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The Systematics and Biology of the Flea Beetle Genus Crepidodera Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in America North of Mexico

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The Systematics and Biology of the Flea Beetle Genus Crepidodera Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in America North of Mexico University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Insecta Mundi Florida October 1986 The Systematics and Biology of the Flea Beetle Genus Crepidodera Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in America North of Mexico Richard H. Parry Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi Part of the Entomology Commons Parry, Richard H., "The Systematics and Biology of the Flea Beetle Genus Crepidodera Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in America North of Mexico" (1986). Insecta Mundi. 520. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/520 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Insecta Mundi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 156 INSECTA MUNDI Vol. 1, no. 3, October 1986 The Systematics and Biology of the Flea Beetle Genus Crepidodera Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysornelidae) in America North of Mexico Richard H. parry1 Department of Biology Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario INTRODUCTION* and illustrations to aid in their identiEication, and to describe the immature Crepidodera Chevrolat is a genus of stages for 2 spectes. A discussion of the small metallic-coloured flea beetles host plant relationships and the general belonging to the family Chrysomelidae. life history of members of the genus is also Although these insects are quite common in presented. the field and numerous in museum BIOLOGY collections, the members of the genus in North America are, until now, poorly known. Members of the genus Crepidodera in Heikertinger (1948-1950) recognized 4 taxa both North America and the Palaearctic and recently, Lazorko (1974) described 3 Region have been well known to feed as additional species. These 7 species were adults on the leaves of various species of recognized primarily on the basis of genital willow (Salix) , poplar (Populus) and, in differences and were otherwise difficult to North America, on certain members of the identify. Family Rosaceae such' as hawthorn Examination of a large accumulation of (Crataegus), wild cherry, wild plum museum material and investigations in the (Prunus spp.) and apple (Pyrus) . The most field have indicated the presence of several com~rehensive source of informat ion on the additional species in the North American bioiogy of the European species is fauna. A detailed study of external Heikertinger (1925) who listed, for each of characters, male genitalia and female five species, the known food plants, the spermathecae has revealed, in material type of habitat in which it is found, the previously referred to the Palaearctic seasonal occurrence and, in a few cases, species, C. fulvicornis (F.), a complex of provided brief notes on adult feeding habits closely related species. and time of oviposition. None of the Essentially nothing was known about the species of Crepidodera are definitely known biology of the North American species. to be monophagous, i.e. restricted to one General information on host plants was species of plant. Most appear to be available and the general seasonal oligophagous, feeding on a few species of a occurrence and habits of adults were single genus or, in some cases, on plants of described by Loan (1967b). However, the two or three genera. immature stages and life histories of all Some of these species are further members of the genus were unknown. This has restricted within a host genus to a single now been remedied with the discovery, during host or a "compact group of host species" the course of this study, of the larvae of (Allen, 1972). For example, C. plutus is two species. restricted to narrow-leafed tree willows The main purpose of this paper, such as Salix alba and S. iragilis. In theref ore, is to consolidate the existing contrast, C. fulvicornis, C. lamina Bedel information on the genus in North America, and C. aurea (when it feeds on Salix) describe 8 new species, redefine the strongly favour low-growing shrubby previously described species, provide a key broad-leafed willows (sallows) such as Salix caprea L. The main species of *This paper is a portion of a Ph.D thesis Populus reported to be hosts of completed in 1977 at Carleton University, Palaearct ic Crepidodera are P. alba L., Ottawa. P. nigra L. and P. tremula L. Crepidodera aurata apparently occurs on all three of lpresent Address : these (Heikert inger, 1925, 1948-1950) with New Brunswick Department of Agriculture no preference indicated . Crepidodera and Rural Development aurea, C. lamina and C. nitidula have been Florenceville, N.B. EOJ 1KO recorded from both P. tremula and P. Vol. 1, no. 3, October 1986 INSECTA MUNDI nigra but are most common on P. tremula Overwintered adults emerge early in the (Heikertinger, 1925), while C. g-ata, season and are found on their host plants however, is known to occur only on P. soon af ter the leaves appear. At this time, alba. if warm temperatures prevail, the flea A similar situation seems to exist beetles are quite active and abundant. They with regard to the host plant begin feeding on the leaves of the host and, relationships of the North American shortly after, commence mating. Adults feed species of Crepidodera. The known and on either the upper or lower surfaces of probable host plants of the genus in North leaves. Feeding damage is of a type typical America are listed in Table 1. of flea beetles in general. The beetles At least one-half of the North American produce small holes or pits in the leaf by species appear to be restricted entirely eating through the epidermis and underlying to Salix spp. These include longula, tissues, leaving the opposite epidermal spenceri, browni, opulenta, luminosa, bella, layer intact. The tissue below the injury aereola and sculpturata. Three of these are eventually dries up and falls out, giving a recorded only from Salix and the remainder shot-hole appearance. The pits are each have only a few other host records irregular in outline and range from about 1 which are either so unlikely or so few as to to 3 mm in diameter. Occasionally, larger be almost certainly advent it ious. pits run together to form larger areas of Two species may be either restricted to damage. or mainly confined toPopulusspp. In the Ottawa area, mating occurs Crepidodera vaga is known on1 y from Populus during a period of close to 2 months, from deltoides. However, this record comes only the latter half of May through the early from a single series of specimens taken in part of July. Copulation takes place the same locality on the same date. The usually on the leaves or branches of the majority (76%) of the host plant records host shrubs or trees. The male mounts the for C. populivora are Populus spp., but 18% female from the rear and, clinging to her of the records are from Salix spp. It is posterior dorsum, extends the curved possible that C. populivora utilizes aedeagus down and forward into the female's both Populus and Salix although strongly vagina at the tip of the abdomen. preferring Populus. In field studies, Loan (1967b) reported that females of however, popul ivora was rarely found Crepidodera collected on Salix near on Salix, even in habitats where it was Belleville, Ontario were nongravid in early abundant on Populus, and seemed to be May and that nearly all females were gravid restricted to the latter group of plants. by mid-June . He also found that the Five species (solita, decora, proportion of gravid females decreased from heikertingeri, digna and mana) have been early July to about mid August as old taken in considerable numbers on both females died from senescence or parasitism Salix and Populus, but in all of these, 90% and new ones emerged from the soil. In the or more of the host records are Salix spp. present study, eggs were produced in the Therefore, if they do feed on both genera of laboratory by field-collected females of C. plants, they all show a very strong heikertingeri (Lazorko) from late May until preference for Salix spp. Only one of these August 25. Oviposition in the field has not species, solita, was actually observed to been observed in Crepidodera but it seems feed on leaves of Populus. This occurred in probable that eggs are placed the laboratory. in the soil or litter beneath the host plant. LIFE EISTORY Immature stages of Crepidodera are known only for 2 species, C. solita n. sp. Species of Crepidodera overwintering and C. heikertingeri (Lazorko) and are as adults, do so generally in the surface described for the first time in the species litter below their host plants (Loan, descriptions. 1967b). North American specimens have Eggs of the two species observed had an been recorded during winter months in incubation period ranging from 10 to 16 days different parts of the range overwintering in the laboratory at 22-24'C. The first in leaves, grasses, rotting wood, and instar larva emerges through a slit across "trash". A number of adults of 3 different the apex of the egg. The larvae resemble species have been found overwintering in the the root-feeding larvae of other genera such lichen, Usnea plicata (Old Man's Beard), as Epitrix Foudras and Phyllotreta growing on oak trees in Oregon. Stephens. They are long, slender and - -- 158 INSECTA MUNDI Vol. 1, no. 3, October 1986 subcylindrical in shape and whitish in in Ontario. New-generation adults have been colour except for the head, prothorax and found near the beginning of August in both 9th abdominal tergum (anal plate) which are laboratory rearing (present study) and in brown.
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