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A Resume of the Geology of Arizona 1962 Report

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, , A RESUME of the GEOWGY OF ARIZONA by Eldred D. Wilson, Geologist THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF MINES Bulletin 171 1962 THB UNIVBR.ITY OP ARIZONA. PR••• _ TUC.ON FOREWORD CONTENTS Page This "Resume of the Geology of Arizona," prepared by Dr. Eldred FOREWORD _................................................................................................ ii D. Wilson, Geologist, Arizona Bureau of Mines, is a notable contribution LIST OF TABLES viii to the geologic and mineral resource literature about Arizona. It com­ LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS viii prises a thorough and comprehensive survey of the natural processes and phenomena that have prevailed to establish the present physical setting CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION Purpose and scope I of the State and it will serve as a splendid base reference for continued, Previous work I detailed studies which will follow. Early explorations 1 The Arizona Bureau of Mines is pleased to issue the work as Bulletin Work by U.S. Geological Survey.......................................................... 2 171 of its series of technical publications. Research by University of Arizona 2 Work by Arizona Bureau of Mines 2 Acknowledgments 3 J. D. Forrester, Director Arizona Bureau of Mines CHAPTER -II: ROCK UNITS, STRUCTURE, AND ECONOMIC FEATURES September 1962 Time divisions 5 General statement 5 Methods of dating and correlating 5 Systems of folding and faulting 5 Precambrian Eras ".... 7 General statement 7 Older Precambrian Era 10 Introduction 10 Literature 10 Age assignment 10 Geosynclinal development 10 Mazatzal Revolution 11 Intra-Precambrian Interval 13 Younger Precambrian Era 13 Units and correlation 13 Structural development 17 General statement 17 Grand Canyon Disturbance 17 Economic features of Arizona Precambrian 19 COPYRIGHT@ 1962 Older Precambrian 19 The Board of Regents of the Universities and Younger Precambrian 20 State College of Arizona. All rights reserved. Pre-Paleozoic Interval 20 Paleozoic Era 21 Library of Congress Catalogue Card number: 62-63826 Distribution and types of rocks 21 Development 21 General statement 21 Life 23 iii Paleozoic Era, Development (cont.) Page Mesozoic Era, Cretaceous System (cont.) Page Cambrian System . 23 Early Cretaceous stratigraphy . 50 Tonto group . 26 Cochise County . 50 Troy quartzite . 26 Other areas . 50 Bolsa, Coronado, and Abrigo units . 26 Sections including early and late Cretaceous rocks . 50 Ordovician System . 27 Patagonia Mountains . 50 Longfellow and EI Paso limestones . 27 Santa Rita Mountains . 51 Pogonip (1) limestone . 28 • Tucson Mountains . 51 Pre-Devonian disconformity . 28 Late Cretaceous sections . 51 Devonian System . 29 Greenlee County . 51 Development . 29 Deer Creek-Christmas area . 51 Formations . 29 Northern Arizona . 51 Devonian-Mississippian disconformity . 31 Central Arizona . 52 3l Mississippian System . Cretaceous igneous rocks . 52 31 Development . General statement . 52 Formations . 3l Ajo area . 53 Mississippian-Pennsylvanian disconformity . 31 Sauceda Volcanics . 53 Pennsylvanian and Permian systems . 31 Yuma County . 53 Division . 31 Western Mohave County . Development . 33 53 Economic features of the Cretaceous . Formations . 34 54 Economic features of the Paleozoic . 34 Metallic ores . 54 Metallic ores . 34 Nonmetallics . 57 Oil and gas . 36 Mineral fuels . 57 Nonmetallics , . 36 Undifferentiated Mesozoic . 57 Permian-Triassic unconformity . 36 Introduction . 57 Mesozoic Era . 37 General features . 57 Rock types and distribution . 37 Sedimentary rocks . 57 Mesozoic life . 37 Schist . 57 Triassic and Jurassic systems . 37 Gneiss . 57 Introduction . 37 Volcanic rocks . 57 Structural development . 40 Granitic rocks . 58 Area of deposition . 40 Economic features . 58 Southern Arizona . 41 Laramide Interval . 58 Northern Arizona . 42 Introduction .....................................................•...................................... 58 Sedimentary units . 42 Laramide features in the Plateau Province . 59 General statement . 42 Structure . 59 46 Moenkopi formation . General statement . 59 46 Shinarump conglomerate . Folds : . 59 Chinle formation . 46 Faults . 59 Glen Canyon group . 46 Kaibab Uplift . 59 San Rafael group . 47 Coconino Salient . Morrison formation . 47 62 Echo Cliffs Monocline . Economic features of the Triassic and Jurassic . 47 62 Southern and western Arizona . 47 Black Mesa Basin . 62 Northern Arizona . 48 Monument Uplift . 62 Pre-Cretaceous unconformity . 48 Defiance Uplift . 62 Cretaceous System . 49 Boundary Butte Anticline . 62 Introduction . 49 Mogol1on Slope . 62 Early Cretaceous . 49 Igneous rocks . 64 Late Cretaceous . 49 The Laramide in the Basin and Range Province and Transition Zone 64 iv v Page Physiography (cont.) Page Laramide Interval (cont.) Basin and Range Province . 90 Structure . 64 Ranges . 90 General statement . 64 Pediments ................................................................................................ 90 Folding in the Mountain Region . 64 Basins . 90 Folding in the Desert Region . 65 Regional subdivisions ...................................................................- . 93 Faulting . 66 Mountain Region . 93 Major intrusives . 68 Desert Region . 96 Minor intrusives ~ . 68 Transition Zone : . 96 Volcanic rocks . 68 Plateau Province . 96 Metamorphic rocks . 68 General features . 96 Sedimentary rocks . 70 Grand Canyon Region . 97 Economic features of the Laramide . 71 71 Mogollon Slope . 98 Cenozoic Era . Navajo Country . 98 General distribution of rock units . 71 Development . 74 CHAPTER IV: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY Character of record . 74 Introduction . 99 Structural events . 74 Geographic distribution of deposits and districts 99 Relation to sedimentation . 74 Historical summary :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 100 Relation to drainage . 74 Aboriginal period . 100 Igneous activity . 75 Spanish period . 100 General statement . 75 American period . 100 Eruptive rocks . 75 Early operations . 100 Minor-intrusive bodies . 79 Discoveries and developments . 100 Some Cenozoic tectonic features . 79 Production total . 100 Introduction . 79 Mineral deposits . 101 Examples of compressional effects . 79 Introduction . 101 Normal faults . 81 Metalliferous deposits . 101 Basin Ranges . 82 Commodities and mines . 101 Cenozoic life . 82 Copper . 102 Economic features of the later Cenozoic . 84 Gold . 102 Scope of discussion . 84 Silver . 102 Influence on pre-existing deposits . 84 Zinc ...............- . 103 Later Cenozoic metalliferous deposits . 85 Lead . 103 Manganese . 85 Molybdenum . 103 Placers . 85 Uranium . 103 Nonmetallics . 85 Manganese . 103 Sand and gravel . 85 85 Tungsten . 104 Clay materials . Vanadium . 104 Volcanic cinders and pumice . 86 86 Mercury . 104 Stone . Production summary . 104 Cement materials ~ . 86 86 Types of deposits . 105 Miscellaneous . Replacements . 105 Veins . 105 Pegmatites . 105 CHAPTER III: PHYSIOGRAPHY General features . 87 105 or~~:h~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 105 Area and river system . 87 .. ..:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Associated structural fea tures . 106 Provinces represented . 87 General statement . 106 Physiographic processes . 89 Shears . 106 Conditioning factors . 89 Folds, bedding slips, and thrust faults . 107 Mechanical erosion . 89 vii vi Metalliferous deposits, Structural features (cont.) Page Plate Page Tension fissures 107 XVI. Hoover dam on Colorado River . 54 Oxidation and supergene enrichment 107 XVII. Mission and Pima open-pit mines .. 55 Nonmetallic deposits 107 XVIII. Mesozoic granite and schist, Gila Mountains, Yuma County .. 56 Introduction 107 XIX. Hurricane Cliffs, northern Mohave County .. 63 Types of deposits 108 XX. Laramide granite, Cochise Stronghold, Dragoon Mountains .. 67 Production 108 XXI. New Cornelia open-pit mine, Ajo . 69 XXII. Laramide gneiss, Santa Catalina Mountains . 70 XXIIIA. Marine Tertiary beds, southeast of Cibola .. 73 APPENDIX XXIIIB. Tertiary conglomerate in northeastern Maricopa County .. 73 Some marine invertebrate Paleozoic and Mesozoic XXIV. Thrust fault in northeastern Yuma County .. 76 index fossils of Arizona 111 XXV. Dacite bluffs along Canyon Lake on Salt River .. 77 Glossary of selected terms 113 XXVI. Hell's Peak, southwest of Ray .. 78 Literature cited 119 XXVII. San Francisco Mountains, north of Flagstaff . 80 XXVIII. Quaternary basalt, Burro Creek, Mohave County . 81 INDEX :................................................................................................. 135 XXIX. S. P. Crater and basalt flows, San Francisco volcanic field .. 83 XXX. Teapot Mountain, northwest of Ray . 84 XXXI. Slopes on Paleozoic limestone, Mescal Mountains .. 88 LIST OF TABLES XXXII. Recent arroyo-cutting, southwest of Palomas Mountains .. 90 Table XXXIII. Erosional features in Chiricahua National Monument . 91 1. Data for Bolsa quartzite and Abrigo limestone 27 XXXIV. Santa Rita Mountains 92 2. Data for Devonian formations 29 XXXV. Plain of Santa Cruz v~ii~;..:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 93 3. Data for Mississippian formations 32 XXXVI. Desert-Region physiography, Tinajas Altas Mountains . 94 4. List of Pennsylvanian and Permian formations 32 XXXVII. Mogollon Rim and Transition Zone .. 95 5. Data for Pennsylvanian and Permian formations 33 6. References for Laramide and later structural features 65 Figure 7. Some Cenozoic and Laramide faults 82 1. Geologic time scale 4 8. Some important mineral discoveries and developments 101 2. Generalized pattern of shear-fracture directions 6 9. 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