1935) British terminology for rugose corals; Geol. Mag., vol. 72, pp. 481-519, figs. 1-21. Hill, D., and Smyth Lb., (1938) On the identity of Monilopora Nicholson and Etheridge, 1879, with Cladochonus McCoy, 1847; Proc. Royal. Irish Academy, vol. 45, sect. B, no. 6, pp. 125-138.

Hume, G.S., (1921) North Nahanni and Root River area; Geol. Surv. Canada, Summ. Rept., pt. B, pp. 67-78. Jones, O.A., (1936) The controlling effect of environment upon the corallum in Favosites; with a revision of some massive species on this basis; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, vol. 17, pp. 1-24, pis. 1,-111.

Keele, J., (1910) A reconnaissance across the Mackenzie Mountains on the Pelly, Ross, and Gravel rivers. Yukon and Northwest Territories; Geol. Surv. Canada, Rept. no. 1097, p. 39. Keen, A.M., and Muller, S.W., (1948) Procedure in taxonomy; Stanford Univ. Press.

Kindle, E.M., (1908) The fauna and stratigraphy of the Jefferson limestone in the northern Rocky Mountain region; Bull. Amer. Paleont. 4, no. 20, 39 pp. (1928) The occurrence and correlation of a Devonian fauna from Peace River, Alberta; Geol. Surv. Canada, Bull, no. 49, pp. 14-18.

Lambe, L.M. (1899-1901) Contributions to Canadian paleon• tology, Geol. Surv. Canada, vol. 4, pts. 1 and 2. 127

BIBLIOGRAPHY CONTINUED

Lang, W.D., (194-7) Brule-Entrance Map-area, Alberta; Geol. Surv. Canada, Mem. 244.

Land, W.D., and Smith, S., (1934-) Ludwig's 'Corallen aus Palaolithischen formation' and the genotype of Disphyllum de Fromentel: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, vol. 13, pp. 7o-8l.

(1935) Cyathophyllum caespitosum Goldfuss, and other Devonian corals considered in a revision of that species; Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 91, no. 18, pp. 538-590.

(1939) Some new generic names for Paleozoic corals; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 11, vol. 3, pp. 152-156.

Laudon, L.R., (1950) Imperial River section, Mackenzie Mountains, N.W.T., Canada; Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., vol. 34-, no. 7, pp. 1565-1577.

Laudon, L.R., et al. (194-9a) Devonian and Mississippian stratigraphy, Wapiti Lake area; B.C. Bull, Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1502-1552. Laudon, L.R., and Chronic, B.J., (1949b) Paleozoic strati• graphy along the Alaska Highway in Northeastern B.C.; Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., vol. 33, p. 189-222.

Lloyd, G.V., (195D Devonian stratigraphy at Jasper Park, Alberta; Unpublished B.A. Thesis, Univ. of B.C. 89 pp. MeConnell, R.G., (1886) Report on the geological features of a portion of the Rocky Mountains; Geol. Surv. Canada, Ann. Rept. pp. 17-19D.

(1888-1889) Report on an exploration in the Yukon and Mackenzie Basins; Geol. Surv. Canada, Ann. Rept. pp. 1-144D.

McCoy, F.. (1849) On some new genera and species of Palaeo• zoic corals and foraminifera; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 1-20; 119-136.

McEvoy, J. (1900) Yellowhead Pass route; Geol. Surv. Canada, Ann. Rept., vol. 11, pt. D., pp. 6-44 BIBLIOGRAPHY CONTINUED

Meek, F.B., (1867) Remarks on the geology of the Mackenzie River with figures and descriptions of fossils from that region; Chicago Acad. Sci., Trans, vol. 1, pp. 61-114. Meek, F.B., and Worthen, A.H. (1868) Geology and Palaeon• tology; Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. 3, pt. II, pp. 289-565. Merriam, C.W., (1940) Devonian stratigraphy and paleontology of the Roberts Mountain Region; Nevada; Geol. Soc. Amer., spec. pap. 25, pp. 1-114.

Nicholson, H.A., (1847a) Description of new fossils from the Devonian formation of Canada West; Geol. Mag., dec. 11, vol. 1, pp. 54-60, pi. IV.

Oakely, K.P. (1936) On the Wenlock coral Coenites seriatopora; Summ. of Progress of the Geol. Surv. for 1934, pt. 2, pp. 20-27. Rominger, C.F., (1876) Palaeontology, fossil corals; Geol. Surv. Mich., vol. 3, pt. 2, pp. 1-161. Raymond, P.E., (1907) On the occurrence, in the Rocky Mountains of an Upper Devonian fauna with Clymenia; Amer. Jour. Sci., (4), 23, p. 116.

(1909) The fauna of the Upper Devonian in Montana; Ann. Carnegie Mus., 5, p. 153.

Ross, M.H., The favositidae of the Hamilton Group (Middle Devonian of New York; Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, Bull., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 37-89.

Sanford, W.G., (1939) A review of the families of tetracorals; Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 237, pp. 295-323, 401-423, figs. 1-16. Selwyn, A.R.C, (1877) Report on exploration in British Columbia. Appendix II, Some fossils collected during the expedition; Geol. Surv. Canada Rept. of Progress 1875-1876, pp. 98-106.

Severson, J.L., (1950) Devonian stratigraphy, Sunwapta Pass Area, Alberta, Canada; Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull., vol. 34, no. 9, PP. 1826-1849. BIBLIOGRAPHY CONTINUED

Shepard, F.P., (1912) Problems in stratigraphy along the Rocky Mountain Trench; Jour. Geol., vol. 30, pp. 361-376. Simpson, G.B., (1900) Preliminary descriptions of new genera of Paleozoic corals; Bull. N.Y. State Mus., no. 39, vol. 8, pp. 199-222. Sloss, L.L. (1939) Devonian rugose corals from the Traverse beds of Michigan; Jour. Paleont. vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 52-73. Sloss, L.L., and Laird, W.M., (1947) Devonian system in central and Northwestern Montana; Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., Bull., vol. 31, no. 8, p. 1427. Smith, S., (1928) The Carboniferous coral Nemistium edmondsi. gen. et sp. nov.; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 10, vol. 2, p. 112. (1930) Descriptions of the type-specimens of some Carboniferous corals of the genera". "Diphyphyllum". "5tylastrea".Aulophyllum, and Chaetetes; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 10, vol. 5, p. 178. (1945) Upper Devonian corals of the Mackenzie River region of Canada; Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Pap., no. 59. Stainbrook, M.A., (1946) Corals of the Independence shale of Iowa; Jour. Paleont., vol. 20, no. 5, PP. 401-427. Stewart, G.A., (1938) Middle Devonian corals of Ohio; Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Pap. no. 8, pp. 1-120. Stumm, E.C., (1937) The lower Devonian tetracorals of the Nevada limestone; Jour. Paleont., vol. 11, no. 5 pp. 423-433, pis. LIII - LV. (1940) Upper Devonian rugose corals of the Nevada limestone; Jour. Paleont., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 57-67, pis VII, VIII. 130

BIBLIOGRAPHY CONTINUED

(194-8) Lower Middle Devonian species of the tetracoral genus Hexagonaria of east-central North America; Contr. Mus. Paleont. Univ. Michigan, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 7-4-9, 14- pis.

(1949) Revision of the families and genera of the Devonian tetracorals; Geol. Soc. Amer., Mem. 40.

Swann, D.H., (1947) The Favosites alpenensis lineage in the Middle Devonian Traverse group of Michigan; Contr. Mus. Paleont., Univ. Michigan, no. 3, PP. 235-317.

Walcott, C.D,,(L924) Cambrian geology and paleontology, Geological formations of Beaverfoot-Briseo- Stanford Range, B.C., Canada; Smith. Misc. Collections, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 1-51.

Walker, J.F., (1926) Geology and mineral deposits of the Windermere Map area; Geol. Surv. Canada, Mem. 148,

Warren, P.S. (1927) Banff area, Alberta; Geol. Surv. Canada, mem. 153.

(1928) The Palaeozoics of the Crowsnest Pass Alberta; Trans, of Royal Soc. Canada, ser. 3, vol. 22, pt. 1, sect. IV, pp. 109-119.

(1949) Fossil zones of the Devonian of Alberta; Amer. Assoc.-Petrol. Geol., Bull., vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 564-571.

Warren, P.S., and Stelek, C.R., (1950) Succession of Devonian faunas in Western Canada; Royal Soc. Canada, Trans., 3rd. ser., vol. 44, sect. IV, pp. 61-78.

Webster, C.L., (1889) Description of a new genus of corals, from the Devonian rocks of Iowa; Amer. Naturalist, vol. 33, no. 272, pp. 710-712.

Weissermel, W. Von, (1939) Neue Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Geologie, Palaeontologie and Petrographie der Umgegend von Konstantinopel, 3, Obersilurische und devonische Korallen, Stromatoporiden und Trepostome von der Prinzeninseln Antirovitna und aus Bithynien; Abh. Preuss. geol. Lande- sanstalt, new ser., vol. 190, pp. 1-131. 131

BIBLIOGRAPHY CONCLUDED

Weller, J.M., (194-9) Paleontologic classification; Jour. Paleont., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 680-690.

Wells, J.W., (194-4) New tabulate corals from the Pennsyl• vania of Texas; Jour. Paleont., vol. 18, no. 3» pp. 259-262.

Whiteaves, J.F., (1891) The fossils of the Devonian rocks of the Mackenzie River Basin; Geol. Surv. Canada, Contrib. to Can. Paleont. vol. pl. pt. 3, pp. 197-258.

Whittaker, E.J., (1921) Mackenzie River district between Great Slave Lake and Simpson; Geol. Surv. Canada, Summ. Rept. pt. B, pp. 45-55.

Williams, M.Y. and Bocock, J.B., (1932) Stratigraphy and palaeontology"of the Peace River Valley of British Columbia; Royal. Soc, Canada, 3rd ser., vol. 26, sect. IV, pp. 197-224.

Williams, M.Y. (1922) Reconnaissance across Northeastern British Columbia, and the geology of the northern extension of Franklin Mountains, N.W.T.; Geol. Surv. Canada, Summ. Rept., pt. B., pp. 65-87. APPENDIX A

GENUS AND SPECIES LOCALITY HORIZON REFERENCE

Acanthophyllum sp. Wapiti Lake area Palllser Member 2. Laudon et. al.,

Acervularia sp. Sulphur Mtri. Minnewanka lime• Warren, 1927, p.17 stone (lower part)

Acervularia sp. Trout River Lowest bed of Whittaker, 1921 Upper Devonian P. 53B Alveolites multl• Great Slave Middle Upper Personal commun• perforatus Lake area Devonian ication, H.W. Cummings.

Alveolites cf. Cripple Creek, Devonian This work, p. 91 A. multlperforatus Alberta A. aff. A. Job Creek, Devonian This work, p. 92 multlperforatus Alberta

A. multlperforatus North Branch, This work, p. 93 Saskatchewan River Mile-109, Banff- Jasper Highway

A. cf. rockfordensis Great Slave Middle Upper Personal commun• Lake area Devonian ication, H.W. Cummings.

Alveolites sp. ? Mount Hawk deWit and McLaren formation 1950, p. 13.

Aulopora repens Cripple Creek Cheviot form• Bell, 1951, Gap and North ation (Mount P. 53. Ram Gap Hawk member)

ro APPENDIX A CONTINUED

GENUS AND SPECIES LOCALITY HORIZON REFERENCE

Aulopora cf. repens Bluefly Creek, 1 Green shale This work, p. 118 North side; Gap north of Ram River

A. sp. A. Eaglenest Pass Platyrachella Warren and Stelck, at headwaters of cyrtinlformis 1950, p. 68 Wildhay River zone

Aulopora sp. Disaster Point, Upper Devonian Allan et. al., Jasper Park. 1932, p. 236. Aulopora sp. Root River, . Coral reef above Hume, 1921, N.W.T. Simpson shale p. 71B. equivalent Aulopora sp. ? Alexo formation deWit and McLaren, and Upper Mount 1950, p. 11. Hawk.

Breviphyllum (Campophyllum) Hay River Green and blue McConnell, 1888-89, ellipticum shales below p. 16D. limestone at the falls.

Breviphyllum (Campophyllum) Athabasaa River, ? Whiteaves, 1891, ellipticum 30 miles below p. 203. Red River

Charactophyllum sp. Bluefly Creek 1 green shale1 This work, p. 24 drift. APPENDIX A

GENUS AND SPECIES LOCALITY HORIZON REFERENCE

Chonophyllum magnificum Island in Peace High Middle Williams, 1932, River, 3 miles Devonian p. 201 above Clearwater Creek.

Cladochonus sp. Wapiti Lake area Palliser Member 2 Laudon et. al., and 3. 1949, p. 1518. Coenites sp. Wapiti Lake area Palliser member 3 Laudon et. al. 1949, p. 1518. Coenites sp. Sunwapta Pass area Fairholme formation Severson, 1950, 750 feet above base p. 1841.

Coenites sp. Bluefly Creek, ' Green shale1 This work, p. 96 north and south side; Gap north of Ram River.

Cyathophyllum athabaseense Mackenzie River Devonian Whiteaves, 1891, basin, and Atha• p. 202. basca River, 3 miles below the Calumet.

C. (Ceratophyllum) Hay River Upper Devonian Bassler, 1950, keratites p. 167. Cyathophyllum-like coral Dizzy Creek, Middle and Lower Erdman, 1950, Alexo Map Area Upper Devonian P. 74. APPENDIX A CONTINUED

GENUS AND SPECIES LOCALITY HORIZON REFERENCE

Cyathophyllum sp. Pipestone Pass, Pipestone formation Walcott, 1924, 9 miles north of (Upper Devonian) P. 51 Lake Louise on C.P.R.

Cyathophyllum sp. Root River, N.W.T. Coral reef above Hume, 1921, p. 58 miles upstream the Simpson 71B shale equivalent

Cyathophyllum sp. Disaster Point, Upper Devonian Allan et. al. Jasper Park. 1932, p. 236. Cystiphylloldes (Cysti• Ramparts, Mackenzie ? McConnell, 1888- phyllum) americanum Rivera- 89, p. 16D arcticum

C. americanum arcticum OnioniRiyer, lat. Lower Upper Bassler, 1950, 67° N. long. 1250 W. Devonian P. 167

C. americanum (Cystlphy- Is land in Peace High Middle Williams, 1932, Tlum vesiculosum) River, 3 miles Devonian p. 201 above Clearwater Creek.

Disphyllum (Diphyphyllum) Root River, N.W.T. Coral reef above Hume, 1921, p. 71B arundinaeeum 58 miles upstream Simpson shale equivalent.

D. arundinaeeum ? Peace River Upper Devonian Bassler, 1950, p.167

D. arundinaeeum Cripple Creek Gap Cheviot formation Bell 1951, P. 53 and North Ram Gap (Mount Hawk member) APPENDIX A CONTINUED

GENUS AND SPECIES LOCALITY HORIZON REFERENCE

Disphyllum cf. D. Hummingbird Creek D3 reef This work, p. 91 arundinaceum ~ Ram Creek Junction

Disphyllum cf. D.. South of Cripple Devonian This work, p. 91 arundinaceum ~~ Creek green shale

Disphyllum cf. D. Upper Coral Creek- Uppermost Mount This work, p. 91 arundinaceum ~ Bighorn Creek Pass Hawk formation

D. caespitosum ? Peace River, near Upper Devonian Bell, 1951, p.53 mouth of Little Red River.

D. camselli ? Mount Hawk form• deWit and McLaren, ation. 1950, p. 13.

D. camselli Cripple Creek Gap Cheviot formation. Bell, 1951, P. 53. and North Ram Gap (Mount Hawk member)

D. camselli ? Coral Creek Devonian This work p. 45

Disphyllum (Diphyphyllum) Crows Nest Pass Minnewanka lime• V/arren 1928, colemanense stone (lower part) p. 112.

Disphyllum (Diphyphyllum) Disaster Point Upper Devonian Allan et. al., colemanense Jasper Park 1932, p. 236.

Sunwapta Pass area. Fairholme formation Severson, 1950, (1100 feet above p. 1842. D. colemanense base)

North braneh of Devonian Coral This work, p.48 reef D. geinitzl? North Saskatchewan Mile 109 on Banff- Jasper Highway APPENDIX A C

GENUS AND -SPECIES LOCALITY HORIZON REFERENCE

D. cf. goldfuss! ? Mount Hawk deWit': and McLaren formation 1950, p. 13 D. stramlneum ? Mount Hawk deWit and McLaren formation 1950, p. 13 D. cf. D. stramlneum Bluefly Creek Upper Devonian This work, p. 52 1 green shale1

D. cf. D. stramlneum Roche Miette Upper Mount Hawk This work, p. 52 formation

D. (Diphyphyllum) sp. Crows Nest Lakes ? Dawson, 1885, p. 72B D. (Diphyphyllum) sp. Roche Miette 2,000 feet strati- McEvoy, 1900. graphically from top.

D. (Diphyphyllum) sp. Roche Miette area Intermediate lime• Dowling, 1911 stone

D. (Diphyphyllum) sp. Sulphur Mountain Minnewanka form• Warren, 1927, P. 17 ation (lower part)

D. (Diphyphyllum) sp. Fairholme Mountain Fairholme formation Beach, 194-3, pp. and Mount Romulus 13, 14.

D. (Diphyphyllum) sp. 'Sunwapta Pass area Fairholme formation Severson, 1950, 750 feet above base p. 1841.

1—1 -N3 APPENDIX A CONTINUED

GENUS AND SPECIES LOCALITY HORIZON REFERENCE

D. (Synaptophyllum) sp. Eaglenest Pass, Platyrachella Warren and Stelck, headwaters of north cyrtiniformis zone. 1950, p. 68 fork Wildhay River, Flathead Area.

D. (Synaptophyllum) sp. Alexo Map area Upper Devonian Erdman, 1950, near Dizzy Creek P. 74. D. (Synaptophyllum) sp. Wapiti Lake area Palliser member 2. Laudon et. al., 1949, p. 1518. Divers ophyllum traversense Hay River Upper Devonian Bassler, 1950, p. 167. Eridophyllum sp. Canadian Rockies . Banff limestone McConnell, 1886, P. 167. Favosites basaltica Island in Peace High Middle Williams, 1932, River, 3 miles Devonian p. 201. above Clearwater Creek.

F. digitata Hay River, 40 miles Devonian Eambe, 1899, p. 20 above mouth; Ram• parts on Mackenzie Vermilion Falls, Peace River

F. digitata Roche Miette area Intermediate Dowling, 1911, limestone p. 207. ) APPENDIX A CONTINDED

GENUS AND SPECIES LOCALITY HORIZON REFERENCE

F. limitaris 7 miles west of Jefferson Daly, 1912, p. 112 Flathead River, 2.5 limestone miles north of boundary.

F. limitaris Sulphur Mountain Minnewanka Warren, 1927, p. 17 limestone (lower part)

F. nitelia Island in Peace High Middle Williams, 1932, River, 3 miles above Devonian p. 201 Clearwater Creek.

Favosites sp. Alaska Highway Immediately Laudon and Chronic, in Stone Range below Fort 1949, p. 219 Creek Contact

Hellophyllum halli Harrogate Canyon, Late Middle or Shepard, 1922, B.C. Early Upper P. 367 Devonian

H. parvulum Hay River and Peace Upper Devonian Cameron, 1921, River at Vermilion p. 15B. Chutes.

Hellophyllum sp. Harrogate Canyon Upper Middle Walcott, 1924, or Lower Upper P. 51. Devonian (Bed equivalent of Pipestone formation.)

Hellophyllum sp. Pipestone Pass, Upper Devonian Walcott, 1924, 9 miles north of Pipestone formation P. 51 Lake Louise, C.P.R. APPENDIX A CONTINUED

GENUS AND SPECIES LOCALITY HORIZON REFERENCE

Hexagonaria percarlnata Wapiti Lake area Palliser member 2. Laudon et. al., 1949, p. 1518 H. percarlnata Alaska Highway, in Immediately below Laudon and Chronic, Stone Range Fort Creek contact 1949, p. 219. H. quadrigemlnum arcticum Porcupine River; Meek, 1867, p. 79. TCyathophyllnm arcticum) Grand River; near Devonian old Fort Good Hope

H. quadrigeminum arcticum Ramparts, Mackenzie McConnell, 1888-89 TCyathophyllum arcticum) River *> p. 16D. Hexagonaria cf. Coral Creek Devonian This work, p. 58 H. stewartae

Imperial River, Imperial formation Laudon, 1950, Hexagonaria biostrome N.W.T. P. 1565, Cripple Creek Cheviot formation Bell, 1951, P. 53 Macgeea solitaria Gap and North Ram (Mount Hawk member) Gap.

Macgeea solitaria Cripple Creek Devonian 'green shale1 This work, p. 62

Macgeea solitaria Bluefly Creek Flume formation This work, p. 62

Macgeea solitaria Job Creek Mount Hawk formation This work, p. 62

Macgeea sp. ? Mount Hawk formation deWit and McLaren, 1950, p. 13. Metriophyllum rectum Mackenzie River Upper Devonian Bassler, 1950, 10 miles below p. 168 Bear River. APPENDIX A ITINUED

GENUS AND SPECIES LOCALITY HORIZON REFERENCE

M. (Streptelasma) rectum Rocky River, near Rockspprobably McEvoy, 1900. Roche Miette of Devonian age

M. (Streptelasma) rectum Eastern foothills Devonian limestone Keele, 1910, p. 39' of Mackenzie with shaly layers Mountains

Microcyclus multiradiatus Onion River Upper Devonian Bassler, 1950, p. 168

Mictophyllum richardsoni Ramparts on Mack• Upper Devonian Bassler, 1950, p.168. enzie River; 40 miles above Fort Good Hope

Phillipsastraea Job Creek Mount Hawk formation This work, p. 67 breviseptatum

Phillipsastraea (Pachy• Peace River, Devonian Whiteaves, 1891, phyllum) devoniense between Vermilion p. 205. Falls and Little Red River

Phillipsastraea cf. South of Cripple Devonian, mostly This work, p. 69 P. devoniense Creek green shale

P. exigua Peace River Upper Devonian Smith, 1945, P.42

P. hennahii Hay River Shales below McConnell, 1888-89 limestone at falls p. 16D. of Hay River (?) APPENDIX A CONTINUED

GENUS AND SPECIES LOCALITY HORIZON REFERENCE

P. hennahii Hay River and Upper Devonian Cameron, 1921, Peace River at p. 158 Vermilion Chutes

P. nevadensis Peace River Upper Devonian Bassler, 1950, TPachyphyllum nevadense) p. 168.

P. ef. nevadensis Eaglenest Pass, Platyrachella Warren and Stelck, Tcf. maeouni) headwaters of cyrtiniformis 1950, p. 68. Wildhay River.

P. (Pachyphyllum) Pipestone Pass Pipestone formation Walcott, 1924, woodmani P. 51

Hay River Shales below lime• McConnell, 1888- P. verilli stone at falls of 89, p. 16D. Hay River (?)

Eastern foothills Devonian limestones Keele, 1910, with shaly layers P. verneuili of Mackenzie p. 39 Mountains.

Root River, N.W.T Coral reef above Hume, 1921, p. 58 the Simpson shale P. verneuili miles upstream 71B. equivalent

Wapiti Lake area Palliser formation Laudon et. al., (members 1 and 2) 1944, p. 1518. Phillipsastraea sp. Phillipsastraea sp. Alberta Equivalent of basal Warren, 1949, Hay River limestone p. 568 bed. APPENDIX A

GENUS AND 'SPECIES LOCALITY HORIZON REFERENCE

Philllpsastraea 2 spp. Sunwapta Pass Fairholme, 1100 Severson, 1950, area feet above base p. 1842.

Ptychophyllum 2 spp. Wapiti Lake area Palliser formation Laudon et. al., (members 1 and 2) 1949, ,p. 1518 Romingeria umbellifera Island in Peace High Middle Devonian Williams, 1932, River, 3 miles p. 201. above Clearwater Creek.

Spongophyllum pax Near Old Fort St, Upper Devonian Bassler, 1950, John. p. 168.

Spongophyllum sp. Wapiti Lake Area Palliser formation Laudon et al. (member 2) . 1949, p. 1518 Spongophyllum sp. Sunwapta Pass Area Fairholme formation Severson, 1950, 750 feet and 1150 p. 1841. feet above base.

Striatopora sp. Pipestone Pass, Upper Devonian Walcott, 1924, 9 miles north of Pipestone formation P. 51. Lake Louise on C.P.R.

Syringopora cf. perelegans Crows Nest Lakes Dawson, 1885, p.72B

Syringopora cf. perelegans Folding Mountain Limestone McEvoy, 1900. South of Prairie probably Devonian Creek.

OJ APPENDIX A CONTINUED

GENUS AND SPECIES LOCALITY HORIZON REFERENCE

Syringopora sp. Roche Miette area Intermediate Dowling, 1911i limestone p. 207

Syringopora sp. Island in Peace High Middle Williams, 1932, River, 3 miles Devonian p. 201 above Clearwater Creek.

Syringopora sp. Fairholme Mountain; Fairholme formation. Beach 194-3, pp. South Glasgow Palliser formation. 13, 14, 16. Creek.

Syringopora sp. Wapiti Lake Area Palliser formation Laudon et.al., (members 1 and 2) 1949, p. 1518 Tabulophyllum mcconnelli Cripple Creek area Perdrix shale This work, p. 32. Tabulophyllum Sp. Eaglenest Pass, nor• Platyrachella th fork, Wildhay cyrtiniformis Warren and Stelck River. zone. 1950, p. 68

Thamnopora cf. cervicornis Eaglenest Pass, Platyrachella Warren and Stelck Headwaters of cyrtiniformis 1950, p. 68 Wildhay River zone.

Thamnopora (Pachypora) Hay River and Green and blue' McConnell, 1888 cervicornis Ramparts, Mack• shales below 89, p. 16D. enzie River limestone at falls of Hay River (?)

T. (Pachypora) cervicornis Peace River between Upper Devonian Whiteaves, 1891, Vermilion Falls and p. 206 mouth of Little Red liver APPENDIX A

GENUS AND SPECIES LOCALITY HORIZON REFERENCE

Thamnopora cervicornis Brazeau Creek Devonian This work, p.106

T. labiosa Cripple Creek Gap Cheviot formation Bell, 1951, P.53 and North Bam Gap (Mount Hawk member)

T. polyforata Eaglenest Pass Platyrachella Warren and Stelck, headwaters of cyrtiniformis 1950, p. 68 Wildhay Elver zone

T. cf. T. polyforata North branch Devonian coral This work, p. 109 Saskatchewan River reef Mile 109, Banff, Jasper Highway,

T. cf. T. polyforata Cripple Creek area Devonian 'Coenites' This work, p. 109 reef.

T. cf. T. polyforata Job Creek Mount Hawk formation This work, p. 109

T. (Cladopora) roemeri Peace River near Upper Devonian Bassler, 1950, Vermilion Falls p. 167.

Thamnopora reefs Flume formation deWit and McLaren, (lower member) and 1950, p. 10. upper Mount Hawk.

Thamnopora sp. Wapiti Lake area Palliser formation Laudon et. al., (member 2) 1949, p. 1518

Thamnopora (Cladopora) sp. 7 miles west of Jefferson limestone Daly, 1912, p. 112 Flathead River and 2.5 miles north of boundary. APPENDIX A CONTINUED

GENUS AND SPECIES LOCALITY HORIZON REFERENCE

Thamnopora (Cladopora) sp. Boot River, N.W.T. Above Simpson shale Hume, 1921, p. 71B 58 miles upstream equivalent

Thamnopora (Cladopora) sp. Pipestone pass, 9 Upper Devonian Walcott, 1924, miles north of (Pipestone form• P. 51. Lake Louise on ation) C.P.R.

Thamnopora (Cladopora) sp. Windemere district Upper Devonian Walker, 1926, pp. (Starbird form• 34,35. ation.

Thamnopora (Cladopora) sp. Disaster Point, Upper Devonian Allan et. al., Jasper Park. 1932, p. 236. Thamnopora (Cladopora) sp. Fairholme mountains Fairholme formation Beach, 1943, and Mount Romulus throughout. p. 13, 14.

Thamnopora (Cladopora) sp. Alaska Highway in Immediately below Laudon and Chronic, Stone Range Fort Creek contact. 1949, p. 219.

Thamnopora (Cladopora) sp. Alberta Equivalent of Warren, 1949, basal Hay River p. 568. limestone bed.

Thamnopora (Cladopora) sp. Sunwapta Pass area Fairholme formation. Severson, 1950, 1100 feet above base p. 1842.

Thamnopora ( Cladopora) sp. Imperial River Ramparts formation Laudon, 1950, p. 1565. APPENDIX A CONCLUDED

GENUS AND SPECIES LOCALITY HORIZON REFERENCE

Zaphrentis mcfarlanei Anderson's River, Upper Devonian Meek, 1867, p. 83 lat. 67°N, long. (Bassler, 1950, 125°W. p. 168)

Z. recta Anderson's River Upper Devonian Meek, 1867, p. 82. lat. 67°N, long. (Bassler, 1950, 125°W. p. 168)

Zaphrentis sp. Crows Nest Lakes Dawson, 1885, p.72B

Zaphrentis sp. Banff-Golden Upper Devonian Allan, 1912, p. 172, 1913, P. 181.

M •I* ^3 TABLE INOMENCLATURE OF UPPER DEVONIAN STRATA OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS

BANFF BANFF CADOMIN JASPER EDMONTON ROCKY MTS. ROCKY MTS. Warren Beach Kelly Raymond Imperial Oil Fox DeWit & McLaren 1927 1°U3 1925 1930 191*8 & 1950 1951 1950

EXSHAW FM. EXSHAW FM. KILN FM. EXSHAW FM. EXSHAW FM. EXSHAW FM. ' Zone 7 OOSTIGAN UPPER MEMBER PALLISER FIDDLE FM, Zone 6 WASAMUN PALLISER MBINEWANKA FORMATION BANFF FORMATION FORMATION MORRO

FORMATION CORNACH FM. MEMBER FORMATION Zone 5

GRAMINIA ALEXO MEMBER FORMATION Zone k CHEVIOT LOWER CALMAR MEMBER FAIRHOLME FORMATION MOUNT HAWK Zone 3 MISKU (D2) FORMATION MINNEWANKA a IRETON 8 FORMATION BLACKFACE MEMBER PERDRIX PERDRIX FORMATION MOUNTAIN PERDRIX FORMATION FORMATION FORMATION FORMATION Zone.2 DUVERNAY MEMBER UPPER INTERMEDIATE FLUME COOKING FLUME MEMBER FORMATION FORMATION LAKE UPPER FORMATION LOWER MEMBER Zone 3 MEMBER MEMBER

After Bell 1951 148

PLATE I

MICROCYCLUS , METRIOPHYLLUM, ZAPHRENTIS , AND CERATOPHYLLUM

Figures 1-2 Microcyclus multiradiaturn Meek. (Page 9) La• te ral~lFTe!(r~oTri>o^ of calice. (XI). (After Meek 1867).

Figures 3-4 Metriophyllum rectum Hall, (Page 10) Two transverse sections. (X2) (After Smith 1945).

Figures 5-6 Zaphrentis recta Meek. (Page 12) Corallum and calice. [XI). (After Meek 1867).-

Figures 7-9 Zaphrentis mcfarlanei Meek. (Page 13) 7, Corallum (XI) ; 8, Longitudinal section through axis (XI); 9, Calice (XI) (After Meek 1867).

Figures 10-13 Ceratophyllum Gurich. (Page 14) 10, C. dohmi (Wedekind). Transverse section, late neanic stage. (XI.5); 11, Transverse section ephebic stage. (XI.5); 12, C. ceratites Goldfuss, view of lectotype. (X2/3); 15, C. ceratites. longitudi• nal section (X2/3). (After Stumm 1949). PLATE I 149

PLATE II

ACANTHOPHYLLUM, CYATHOPHYLLUM, AND HELIOPHYLLUM

Figures 1-3 Acantliophyllum heterophyllum Edwards and Haime"] (Page 15) I, Transverse section. Septa meet at the axis but do not twist; 2, Trans• verse section. Septa twist vertically at the axis; 3, Longitudinal section. (XI) (After , Smith 1945).

Figures 4-6 Cyathophyllum athabascense Whiteaves. (Page 15) 4, Side view of a very large speci• men; Longitudinal section through the center of the same; Transverse section through the same, below the base of the cup. (XI) (After Whiteaves 1891).

Figures 7-8 Cyathophyllum ceratites Goldfuss. (Page 17) 7, Side view; 8, Longitudinal section. (XI). (After Whiteaves 1891). PLATE II 150

PIATE III

HELIOPHYLLUM Al® CHARACT OPEYLLIM

Figures 1-2 Heliophyllum halli Edwards and Haime (Page 20) 1, Transverse section. (X1.5); 2, Longitu• dinal section. (22), (After Smith 1945).

Figures 3-5 Hellophyllum parvulum Whiteaves (Page 20) 3, Side view; 4, Longitudinal section; 5, Side view. (XI). (After Whiteaves 1891).

Figures 6-13 Charactophyllum nanum Hall and Whitfield (Page 23] 6, Lateral view of corallum. (XI); 7- 13, series of transverse section. (X2). (After . Smith 1945). PLATE III 151

PLATE IV

CHARACTOPHYLLUM, DIVERSOPHYLLUM, AMD MICTOPHYLLUM

Figures 1-3 Charactophyllum sp. (Page 24) 1, Trans• verse section through calice. (XI); 2, same (X2) of hypotype C5077; 3, Transverse section below calice and 4, Longitudinal section of hypotype C5083. (X2). •

Figures 5-7 Diversophyllum traversense Winchell. (Page 27) Diagramatic sections (XI 1/3) (Afte Sloss 1939).

Figures 8-11 Mictophyllum richardsoni (Meek). (Page 29) 8, Corallum (XI);-9, Transverse section. (XI.5); 10-11, Transverse section (half) longi tudinal section (Xl.~5) (After Smith 1945). PIATE IV 15S

PLATE V

TABULOPHYLLUM Al© SPONGOPHYLLUM

Figures 1-2 Tabulophyllum mcconnelli (Whiteaves) (Page 32) 1, Transverse section (X2); 2, Longitudinal section (XI). Hypotype C5058.

Figures 3-7 Tabulophyllum rectum Fenton and Fenton (Page . 34) 3-4,Longitudinal and transverse sections of the holotype; 5, Longitudinal view of allotype; 6- 7, Lateral view and transverse section of a'para• type. (All XI) (After Fenton and Fenton 1924).

Figures 8-10 Spongophyllum pax Smith (Page 36) 8,9,10, Transverse and two longitudinal sections of nolo type. (XI.5) (After Smith 1945). PIATE 7 153

PLATE VI

ACERVULARLA AND DISPHYLLUM

Figures 1-2 Acervularia ananas truncata (Wahlenberg) (Page 38) Transverse and longitudinal sections. (23) (After Smith 1945).

Figures 3-5 Disphyllum arundinaceum Billings (Page 41) 3, Lateral view. (XI); 4-5, Longitudinal and transverse sections. (X2). (After Lambe 1901).

Figures 6-8 Disphyllum cf. D. arundinaceum (Page 41) 6, Transverse section of several corallites of hypotype 5143; 7,8, Longitudinal sections of se• veral corallites of hypotype C5046. (A11~X2)."

Figures 9-10 Disphyllum caespitosum Goldfuss (Page 43) Diagramatic transverse and longitudinal sections. (X5) (After Lang and Smith 1935). PLATE VI 154

PLATE VII

DISPHYLLUM

Figures 1-2 Disphyllum camselli ? Smith (Page 46) Transverse and longitudinal sections of hypo• type C5028. (X2).

Figures 3-10 Disphyllum camselli Smith (Page 45) 3, 4, Longitudinal sections, (X2); 5-6, transverse sections (22, XIj; 7-8, Two longitudinal sec- . tions, (XI); 9-10, Transverse sections, of the same specimen, showing unusually long septa in section 10. (22j. (After Smith 1945).*

Figure..; 11 Disphyllum colemanense (Warren) (Page 47) Cross section of corallite, cotype. (X2). (After Warren"1928).

Figures 12-13 Disphyllum geinitzi ? Lang and Smith (Page 48) Transverse and longitudinal sections• of recrystallized specimen, holotype C5034,(X2). PLATE VII 155

PLATE VIII

DISPHYLLUM

Figures 1-4 Disphyllum goldfussi (Geinitz) (Page 50) 1, Exterior of corallum. (XI); 2,4, Transverse sections (XI.5); 3, Longitudinal section. (XI.5) (After Lang and Smith 1935).

Figures 5-20 Disphyllum stramlneum (Billings) (Page 51) 5,6, Transverse sections (XI, X2); 7, Longitudinal section (XI.5); 8, Transverse sec• tion;, (XI.5); 9,10, Longitudinal sections (XI.5, X4); 11, 12, Transverse sections (XI.5); 13,14, Longitudinal sections (X2); 15, 16, Transverse and longitudinal section (X4); 17, Transverse section drawing (X4); 18, Longitudinal section (X4); 19-20, Transverse and longitudinal section (X4) (After Smith 1945). PLATE VIII

18 19 20 156

PLATE IX

DISPHYLLUM AMD HEXAGONARIA

Figures 1-2 Disphyllum cf. D. stramineum (Page 52) Transverse and longitudinal section of holo• type 5128. (X2).

Figures 3-7 Hexagonaria percarinatum (Sloss) Page 56) 3,4, Diagrama11c transverse and longitudinal sections (X2); 5, Part of surface of corallum of holotype. (XI); 6,7, Transverse sections of para- types, (XI) (After Sloss 1939). PLATE IX 157

PLATE X

HEXAGONARIA

Figures 1-3 Hexagonaria quadrigeminum arcticum (Meek) (Page. 57) 1.2, Transverse and longitudinal sec• tions. (XI.5); 3, Drawing of the same. (X2) (After Smith 1945).

Figures 4-5 Hexagonaria cf. H. stewartae Stumm (Page 58) Transverse and longitudinal sections of hypotype C 5028. (X2).

Figures 6-8 Macgeea solitaria (Hall and Whitfield) (Page 61) 6, Transverse section through calice of hypo• type 5158, (X2); 7,8, Transverse section through calice, and longitudinal section below calice showing horse-shoe dissepiments, hypotype C5082 (X2). PLATE X 158

PLATE 21

MACGEEA AND PHILLIPSASTRAEA

Figures 1-3 Macgeea solitaria (Hall and "Whitfield) (Page 61) (continued from Plate 2). 1, Longitudinal sec• tions of hypotype C5042. (22); 2, Longitudinal sections of 2 hypotypes C5074. (22); 3, Serial sections of neanic stage of hypotype C5077, (22).

Figures 4-7 Phillipsastraea breviseptatum Stumm. (Page 67) Transverse and longitudinal thin sections of hypotype 5165, (22); 6, same, (21.3) and 7, pol• ished transverse section of hypotype 5165, (21.3). PLATE XI 159

PLATE XII

PHILLIPSASTRAEA

Figures 1-2 Phillipsastraea devoniense (Edwards and Haime) (Page 69) 1, A polished transverse section. {XI); 2, Part of the same, magnified. (After Edwards and Haime 1851).

Figures 3-5 Phillipsastraea cf. P. devoniense (Edwards and Haime) (Page 69). 3, View ef part of corallum, C5074; 4, Longitudinal and 5, transverse thin sec• tions of same. (X2). PIATE XII 160

PLATE XIII

PHILLIPSASTRAEA

Figures 1-7 Phillipsastraea exigua Lambe (Page 71) 1,2, Transverse sections (X3); 3,4, Transverse sections (X3, Xlj; 5,6, Transverse sections (X2.5, XI); 7, Longitudinal section. (X2.5) same specimen. (After Smith 1945).

Figure 8 Phillipsastraea nevadensis Stumm (Page 73) Transverse section (X2) (After Smith 1945). . PLATE XIII 161

PLATE XIV

PHILLIPSASTRAEA

Figures 1-4 Phillipsastraea verilli (Meek) (Page 75) 1, Part of surface of specimen (XI); 2,3, Trans• verse and longitudinal sections (XI.5); 4, Upper surface of smaller specimen (XI) (After Lambe 1901)

Figure 5 Phillipsastraea verneuili Edwards and Haime (Page 76) Upper surface of specimen (XI). (After Lambe 1901).

Figures 6-8 Phillipsastraea woodmani White (Page 77) 6, Large polished specimen (X£5); 7, Portion of a large specimen, approaching P. woodmani ordinatum in character (XI); 8, Portion of a polished sec• tion, showing pseudo-columella (XI) (After Fenton and Fenton 1924). PLATE XIV 162

PLATE XV

ERIDOPEYLLUM AND CYSTIPRYLLOIDES

Figures-1-3 Eridophylluni seriale Edwards and Haime (Page 79) 1,2, Transverse and longitudinal sections (X3.3); 3, Side view of holotype. (X.6) (After Stumm. 1949).

Figures 4-5 Cystiphylloides americanum (Edwards and Haime) (Page 81) Characteristic specimens all showing vesicular texture (XI) (After Stewart 1938). PLATE XV 163

PLATE XVI 0

CYSTIPHTLLOIDES

Figures 1-3 Cystlphylloides americanum (Edwards and Haime) (Page 81) (Continued from Plate XV) 1,2, Longitu• dinal transverse sections of corallum. (X1.6); 3, Longitudinal section showing marginal calicular gemmation in a gerontic corallum. (XI.6) (After Fenton and Fenton 1938).

Figures 4-6 Cystlphylloides americanum var. arcticum (Meek) (Page 82) 4~7 External view. (X.6); 5, Longi• tudinal and transverse sections. (X.6) (After Meek, 1867). PLATE XVI 164

PLATE XVII

CHONOPHYLLUM AND ALVEOLITES

Figures 1-3 Chonophyllum magnif icum Billings (Page .85) 1, Calicular view; 2, Calicular view of part of large corallite, and 3, Lateral view of eroded corallite. (After Rominger 1876).

Figures 4-5 Alveolites cf. A. multiperforatus (Page 90) Showing fragmented, laminar corals with fragments of Thamnopora, hypotype C5072, (X2). PLATE XVII 165

PLATE XVIII

ALVEOLITES

Figure 1 Alveolites cf, A. multlperforatus (Page 92) Thin section through axis of a gastropod encrusted • with Alveolites hypotype 5165 (X2)#

Figure 2 Alveolites multiperforatus ? Salee (Page 95) Showing Alveolites encrusted on a stem of Tham• nopora.

Figures 3-6 Alveolites rockfordensis Hall and Whitfield (Page 93) 3, upper surface; 4, lower surface; 5, 6, polished sections. (All XI) (After Fenton and Fenton 1924).

Figure 7 Alveolites vallorum Meek (Page 94) View of fragment of corallum. (X.6) (After Meek 1867). PLATE XVIII 166

PLATE . XIX

COENITES AND' FAVOSITES

Figures 1-2 Goenites sp. (Page 96) 1, Thin section of hypotype C5077, showing Coenites and a small spe• cies of Thamnopora (X2); 2, Same of hypotype C5080.

Figures 3-4 Favosites basaltica Goldfuss (Page 99) Draw• ing showing arrangement of tabulae and squamulae. (X5)' (After Lambe 1899).

Figures 5-8 Favosites limitaris Rominger (Page 102) Views of several coralla, a little less than natural size (After Rominger 1876)• PLATE XIX 167

PLATE XX

FAVOSITES AND THAMNOPORA.

Figure .1 Favosltes nitelia Winchell (Page 103) Views of four coralla, slightly less than natural size (After Rominger 1878).

Figures 2-5 Thamnopora cervicornis (De Blainville) (Page 105) 2, Corallum branches. (XI); 3,4, Transverse sections (X2, XI); 5, Transverse section. (XI). PLATE 168

PLATE.. XXI-

THAMNOPORA

Figure ,1 Thamnopora cervicornis (De Blainville) (Page 108) Transverse section of large subcylindrieal stem showing lateral outgrowths, hypotype C50L2 (X2).

Figure 2 Thamnopora labiosa (Billings) (Page 108) Several branching coralla, slightly less than natural size (After Rominger 1876).

169

PIATE XXII

THAMNOPOBA

Figures 1-7 Thamnopora polyforata Sehlotheim (Page 108) 1, Corallum branch embedded In a small colony of Alveolites suborbicularia; 2-4, Longitudinal sec- tions (X2, XI, XI.5) of the lectotype; 5, Trans• verse section (X2) of the same specimen: 6, Cor• allum branch also.embedded in a colony °r Alveolites suborbicularis. (Approximately natural size). (After Smith 1945). PLATE XXXI 170

PLATE XXIII

THAMNOPORA

Figures 1-3. Thamnopora.cf. T. polyforata (Page 109) 1, Transverse and longitudinal thin section of broken stems. (X2); 2, Polished section of bro• ken stems of hypotype C5071. (X2); 3, Polished section of part of corallum of hypotype 5143.

Figure 4. Thamnopora roemeri (Billings) (Page 111) Several partial branching coralla, slightly less than natural size. PLATE mn 171

. PLATE XXIV

SYRINGOPORA AND AULOPORA

Figure 1 Syringopora perelegans Billings (Page 113) . Lateral view of part of a corallum. (X.6) (After Rominger 1876).

Figure 2 Aulopora repens Edwards and Haime (Page 117) View of part of an irregularly developed cor• allum. (XI) (After Smith 1945). PLATE XXI? 172

PLATE XXV

AULOPOPA. CLADOCHONUS , AMD ROMINGERIA

Figure 1 Aulopora cf. A. repens (Page 118) View of partial coralla which exhibit tendency to form polygonal network.

Figures 2-6" Cladochonus tenuicollis McCoy (Page 119) 2, Lectotype (XI); 3, Syntype. Vertical section through calice and offset. (X2); 4, Syntype. Transverse section through calice (X2); 5,Syn- type. Transverse section through proximal por• tion (neck) of corallite (X2); 6, Syntype. Vertical section through calice. (X2) (After Hill and Smyth, 1938).

Figure 7 Romingeria umbellifera (Billings) (Page 120) Several broken coralla. (XI) (After Rominger 1876). PIATE XXV 1