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The Design of Table-Centric Interactive Spaces by Daniel J. Wigdor a Thesis Submitted in Partial Conformity with the Requirement

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The Design of Table-Centric Interactive Spaces by Daniel J. Wigdor a Thesis Submitted in Partial Conformity with the Requirement The Design of Table-Centric Interactive Spaces by Daniel J. Wigdor A thesis submitted in partial conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Computer Science University of Toronto © Copyright by Daniel J. Wigdor, 2008 Abstract The Design of Table-Centric Interactive Spaces, by Daniel J. Wigdor A thesis submitted in partial conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto © Copyright by Daniel J. Wigdor, 2008 Direct-touch tabletops offer compelling uses as direct, multi-touch, multi-user displays for face to face collaborative work. As task complexity and group size increase, the addition to the tabletop of multiple, vertical displays allows for more information content, while reducing the need to multiplex the tabletop display area. We dub such systems table-centric interactive spaces . Although compelling, these spaces offer unique challenges. In particular, the displays in such spaces are seen by the users at angles not typically found in combination in other environments. First, the viewing imagery shown on a horizontal display by seated participants means that that imagery is distorted, receding away from the users’ eyes. Second, the sharing of information by users sitting around a horizontal display necessitates that on-screen content be oriented at non- optimal angles for some subset of those users. Third, positioning vertical displays around the table means that some subset of the seated users will be looking at those displays at odd angles. In this thesis, we investigate the challenges associated with these viewing angles. We begin with a examination of related work, including tabletop technology and interaction techniques. Next, we report the results of controlled experiments measuring performance of reading, graphical perception, and ancillary display control under the angles we identified. Next, we present a set of design issues encountered in our work with table-centric spaces. We then review a series of interaction techniques built to address those issues. These techniques are evaluated through the construction and validation of an application scenario. Through these examinations, we hope to provide designers with insights as to how to enable users to take full advantage of ancillary displays, while maintaining the advantages and affordances of collocated table-centric work. ii Acknowledgements A great number of people contributed significantly to my research over the last 4 years. The direction of Professor Ravin Balakrishnan provided invaluable guidance in helping me to graduate from young student to an independent researcher. Professors Mark Chignell and Ron Baecker provided a great deal of support in transitioning my work from a body of individual publications to a single, unified research thread. Professor Rob Jacob of Tufts University provided the challenge to recognize the greater context of the work, and freed me to expand my vision. Thank you. Research for my thesis was conducted at two labs: the Dynamic Graphics Project (DGP) lab at the University of Toronto (www.dgp.toronto.edu), and Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs (www.merl.com) in Cambridge, MA. Both of these labs are fabulous research environments, filled with keen minds with a thirst for ideas and knowledge. Many members of these institutions provided invaluable help and support. Two collaborators in particular have had a great influence on my research: Clifton Forlines, whose words make up more than a small part of this thesis from our many co-authored papers, taught me the value and importance of presentation and of thoroughly examining all details of a problem, as well as a great deal about how to find my voice in a choir. Tovi Grossman helped me to understand the importance of highly critical thinking, distilling ideas down to their basic research questions, and the value of the social side of the research community. I owe them both a great debt. At MERL, John Barnwell was my friend and frequent guide on late night hardware building marathons. Our hacking efforts were aided by frequent support (both technical and personal) from Paul Dietz, Darren Leigh, Jonathan Westhues, and Bill (Crash) Yerazunis. Alan Esenther, Kathy Ryall, Sam Shipman, Chris Wren, Yuri Ivanov, and Paul Beardsley were highly valued collaborators on various projects. Just about every other member of MERL provided invaluable insights into some otherwise unseen avenue; my time at MERL was a wonderful and treasured experience. iii In the DGP in Toronto, my research was aided at various points by Jonathan Deber, Michael McGuffin, and John Hancock, and by general discussion with the Interaction Research Group. I owe a great debt to my supportive family: in Canada, this is Robin, Irene (who were both a great help with the text of the thesis), Adam, and Noel Wigdor. In Boston, this has been Amy MacLearn, Jill Hirschen, and various other characters I encountered while living at 86 Kirkland Street. I love you all. Although she was not officially my supervisor, the majority of this work was conducted under the direct supervision of Dr. Chia Shen at MERL, and then at the Initiative in Innovative Computing at Harvard University. She served as my de facto advisor in the later years of my PhD, lending me her vision in areas of research, career development, professional conduct, and all manner of personal affairs. In appreciation of her maternal guidance, unfailing support, and loving friendship, I dedicate this thesis work to her. iv Copyright Notices and Disclaimers Several sections of this document have previously appeared in publications; in all cases, permission from the publisher has been granted for these works to appear in this thesis. Where appropriate, each chapter is marked with references to the relevant publication(s), each of which is listed below, along with the appropriate copyright notice or disclaimer for the given work. Springer © 2005 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands. With kind permission of Springer Science and Business Media. Chapter 3 Wigdor, D., Balakrishnan, R. (2005). Empirical investigation into the effect of orientation on text readability in tabletop displays. Proceedings of the 9 th European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (ECSCW 2005) , 205-224 Information Processing Society of Japan The copyright of this material is retained by the Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ). This material is published in this thesis with the agreement of the author(s) and the IPSJ. Please be complied with Copyright Law of Japan and the Code of Ethics of IPSJ if any users wish to reproduce, make derivative work, distribute or make available to the public any part or whole thereof. All Rights Reserved, Copyright © Information Processing Society of Japan. Comments are welcome. Mail to address [email protected], please. Chapter 6 Wigdor, D., Shen, C., Forlines, C., Balakrishnan, R., (2006). Table-Centric Interactive Spaces for Real-Time Collaboration: Solutions, Evaluation, and Application Scenarios. Proceedings of the 2006 conference on Collaborative Technologies (CollabTech 2006), 9-15. v Association for Computing Machinery ACM COPYRIGHT NOTICE. Copyright © 2005, 2006, 2007 by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honoured. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers, or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from Publications Dept., ACM, Inc., fax +1 (212) 869-0481, or [email protected]. © 2005, 2006, 2007 ACM, Inc. Included here by permission. Chapter 4 Wigdor, D., Shen, C., Forlines, C., Balakrishnan, R. (2007). Perception of Elementary Graphical Elements in Tabletop and Multi-Surface Environments. Proceedings of the 2007 SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems (CHI 2007), 473-482. Chapter 5 Wigdor, D., Shen, C., Forlines, C., and Balakrishnan, R. (2006). Effects of display position and control space orientation on user preference and performance. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2006), 309-318. Chapter 6 Wigdor, D., Shen, C., Forlines, C., Balakrishnan, R., (2006). Table-Centric Interactive Spaces for Real-Time Collaboration. Proceedings of the 2006 conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI 2006), 103-107. ARDA and NGA This study was partially supported by the Advanced Research and Development Activity (ARDA) and the National Geospatial-intelligence Agency (NGA) under Contract Number HM1582-05-C- 0028. The views, opinions, and findings contained in this report are those of the author(s) and should not be construed as an official Department of Defence position, policy, or decision,
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