DOCSLIB.ORG

Schiff/Iraq Paper

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Schiff/Iraq Paper JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY RICE UNIVERSITY Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Middle East: The View from Israel By Ze’ev Schiff The Isaac and Mildred Brochstein Fellow in Peace and Security James A. Baker III, Institute for Public Policy Rice University in Honor of Yitzak Rabin MARCH 2003 JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY RICE UNIVERSITY Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Middle East: The View from Israel By Ze’ev Schiff The Isaac and Mildred Brochstein Fellow in Peace and Security James A. Baker III, Institute for Public Policy Rice University in Honor of Yitzak Rabin MARCH 2003 © 2003 by the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University. This material may be quoted or reproduced without prior permission, provided appropriate credit is given to the author and the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy. Biography Ze’ev Schiff Ze’ev Schiff is the Isaac and Mildred Brochstein Fellow in Peace and Security at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University. The defense editor of the leading Israeli daily, Ha’aretz, Mr. Schiff is the author of several books and numerous articles on strategic and military subjects. His books include A History of the Israeli Defense Forces, Earthquake in October, Israel’s Lebanon War, and The Intifida (with Ehud Ya’ari). His articles have been published in magazines and newspapers such as Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, The National Interest, The New York Times, The International Herald Tribune, and The Los Angeles Times. Mr. Schiff has received a number of Israeli awards for journalism, including the prestigious Sokolov Prize. He is also the recipient of the President Haim Herzog Prize, awarded for special contribution to the State of Israel. Mr. Schiff has been a senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment and fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. He also has served on the council of the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London. Mr. Schiff is married with two children and resides in Tel Aviv, Israel. INTRODUCTION threat. If Saddam Hussein successfully devel- ops nuclear weapons, he and his regime would The most important objective of the confronta- threaten and imperil Israel’s very existence. tion with Iraq is the elimination of weapons of Because of Israel’s small geographic dimen- mass destruction (WMD). It is a strategic objec- sions and the concentration of its population tive that takes precedence over everything else in a narrow strip, that danger is greatly magni- and that, in certain circumstances, would con- fied. The threat to Israel will become many stitute a casus belli. All other goals of the con- times more intense if other countries in the frontation with Iraq are either secondary or a area, such as Iran, are armed with nuclear function of the chief objective. The demand to weapons. overthrow Saddam Hussein’s regime is based We need to bear in mind that of the coun- primarily on the assumption that as long as it is tries invading Israel during the 1948 war for in power, it would not be possible to eliminate independence, Iraq was the only one that did the weapons of mass destruction in Iraq be- not sign the armistice agreements with the cause Saddam Hussein would either prevent it newly established state. Iraqi leaders have de- or resume developing such weapons once the clared over and over again that they were at weapons inspectors accomplish their mission war with Israel. Saddam has called for the de- and leave Iraq. The planned overthrow of the struction of the Jewish State. In addition to the regime is also based on the assumption that 1948 war, Iraqi forces took part in the 1967 Six with weapons of mass destruction in his posses- Day War and the 1973 Yom Kippur (October) sion, Saddam Hussein would ultimately use War. During the 1991 Gulf War, Israel was the them against his neighbors. Saddam Hussein target of Saddam Hussein’s missiles, some 40 already has used these weapons twice. In the of which, launched from western Iraq, were Iraq–Iran war, he ordered the use of chemical aimed at its population. For fear that Saddam weapons against the Iranians. His brutality Hussein might use chemical weapons against reached its peak when, doubting their loyalty, Israel, gas masks were issued to the entire he used chemical weapons again against Kurds population. Iraq has also extended consider- in the Halabja region—his own citizens. able support to a number of terrorist organiza- The danger posed by weapons of mass tions operating against Israel. Saddam Hussein destruction in the hands of Saddam Hussein is makes a special point of donating large sums not restricted to the Middle East. Such weap- of money to families of Palestinian suicide ons could well reach radical terrorist organiza- bombers. tions that have absolutely no political or moral It is only natural that the Israeli intelli- restraints. They are liable to use WMD any- gence services should attach special impor- where in the world, against American, British, tance to all information concerning Iraqi Israeli or other targets—anyone, in fact, stand- efforts to acquire weapons of mass destruction. ing in their way. Clearly, the finger of Saddam However, Iraq is not the only intelligence tar- Hussein on the nuclear trigger could pose a get. Every other country in the region seeking serious threat to regional as well as interna- to make or obtain weapons of mass destruction tional stability. awakens Israel’s curiosity. Israel also keeps That can be said to be Israel’s official posi- track of other countries, often geographically tion, and its position on this issue is unequivo- remote, that are potential suppliers of weapons cal. Being on the front line facing Iraq, Israel of mass destruction. The basic assumption is considers the present situation to be a strategic that the production of WMD must be stopped; otherwise the region, and especially Israel, Should the war fail to eliminate the men- would be in a most precarious situation. ace of WMD from Iraq, other Middle East The Iraqi issue must not be treated as an iso- countries are likely to develop or try to obtain lated, self-contained problem. The fate of Iraq them. It is also possible that a number of Arab will profoundly affect the strategic picture of countries would one day form a coalition the whole Middle East and far beyond. In the aimed at obtaining nuclear weapons. Members region, a swift and smashing victory in Iraq of such a coalition might imagine that they would create many opportunities. A slow, lame, could resist international pressure and the and inconclusive victory that leaves WMD in threat of sanctions more effectively together the hands of Iraq could undermine regional rather than alone. If Saddam Hussein has suc- stability. Countries such as Saudi Arabia, ceeded in obtaining nuclear weapons, why not Bahrain, Qatar and Oman, and Jordan would do likewise? Some would call it a defensive face growing threats. Much of Israel’s deter- necessity. rence capacity would be blunted, and the The possibility that in addition to Iraq, temptation to attack Israel by various means, other Middle Eastern countries (like Iran or including WMD, would grow. Consideration of Libya) would become armed with nuclear benefits and risks of a war against Iraq, there- weapons could induce a change in Israel’s fore, requires the broadest possible strategic nuclear policy. So far, Israel has been firm in context. upholding its image as an undeclared nuclear Defeat of Saddam Hussein and the re- country. It neither confirms nor denies posses- moval of WMD from Iraq could, for example, sion of nuclear weapons. This obviously in- offer an excellent opportunity to address the volves avoiding any nuclear tests. If the Middle conflict between Israel and the Palestinians. East slips into multipolar nuclear arming, Is- Failure to exploit this opportunity would only rael could conceivably change its attitude and invite the Israeli Right and settlers to stick to its policy. Such a change might result from their settlement project in the territories. It security concerns, the hawkish political posi- would imply a continued Israeli occupation—a tions of an elected Israeli government, or the sure recipe for ongoing terrorism. It could end pressure of public opinion and the desire to in a military confrontation with Hezbollah and pacify such pressures. Israel could, for in- Syria, which backs it. To miss another such stance, decide on a nuclear test. It could give opportunity would cause endless trouble. An up its nuclear ambiguity and declare that it is a opportunity presented itself in 1991 when the nuclear country. It could decide to produce Bush Administration and Secretary James A. tactical nuclear weapons and reject the idea Baker, III set up the Madrid peace conference. that nuclear weapons are intended solely for Direct negotiations between Israel and some the case of a genuine threat to survival. With Arab delegations took place for the first time, Iran moving to achieve nuclear weapons, more resulting in the mutual recognition of Israel and more Israelis claim the need to build ca- and the PLO. Peace was signed between Israel pacity for a second strike, despite the vast in- and Jordan, and direct talks began between vestment this would require. Israel and Syria. Because of mistakes made by However, successful liquidation of WMD in both parties, some of these opportunities were Iraq would be a warning to whoever may be not properly utilized. Defeat of Saddam might planning to follow Saddam’s example in devel- offer the opportunity to resume the peace pro- oping such weapons.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Singapore, July 2006
    Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Singapore, July 2006 COUNTRY PROFILE: SINGAPORE July 2006 COUNTRY Formal Name: Republic of Singapore (English-language name). Also, in other official languages: Republik Singapura (Malay), Xinjiapo Gongheguo― 新加坡共和国 (Chinese), and Cingkappãr Kudiyarasu (Tamil) சி க யரச. Short Form: Singapore. Click to Enlarge Image Term for Citizen(s): Singaporean(s). Capital: Singapore. Major Cities: Singapore is a city-state. The city of Singapore is located on the south-central coast of the island of Singapore, but urbanization has taken over most of the territory of the island. Date of Independence: August 31, 1963, from Britain; August 9, 1965, from the Federation of Malaysia. National Public Holidays: New Year’s Day (January 1); Lunar New Year (movable date in January or February); Hari Raya Haji (Feast of the Sacrifice, movable date in February); Good Friday (movable date in March or April); Labour Day (May 1); Vesak Day (June 2); National Day or Independence Day (August 9); Deepavali (movable date in November); Hari Raya Puasa (end of Ramadan, movable date according to the Islamic lunar calendar); and Christmas (December 25). Flag: Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; a vertical white crescent (closed portion toward the hoist side), partially enclosing five white-point stars arranged in a circle, positioned near the hoist side of the red band. The red band symbolizes universal brotherhood and the equality of men; the white band, purity and virtue. The crescent moon represents Click to Enlarge Image a young nation on the rise, while the five stars stand for the ideals of democracy, peace, progress, justice, and equality.
    [Show full text]
  • How Hitler and Stalin Made Modern Poland
    The Wall Street Journal August 1, 2019 How Hitler and Stalin Made Modern Poland The neglected history of the Warsaw uprising helps explain the country’s nationalist politics today. by Sean McMeekin Members of the Polish resistance fight the Nazis in Warsaw, 1944. Photo: Photo 12/Universal Images Group via Getty Images Warsaw Thursday marks the 75th anniversary of the heroic yet doomed Warsaw Uprising against German occupation forces in Poland. Every Aug. 1 at 5 p.m., Poles mark the bitter occasion with a moment of silence for the fallen. Alarm sirens wail in a would-be call to arms that captures the defiant spirit of this proud, pugnacious nation. Warsaw’s stupendous Uprising Museum, one of the city’s few tourist attractions, illustrates the painful side of this defiance. For the battle of 1944 left behind almost nothing of old Warsaw for visitors to admire. The martyrs of the Polish Home Army lost not only their lives but also the city they loved. The fate of Warsaw—reduced to rubble by the vengeful cruelty of one dictator, Hitler, in unspoken connivance with his enemy doppelgänger, Stalin—epitomizes the catastrophe of World War II better than any other single event. Why, then, is this shattering episode in European history almost forgotten in the West? Perhaps because the battle for Warsaw does not have a happy ending. Germany’s eventual defeat did not mark the liberation of Poles but the beginning of another brutal occupation by the Communists. This unsettles the narrative of World War II as a “good war” and looms large over Polish and European politics to this day.
    [Show full text]
  • International Crisis and Neutrality: United States Foreign Policy Toward the Iran-Iraq War
    Mercer Law Review Volume 43 Number 2 Lead Articles I - The Legal Article 1 Implications of a Nation at War 3-1992 International Crisis and Neutrality: United States Foreign Policy Toward the Iran-Iraq War Francis A. Boyle Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.mercer.edu/jour_mlr Part of the International Law Commons, and the Military, War, and Peace Commons Recommended Citation Boyle, Francis A. (1992) "International Crisis and Neutrality: United States Foreign Policy Toward the Iran- Iraq War," Mercer Law Review: Vol. 43 : No. 2 , Article 1. Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.mercer.edu/jour_mlr/vol43/iss2/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Mercer Law School Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mercer Law Review by an authorized editor of Mercer Law School Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LEAD ARTICLES International Crisis and Neutrality: United States Foreign Policy Toward the Iran-Iraq War by Francis A. Boyle* Prescript This Article was written in 1986 and submitted to the University of New Orleans Symposium on Neutrality. The Article reflects the author's analysis regarding the United States military intervensionism into the Middle East with a special focus on the Persian Gulf region. The author analyzes the United States' policies to divide-and-conquer the Arab oil * Professor of International Law, University of Illinois College of Law, Champaign, Illi- nois. University of Chicago (A.B., 1971); Harvard Law School (J.D., magna cum laude, 1976); Harvard University (A.M., 1978 and Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Fighting for the King and the Gods
    FIGHTING FOR THE KING AND THE GODS Press SBL RESOURCES FOR BIBLICAL STUDY Editor Marvin A. Sweeney, Old Testament/Hebrew Bible Number 88 Press SBL FIGHTING FOR THE KING AND THE GODS A Survey of Warfare in the Ancient Near East Charlie Trimm Press SBL Atlanta Copyright © 2017 by Charlie Trimm All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by means of any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permit- ted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to the Rights and Permissions Office, SBL Press, 825 Hous- ton Mill Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Trimm, Charlie, 1977– author. Title: Fighting for the king and the gods : a survey of warfare in the ancient Near East / by Charlie Trimm. Description: Atlanta : SBL Press, 2017. | Series: Resources for biblical study ; number 88 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers:LCCN 2017021412 (print) | LCCN 2017026895 (ebook) | ISBN 9780884142379 (ebook) | ISBN 9781628371840 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780884142386 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Military art and science—History—To 500. | Military art and science— Middle East—History. | Iraq—History—To 634. Classification: LCC U31 (ebook) | LCC U31 .T75 2017 (print) | DDC 355.0209394—dc23 LC record available at hhps://lccn.loc.gov/2017021412 Press Printed on acid-free paper. SBL In memory of my father Press SBL Press SBL Contents Abbreviations and Sigla ...................................................................................ix List of Figures ................................................................................................xxiv 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran's Nuclear Ambitions From
    IDENTITY AND LEGITIMACY: IRAN’S NUCLEAR AMBITIONS FROM NON- TRADITIONAL PERSPECTIVES Pupak Mohebali Doctor of Philosophy University of York Politics June 2017 Abstract This thesis examines the impact of Iranian elites’ conceptions of national identity on decisions affecting Iran's nuclear programme and the P5+1 nuclear negotiations. “Why has the development of an indigenous nuclear fuel cycle been portrayed as a unifying symbol of national identity in Iran, especially since 2002 following the revelation of clandestine nuclear activities”? This is the key research question that explores the Iranian political elites’ perspectives on nuclear policy actions. My main empirical data is elite interviews. Another valuable source of empirical data is a discourse analysis of Iranian leaders’ statements on various aspects of the nuclear programme. The major focus of the thesis is how the discourses of Iranian national identity have been influential in nuclear decision-making among the national elites. In this thesis, I examine Iranian national identity components, including Persian nationalism, Shia Islamic identity, Islamic Revolutionary ideology, and modernity and technological advancement. Traditional rationalist IR approaches, such as realism fail to explain how effective national identity is in the context of foreign policy decision-making. I thus discuss the connection between national identity, prestige and bargaining leverage using a social constructivist approach. According to constructivism, states’ cultures and identities are not established realities, but the outcomes of historical and social processes. The Iranian nuclear programme has a symbolic nature that mingles with socially constructed values. There is the need to look at Iran’s nuclear intentions not necessarily through the lens of a nuclear weapons programme, but rather through the regime’s overall nuclear aspirations.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplemental Statement
    Received bv NSD/FARA Registration Unit 12/30/2019 11:55:09 AM OMB NO. 1124-0002; Expires February 28, 2014 U.S. Department of Justice Supplemental Statement Washington, dc 20530 Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended For Six Month Period Ending Nov 30, 2019 (Insert date) I - REGISTRANT 1. (a) Name of Registrant (b) Registration No. National Council of Resistance of iran-US Rep Offi 6171 (c) Business Address(es) of Registrant 1747 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Suite 1125 Washington, DC 20006 2. Has there been a change in the information previously furnished in connection with the following? (a) If an individual: (1) Residence address(es) Yes □ No H (2) Citizenship Yes □ No 53 (3) Occupation Yes □ No IS (b) If an organization: (1) Name Yes □ No E3 (2) Ownership or control Yes □ No H (3) Branch offices Yes □ No ® (c) Explain fully all changes, if any, indicated in Items (a) and (b) above. IF THE REGISTRANT IS AN INDIVIDUAL, OMIT RESPONSE TO ITEMS 3,4, AND 5(a). 3. If you have previously filed Exhibit C1, state whether any changes therein have occurred during this 6 month reporting period. Yes □ No 0 If yes, have you filed an amendment to the Exhibit C? Yes □ No □ If no, please attach the required amendment. 1 The Exhibit C, for which no printed form is provided, consists of a true copy of the charter, articles of incorporation, association, and by laws of a registrant that is an organization. (A waiver of the requirement to file an Exhibit C may be obtained for good cause upon written application to the Assistant Attorney General, National Security Division, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction Chapter 1
    Notes Introduction 1. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed. (Chicago: Univer- sity of Chicago Press, 1970). 2. Ralph Pettman, Human Behavior and World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1975); Giandomenico Majone, Evidence, Argument, and Persuasion in the Policy Process (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989), 275– 76. 3. Bernard Lewis, “The Return of Islam,” Commentary, January 1976; Ofira Seliktar, The Politics of Intelligence and American Wars with Iraq (New York: Palgrave Mac- millan, 2008), 4. 4. Martin Kramer, Ivory Towers on Sand: The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in Amer- ica (Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2000). 5. Bernard Lewis, “The Roots of Muslim Rage,” Atlantic Monthly, September, 1990; Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations,” Foreign Affairs 72 (1993): 24– 49; Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996). Chapter 1 1. Quoted in Joshua Muravchik, The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemma of Human Rights (Lanham, MD: Hamilton Press, 1986), 11– 12, 114– 15, 133, 138– 39; Hedley Donovan, Roosevelt to Reagan: A Reporter’s Encounter with Nine Presidents (New York: Harper & Row, 1985), 165. 2. Charles D. Ameringer, U.S. Foreign Intelligence: The Secret Side of American History (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1990), 357; Peter Meyer, James Earl Carter: The Man and the Myth (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978), 18; Michael A. Turner, “Issues in Evaluating U.S. Intelligence,” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 5 (1991): 275– 86. 3. Abram Shulsky, Silent Warfare: Understanding the World’s Intelligence (Washington, DC: Brassey’s [US], 1993), 169; Robert M.
    [Show full text]
  • Inc. He Is Also a FOX News Channel Foreign Affairs Analyst
    SSSPPPCCC SSSTTTRRRAAATTTEEEGGGIIICCC PPPOOOLLLIIICCCYYY CCCOOONNNSSSUUULLLTTTIIINNNGGG,,, IIINNNCCC... 1101 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20004; Tel: 202-756-2288; Fax: 202-318-8382; www.spconsulting.us ALIREZA JAFARZADEH BIOGRAPHY Alireza Jafarzadeh is the president of Strategic Policy Consulting, Inc. He is also a FOX News Channel foreign affairs analyst. Alireza Jafarzadeh is a well-known authority in issues relating to terrorism, and Islamic fundamentalism in Iraq, Iran, and the Middle East; Iran’s nuclear weapons program; and its internal political developments, including the anti- government demonstrations, the student movement, and human rights. The international concerns about Iran’s nuclear weapons program has largely arisen from Jafarzadeh’s stunning revelations about 7 major previously secret nuclear sites, including the sites in Natanz, Arak, Karaj, Ab-Ali, and Tehran. Jafarzadeh revealed the existence of Natanz uranium enrichment facility, and Arak's heavy water facility in August 2002, Ab-Ali centrifuge testing facility near Tehran in February 2003, two additional nuclear sites near Karaj in May 2003, and two other new nuclear sites in Kolahdouz military complex in Tehran, and Ardekan in July 2003. He unveiled the details of Iran’s development of bio-weapons in May 2003, and had previously provided valuable information about the Shahab-3 medium range missile. On April 27, 2004, Jafarzadeh revealed information that Iran, using some 400 nuclear experts, is now running a secret nuclear weapons program supervised by the military and the Supreme Leader parallel to their overt nuclear energy program. Jafarzadeh had previously unveiled in March, a secret meeting held earlier by Iran’s senior officials where they decided to speed up their nuclear weapons program, while faking cooperation with the IAEA.
    [Show full text]
  • From Incitement to Indictment
    Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 98 Article 4 Issue 3 Spring Spring 2008 From Incitement to Indictment - Prosecuting Iran's President for Advocating Israel's Destruction and Piecing Together Incitement Law's Emerging Analytical Framework Gregory S. Gordon Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Gregory S. Gordon, From Incitement to Indictment - Prosecuting Iran's President for Advocating Israel's Destruction and Piecing Together Incitement Law's Emerging Analytical Framework, 98 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 853 (2007-2008) This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. 0091-4 169/08/9803-0853 THE JOURNALOF CRIMINAL LAW & CRIMINOLOGY Vol. 98, No. 3 Copyright 0 2008 by Northwestern Universily, School of Law Printed in U.S.A. FROM INCITEMENT TO INDICTMENT? PROSECUTING IRAN'S PRESIDENT FOR ADVOCATING ISRAEL'S DESTRUCTION AND PIECING TOGETHER INCITEMENT LAW'S EMERGING ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK GREGORY S. GORDON* Israel must be wiped off the face of the map. -Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Let us consult yet, in this long forewhile How to ourselves we may prevent this ill. 2 ,-Homer On October 25, 2005, at an anti-Zionism conference in Tehran, Iran's president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, called for Israel to "be wiped off the face of the map "-thefirst in a series of incendiary speeches arguably advocating liquidation of the Jewish state.
    [Show full text]
  • Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: 1948– 1970
    PALESTINE AND THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT: 1948– 1970 by Dr Charles D. Smith, University of Arizona With the declaration of Israeli independence on May 14, 1948, the nature of the Arab-Israeli conflict and Britain’s role in it entered a new phase. Before Israel’s creation, the conflict was one between Zionism and the Palestinian Arabs that originated prior to World War I as a result of Jewish immigration into Palestine with the goal of ultimately creating a Jewish state. This objective had gained official recognition with the issuance of the Balfour Declaration by Great Britain on November 2, 1917. It promised British support to create “in Palestine a national home for the Jewish people,” understood by British and Zionist officials to mean a Jewish state in all of Palestine. Once the Balfour Declaration was incorporated into the 1922 British mandate for Palestine, Britain was obligated to prepare an incoming Jewish population for self-government, not the existing Arab population; mandates had been instituted with the idea of preparing local inhabitants for future independence. As the mandatory power responsible for Palestine, Britain had faced an Arab revolt in the 1930s which it had crushed, and then a Jewish revolt from 1945 onward demanding a Jewish state. Faced with world knowledge of the Holocaust and American pressure favouring Zionism, Britain decided to abdicate its responsibility and in February 1947 handed the Palestine question over to the newly formed United Nations, though British forces remained in Palestine to May 1948. The U.N. General Assembly approved recommendations for partition of Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state in November 1947, leading to intense civil strife between Jews and mostly Palestinian Arabs that resulted in the creation of Israel.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mujahedin-E Khalq in Iraq: a Policy Conundrum
    THE ARTS This PDF document was made available CHILD POLICY from www.rand.org as a public service of CIVIL JUSTICE the RAND Corporation. EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Jump down to document6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit NATIONAL SECURITY research organization providing POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY objective analysis and effective SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY solutions that address the challenges SUBSTANCE ABUSE facing the public and private sectors TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY around the world. TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE Support RAND WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND National Defense Research Institute View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND mono- graphs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. The Mujahedin-e Khalq in Iraq A Policy Conundrum Jeremiah Goulka, Lydia Hansell, Elizabeth Wilke, Judith Larson Sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense Approved for public release; distribution unlimited NATIONAL DEFENSE RESEARCH INSTITUTE The research described in this report was prepared for the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD).
    [Show full text]
  • The Propaganda War in Nasser's Egypt, 1952–1967
    DEFINING THE ENEMY AS ISRAEL, ZIONIST, NEO-NAZI, OR JEWISH: THE PROPAGANDA WAR IN NASSER’S EGYPT, 1952–1967 Michael Sharnoff President Gamal Abdel Nasser‘s repudiation that Egypt‘s conflict with Israel should be viewed in the context of Egypt‘s aversion to Zionism — not the Jewish people — requires a greater examination of the declarations and actions under Nasser‘s Egypt. To gain a more cogent understanding of Nasser‘s perception of Israel and Jews, it is necessary first to define anti-Zionism and antisemitism. Zionism is a political and nationalist movement which claims that Jews have the right to self-determination. Most Jews consider the manifestation of Zionism as the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948 — the rebirth of their nation after nearly 2,000 years in exile. Anti- Zionists claim they do not have specific grievances against the Jewish people per se, but rather they do not believe that Jews constitute a distinct nation requiring a homeland in Israel. Many anti-Zionists espouse radical views such as calling for the liquidation of the state of Israel and the expulsion of the Jews living there. The European Union Agency for Human Rights defines antisemitism as a certain perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews. Rhetorical and physical manifestations of anti-Semitism are directed toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and/or their property, towards Jewish community institutions and religious facilities. This includes calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing of Jews; dehumanizing Jews; holding Jews collectively responsible for real or imagined events; denying or trivializing the Holocaust; and accusing Jews of dual loyalties or being more sympathetic to Israel than their own nations.
    [Show full text]