DOCSLIB.ORG

2040 Metro Vision Regional Transportation Plan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
2040 Metro Vision Regional Transportation Plan Adopted April 18,2018 2040 METRO VISION REGIONAL better! life make We TRANSPORTATION PLAN CONTENTS 1. Introduction .....................................................................1 A. What is the Metro Vision Regional Transportation Plan? ........................................................1 B. Relationship to DRCOG’s Metro Vision .......................................................................3 C. Federal Requirements .....................................................................................3 D. Public Involvement and Decision-Making Process. .4 i. Cooperative Decision-Making Process .......................................................................................................6 2. Transportation Challenges and Planning Assumptions ................................9 A. Growth Challenges ........................................................................................9 B. Land Development Challenges ..............................................................................9 C. Social Challenges .......................................................................................10 D. Transportation Challenges ................................................................................ 13 E. Environmental Challenges .................................................................................17 F. Funding Challenges ...................................................................................... 18 3. Metro Vision integration ........................................................21 A. A Connected Multimodal Region ...........................................................................23 4. Metro Vision Regional Transportation Plan System Components ......................35 A. Regional Roadway System ...............................................................................35 i. Roadway System Background .............................................................................................................35 ii. Congestion Management Process .........................................................................................................38 B. Public Transportation ....................................................................................41 i. Rapid Transit System ....................................................................................................................41 ii. Fixed Route Bus and Other Transit Services ................................................................................................41 C. Active Transportation (Bicycle and Pedestrian Travel) ........................................................ 41 i D. Transportation Demand Management ......................................................................42 i. Transportation Demand Management Background ...........................................................................................42 ii. Transportation Demand Management Structure and Providers in the Denver Region ..............................................................43 iii. Transportation Demand Management Strategies ............................................................................................45 E. Technology .............................................................................................47 i. Connected Vehicles and Autonomous Vehicles ...............................................................................................47 F. Safety .................................................................................................48 i. Safety Background ......................................................................................................................48 ii. Safety Improvements ....................................................................................................................49 G. Aviation ...............................................................................................50 H. Freight and Goods Movement .............................................................................52 I. Transportation System Management and Operations Improvements .............................................53 i. Roadway Operational Improvement Projects ................................................................................................53 ii. System Management and Operations Improvements .........................................................................................54 J. Transportation Security. 56 i. Transportation Security Partners ..........................................................................................................56 ii. Transportation Security Improvements .....................................................................................................58 K. Asset Management and System Preservation ...............................................................59 i. Roadway System and Bridge Preservation ..................................................................................................59 ii. Transit System Preservation ..............................................................................................................60 iii. Pedestrian and Bicycle Facility Preservation ...............................................................................................60 L. Conclusion .............................................................................................60 5. 2040 Fiscally Constrained RTP Financial Plan .....................................63 Introduction ...............................................................................................63 A. Background ............................................................................................63 B. Financial Plan Preparation Process ........................................................................64 ii i. Revenues ...............................................................................................................................64 ii. System Category Needs/Costs and Allocations ...............................................................................................73 iii. Regionally Significant Projects Evaluation and Prioritization ...................................................................................75 C. Summary Fiscally Constrained Revenue and Expenditure Results .............................................. 76 i. Needs and Expenditure Allocations ..........................................................................................................77 6. 2040 Fiscally Constrained Regional Transportation Plan ............................85 A. Freeways, Interchanges, and Roadways ....................................................................89 B. Freight and Goods Movement .............................................................................90 C. Rapid Transit ...........................................................................................91 D. Fixed-Route Bus and Other Transit Service ................................................................. 91 E. Managed Lanes .........................................................................................93 F. Other Modes, Services and Facilities .......................................................................93 G. Vision (Unfunded) Projects ...............................................................................93 H. 2040 Fiscally Constrained RTP System Characteristics ......................................................94 I. Amendments to the 2040 MVRTP. 98 7. Performance and Outcomes of the 2040 Fiscally Constrained RTP ..................101 A. Transportation System Performance Measures .............................................................101 i. Travel and Mobility Performance Measures ................................................................................................101 ii. Facility and Infrastructure Condition Performance Measures .................................................................................104 iii. MAP-21/FAST Act Performance Measures and Targets .....................................................................................108 iv. Energy Consumption Performance Measures .............................................................................................109 v. Metro Vision Performance Measures .....................................................................................................109 B. Environmental Justice ...................................................................................110 C. Environmental Mitigation ...............................................................................116 D. Air Quality Conformity. .123 iii E. Conclusion ............................................................................................123 Appendix 1 .......................................................................125 Regionally Significant Roadway Capacity Project Selection Process ..............................................125 DRCOG-Funded Projects ....................................................................................................................125 Project Scoring Evaluation Criteria ...........................................................................................................125 DRCOG Board Approved April 16, 2014 .......................................................................................................127 Appendix 2 .......................................................................129
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CODE of COLORADO REGULATIONS 8 CCR 1507-25 Division of State Patrol
    DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY Division of State Patrol RULES AND REGULATIONS CONCERNING THE PERMITTING, ROUTING & TRANSPORTATION OF HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR MATERIALS AND THE INTRASTATE TRANSPORTATION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN THE STATE OF COLORADO 8 CCR 1507-25 [Editor’s Notes follow the text of the rules at the end of this CCR Document.] _________________________________________________________________________ AUTHORITY The Chief of the Colorado State Patrol (CSP) is authorized by §42-20-108 (1) and (2) and §§42-20-403, 504, and 508, CRS, to promulgate rules and regulations for the permitting, routing and safe transportation of hazardous and nuclear materials by motor vehicle within the state of Colorado, both in interstate and intrastate transportation. Pursuant to §42-20-108.5, CRS, the Chief of the CSP is authorized to adopt rules and regulations which exempt agricultural products from the hazardous materials rules. APPLICABILITY These rules and regulations shall apply to all persons who transport, ship or cause to be transported or shipped, a hazardous material by motor vehicle over the public roads of this state. COMPLIANCE WITH 8 CCR 1507-1 All commercial vehicles that transport hazardous and/or nuclear materials shall comply with the rules and regulations found at 8 CCR 1507-1, Concerning the Minimum Standards for the Operation of Commercial Vehicles. GENERAL DEFINITIONS Unless otherwise specified, definitions of general applicability throughout these rules are: Enforcement Official: As identified within §42-20-103 (2), CRS, the definition of enforcement official is limited to a peace officer who is an officer of the CSP as described in §§16-2.5-101 and 114, CRS; a certified peace officer who is a certified Port of Entry (POE) officer as described in §§16-2.5-101 and 115, CRS; a peace officer who is an investigating official of the Public Utilities Commission (PUC) transportation section as described in §§16-2.5-101 and 143, CRS; or any peace officer as described in §16-2.5-101, CRS.
    [Show full text]
  • February 2021 NO
    RAIL REPORT February 2021 NO. 724 Rocky Mountain Railroad Club There Will Not Be A February Meeting In Barnes Hall Train Encounters of Stephen Peck Presented Via The Internet By Stephen Peck February 9, 2021 • 7:30 PM Stephen’s presentation will be a time line of his railroad experiences consisting of about half work and half railfanning. He is planning to high- light the more unique experiences of his work and projects. Starting from his first railroad job on the Coors Brewery Railroad, he has enjoyed a variety of experiences. From working at a small engineering firm in Durango, he started working evenings as a coach cleaner eventually working his way up to being a one day a week fireman. He worked for the George- town Loop on their project to restore the Tahoe passenger car. He was later invited to travel to Chile to assess the restoration of a Norris Brothers 4-4-0 locomotive built in 1850. – Continued on Page 2 – See Page 14 For Information On How To Sign Up And Participate RMRRC 2021 Calendar March 9th Monthly meeting and program of photos with John Crisanti. April 13th Monthly meeting and program. Due to circumstances beyond our control, programs and dates are subject to change without notice. Please contact Dave Schaaf with program ideas at [email protected] or 303 988-3456. Train Encounters of Stephen Peck The Brightline West train proposed for a Las Vegas to Los Angeles line. – Photo rendering by Stephen Peck. From there he went to work for Colo- ran. The next move was to work on the rado Railcar helping to build railcars and Napa Valley Wine Train.
    [Show full text]
  • May 2019 Proposed Service Changes
    May 2019 Proposed Service Changes BUS Route 0 – South Broadway Running time analysis resulting in schedule adjustments. Route 1 – 1st Avenue Move east terminal from Birch/Virginia to Virginia/Cherry, immediately behind King Soopers at Leetsdale/Cherry for operator restroom and customer convenience. Route 15 – East Colfax This proposal is an effort to relieve passenger overloads east of Monaco to VA Hospital by adding selected trips between 9:00am and 1:00pm. Move short turn recovery location from Oneida/Colfax to Leyden/Colfax, for operator restroom access. Close to Walgreens, McDonalds, 7-11. Add weekday bus for recovery and on-time performance. 16/16L – West Colfax Running time analyses on weekend services. Route 33 – Platte Valley Due to low ridership performance, it proposed that this route service be discontinued. Current ridership performance stands at 10.3 passenger per hour, which falls below the Urban Local ridership standard. This proposal would impact approximately 55 weekday passengers. Alternative service to the Route 33 can be found in using combinations of Central and West Light Rail corridors, Routes 4, 9, 30 and 30Limited. Route 36L – Fort Logan Limited Running time analysis, for operator recovery and on-time performance. No cost impacts are anticipated. Route 44 – 44th Avenue Reroute eastbound buses via Larimer Street instead of Lawrence, between Broadway and Downing. This change consolidates service onto the historic transit corridor, instead of being split between two streets. Bus stop improvement along northbound Larimer are currently underway in support of this reroute. No cost impacts are anticipated. Route 51 – Sheridan Boulevard This proposal would, formalize the current 4-block route detour in Englewood, which was put into effect due to the City having converted a part of Elati Street into a one-way operation.
    [Show full text]
  • Residence Inn Hotel Aurora, CO Traffic Impact Study
    Residence Inn Hotel Aurora, CO Traffic Impact Study Prepared For: Shiva Investments LLC 800 S. Abilene Street Aurora, CO 80012 City of Aurora Public Works Department 15151 E. Alameda Parkway, Suite 3200 Aurora, CO 80012 Prepared By: JR Engineering, LLC 7200 S. Alton Way, C400 Centennial, CO 80112 Contact: Eli Farney, PE, PTOE August 24, 2018 Residence Inn Hotel Aurora, CO Table of Contents Section 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 Section 2: Existing Conditions............................................................................................ 1 Proposed Zoning ............................................................................................................. 2 Study Area Boundaries ................................................................................................... 4 Existing Roadway and Transportation Network Description ......................................... 4 Data Collection ............................................................................................................... 5 Section 3: Proposed Conditions .......................................................................................... 7 Trip Generation ............................................................................................................... 7 Project Trip Distribution ................................................................................................. 7 Project Trip Assignment ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Concept of Operations Draft V04: 9/2015 I-70 East Tolled Express Lanes
    Concept of Operations Draft V04: 9/2015 I-70 East Tolled Express Lanes VERSION CONTROL DATE VERSION AUTHOR COMMENTS (INCLUDING REVIEW HISTORY) M. Moradi, A. Skinner, K. DePinto, D. Sprague, D. June 2015 Draft V0.1 R. Harb Liddle August 2015 Draft V0.3 M. Moradi Comments September Draft V0.4 R. Harb Comments reviews 2015 Concept of Operations i Draft V0.4 ACRONYMS ACRONYM DESCRIPTION AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials AET All Electronic Tolling ALPR Automatic License Plate Recognition ATM Active Traffic Management ATMS Advanced Traffic Management System ATR Automatic Traffic Recorder AVI Automatic Vehicle Identification AVC Automatic Vehicle Classification BOS Back Office System CCTV Closed-Circuit Television CDOT Colorado Department of Transportation CSC Customer Service Center CSP Colorado State Patrol CTMC Colorado Transportation Management Center CTMS Colorado Transportation Management System DMV Department of Motor Vehicles DRCOG Denver Regional Council of Governments DWL Double White Line Crossing E-470 E-470 Public Highway Authority ELOM Express Lanes Operations Manager ETC Electronic Toll Collection ETTM Electronic Tolling and Traffic Management FHWA Federal Highway Administration Free Flow Traffic moving freely without significant oscillation in average speed GP lanes General-Purpose Lanes HOT High Occupancy Toll HOV High Occupancy Vehicle HOV 2+ Two-or-more Person Carpool HOV 3+ Three-or-more Person Carpool HPTE High Performance Transportation Enterprise ICD Interface Control Document ILEV
    [Show full text]
  • Unleashing the Transformative Power of Culture and Creativity for Local Development
    OECD Conference on Unleashing the Transformative Power of Culture and Creativity for Local Development 6-7 December 2018 | Venice, Italy LOGISTICAL INFORMATION Last updated on 18 October 2018 ■ GENERAL INFORMATION Working language English/Italian (partial Italian interpretation provided) Date/Time DAY 1: Thursday 6 December, 2018 | From 8.45 to 17.30 DAY 2: Friday 7 December, 2018 | From 9.00 to 17.00 Location Scuola Grande San Giovanni Evangelista (Google map) San Polo, 2454, 30125 Venezia VE, Italy Registration Due to the limited number of places available, we kindly advise you to register via the online registration form as soon as possible and not later than 26 November 2018. Registrations will be processed in the order in which they are received. Registrations will close once the maximum limit is reached, even if that is before the official closing date. The organisers reserve the right to limit participation. Participation costs There is no participation fee. Travel, accommodation costs and visa fees are covered by participants themselves. Visa Please note that participants are responsible for obtaining their own visa for entering Italy if necessary. Please contact your Ministry of Foreign Affairs if that is the case. If you need at letter of invitation to obtain a visa, please note this in your registration and provide detailed information regarding your flight references and the correct date of arrival and departure. More information on Italian visas is available at the following site: http://vistoperitalia.esteri.it/home/en Website oe.cd/culture-conference Twitter @OECD_local #OECDCulture 2 ■ HOTELS IN VENICE The most convenient accommodation for participants to reach the Conference venue is Sestiere Santa Croce and Dorsoduro.
    [Show full text]
  • AGENCY PROFILE and FACTS RTD Services at a Glance
    AGENCY PROFILE AND FACTS RTD Services at a Glance Buses & Rail SeniorRide SportsRides Buses and trains connect SeniorRide buses provide Take RTD to a local the metro area and offer an essential service to our sporting event, Eldora an easy RTDway to Denver services senior citizen at community. a glanceMountain Resort, or the International Airport. BolderBoulder. Buses and trains connect and the metro trainsarea and offer an easy way to Denver International Airport. Access-a-Ride Free MallRide Access-a-RideAccess-a-Ride helps meet the Freetravel MallRideneeds of passengers buses with disabilities.Park-n-Rides Access-a-RideFlexRide helps connect the entire length Make connections with meet theFlexRide travel needsbuses travel of within selectof downtown’s RTD service areas.16th Catch FlexRideour to connect buses toand other trains RTD at bus or passengerstrain with servies disabilities. or get direct accessStreet to shopping Mall. malls, schools, and more.89 Park-n-Rides. SeniorRide SeniorRide buses serve our senior community. Free MallRide FlexRideFree MallRide buses stop everyFree block onMetroRide downtown’s 16th Street Mall.Bike-n-Ride FlexRideFree buses MetroRide travel within Free MetroRide buses Bring your bike with you select RTDFree service MetroRide areas. buses offer convenientoffer convenient connections rush-hour for downtown commuterson the bus along and 18th train. and 19th Connectstreets. to other RTD connections for downtown SportsRides buses or trains or get direct commuters along 18th and Take RTD to a local sporting event, Eldora Mountain Resort, or the BolderBoulder. access toPark-n-Rides shopping malls, 19th streets. schools, Makeand more.connections with our buses and trains at more than 89 Park-n-Rides.
    [Show full text]
  • I-25 Central Planning and Environmental Linkages (PEL) Study
    Existing Conditions Assessment I-25 Central Planning and Environmental Linkages (PEL) Study 2829 W. Howard Pl. Denver, CO 80204 [email protected] i25centralpel.codot.us This page intentionally left blank. Existing Conditions Assessment Contents Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Study Location and Description ........................................................................................................ 1 Public and Stakeholder Engagement ............................................................................................... 3 Feedback Received To-Date ...................................................................................................... 5 Transportation Planning Context ....................................................................................................... 7 The History of I-25 Central ............................................................................................................... 7 Existing Land Use Context ............................................................................................................... 7 Section 1: 20th Street to Colfax Avenue ..................................................................................... 8 Section 2: Colfax Avenue to US 6/6th Avenue ............................................................................ 8 Section 3: US 6/6th Avenue to Santa Fe Drive/US 85 .............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Floating Slab Mats 2020
    PRODUCT REFERENCE LIST Floating Slab Mats 2020 Year Network Project Product Type Type Track Load Total 2002 FR TBM Bordeaux: Tramway - Tramway 100 kN 31,000 m² Bordeaux 2002 PT Metro Lisbon: Odivelas, - Metro 100 kN 10,000 m² Lisboa Campo Grande & Falagueira station 2003 BE MIVB/STIB Brussels: Chaussée de - Tramway 100 kN 1,800 m² Charleroi - Phase 1 2003 Brussels: Chaussée de - Tramway 100 kN 5,250 m² Charleroi - Phase 2 2003 De Lijn Gent: Gent St-Pieters - - Tramway 100 kN 10,000 m² Flanders Expo 2003 FR TBM Bordeaux: Tramway - Tramway 130 kN 9,700 m² Bordeaux 2003 GR TRAM SA Athens: Kasamouli - - Tramway 100 kN 4,000 m² Panagitsas 2004 BE De Lijn Gent: Gent St-Pieters - - Tramway 95 kN 400 m² Flanders Expo 2004 ES GTP-FGV Valencia: Tram Valencia - Tramway 113 kN 200 m² 2005 BE MIVB/STIB Brussels: Avenue de - Tramway 100 kN 2,245 m² l'Hippodrome 2005 Brussels: Rue du Bailli - Tramway 100 kN 2,410 m² 2005 Brussels: Avenue - Tramway 100 kN 610 m² P.Janson 2005 Brussels: L94 - - Tramway 120 kN 600 m² Boulevard du Souverain 2005 Brussels: Montgomery - Tramway 100 kN 250 m² 2005 Brussels: Terminus - Tramway 100 kN 550 m² Boondael 2005 PT Metro Porto Porto: Metro do Porto - Tramway 100 kN 3,900 m² 2006 BE MIVB/STIB Brussels: Terminus - Tramway 130 kN 481 m² Louise Legrand 2006 Brussels: Montgomery - Tramway 100 kN 300 m² Fase 2 2006 Brussels: Montgomery - Tramway 100 kN 290 m² Fase 2E 2006 Brussels: Wielemans - - Tramway 100 kN 15 m² Van Volxem 2006 ES GTP-FGV Alicante: Tram Line 2 PANDROL FSM- Tramway 113 kN 690 m² L10 2020 © Pandrol 2020
    [Show full text]
  • ACRP Report 37 – Guidebook for Planning and Implementing
    AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH ACRP PROGRAM REPORT 37 Sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Guidebook for Planning and Implementing Automated People Mover Systems at Airports ACRP OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE* TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2010 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE* CHAIR OFFICERS James Wilding CHAIR: Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (re- Governments, Arlington tired) VICE CHAIR: Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore VICE CHAIR EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board Jeff Hamiel MEMBERS Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Airports Commission J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg MEMBERS Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson James Crites Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport Norfolk, VA Richard de Neufville William A.V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles Massachusetts Institute of Technology Eugene A. Conti, Jr., Secretary of Transportation, North Carolina DOT, Raleigh Kevin C. Dolliole Unison Consulting Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, and Director, John K. Duval Center for Transportation Studies, University of Virginia, Charlottesville Austin Commercial, LP Jeffrey W. Hamiel, Executive Director, Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN Kitty Freidheim Paula J. Hammond, Secretary, Washington State DOT, Olympia Freidheim Consulting Steve Grossman Edward A. (Ned) Helme, President, Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, DC Jacksonville Aviation Authority Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley Tom Jensen Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City National Safe Skies Alliance Debra L.
    [Show full text]
  • RTD I-225 Rail Line Montview Alignment Change
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE RTD Board Approves Moving Planned I-225 Rail Station from Montview to Fitzsimons Parkway CU Officials Commit to Shuttle Service from Fitzsimons Station to Anschutz Medical Campus DENVER, June 25, 2013—The Regional Transportation District (RTD) Board of Directors has approved a request from the University of Colorado (CU) Anschutz Medical Campus to relocate the planned Montview Station on the I-225 Rail Line to a new location at Fitzsimons Parkway. CU officials requested the station be moved due to concerns for adequate mitigation of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and vibration near sensitive research equipment at current and future medical buildings. This decision by the Board of Directors will allow the I-225 project team to identify environmental impacts and propose mitigation before moving forward with design and construction. “We will continue to collaborate with our partners to ensure that our project meets the needs of the greater community,” said RTD General Manager Phil Washington. “We will develop a solution that keeps the project moving forward while staying on budget.” During the 2007 - 2009 environmental and early design process, RTD and CU evaluated options for mitigating EMI and vibration from the train, but found that previous measures identified might not be sufficient for future technologies. Additional methods of mitigation were considered but found to be too costly. The project team aims to have a new alignment and station site determined, with design underway, by the end of the year. The I-225 Rail Line is a 10.5-mile light rail extension that will travel through the City of Aurora and make key connections to the Anschutz Medical Campus and the future VA Hospital.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report
    FINAL REPORT Metropolitan Centers: Evaluating Local Implementation of Regional Plans and Policies NITCN-RR-761 March 2017 NITC is a U.S. Department of Transportation national university transportation center. METROPOLITAN CENTERS: EVALUATING LOCAL IMPLEMENTATION OF REGIONAL PLANS AND POLICIES Final Report NITCN-RR-761 by Richard D. Margerum Rebecca Lewis Keith Bartholomew Robert G. Parker Stephen Dobrinich University of Oregon University of Utah for National Institute for Transportation and Communities (NITC) P.O. Box 751 Portland, OR 97207 March 2017 Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. NITCN-RR-761 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Metropolitan Centers: March 2017 Evaluating local implementation of regional plans and policies 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Richard D. Margerum Rebecca Lewis Keith Bartholomew Robert G. Parker Stephen Dobrinich 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Department of PPPM, University of Oregon Eugene, OR 97403-1209 11. Contract or Grant No. 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered National Institute for Transportation and Communities (NITC) 14. Sponsoring Agency Code P.O. Box 751 Portland, Oregon 97207 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract The Denver and Salt Lake City Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) have embarked upon regional visioning strategies that promote development around higher density, mixed use centers with current or future access to transit. This study examines the programs and policies in the Salt Lake City and Denver regions to examine regional vision influence on local planning and the opportunities and constraints facing centers.
    [Show full text]