Biogeomorphology Small Activities with Large Effects?

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Biogeomorphology Small Activities with Large Effects? Biogeomorphology Small activities with large effects? Harriëtte Holzhauer Biogeomorphology Small activities with large effects? 3-2-2003 Harriëtte Holzhauer University of Twente Department of Civil Engineering Group of Water Engineering & Management Biogeomorphology Small activities with large effects? Preface This report is the result of my graduation project at the University of Twente at the department of Civil Engineering, group of Water Engineering & Management in the Netherlands. This research is carried out in the framework of the Delft Cluster project: Eco- morphodynamics of the seafloor, which is a part of the Theme 3: Coast and River. I would like to thank my supervisors ir. M.J. Baptist (WL Delft), drs. M.B. de Vries (WL Delft), ir. M. van Ledden (TU Delft), Prof. dr. S.J.M.H. Hulscher (UT Twente) dr. ir. M.A.F. Knaapen (UT Twente). Cover photo: Harriette Holzhauer; Beach along the North Sea near ‘Paal 10’ i Biogeomorphology Small activities with large effects? Samenvatting De term biogeomorfologie staat voor de interactie tussen biologie en (geo)morfologie. De bodem van een ondiepe zee zoals de Noordzee of een estuarium zoals de Westerschelde wordt niet alleen bepaald door fysische processen. In en op het bed leven allerlei soorten macro- en micro-organismen. Ook wel benthos genoemd. De dichtheid van deze organismen is op sommige plaatsen erg hoog, bijvoorbeeld op de Molenplaat een getijdeplaat in de Westerschelde en op andere plaatsen juist erg laag. De aanwezigheid van benthische organismen kan de karakteristieken van het sediment veranderen, wat tot ruimtelijke verschillen in een gebied kan leiden. Om de Noordzee duurzaam en ecologisch gezien goed te beheren, is een goede integratie de kennis van biologische processen en morfologische processen van groot belang. De interactie tussen morfologie en benthische organismen is nog niet ver genoeg onderzocht. Het meeste onderzoek heeft zich tot nu toe gericht op de invloed van de morfologie op de benthische organismen. Maar er zijn meerdere aanwijzingen dat deze relatie twee kanten heeft. Organismen zijn in staat om bijvoorbeeld de bodemkarakteristiek, erosie en depositie van het sediment te beïnvloeden. In dit onderzoek wordt een eerste stap genomen om het inzicht in deze relatie te vergroten door te kijken naar de effecten van benthische organismen op een bed karakteristiek zoals het slibpercentage en de invloed van macrozoobenthos op de parameters van een bodemtransportmodel. De activiteiten van de organismen zijn zeer verschillend. Alle activiteiten zijn gecombineerd tot twee basis effecten. 1) De stabilisatie van het sediment. phytobenthos zoals diatomeeën produceren een plakkerige film op het sediment, die erosie tegen gaat. 2) De destabilisatie van het sediment. Macrozoobentische organismen verplaatsen zich in of door de bodem op zoek naar een schuilplaats of eten. Deze bewegingen zorgen ervoor dat de bodem losser wordt. Dit wordt de destabilisatie van de bodem genoemd. Deze activiteiten beïnvloeden de sedimentkarakteristieken en bovendien het moment van begin van beweging. De kritische bodemschuifspanning is de minimale wrijving die nodig is om sediment te verplaatsen welke eerst overschreden moet worden voordat er sediment transport optreed. Daarom is de relatie tussen de kritische bodemschuifspanning, de dichtheid van macrozoobenthos en de hoeveelheid aanwezige diatomeeën gebruikt als de verbinding tussen biologie en morfologie. Er zijn twee modellen gebruikt, een zand-slib model voor de Molenplaat en een bodemtransportmodel voor een zandgolfgebied in de Noordzee. Dit bodemtransportmodel is een onderdeel van een tweedimensionaal model voor ondiepe zeeën. In beide modellen is het effect van benthische organismen meegenomen door middel van de relatie tussen de kritische bodemschuifspanning, de dichtheid van het macrozoobenthos en de aanwezigheid van diatomeeën. ii Biogeomorphology Small activities with large effects? De modellen zijn gebuikt in twee aparte casus studies. In de eerste casus zijn metingen van de Molenplaat gebruikt om de sedimentkarakteristieken, de gemiddelde dichtheid van het macrozoobenthos en de gemiddelde hoeveelheid diatomeeën te bepalen. De Molenplaat is op basis van de sedimentverdeling opgedeeld in drie delen, een westelijk, midden en oostelijk deel. In het westelijke en oostelijke deel is een lager percentage slib gemeten dan in het midden van de plaat. De dichtheid macrozoobenthos is veel hoger in het midden van de plaat dan in de westelijke en oostelijke delen. De hoeveelheid diatomeeën daarentegen is het hoogst in het oostelijke deel van de plaat. Een relatie tussen de kritische stroomsnelheid en de aanwezige dichtheid macrozoobenthos, op een getijde plaat is gebuikt om de destabilisatie van het sediment te beschrijven. Deze relatie is uitgewerkt naar een destabilisatiefactor. Deze factor verandert de ontwikkeling van de kritische bodemschuifspanning bij een oplopende dichtheid macrozoobenthos. Een zelfde soort relatie is afgeleid voor de stabilisatiefactor. Deze factoren samen vormen de ‘Benthos-factor’. Deze factor beschrijft de totale invloed van de aanwezige benthische organismen. Dit komt tot uitdrukking in de kritische bodemschuifspanning welke wordt vermenigvuldigd met de Benthos-factor. De ontwikkeling van het slibpercentage in een jaar op de Molenplaat, met een start percentage van 20 procent slib, is gesimuleerd met het zand-slib model. Met tijdstappen van 10 seconden is de kritische bodemschuifspanning berekend voor de, op dat moment, aanwezige hoeveelheid diatomeeën en dichtheid macrozoobenthos. Het sediment op de Molenplaat wordt gedestabiliseerd over het gehele jaar en vertoont een verlaging van het slibpercentage van 30 tot 60 procent ten opzichte van het slib percentage zonder de invloed van benthische organismen. In de Noordzee casus zijn metingen van het macrozoobenthos in een zandgolfgebied gebruikt. Aan de hand van deze metingen zijn de parameters van het bodemtransportmodel voor dit gebied berekend. De Benthos-factor, welke gemaakt is voor een getijde plaat, is ook hier gebuikt om de mogelijke verandering in de kritische bodemschuifspanning te berekeningen als gevolg van benthische invloeden. Omdat er geen organismen leven in het zandgolvengebied met dezelfde eigenschappen als diatomeeën is alleen het destabiliserende effect van het macrozoobenthos meegenomen in de berekeningen. Wat als gevolg heeft dat het destabiliserende effect niet afgeremd wordt door een stabiliserend effect. Dit betekend dat het effect van het macrozoobenthos op de parameter waarden van het bodemtransportmodel wat groter kan zijn dan waarschijnlijk werkelijk het geval is. Het is mogelijk dat benthische organismen de kritische bodemschuifspanning beïnvloeden. Een verlaging van de kritische bodemschuifspanning zorgt voor een verhoging van de erosie en het transport van sediment. Gezien de gegevens van de Molenplaat is er een verlaging van de kritische bodemschuifspanning opgetreden. In de Noordzee kan de aanwezigheid van benthische organismen het verschil betekenen tussen een gebied met zandgolven of een vlak bed. Dit betekend dat de iii Biogeomorphology Small activities with large effects? invloed van benthische organismen niet verwaarloosd worden. Vooral in gebieden met een lage stroomsnelheid en een hoge macrozoobenthos dichtheid zijn biologische invloeden belangrijk. Het is wenselijk dat in de zandgolfgebieden meer aandacht wordt besteed aan de mogelijke biologische invloeden. Daarnaast is er nog geen duidelijke relatie beschreven tussen de aanwezigheid van macrozoobenthos die het sediment stabiliseren en de kritische bodemschuifspanning. Verder onderzoek hierin zou een beter beeld kunnen geven van de invloed van benthische organismen in gebieden met een zandig bed. Tot slot is de implementatie van de biologische invloeden in een morfologisch wenselijk. iv Biogeomorphology Small activities with large effects? Summary The term Biogeomorphology is describes the interaction between biology and (geo)morphology. The bed of shallow seas like the North Sea or estuaries like the Western Scheldt probably is not fully determined by physical processes only. In and on the seabed live all kinds of macro- and mirco organisms. They are called benthic organisms. At some places the density of these organisms is very high, for example at the Molenplaat, a tidal flat in the Western Scheldt estuary; at other places the density is much lower. The presence of benthic organisms may influence the characteristics of the sediment, leading to spatial differences. For an ecological and sustainable management of the North Sea a good integration of biological processes and morphodynamic processes is important. The interaction of the morphology with benthic organisms is scarcely investigated. Most of the available research has been focused on the influence of the morphology of the bed on benthic organisms. Several indications are given of a relationship between benthic organisms and morphological parameters like bed characteristics, sediment erosion and deposition. In this research a first step is taken, to give insight in the relation between activities of benthic organisms and bed characteristics, like the mud content of the bed and the influence of macrozoobenthos on the parameters of a sediment bedload transport model. There are a lot of different activities performed by benthic organisms. These activities are combined into two major effects. 1) Stabilisation of the sediment. phytobenthos like diatoms produce a ‘sticky’ film on the sediment. This protects
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