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Petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic Alkalic Basalt Near the Eastern Boundary of the Basin-And-Range: Upper Grand Wash Trough, Arizona and Gold Butte, Nevada

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Petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic Alkalic Basalt Near the Eastern Boundary of the Basin-And-Range: Upper Grand Wash Trough, Arizona and Gold Butte, Nevada UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-1989 Petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic alkalic basalt near the eastern boundary of the Basin-and-Range: Upper Grand Wash Trough, Arizona and Gold Butte, Nevada Erin D Cole University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Cole, Erin D, "Petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic alkalic basalt near the eastern boundary of the Basin-and- Range: Upper Grand Wash Trough, Arizona and Gold Butte, Nevada" (1989). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/uilu-4lw7 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. These are also available as one exposure on a standard 35mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 1338253 Petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic alkalic basalt near the eastern boundary of the Basin-and-Range: Upper Grand Wash Trough, Arizona and Gold Butte, Nevada Cole, Erin D., M.S. University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 1989 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PETROGENESIS OF LATE CENOZOIC ALKALIC BASALT NEAR THE EASTERN BOUNDARY OF THE BASIN-AND-RANGE: UPPER GRAND WASH TROUGH, ARIZONA AND GOLD BUTTE, NEVADA By Erin D. Cole A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geology Department of Geoscience University of Nevada, Las Vegas August, 1989 The thesis of Erin D. Cole for the degree of Master of Science in Geoscience approved. Chairperson, (Dr. E. I. Sihith *... u / , Examining Committee Member, Dh E. M. Duebendorfer M . I Examlning'Coymnittee Member, Dr. S. M. Rowland Examining Committee Member, Dr. D. PypPyper-Smith Abstract Geochemical, isotopic, paleomagnetic, and geochronological studies of Late Miocene to Pliocene alkalic basalt in the upper Grand Wash Trough, Arizona and at Gold Butte, Nevada may place constraints on the petrogenetic history of the basalt and on the geometry of the crustal structures that may have served as conduits. The upper Grand Wash Trough lies near the east-central boundary of the Basin-and-Range Province in northwestern Arizona. Gold Butte lies 20 km west of the upper Grand Wash Trough. Basalt of the upper Grand Wash Trough is divided into three magma types. Type A basalt (9.15-9.47 Ma, Ce/Yb = 10-25, epsilon Nd = -1.14, and epsilon Sr = 7.6) occurs near Gold Butte, Nevada. Type B basalt (<4.7 Ma; Ce/Yb = 10- 20, epsilon Nd = - 6.95 and epsilon Sr = 1.46) occurs primarily in the central- upper Grand Wash Trough at Pakoon Springs and East St. Thomas Gap. Type C basalt flows and dikes (<4 Ma, Ce/Yb = 20-70, epsilon Nd = 3.49 and 6.75 and epsilon Sr = -4.57 and -17) occur primarily in the northern upper Grand Wash Trough at Mud Mountain. Geochemical modelling suggests that type B basalt can be derived from independent batch melts (5 to 10%) of spinel peridotite with limited fractionation (5 to 9% olivine plus Fe-Ti oxide). Similarly, geochemical modelling suggests that Gold Butte lavas can be derived from 2 to 3.5% batch melting of spinel peridotite with small amounts of fractionation (3-5% olivine and Fe-Ti oxide). The Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic data confirm the geochemical models and indicate that all three magma types are mantle derived and underwent little interaction with crustal material. Isotopic compositions of upper Grand Wash Trough and Gold Butte basalt are more similar to coeval alkalic basalt of the western Colorado Plateau and are unlike coeval basalt of the central Basin-and- Range Province. The restricted range in geochemical diversity, the lack of extensive fractionation suggested by geochemical modelling, combined with a similarity of paleomagnetic poles and a lack of paleosols or uncomformities in the flow stacks of type B basalt flows, suggests that the eruptive episode for type B lavas was short lived. The rapid ascent of magma through the crust requires high-angle zones of weakness to serve as conduits for magma transport. Gold Butte flows (type A) overlie the trace of the Gold Butte fault, a major N-NE striking strike-slip fault. Because paleomagnetic poles of the lava flows display little dispersion, and the flow stack is conformable, it is suggested that magma ascended through the crust rapidly. The rapid ascent of magma suggests that the Gold Butte fault may be a crustal penetrating structure that allowed magma to escape to the surface, contrary to some existing models on the role of strike-slip faulting in extensional terrains. Table of Contents A bstract................................................................................................................. iii List of Figures ..................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ....................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgments .............................................................................................. ix Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 P u rp o se .......................................................................................................... 1 Location and Previous Work .................................................................... 1 Regional Late Cenozoic Basaltic Volcanism .......................................... 4 Structural Setting ......................................................................................... 8 Description of Upper Grand Wash Trough and Gold Butte B asalt ................................................................................ 10 Geochemical Constraints on Crustal Structure ............................................. 15 Methods .............................................................................................................. 18 Petrography .......................................................................................................... 20 Lava Flows ................................................................................................... 20 Dikes and Plugs ............................................................................................ 21 Geochemistry....................................................................................................... 23 Major and Trace Element Variation ......................................................... 27 Isotopic D ata ................................................................................................ 33 Magma Types of Gold Butte and upper Grand Wash Trough Basalt ....................................................................... 38 Geochemical Models .................................................................................. 41 Magma Type A ..................................................................................... 41 Magma Type B and C ......................................................................... 44 Paleomagnetometry ............................................................................................ 46 Structural and Regional Implications of Upper Grand Wash Trough and Gold Butte Basalt ...................................... 52 Implications of Upper Grand Wash Trough Basalt ............................... 52 Structural Implications of
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