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Man Mohan Adhikari Gestorben Man MohanAdhikari gestorben von Lhakpasherpani und Karr-HeinzKrämer Er war einer der letzten verHiebenen-Aär-ofr"tischen nepali_ Beieiner durchschni_ttlichen Lebenserwartung pal von in Ne_ qchen Politiker der ersten 55 Jahren.tttrMjnnei-tlä-i.i, Frauen) Garde Man Adhikari hat und er starb in einem Ärg;iHi"t, "r" .Mohan mit taCi'iö i;r;; ein setbstfür das Land ihn westticheIndustriestaaten hohei LäOeäsalter so dringendUrau"frie. Rund 32 Um so erstauntiche, erreicht. Prozentder Bevölkerunghatten iiiäiel,-öänffiä bedenkt,daß Scfr AenSpit- er wegenseiner oolitischen Gesinnung zenkandidaten der Jahren nebenüiefän -ögmmuni.f-'p"rtv of im indischen.Ueziehung;;;ü ";;;.il"nunwürdisen chinesischen Nepat-UnitedMarxist lehnisti-iöit-urur-t Exitweit über 1s .tanre nächsten premierminister "r" uni;; g"*ün"älrt; damit Bedinsunsenin Geräno19iäi.j;;'bä;^, erhiett soy,:. der. der Ranas er bei einer Meirüd;i;;ge nepalischen-KOnig"niUtur"n, Mahendra zwoieinhalb otwa und Birendraverbrachte. mal soviel StiÄmen-Lie sein großer Gegner vom 'Nepali Ungebrochenvon. Schicksalsschtägen Congress,,der Man bis zutetzifies91 trat Jahre K-ri"ffi; prasad -Mohan rti; ä;;iiti""n"n tdeate !l"pp {ünf itingää-w;s y1j UUgrz.gugungenein. Unbeirft ",-;'der Bhattarai. Wetchen *iiJ--äääar schen Politikerkreisen in nepati_ große ohne _weitverUreiiäien"Läri"nrteKorruption, :"i:rg tntegrationöfigur,M;; Mohan Vetternwirtschaft una rvtaätriöiJi Adhikari, einesaubere er stets beschreiien?resi-steii]''o"g 0"" Weste.tnternaliäia,r'";rh"if er Land lischenLinken den nepa_ ohne ihn noch *d;;;;;n Zeiten zu Alge-fre1;;tr- tö;Jnistiscne roeo_ entgegengeht. logienwettweit an Einftuß'*rt"ä.'iv;iionat stieg er zu einerpolitischen Größe ."f, mit äi"'t ^ äLt "in" Ebene den beidenanderen ganz großendemokratischen Potitikern.Nepatssteut, aä" ,rrr"p"ti gress'-Führern ""!lääänäi Con- Bishweshwarp;;;aä'K;irata '---- '\vr und neshMan Singh Shrestha. Ga- Lebensstationen Mohan ..M."n Adhikarierblickte am 20.Juni l92O KathmandusStadtteit in t"iiriäioä'ri"*h, der wett. Er 60 Südasienil-{,Igg lr-.- Nepel heiratete im Juli 1954, für nepalische Verhältnisse also recht spät, Sadhana, die ihm einen Sohn und eine Tochter gebar. Die Heirat eines Brahmanen mit einer Newar-Frau ist noch heute sehr ungewöhnlich; damals war es eine Art Sensation. Wie viele Kinder Land besitzender Brahmanen, ge- noß Man Mohan das Glück, eine fundierte, in seinem Fall naturwissenschaftliche, Ausbildung an indischen Schulen und Universitäten zu erhalten. In dieser Zeit formte sich auch sein politisches Bewußtsein. Von 1942 bis 1947 engagierte 'Communist er sich in Benares in der Party of India' (CPl), der 'All lndia 'Mugalsaraya Students Federation' und der Trade Union'. 1942 nahm er aktiv am Quit India Mo- vement' teil, wofür er von den Briten für 18 Monate inhaftiert wurde. Anfang 1947, zu einem Zeitpunkt, als die Oppositi- onspolitik gegen die Ranas noch überwiegend im indF schen Exil stattfand, begab sich Man Mohan Adhikari nach Biratnagar,im ostnepalischenTarai, wo er in der bekannten Jutemühle arbeitete. Kurz darauf organi- sierte er dort einen großen Arbeiterstreik, der den Auftakt der parteipolitischen Aktivität€n zum Sturz der Rana-Oligarchiedarstellte. Die Führer des im indi= 'Nepali schen Exil gegründeten Congress' (NC) um B.P. Koirala stießen erst später hinzu und übernahmen die Regie, weswegen ihnen heute in der Regel fälschlicherweisedie Hauptrolle im Jutenmühlenstreik zugeschriebenwird. Man Mohan Adhikari wurde wegen seiner Führungs- rolle von den Ranas für knapp drei Jahr inhaftiert; er kam nach einem 28tägigen Hungerstreik frei und be- gab sich nach Calcutta, wo er am 15. September 'Nepal 1949 zu den Gründungsvätern der Communist (Foto: Wdrer lcller) Party' (NCPI gehörte, als deren erster Generalsekretär er 1953 auf dem ersten Parteikongreßgewählt wer- fer für die Einführung eines Vielparteiensystems. Er den sollte. Am vom NC gesteuerten militanten Auf- eröffnete nicht nur den Reigen der öffentlichen Reden gegen g50 stand das Rana-Regime(November l bis von Parteipolitikern in Kathmandu, sondern er be- Januar 19511 beteiligtesich Adhikari aktiv in Ostne- suchte auch persönlich 65 der 75 Distrikte des Lan- pal. des. 'Raksya _ Als die NCP wegen der Unterstützung des Das verkündete Ergebnis des Referendums, das Dal'-Aufstands im Januar 1952 verboten wurde, be- einen knappen Sieg für die Beibehaltung des gann 'Panchayat'-Systems für Man Mohan Adhikari ein weiterer Gefäng- brachte, hat Adhikari bis luletzt nisaufenthalt; er wurde im Jahre 1953 wieder freigö- als eine Manipulation bezeichnet. Ungeachtet dessen lassen. Wegen einer Asthma-Erkrankung begab er erkannte er die Möglichkeit einer Unterwanderung sich 1956 für drei Jahre zum Zwecke der medizini- dieses Systems nach der Verkündung der Verfas- schen Behandlung nach China. Erst 19Sg kehrte er sungsänderungvom Dezember1980. Vergeblichver- nach Nepal zurück. suchte er jedoch, B.P. Koirala zu einer Beieiligung an Infolge des Staatsstreichs König Mahendras vom den Parlamentswahlenvon 1981 zu überreden-. 15. Dezember1960 wurde Man Mohan Adhikari ver- In den 80er Jahren bemühte sich Man Mohan ver- haftet und für nsun Jahre ohne Prozeß inhaftiert, ein stärkt um eine größere Einheit im Lager der völlig zer- Schicksal daß er mit vielen anderen führenden partei- splitterten Gruppen der NCP. Seine aktive Beteiligung politikern teilte. In der kurzen 'Satyagraha 'Panchayat'-Systems Entspannungsphasedes am Movement' von 19BS brachte ihm im Jahre 1969 wurde er wieder eine weitere Inhaftierung für einige Monate. Ende gesetzt. auf freien Fuß Er begab sich nach Benares 1989 gelang es ihm endlich, sowohl die Führer des gemeinsam pushpa {lndignl, um mit B.P. Koiralaund NC als auch einige Splittergruppen der NCp zu einem Lal Shrestha, den Vorsitzendenvon NC bzw. NCp, die gemeinsamenBündnis gegen das'panchayat'-System Möglichkeiten einer Volksbewegung gegen das zu bewegen. Anders als die Führer des NC, die ledig- ' Panchayat'-System zu diskutieren. lich unter Hausarrestgestellt wurden, verhaftete man Man Mohan kehrte schon bald nach Nepal zurück, Adhikari am Vorabend der Volksbewegung von gg0 'Nepal party- l Io gr im _Untergrunddie Communist erneut; er wurde erst nach dem Ende der Bewegung, Marxist (Ncp-M) gründete und in den Jahren l gTo- im April 1990, wieder freigelassen 76 aufbaute. 1976 sprach er sich für eine Unterstüt- Als einer der wichtigsten Führer des Bündnissesder zung von B.P. Koiralas Politik der nationalen Aussöh- kommunistischen Parteien ('United Left Front', ULF) nung aus und schlug die Bildung einer gemeinsamen wurde er auch zu einem der ganz herausragenden Front unter Führung von Koirala vor. Wiö auch später Führer der Volksbewegung, der es verdiente, gemein- in.der_Refercndumsphase von t97g/g0, schlug Koi- sam mit Ganesh Man Singh Shrestha (NC) in einem rala dieses Angebot jedoch aus. In der VorphaJe des Atemzug genannt zu werden. Referendums war Adhikari einer der eifrigsten Kämp- Als sich im Vorfeld der gler parlamentswahlen yl9l, I tlädrsien 6l _i Nepal NCP-M und NCP-ML zur NCP-UMLzusammenschlos- nach einer Wahlkampfredezusammenbrach. Nach ei- sen, einigte man sich rasch auf Man Mohan Adhikari ner Woche im Koma starb er in den frühen Morgen- als Vorsitzendemdieser neuen Partei. lm Mai 1991 stundendes 26. April. wurde er vom Sunsari-Distriktins Parlamentgewählt, wo or als Führer der mit weitem Abstand zweitstärk- Würdigung oines Patrioten sten Partei als Oppositionsführer zu brillieren ver- stand. Was kann einen Menschendazu bewegen, auf eini- Es war nicht einfach für ihn, die unterschiedlichen germaßen angemessenen Wohlstand zv verzichten ldeologien und Strategien innerhalb der NCP-UML auf und statt dessen für seine politischen ldeale ein Leben einen gemeinsamenNenner zu bringen. In den An- der Entbehrung,Folter und Inhaftierungzu wählen? fangsjahren konnte er dabei auf die hervorragende Man Mohan Adhikari verinnerlichteschon sehr früh, Unterstützung seines GeneralsekretärsMadan Kumar während seiner indischen Schul- und Studienzeit Bhandari bauen. Nach dessen allzu frühem Tod im (1936-42), hochstehendepolitische und menschen- Jahre 1993 - ob es sich tatsächlichum einen Unfall rechtlicheldeale. Bereits 1942 fand er es wert, selbst handelte, wurde bis heute nicht geklärt - blieb er der für die demokratischen Freiheitsrechteeines anderen einzigeGarant für die Einheit seiner Partei. Landes, nämlich Indiens, seine eigene Freiheit aufs Trotz dieser widrigen Umstände gelang es ihm, die Spiel zu setzen. Mit seiner damaligen Ausbildung NCP-UMLbei den vorgezogenenNeuwahlen vom No- hätte er sich in lndien auch ein angenehmesLeben vember 1994 zur stärksten Partei im Parlament zu aufbauenkönnen. machen. In der Folge wurde er am 29. November Als mit dem bevorstehendenAbzug der Briten aus 1994 Premierministereiner Minderheitsregierung,die Indien das politische Bewußtsein der dort lebenden den einzigen Lichtblick in der Kette der inzwischen Exilnepalizunahm, war es Adhikari, der mit seinerOr- acht Regierungenseit 1991 darstellte.Viele der von ganisationdes Jutemühlen-Aufstandsvon Biratnagar Adhikaris Regierung initiierten Maßnahmen mögen dafür sorgte, daß der Funke der Revolution auch damals von seinen verunsichertenpolitischen Gegnern erstmals nach Nepal selbst übersprang. ldeologisch als populistisch verschrieen worden sein, sie trafen sah er sich selbst links des NC, der damals noch eine jedoch die Bedürfnisseund Anliegen des Volkes. Der sozialdemokratischePartei war. Dies hatte sicherlich Sturz der Adhikari-Regierungdurch ein Bündnisideo- auch seine Ursachein der Tatsache,daß
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