DOCSLIB.ORG

Northern Highway of the Tsar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Northern Highway of the Tsar N o rt h e r n Hi g h w a y o f T he T sar BY AUBYN IREVOR- IjATTYE - r w - AUT HOR OF lcD BOUND 01! (014603? ” SAILOR. W ITH MAP AND ILLUSTRATED BY THE AUTHOR N o rt h e r n Hi g h w a y o f T he T sar BY AUBYN TREVOR BATTYE fl- AUTHOR OF ICl -BOUND ON KODGUI V ” SAILOR. W ITH MAP AND ILLUSTRATED BY THE AUTHOR b D W E STM INSTER ARCH IBALD CONSTABLE 8: CO 2 W H ITE HALL GARDENS 1 898 Sh i r t) BUTLER TANNB R. THE SELW D PRINTING W RK S OO O . FROMB AND L ND N . O O . INSCRIBED B Y G R A CIO U S PE R M ISS IO N TO HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY THE EMPEROR OF RUS S IA PRE FACE S OME o f the critics who reviewed Ice-bound on K ogmw were so kind as to express a wish that the author would write a sequel describing his subsequent journey through the tundras and forests o f high Northern f Russia, and many riends demanded the The s e n same. latter was as plea ing an u co rag e me nt as the other a pleasing surprise. Yet succeeding travels and much occupation have made it difficult before this to put into a readable form the events recorded in the f o . f diary that journey One word, there ore, about this account. There are five seasons in the year in vii PREFACE — f f Northern Russia our our, and a fi th , Ras tn a Ra s u n a pu y by name . p t y means “ o f literally the parting the ways, and is fo r w u used a period bet een aut mn and winter. Travelling by one o f the high northern trails is easy enough in summer when the ground f is dry and firm , is delight ul in winter when i w v the sleighs gl de over the sno , and o er the ice o f lake or river ; but in Rasputnya it is n o t f easy , it is very di ficult. and no one f f dreams o moving then . It is reezing one day and thawing the next, the ice charged fo r all rivers are dangerous boats , and the land is morass and swamp. During the whole o f October the Government postal o ff service is stopped , labour contracts are , and the keepers o f the stages are entirely freed from their usual obligation to supply T the traveller with horses or sleighs. his x e plains why, when an inquiry as to my PREFACE e fro m whereabouts was mad England, the inevitable answ er came that no new s could w m f arrive till the s a ps were rozen up. Certainly no Russian could imagine any person rash enough to try and travel then . But an Englishman is proverbially obstinate ; a I and me ntime , through these swamps was pushing on inch by inch by various shifts o f and devices . It is these that the story tells . The experience taught me more o f the ’ Russian peasa nt s character than could pos sib ly have been learnt u nder more favourable o f If chances travel . the reader will bear in mind that I was travelling in defiance o f all tradition, custom, and common sense , and that not one o f those I met was under any com ulsion p to lend me a hand , he will then ho w see good, on the whole, are the qualities f far- to be ound even among this away, isolated PREFACE ' as Of the R o cza ls I pe antry. ussian fii need T not speak. hey were, as I have always f m ound the , kindness , courtesy, and even f generosity itsel . I hope this little book will not be found uninteresting ; it rests its claims on Ras utn a Ras utn a . p y , and on p y alone As w A is well kno n , the late Emperor lex III w ander . al ays had much at heart the welfare o f the wild region here described ; f s there is, there ore, a double intere t in the acceptance o f the dedication o f this book by His Imperial Majesty the Emperor Nicholas . It would ill become me not to add, u nder a loyal sense o f a characteristic kind ness, that this honour is directly due to the personal intervention o f His Royal Highness the o f Duke York. C O N T E N T S CHAPTER VII A TOWN or THE OLD BELI EVERS CHAPTER VIII RASPUTNYA CONTENTS PAG CHAPTER IX HEADING FOR HOME CHAPTER X HAP r DE T A C TER o ACCI N S . CHAPTER XI HARD FACTS CHAPTER XII OLD FRIENDS AGAIN CHAPTER XIII A FRAGILE BRIDGE CHAPTER XIV A TRAGEDY CHAPTER XV To THE WHITE SEA CHAPTER XVI ARCHANGEL CHAPTER XVII To VOLOGDA CHAPTER XVIII Ar rER NOTE IN prepa ring Me accompa ny ing M ap of Me r iver s t m o Nor M West Russia I Iza ve Mo u y s e f , g ltt it better to omit all but Me more im orta nt n p a mes. l e na mes of Me va rious sma ll tr ibuta ries ref erred to in Me a ccount w ould only spoil Me clea rness of Me la n a nd Me sa me ma be sa id o sto in p , y f pp g For sa me rea son I Iza ve omitted places. Me Me n e o b ill T[u se re v r low a Me b i /ze ra s s. a e t st g f y g . Tb e smaller rivers g enerally rise in sw a mp or lo w It is a lw ay s difiicuIt to know w lteMe r to spell ro er na mes a s Me sound to E n lislt ea rs o p p . y g , r Tnus no tra veller w ould reco n ise i correctly . g n ‘ Askino a villag e un iversa lly called Obs/tin by eo le Mere et Me ormer is corr ect B u Me . t p p y f , Me w /zo le it Iza s seemed best to kee as ne on , p a r Me R ussia n a s may be a nd I a m indebted to my riend M r B r le H od etts a n accom lis/ze . a d f , y y g , p R ussia n sc/zola r or kind overha ulin m R ussia n , f ly g y na mes . LIST OF ILLU STRATIONS “ ” THE AUTHOR A NORTH RUSSIAN TRADER A PEASANT GIRL A CORNER o r THE FOREST ON SOLOVETSK CAUGHT IN THE ICE A TARANTASS GATEWAY o r THE MONASTERY ON SOLOVETSK Fa ce pag e 1 68 PU SUE S AND PU SUED 7 R R R GALLERY o r THE FORTI FICATIONS OF THE MONASTERY ON SOLOVETSK — ARCHANGE THE CATHEDRA AND QUAY 7 L L A W INTER MARKET PLACE 5 At en d CHAPTE R I T H E BELL -SHAPED G ULF T is no w two years S ince I put down o f my pen, having finished an account a considerable stay on the island Of Ko l uev S f g , which is ituated in that part o the A ’ rctic Ocean known as Barent s Sea. My sojourn there , though happy enough, had f o f - been en orced by the set the ice pack, which made it quite impossible fo r a ship to reach the island . I had two English com : T panions the first my camp man , homas f f Hyland ; the other a aith ul old spaniel dog, a by name Sailor. Poor de r old Sailor ! death has removed him since then to other — hunting grounds, whether happier or not, f r I do not know. I doubt it ; o he was a o f true philosopher, and so enviable a dis position that nothing came to him amiss . 1 B A NORTHERN HIGHWAY OF THE TSAR Whether the island was inhabited or n u inhabited had been very doubtful until this v b ut f h isit ; I ound Samoyeds there, wit e —fift - in their wiv s and children, y nine souls all T . hey tended reindeer, hunted such sea as l a n bears came in winter, seals a so, and c s oc asional walrus, and killed many thousand o f s T f r wild gee e. hese they salted o winter f T ood . hey dwelt in movable wigwams, w m a hich they called y , but which are better Mo m o . known to us by the Russian name , L t S iving hus with them , haring their f dwellings, their ood and their pursuits, I became much attached to these S imple f people, and le t them with many regrets . at For, when the ice length moved away, — two Russians traders in a small way v f isited the island in their wooden cra t. The secret o f the existence o f Samoyeds on Ko lguev had been so well kept by these men that it was unknown even to the sharp f f T intelligence o the Russian O ficials .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 4.3 National Holidays As a Multiplier of Ethno-Tourism in the Komi Republic
    Community development 161 4.3 National holidays as a multiplier of ethno-tourism in the Komi Republic Galina Gabucheva This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/5.3210 Introduction The Komi Republic has a vast territory, and a rich historical and cultural heritage. There is untouched wildness in most regions, which is a prerequisite for the development of various forms of tourism. A relatively new, but actively developing, sphere of tourism industry in the republic is ethnic tourism linked to the lifestyle and traditions of the Komi people. People increasingly want not just to travel in comfort, but also through a special experience where they learn and try something new. How did our ancestors live without electricity? How did they stoke the stove and light up the house? What tools and objects did they use in everyday life? How did they cultivate crops, hunt, and fish? How did they conduct holidays and feasts, what did they drink and eat, how did they sing and dance? Due to the geographic isolation of the Komi Republic, this Northern European ethnic culture is preserved in the form of traditions and customs, ideas about the world and beliefs, used instruments of labour, clothing and housing, monuments of antiquity, and legends and epic tales. This certainly provides a good basis for the development of ethno-cultural tourism in our region. Ethno-tourism in Komi Today, a number of ethno-tourism projects have been developed by some travel agencies within the republic.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Economy in the U.S.S.R
    STUDIA FORESTALIA SUECICA NR 39 1966 Forest Economy in the U.S.S.R. An Analysis of Soviet Competitive Potentialities Skogsekonomi i Sovjet~rnionen rned en unalys av landets potentiella konkurrenskraft by KARL VIICTOR ALGTTERE SICOGSH~GSICOLAN ROYAL COLLEGE OF FORESTRY STOCKHOLM Lord Keynes on the role of the economist: "He must study the present in the light of the past for the purpose of the future." Printed in Sweden by ESSELTE AB STOCKHOLM Foreword Forest Economy in the U.S.S.R. is a special study of the forestry sector of the Soviet economy. As such it makes a further contribution to the studies undertaken in recent years to elucidate the means and ends in Soviet planning; also it attempts to assess the competitive potentialities of the U.S.S.R. in international trade. Soviet studies now command a very great interest and are being undertaken at some twenty universities and research institutes mainly in the United States, the United Kingdoin and the German Federal Republic. However, it would seem that the study of the development of the forestry sector has riot received the detailed attention given to other fields. In any case, there have not been any analytical studies published to date elucidating fully the connection between forestry and the forest industries and the integration of both in the economy as a whole. Studies of specific sections have appeared from time to time, but I have no knowledge of any previous study which gives a complete picture of the Soviet forest economy and which could faci- litate the marketing policies of the western world, being undertaken at any university or college.
    [Show full text]
  • Subject of the Russian Federation)
    How to use the Atlas The Atlas has two map sections The Main Section shows the location of Russia’s intact forest landscapes. The Thematic Section shows their tree species composition in two different ways. The legend is placed at the beginning of each set of maps. If you are looking for an area near a town or village Go to the Index on page 153 and find the alphabetical list of settlements by English name. The Cyrillic name is also given along with the map page number and coordinates (latitude and longitude) where it can be found. Capitals of regions and districts (raiony) are listed along with many other settlements, but only in the vicinity of intact forest landscapes. The reader should not expect to see a city like Moscow listed. Villages that are insufficiently known or very small are not listed and appear on the map only as nameless dots. If you are looking for an administrative region Go to the Index on page 185 and find the list of administrative regions. The numbers refer to the map on the inside back cover. Having found the region on this map, the reader will know which index map to use to search further. If you are looking for the big picture Go to the overview map on page 35. This map shows all of Russia’s Intact Forest Landscapes, along with the borders and Roman numerals of the five index maps. If you are looking for a certain part of Russia Find the appropriate index map. These show the borders of the detailed maps for different parts of the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Increasing Risk of Great Floods in a Changing Climate
    letters to nature 10 1 uncertainty in climate-prediction ensembles . In addition, such a extreme-event risk analysis would bene®t from an increase in the 0.8 resolution of present-day climate models (with grid sizes of hun- dreds of kilometres). For example, it would clearly be of more direct 0.6 relevance for the decision problem discussed above if E was de®ned 0.4 by some speci®c river bursting its banks during a particular season. However, estimating the future risk of this type of event would 0.2 require feeding climate model output into a basin-speci®c hydro- 0 logical model. In general, climate model grid sizes of the order of ten 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 kilometres would be necessary to simulate precipitation statistics 1 adequately over a typical catchment area (though for rivers with Value b large catchment basins, such as the Brahmaputra, coarser climate 0.8 model grids may be adequate). An ability to estimate reliably the 0.6 probability of extreme climate events is an important factor in de®ning future computational requirements for the climate change 0.4 problem. M 0.2 Received 27 September; accepted 18 December 2001. 0 1. Houghton, J. T. et al. (eds) Climate Change 2001: The Scienti®c Basis (Cambridge Univ. Press, 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 Cambridge, 2001). C/L (%) 2. Palmer, T. N. Predicting uncertainty in forecasts of weather and climate. Rep. Prog. Phys. 63, 71±116 (2000).
    [Show full text]
  • Abandoned Settlements Village / Type When Abandoned History Population Former Occupations Remarks Settlement
    Abandoned settlements village / type when abandoned history population former occupations remarks settlement Afonikha shown on map as unpopulated place Arkhipovo relocation During the 1950s Appeared during the 2nd half of the 1905: 4 houses Main occupations were (Arkhipovskiy) village of the settlement inhabitants moved to 19th Century at the site of an Old 1922: 7 houses, 30 fishing and hunting Oma village soviet on the right the village Vizhas Believers’ settlement inhabitants side of the Vizhas river, 110 km from the river mouth Bedovoe village 3 In the 1960s the Appeared at the boundary of the 15th 1574: 4 sheds Fishery, transportation, Village of the Pustozersk village was classified and 16th Century an occupational 1679: 5 houses of city cattle farming village soviet on the right bank as “unprosperous”; camp. people from of the Pechora river, 20 km inhabitants left to Old Believers lodged here, escaping Pustozersk, 15 men from Oksino. Monument neighbouring Pechora from prosecution by the official 1837: 34 men (1991) of fellow countrymen villages and Naryan- church. 1858: 21 houses, 130 who fell during World War II, Mar inhabitants author A.N.Markov 1903: 31 farms, 139 (A.I.Mamontov, inh., including 12 M.J.Ruzhnikov, A.N.Markov). Nenets 1922: 30 houses, 150 inh. 1936: 126 inhabitants 1950: 17 houses, 96 inh. Chupov relocation In the 1960s the Appeared in the 2nd half of the 19th 1905: 5 houses Main occupations were Settlement (Chupovskiy) of settlement village was classified Century. First settlers were the 1922: 8 houses, 39 inh. fishing, hunting, cattle the Omsk village soviet, on the as “unprosperous”; Chupov family from the Mezen area.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Arctic Lay and Traditional Knowledge
    Study on Arctic Lay and Traditional Knowledge CONTRACT NUMBER MARE/2012/07 - Ref. No 3 Final Report June 2014 EUNETMAR Study on Arctic Lay and Traditional Knowledge This study was carried out by the following members of IMP . COGEA s.r.l. Leading company of EUNETMAR Rome - ITALY Via Po, 102, 00198 Roma www.cogea.it Tel: +39 06 85 37 351 e-mail: [email protected] CETMAR Bouzas-Vigo Pontevedra - SPAIN www.cetmar.org Disclaimer: This study reflects the opinions and findings of the consultants and in no way reflects or includes views of the European Union and its Member States or any of the European Union institutions. EUNETMAR Study on Arctic Lay and Traditional Knowledge Table of contents 0 Task Reminder ...................................................................................................................... 4 1 Background .......................................................................................................................... 5 2 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 6 3 Main difficulties encountered ............................................................................................... 7 4 LTK Themes .......................................................................................................................... 7 4.1 General introduction ............................................................................................................... 8 4.2 Theme I. Climate change Impacts, Mitigation
    [Show full text]
  • The Timan-Pechora Basin Province of Northwest Arctic Russia: Domanik – Paleozoic Total Petroleum System
    U. S. Department of the Interior U. S. Geological Survey The Timan-Pechora Basin Province of Northwest Arctic Russia: Domanik – Paleozoic Total Petroleum System On-Line Edition by Sandra J. Lindquist1 Open-File Report 99-50-G This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with the U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. 1999 1 Consulting Geologist, Contractor to U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado Page 1 of 40 The Timan-Pechora Basin Province of Northwest Arctic Russia: Domanik – Paleozoic Total Petroleum System2 Sandra J. Lindquist, Consulting Geologist Contractor to U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO March, 1999 FOREWORD This report was prepared as part of the World Energy Project of the U.S. Geological Survey. In the project, the world was divided into eight regions and 937 geologic provinces. The provinces have been ranked according to the discovered oil and gas volumes within each (Klett and others, 1997). Then, 76 "priority" provinces (exclusive of the U.S. and chosen for their high ranking) and 26 "boutique" provinces (exclusive of the U.S. and chosen for their anticipated petroleum richness or special regional economic importance) were selected for appraisal of oil and gas resources. The petroleum geology of these priority and boutique provinces is described in this series of reports. The Timan- Pechora Basin Province ranks 22nd in the world, exclusive of the U.S. The purpose of this effort is to aid in assessing the quantities of oil, gas, and natural gas liquids that have the potential to be added to reserves within the next 30 years.
    [Show full text]
  • DEVELOPMENT LUKOIL Group Sustainability Report
    years OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT LUKOIL Group Sustainability Report for 2020 Sustainability Report for 2020 LUKOIL Group 2020 LUKOIL for Report Sustainability 30 YEARS OF SUSTAINABLE We have defined LUKOIL’s next mission in the context of a global energy transformation as a “responsible hydrocarbon producer”. We believe DEVELOPMENT2 Message from the President 119 OUR EMPLOYEES that considering LUKOIL’s competitive of PJSC LUKOIL 4 30 years of sustainable development 123 Our goals advantages, the best we can do is to 6 Business model 124 Protecting workers during continue to supply the world economy 8 Geography the coronavirus pandemic 10 Strategic goals of LUKOIL Group regarding 126 Employment relations with the most efficient fossil energy sustainable development 129 Personnel characteristics resources, while at the same time 12 Material topics and issues of the Report 132 Social policy 136 Training and Development focusing on reducing the carbon 14 Our contribution to the UN Sustainable Development Goals in 2020 footprint of their production. 16 About the Report 139 SOCIETY 18 About the Company: highlights of the year 142 Product quality and customer relations Vagit Alekperov 146 External social policy priorities 21 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 155 Supporting indigenous minorities MANAGEMENT of the North President, Chairman of the Management Committee 25 Message from the Chairman of PJSC LUKOIL of the Strategy, Investment, Sustainability 156 CONCLUSION and Climate Adaptation Committee 27 Management System 33 Ethics and Human Rights 157 APPENDICES 37 Stakeholder engagement 157 Appendix 1. 40 Principles of sustainable development LUKOIL Group’s structure in production projects outside Russia 160 Appendix 2. 42 Supply chain Identification of material topics of the Report 44 Technologies 162 Appendix 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Predicting the Discharge of Global Rivers
    1AUGUST 2001 NIJSSEN ET AL. 3307 Predicting the Discharge of Global Rivers BART NIJSSEN,GREG M. O'DONNELL,DENNIS P. L ETTENMAIER University of Washington, Seattle, Washington DAG LOHMANN* AND ERIC F. W OOD Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey (Manuscript received 25 April 2000, in ®nal form 3 November 2000) ABSTRACT The ability to simulate coupled energy and water ¯uxes over large continental river basins, in particular stream¯ow, was largely nonexistent a decade ago. Since then, macroscale hydrological models (MHMs) have been developed, which predict such ¯uxes at continental and subcontinental scales. Because the runoff formulation in MHMs must be parameterized because of the large spatial scale at which they are implemented, some calibration of model parameters is inevitably necessary. However, calibration is a time-consuming process and quickly becomes infeasible when the modeled area or the number of basins increases. A methodology for model parameter transfer is described that limits the number of basins requiring direct calibration. Parameters initially were estimated for nine large river basins. As a ®rst attempt to transfer parameters, the global land area was grouped by climate zone, and model parameters were transferred within zones. The transferred parameters were then used to simulate the water balance in 17 other continental river basins. Although the parameter transfer approach did not reduce the bias and root-mean-square error (rmse) for each individual basin, in aggregate the transferred parameters reduced the relative (monthly) rmse from 121% to 96% and the mean bias from 41% to 36%. Subsequent direct calibration of all basins further reduced the relative rmse to an average of 70% and the bias to 12%.
    [Show full text]
  • First Finding of Archaeopteridaceae Wood in the Upper Devonian Deposits of the Middle Timan Region O
    ISSN 01458752, Moscow University Geology Bulletin, 2011, Vol. 66, No. 5, pp. 341–347. © Allerton Press, Inc., 2011. Original Russian Text © O.A. Orlova, A.L. Jurina, N.V. Gordenko, 2011, published in Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Geologiya, 2011, No. 5, pp. 42–47. First Finding of Archaeopteridaceae Wood in the Upper Devonian Deposits of the Middle Timan Region O. A. Orlovaa, A. L. Jurinaa, and N. V. Gordenkob a Faculty of Geology, Paleontology Department, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899 Russia b Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Profsoyuznaya 123, Moscow, 117997 Russia emails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Received October 26, 2010 Abstract—Stem remains of Archaeopteridaceae with a wellpreserved anatomical structure were firstly found in the Upper Devonian deposits of the Middle Timan Region. The wood was studied under SEM and REM and was identified as Callixylon trifilievii Zalessky. Previous findings of Archaeopteridaceae in the northern part of European Russia and some taxonomic problems of the species were discussed. Keywords: Late Devonian, Archaeopteridaceae, anatomical structure, cohortoid pitting, and Middle Timan Region. DOI: 10.3103/S0145875211050073 INTRODUCTION pendent division Archaeopteridophyta (Snigirevskaya, 2000); there are those who refer them to division Pro Archaeopteridaceae is one of the most mysterious gymnospermophyta (Taylor et al., 2009). groups of spore plants; it grew circumglobally during Archaeopteris Dawson and Callixylon Zalessky are the Late Devonian until the Early Carboniferous. the two most thoroughly investigated morphological Every new finding of these plants extends the sug genera of Archaeopteridaceae. The former is charac gested territories of the first forest vegetation in the terized by isolated leaf imprints and related reproduc history of the Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplement of Geosci
    Supplement of Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1343–1375, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1343-2018-supplement © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Supplement of LPJmL4 – a dynamic global vegetation model with managed land – Part 1: Model description Sibyll Schaphoff et al. Correspondence to: Sibyll Schaphoff ([email protected]) The copyright of individual parts of the supplement might differ from the CC BY 4.0 License. S1 Supplementary informations to the evaluation of the LPJmL4 model The here provided supplementary informations give more details to the evaluations given in Schaphoff et al.(under Revision). All sources and data used are described in detail there. Here we present ad- ditional figures for evaluating the LPJmL4 model on a plot scale for water and carbon fluxes Fig. S1 5 - S16. Here we use the standard input as described by Schaphoff et al.(under Revision, Section 2.1). Furthermore, we evaluate the model performance on eddy flux tower sites by using site specific me- teorological input data provided by http://fluxnet.fluxdata.org/data/la-thuile-dataset/(ORNL DAAC, 2011). Here the long time spin up of 5000 years was made with the input data described in Schaphoff et al.(under Revision), but an additional spin up of 30 years was conducted with the site specific 10 input data followed by the transient run given by the observation period. Comparisons are shown for some illustrative stations for net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in Fig. S17 and for evapotranspira- tion Fig. S18.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Pleistocene History?
    Tolokonka on the Severnaya Dvina - A Late Pleistocene history? Field study in the Arkhangelsk region (Архангельская область), northwest Russia Russia Expedition – a SciencePub Project 25th May – 2nd July 2007 written by Udo Müller (Universität Leipzig) to obtain a B.Sc. degree’s equivalent APEX Udo Müller (2007): Tolokonka on the Severnaya Dvina - A Late Pleistocene history? Table of contents Introduction 3 The Late Pleistocene in northwest Russia 6 The Tolokonka section 18 Profile log 21 Interpretation 34 Conclusions 39 Acknowledgements 41 Abbreviations 42 References 43 - 2 - Udo Müller (2007): Tolokonka on the Severnaya Dvina - A Late Pleistocene history? Introduction The Russian North has been subject to many different research expeditions over the last decade, most of them as an integral part of the QUEEN Programme (Quaternary Environment of the Eurasian North), in order to reconstruct the glacial events throughout the Quaternary and their relation to sea-level change and paleoclimate. Fig.1 shows the localities that have been investigated between 1995 and 2002 – river sections along the Severnaya Dvina and its tributaries, the Mezen River Basin, the coasts of the White Sea and the Barents Sea, as well as the Timan Ridge (KJÆR et al. 2006a). Fig. 1. The Arkhangelsk region in NW Russia. Dots mark localities investigated between 1995 and 2002 (KJÆR et al. 2006a). For orientation see frontpage. According to KJÆR et al. (2006a), the Arkhangelsk region represents a key area for the understanding of Late Pleistocene glaciation history, since it was overridden by all three major Eurasian ice sheets: the Scandinavian, the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea ice sheets.
    [Show full text]