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Birth and Evolution of the Virgin River Fluvial System: ~1 Km of Post–5 Ma Uplift of the Western Colorado Plateau GEOSPHERE, V

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Birth and Evolution of the Virgin River Fluvial System: ~1 Km of Post–5 Ma Uplift of the Western Colorado Plateau GEOSPHERE, V Research Paper THEMED ISSUE: CRevolution 2: Origin and Evolution of the Colorado River System II GEOSPHERE Birth and evolution of the Virgin River fluvial system: ~1 km of post–5 Ma uplift of the western Colorado Plateau GEOSPHERE, v. 15, no. 3 Cory J. Walk1, Karl E. Karlstrom1, Ryan S. Crow2, and Matthew T. Heizler3 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, MSC03-2040, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, USA https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02019.1 2U.S. Geological Survey, 2255 N. Gemini Drive, Flagstaff, Arizona 86001, USA 3New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources–New Mexico Institute of Mining & Technology, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA 15 figures; 2 tables; 1 set of supplemental files CORRESPONDENCE: [email protected] ■ ABSTRACT steepness (ksn) and low underlying mantle velocity, whereas there is a weaker correlation between high k and resistant lithologies. Basaltic volcanism has CITATION: Walk, C.J., Karlstrom, K.E., Crow, R.S., and sn Heiz ler, M.T., 2019, Birth and evolution of the Virgin The uplift history of the Colorado Plateau has been debated for over a migrated northeastward at a rate of ~18 km/Ma parallel to the Virgin River River fluvial system: ~1 km of post–5 Ma uplift of the century with still no unified hypotheses for the cause, timing, and rate of between ca. 13 and 0.5 Ma, also suggesting a mantle-driven mechanism for the western Colorado Plateau: Geosphere, v. 15, no. 3, uplift. 40Ar/39Ar and K/Ar dating of recurrent basaltic volcanism over the past combined epeirogenic uplift of the western Colorado Plateau, recurrent slip on p. 759–782, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02019.1. ~6 Ma within the Virgin River drainage system, southwest Utah, northwest its bounding faults, and headward propagation and differential incision of the Arizona, and southern Nevada, provides a way to reconstruct paleoprofiles Virgin River. Thus, we interpret the Virgin River to be a <5 Ma disequilibrium Science Editor: Raymond M. Russo Guest Associate Editor: Andres Aslan and quantify differential river incision across the boundary faults of the Col- river system responding to ongoing upper-mantle modification and related orado Plateau–Basin and Range boundary. We compare differential incision basalt extraction that has driven ~1 km of young (and ongoing) surface uplift Received 7 June 2018 data with patterns of channel steepness, bedrock erodibility, basaltic migra- of the western Colorado Plateau. Revision received 15 December 2018 tion, and mantle velocity structure to understand the birth and evolution of Accepted 7 February 2019 the Virgin River system. New detrital sanidine ages constrain the arrival of the Virgin River across ■ Published online 17 April 2019 INTRODUCTION the Virgin Mountains to less than 5.9 Ma. Virgin River incision rates and amounts show an eastward stair-step increase in bedrock incision across The timing and processes of Colorado Plateau (CP) uplift from sea level multiple N-S–trending normal faults. Using block incision values away from at 70 Ma to its present 2 km average elevation have been debated for over a fault-related flexures, average bedrock incision rates are near zero since 4.6 Ma century. CP uplift likely occurred in three stages: Laramide, mid-Tertiary, and in the Lower Colorado River corridor, 23 m/Ma from 6.8 to 3.6 Ma in the Lake post–10 Ma (Karlstrom et al., 2012), but the relative magnitude of each uplift Mead block, 85 m/Ma from 3 to 0.4 Ma in the combined St. George and Hur- episode is debated. Neogene uplift (post–10 Ma) of the western CP has been ricane blocks, and 338 m/Ma from 1 to 0.1 Ma in the Zion block. Steady inci- suggested by differential incision studies of the Colorado River (CR) through sion within each block is documented by incision constraints that span these Grand Canyon (Karlstrom et al., 2007; Karlstrom et al., 2008; Crow et al., 2014). age ranges. We test two end-member hypotheses to explain the observed However, others explain the observed differential incision by means of geo- differential incision magnitudes and rates along the Virgin River system over morphic controls such as variable rock strengths (Pederson and Tressler, 2012; the past ~5 Ma: (1) as a measure of mantle-driven differential uplift of the Bursztyn et al., 2015; Darling and Whipple, 2015) and/or cyclic climate changes Colorado Plateau relative to sea level; or (2) due to river integration across (Small and Anderson, 1998; Molnar, 2004; Chapin, 2008), rejecting the young previously uplifted topography and differential rock types with down-dropping plateau uplift hypothesis. of Transition Zone blocks but no post–5 Ma uplift. We use the Virgin River (VR) fluvial system (Fig. 1) to further evaluate the We favor headwater uplift of the Colorado Plateau because basalt-pre- hypothesis that the CP has been uplifted relative to sea level in the past 5 Ma. served paleoprofiles indicate that eastern fault blocks have been the “active” The East and North forks of the VR form the headwaters of the river system at blocks that moved upwards relative to western blocks with little base-level an elevation of ~2.5 km. The VR and its tributaries carve deep bedrock canyons change of the lower Colorado River corridor in the past 4.6 Ma. Block-to-block (Zion, Parunuweap, and Virgin River Gorge) and cross several major normal differential incision adds cumulatively such that the Zion block (Colorado fault systems (Piedmont, Grand Wash, Washington, and Hurricane; Fig. 1) be- Plateau edge) has been deeply incised 880–1200 m (~338 m/Ma) over the fore ultimately joining the CR in what is now the Overton Arm of Lake Mead, 2.6–3.6 Ma period of Hurricane fault neotectonic movement, which has a slip at a pre-dam elevation of 225 m (Birdseye, 1924). The common base level at This paper is published under the terms of the magnitude of 1100 m. Mantle-driven uplift is implicated by a strong correla- the confluence of the CR and the VR since ca. 5 Ma that we document here CC‑BY‑NC license. tion throughout the Virgin River drainage between high normalized channel allows comparisons between Grand Canyon and Zion Plateau incision along © 2019 The Authors GEOSPHERE | Volume 15 | Number 3 Walk et al. | Birth and evolution of the Virgin River fluvial system Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article-pdf/15/3/759/4700994/759.pdf 759 by guest on 29 September 2021 Research Paper 114.0˚ W 113.0˚W PA Utah B Nevada Inset Map CC 2450 m (~10 Ma) 900 m NL (2-3 Ma) Ash F J Deep ra la D C ork a n h t i F n k t h r Sa r Zion t e o r h N V o NP s 200 m B a N MCJ a L e a (? Ma) W E v k 450 m e B y HU or e r C st F l SG Ea (2-3 Ma) l D BDM 1100 m West Temple a a V m w (17-15 Ma) Parunaweap 37.0˚N o 1100 m d W G a a (3.6 Ma) Canyon Utah e s h VG ˚N 37.0 Arizona M HB H ZB ssion p re A a ep F D t o e Figure 1. (A) The Virgin River (VR) watershed including 11 r r e n H t w v i ME o VM u P o R SGB major tributaries. Tributaries are colored in accordance e r r in m W r a o g d i r T Muddy Creek r c c i e a / with river profile groupings: blue—Main-stem VR and a r r i e V s e e P h n iv W i Formation e R i v its two forks; red—Colorado Plateau–Transition Zone n a in e Fig. 10C g s g S r h i 12000 m t o tributaries; purple—Basin and Range (BR) tributaries. V MM (13-10 Ma) n (B) Inset map of the primary area of interest. Major h h 115.0˚W s s a I N-S–trending normal faults (Piedmont, Grand Wash, a W W Washington, Hurricane, and Sevier-Toroweap) separate d n d a r n the western margin of the Colorado Plateau (CP) into A G a OA r four major structural blocks: LMB—Lake Mead Block; G LMB 3000 m SGB—St. George Block; HB—Hurricane Block; ZB—Zion (17-15 Ma) Bundyville Block. Other reference locations: ME—Mesquite, Nevada; 600 m Basalt Colorado River SG—St. George, Utah; HU—Hurricane, Utah; CC—Cedar ˚N 39.0 (? Ma) City, Utah; PA—Panguitch, Utah; MCJ—Mount Carmel Fig. 10A Grand Canyon Lake Mead 250-400 m Junction, Utah; BDM—Beaver Dam Mountains; MM— (3.6 Ma) N Black 300 m Mormon Mesa; OA—Overton Arm; VG—Virgin Gorge; (2-3 Ma) 20 km Mtns VM—Virgin Mountains; NL—Navajo Lake. White letters 113.0˚W (A–J) show locations of major knickpoints (see Table 1). Utah Nevada Values show displacement along faults with the timing in parentheses. Orange outline indicates the extent of 38.0˚N the Muddy Creek Formation. (C) Index map of the Virgin C River watershed in relation to the western United States. ˚N 38.0 r e iv B: Inset Map R e t i h W ˚N 37.0 Utah Virgin River ˚N 37.0 r Arizona ive Watershed R in irg V r ive Lovell Wash o R ad Basalt lor ˚N o 36.0 (Fig.
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