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Critical Study and Ýdition of Manhaj Al-Ýawdb Fli Qubý Istikt5b Ahl Al-Kitrb of Nur Al-D-In

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Critical Study and Ýdition of Manhaj Al-Ýawdb Fli Qubý Istikt5b Ahl Al-Kitrb of Nur Al-D-In ýdition Critical Study and of Manhaj Al-ýawdb fli Qubý Istikt5b Ahl Al-KitRb Of NUr al-D-in 'Arl Ibn Abu-al-Fat4 Known as Ibn al-Durayhim By Ahmad MuhammadAhmad Al-Shamoubi M. A. AI-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt PART ONE A TBESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF TBE REQUIREMENTSFOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHELOSOPHY In the Departmentof Theology and Religious Studies University of Wales LamPeter 2000 DEDICATION To my respectedmother for her guidance,support and constantprayers and to my late father who passedaway while I was young, May Allah grant both of them al-Janna(paradise). ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AR praises be to ARah the Almighty who in his grace granted me this precious opportunity to embark upon this research,a task which could not have been accomplishedwithout His help. My first and foremostthanks are for Him. From the academic staff of the University of Wales Lampeter (UWL), I would like to first thank my supervisor Dr. Mawil Izzi Dien for his generous support and sincere assistance throughout the research period. His invaluable advice and excellent suggestions helped me a lot, not only to complete my researchbut also to guide me in the right direction during my 'new' life in this foreign country. Many thanks also due to Dr. Dawoud Al-Alami for his constant help and generous assistanceduring all the stages of this study. Special thanks also go to Prof. D. P. Davies for his kind and help. Also I would like to thank Prof. N. Robinson for his assistancewhen he was needed. Of the non-academicstaff of UWL, I would like to firstly thank,Ms. JayneChaplin, the secretaryof the Centrefor Islamic Studiesand Mrs. Marlene Albert, the secretary of the Departmentof Theology,for their help that they offered to me. I thank also all the staff of the AcademicComputer Service at UWL for all the facilities availablefor my use. Thanks also goes to all the staff of the UWL library for their co-operation throughout my study,especially Ms. Kathy Miles from the inter-library loan section, for getting me all my outsidematerials. I would also like to take this opportunityto thank all my friends in the Departmentof Theologyand religious Studies.I spentmy collegelife in Walesamong them, and by their prayersto God I was supported. I would also like to thank the Ministry of Educationin Egypt for grantingme this opportunityto study abroadand for giving me all the supportI neededto completemy research.A Special thanks also goesto the EgyptianEmbassy in London and all the staff in the Egyptian Educationaland Cultural Bureaufor their very helpful attitude towards me and all the Egyptianstudents in the UK. They really providedme with all that was necessaryto complete my researchby supportingme and settlingall the problemsI facedhere. III In Egypt, I thankmy University, AI-Azhar University in Cairo, and all the staff in the Faculty of Theology for their kind help. Specialthanks to the academicstaff in the Departmentof the Islamic Invitation (al-Da'wa al-lsldmiyya).I am also indebtedto Prof. Muhammad Abu Laila, the head of the Departmentof Islamic Studiesin the English language,who supportedmy decisionto studyabroad, and gaveme his useful advicc and gencrousassistancc. Last but not least,I thank my brothersMuhammad and Abd al-Sal5mwho helpedme a lot by sending me all the materialI neededfrom Egypt. Specialthanks to my wife Afaf for her support, patience and endurance, and to my children Alaa and Wafaa who are my sourcesof inspiration.My thanksare also due to my family and friendsin Egypt who alwaysremember me in their prayers. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments III Table of contents v Preface Vill Abstract Ix Introduction 1 Chapter One: A Study of the Book 3 Section 1: Authorship 4 Section2: Compilationof the Book 10 - Reasonfor Compilation 10 - Ibn al-Durayhim'sMethod of Compiling his Book 10 - The Controversyon the Validity of the Covenant 14 of 'Umar Section3: The Value of Manhqja1-$awJ'b 19 Section4: The Method of Investigation,copies used and Technicalmarks and symbols 23 Chapter Two: The Author and his Environment 29 Section 1: Ibn al-Durayhim'sLife, Educationand Written Work 30 His Life 30 His Education 32 His Written Works 34 Section 2: The Author's Political Environment 36 Section 3: The Author's Social Envirorunent 43 Section 4: Ibe Author's Cultural Environment 46 V ChapterThree: Dhimmi'sin the Time of the Author 49 Section 1: Definition of Dhimmis 50 - BecomingDhin2mis by Being relatedto Dhin=Meople 52 52 - Children - Wives 53 Section2: Dhimmis during Marnluk State 54 57 - The Crusade Wars 58 - The Mongol Attack - The Aggressive behaviour by DhIn2mis of the Marnluk State 59 - Employing Dhhnmis in the important Jobs Over Muslims 60 Section 3: The Position of Dbimmis in Islam 62 in 65 - The Rights and Duties of Dhin2mls Islam 65 a) The Rights of Mimmis (1) Freedom of Religion 65 Churches 68 - Establishment of Biya' and (2) Protecting Mimmis from Hann 71 (3) Protecting the Life and Property of Dhimmis 76 76 - Protecting their Life Property 79 - Protecting their (4) Caring for Dhhnmis in case of Poverty, Senility and Disability 81 b) The Duties of Mimmis 84 (1) The Financial Duties 84 vi (a) Al-Jizya (poll-tax) 84 (b) Al-Kbaaj (land tax) 87 (c) A]-'UshiZr (trade tax) 88 (2) The Social Dudes and the Awareness of Muslim Culture 89 The Employment - of Dhin2mis 92 a) Military Jobs 93 b) Non-Military Jobs 95 Dhimmls 101 - The Dressof - GreetingDhimmis with the Sal9m 103 Chapter Four: The Authorities Mentioned in the Manuscript 107 Appendix 1: The Glossary of Words mentioned in the Manuscript 154 Appendix 2: The Glossary of Places mentioned in the Manuscript 175 Conclusion 182 Bibliography 185 vii PREFACE Method of Transliteration The following system has beenfollowed in translatingthe Arabic words and names usedin the text. j Z 0t f b S q t sh k th I rj m r4 n t kh T h d W dh gh Y r LongVowels: d ShortVowels: a u Note: for -The Arabic Muslim names have generally been transliteratedexcept those untransliteratednames which have already beenused in English literature, suchas Allah, Islam and Quran. in beginning -The hamza was ignoredwhen it is maftU4or mak0ur the of words such as, Aýmad, Aqdr and Amwdl; also 1§154and Ilbds. "ar, is though it is -The definite article generallywritten, even when usedprior to sun letters and after vowels e.g. Ab-u al-Dardd' ( not Ab-UD-Darda' or Ab-UI-Dardd'). However,(wa al-) is written as (wal-) and (1i al-) is written as (lil-). viii Abstract From the beginningof Islam up to the presentdate the relationshipbetween Muslims and the Peopleof the Book (Jewsand Christians)living in the Muslim Statehas taken different forms. Most of the time the relationshiphas been one of toleranceand thus in according with the teachings of Islam. However the relationship has been sometimesa difficult one with intolerance and persecutionresulting in often from humanignorance or a lack of compassion. This study shedslight on many aspectsof this relationship during an important period of Islamic history in Egypt in the 8'h century A. H. / 10 century A. D. These insights were gained from studying and editing the book "Manhaj al-ýawdb f 11Qubb IstiktAb Ahl al-Kit5b", (The correct method to rectify the ugly practice of appointing the People of the Book in writing professions). The author of this book was Ibn al- Durayhim, who lived between 712 A. H. / 1312 A. D. and 762 A. H. / 1361 A. D. This study is divided into two parts.The first part consistsof a studyof the book, its author and the Dhimmis (the People of the Book) of that period, examining the position of Islam towards them. It contains an introduction, four chapters and two appendices. The introduction focuses on a description of the manuscript and the. detail, circumstances of its compilation. The first chapter discussesthe book in more examining its attribution to Ibn al-Durayhim, its compilation, its value, the method of is investigation and the copies used in its edition. In the secondchapter there a study The of the author and his political, social and cultural environment. third chapter State) in deals with dhi=is (the People of the Book who live in the Muslim the time the the background information on dhimmis during the of - author and provides Mamluk State and the position of dWmmis in Islam. The fourth chapter comprises a study of the biographies of people mentioned in the manuscript. There are two appendices at the end of this part of the thesis: the first is a glossary of ambiguous words used in the manuscript and the second is a verification of the places mentioned in the manuscriptand study.Finally the bibliographyconcludes the thesis. Ix The secondpart of the thesis consists of the Arabic edition of the book, which consists of eight chaptersplus indicesof the referencesused, including the Quranic verses and Aýddlth (the traditions of the Prophet (PBUH). x INTRODUCTION The text that this thesisattempts to examineand critically analyseis a text, which was writtcrr by- a- famous-and- important- Muslinr scholar, Ibn- al-Durayhim,on a rather unique and interestingsubject. It discussesthe employmentof the peopleof the book in clerical positionsin the Muslim State.It appearsthat the environmentin which the author composedhis book, played an importantrole in formulatingthe contentsof this manuscript. It was written in the period after the Mongol defeatby the Muslims in the battle of Ayn JaNt (658 A. H. /1260 A. D.). Without doubt at that time the Mongols representedone of the most powerful threatsto the entire Islamic world, which was also being threatenedby the Crusadersand their frequentcampaigns againstthe Muslim lands. Ibn al-Durayhim, perceived that the employment of non-Muslims in prestigious clerical positions was resulting in societalproblems, particularly for Muslims in the State.
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