When Was the Protestant New Testament Finalized
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“Canon” Or “Canonicity” in Christianity Refers to a Collection of Many Books Acknowledged Or Recognized by the Early Church As Inspired by God
Canonicity Introduction The term “canon” or “canonicity” in Christianity refers to a collection of many books acknowledged or recognized by the early church as inspired by God. Both Jews and Christians possess canons of Scripture. We must remember that the first Christians did not possess a New Testament canon but rather they relied on the gospel that was being proclaimed to them by the apostles and others. They also relied on the books of the Old Testament canon. The Jewish canon consists of thirty-nine books while on the other hand the Christian canon consists of sixty-six for Protestants and seventy-three for Catholics. The Protestant canon has thirty- nine Old Testament books like the Jews and twenty-seven works compose the New Testament. The subject of canonicity is an extremely important subject for the Christian to grasp since it answers the question as to why certain books found their way into the Bible and why others did not. It answers the question as to whether or not the church determined what was in the Bible and what would not be included. Did the church determine which books got into the Bible or did the church merely recognize that certain Christian literary works were inspired and others were not? This article seeks to answer this important question. The subject of canonicity also answers the question as to whether or not certain criteria was employed by the church to determine which books were inspired by God and which were not. If there was certain criteria employed, then what tests did the church use to identify certain works as inspired and those which were not. -
Sola Scriptura: Then and Now by Anna Case-Winters P
REFORMED WORLD VOLUME 66.1 World Communion of Reformed Churches World Communion The Catholic Presbyterian (1879-1883), The Quarterly of Reformed Churches Register (1886-1936), The Presbyterian Register (1937-1948), The Presbyterian World (1949-1955), The Reformed and Presbyterian World (1956-1970), Reformed World (1971-) Volume 66 (1) • ISSN 0034-3056 CONTENTS: Introduction P.1 Sola Scriptura: Then and Now by Anna Case-Winters P. 2 Revelation – Holy Scripture – Hermeneutics by Matthias Zeindler P. 24 Hermeneutics of the Meeting of Worlds and the Principle of Sola Scriptura P. 38 by Yolanda Dreyer Biblical Multiplicity and the Unity of the Church by Michael Weinrich P. 55 An apology and official retraction - The article “Presbyterians, Sexuality and Membership Transition in the United States” by Timothy T. N. Lim was mistakenly included in Reformed World, Volume 65 (2 & 3). While it had been submitted for consideration, it was not formally accepted; nor was Dr. Lim notified that it would be published. We wholeheartedly apologize to Dr. Lim for printing an essay that was not yet ready for publication. We also apologize to anyone who found fault with this essay. We issue a formal retraction of this essay. REFORMED WORLD is published by the World Communion of Reformed Churches, www.wcrc.ch. President: Jerry Pillay General Secretary: Chris Ferguson Officers: Helis Barraza Diaz, Yvette Noble-Bloomfield, Bas Plaisier, Yueh Wen-Lu, Johann WeusmannStaff : Dora Arce- Valentín, Aruna Gnanadason, Werner Joecker, Anna Krüger, Hanns Lessing, Katrina -
The History of the English Language Bible
DISCOVER TheThe HistoryHistory ofof thethe EnglishEnglish LanguageLanguage BibleBible Presbyterian Heritage Center John 1:36 Illuminated Page — Call of the Disciples, Donald Jackson, Copyright 2002, Presbyterian Heritage Center PO Box 207 The Saint John’s Bible, Saint John’s University, Collegeville, Presbyterian Heritage Center Minnesota USA. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Montreat, NC 28757 Booklet copyright, 2016, January. Presbyterian Heritage Center. Learning Initiatives Educational Skills Used In This Booklet Booklets, Presentations, DVDs Analyze Cause and Effect 5, 9, 15 Conceptualize 19 Discussions 5, 9, 12, 15, 18, 19 Learning Initiatives Series Draw Conclusions 12. 19 The Presbyterian Heritage Center (PHC) creates new exhibits each year from its archives and Evaluate 12, 17 artifact collections, as well as from loans of materials from individuals and institutions. Onsite, we Explain 9, 15 utilize many different techniques to educate, including the displays, videos, touch screen kiosks and Make Inferences 5 more. To reach young people, we conduct Confirmation Classes (history), Collegiate Studies & Pose and Answer Questions 5. 18. 19 Visitations, Supplemental Club Programs, Youth Conference Research 5, 9, 12, 15, 18, 19 Related Exhibits, Online & Hands On Activities and Youth Summarize 18 Sunday School Lessons for all Presbyterian denominations. Write 18 Back cover photo shows an illuminated In addition to these limited-time exhibits, the PHC seeks to page from John 1:36 from The Saint provide accompanying educational materials, such as learning John’s Bible. The illumination is entitled booklets, online downloadable materials and DVD resource Call of the Disciples, by Donald Jackson, disks for adults and young people. Copyright 2002, The Saint John’s Bible, The Presbyterian Heritage Center (PHC) believes that Saint John’s University, Collegeville, learning can be exciting, inspiring and transformational. -
Protestant Bible
THE ENGLISH KING JAMES VERSION 0. THE ENGLISH KING JAMES VERSION - Story Preface 1. STORY PREFACE 2. THE HEBREW OLD TESTAMENT 3. THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS 4. THE OLD TESTAMENT IN GREEK 5. THE NEW TESTAMENT 6. THE LATIN BIBLE 7. WYCLIFFE VERSION - ENGLISH TRANSLATION 8. ENGLISH TRANSLATION by WILLIAM TYNDALE 9. THE ENGLISH KING JAMES VERSION 10. OTHER BIBLE TRANSLATIONS This image depicts the frontispiece of an original 1611 version of the King James Bible. It is owned by the Library of Congress. Image online, courtesy Library of Congres: The Holy Bible, Conteyning the Old Testament, and the New. London: Robert Barker, 1611. After Henry VIII and his two daughters (Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth I) died, James VI of Scotland (son of Mary Queen of Scots) also became James I of Great Britain. The King was to play a pivotal role in the Bible's journey to the 21st century. Not long after James became king, scholars discussed the need for a new English translation of the Bible. Reformers, fleeing to Switzerland during the reign of Queen Mary, had published a Bible in English (the Geneva Bible). The Geneva Bible (the version used by Shakespeare and America's "pilgrim fathers") existed in many different editions. King James referred to it as "the worst." By 1604, James I convened the Hampton Court Conference. The King and the conference attendees agreed to commission a new translation. Using Hebrew and Greek manuscripts, collectively known as the Textus Receptus, scholars called this new translation the King James Version (KJV) in honor of the king who had authorized it. -
The Sola Scriptura Principle in the Current Debate1
Journal of the Adventist Theological Society, 24/1 (2013):107-126. Article copyright © 2013 by Aleksandar S. Santrac. The Sola Scriptura Principle in the Current Debate1 Aleksandar S. Santrac, D.Phil., Ph.D. Professor of Religion, Philosophy & Ethics University of the Southern Caribbean, Trinidad, WI Extraordinary Associate Professor of Dogmatics North-West University, RSA Introduction In this article, I would like to present the contemporary Evangelical position on the sola scriptura principle, in the context of ecumenical dialogue with the Roman Catholic Church and the brief conversation with a current Adventist position. The preliminary working definition of the sola scriptura principle, from the conventional Protestant/Evangelical standpoint, may include: i. the primary and absolute authority of the Scripture, as originally given, as the final court of appeal for all doctrine and practice; ii. the sufficiency of the Scripture as the final written authority of God; iii. the clearness (perspicuity) of the essential biblical message; iv. the primacy of the Scriptures over all tradition rather than a total rejection of tradition and, v. the principle that Scripture interprets Scripture without external authority.2 1 This article is partially a brief excerpt from my Sola Scriptura: Benedict XVI’s Theology of the Word of God, PhD dissertation, North-West University, RSA, 2012. 2 Norman L. Geisler & Ralph E. MacKenzie, Roman Catholics and Evangelicals: Agreements and Differences (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1995), 178-179. 107 JOURNAL -
Why We Reject the Apocrypha,” the Evangelical Quarterly 1.4 (October 1929): 361-366
Edward C. Unmack, “Why We Reject The Apocrypha,” The Evangelical Quarterly 1.4 (October 1929): 361-366. Why We Reject The Apocrypha Edward C. Unmack [p.361] A one-volume commentary has recently been issued entitled A New Commentary on Holy Scripture, Including the Apocrypha. This, in effect, puts the Apocrypha on the same level with the books of the Old and New Testaments of the ordinary Protestant Bible. This tendency to level the Bible and the Apocrypha has again and again manifested itself in the history of the Christian religion. Two forces are at work which aim at so levelling them. On the one hand Sacerdotalism, finding some of its favourite doctrines supported in the Apocryphal books, has sought from time to time to raise them to the same authority as Holy Scripture, as was deliberately attempted to be done by a decree of the Council of Trent in the year 1546. On the other hand, Modernism brings down the religious records of the Old and New Testaments to the level of ordinary human writings, and so to the level of the Apocrypha. In accordance with these tendencies it is not surprising that the New Commentary on the Bible described as, Including the Apocrypha, contains both Sacerdotal and Modernist elements. However, Churches of all ages, and Protestantism in particular, have rejected the Books of the Apocrypha as not inspired, and as on a different level altogether from those of the Old and New Testaments. The evidence for this can conveniently be grouped under two headings: (1) The history of the Books; and (2) their contents. -
Peshitta Bible Old and New Testament Dvdfab
Peshitta Bible Old And New Testament someWreathed efforts Abner or immigrating intercepts veryfifthly. gastronomically Spiritless and circumlocutionalwhile Elwin remains Marten unordered demonizes: and macabre. which Ware Palmaceous is reflected Fazeel enough? usually barley-sugar Tense of criticism and peshitta and it is not have no such as possible in later greek manuscripts has stood the english translation having yhwh and i say Often used in to bible old new testament, this wordplay also called first one who were present in existence in the word is a more detailed exceptions. Represented in this aramaic bible old and estrangela was the palestinian dialect of gladness, the septuagint titles in the new testament is the genealogy. Wherein i promise to peshitta old testaments, lamsa is an illustration of origin, to enter into suriya in the greek language. Others will be the old new testament has the error. Reading is from the bible new testament, you for bible of the peshitta text is it used with the holy aramaic? Matter of many peshitta bible new testament some by christian brother, was in anything but sometimes used in syriac was a language. Look at how the bible old new testament origin, and heres some with your wonderful job translating the lessons! Precise word of jewish bible old and new testament, translated it will last forever and gives the assyrian church. Although without quite the peshitta old testament scriptures, live on a prolific dialect. Seems not in many peshitta old new testament was the original text until you say thank you forsaken me figure it is very close to me? Compendious syriac peshitta bible and western aramaic you are not included in preference over carefully copied since the word. -
Areas of Doctrinal Differences
PART 2 AREAS OF DOCTRINAL DIFFERENCES In the first part of this volume we have stressed what evangelicals have in common with Roman Catholics. In short, this includes the great fundamentals of the Christian faith, including a belief in the Trinity, the virgin birth, the deity of Christ, the creation and subsequent fall of humanity, Christ’s unique atonement for our sins, the physical resurrection of Christ, the necessity of God’s grace for salvation, the existence of heaven and hell, the second coming of Christ, and the verbal inspiration and infallibility of Scripture. In spite of all these similarities in belief, however, there are some significant differences between Catholics and evangelicals on some important doctrines. Catholics affirm and evangelicals reject the immaculate conception of Mary, her bodily assumption, her role as corredemptrix, the veneration of Mary and other saints, prayers to Mary and the saints, the infallibility of the pope, the existence of purgatory, the inspiration and canonicity of the Apocrypha, the doctrine of transubstantiation, the worship of the transformed Host, the special sacerdotal powers of the Roman Catholic priesthood, and the necessity of works to obtain eternal life. Since all of these have been proclaimed as infallible dogma by the Roman Catholic Church, and since many are contrary to central teachings of evangelicalism, there appears to be no hope of ecumenical or ecclesiastical unity. Here we must recognize our differences and agree to disagree agreeably, knowing that there are many doctrines we hold in common (see Part One) and many things we can do together morally, socially, and educationally (see Part Three). -
THE TEXT of the NEW TESTAMENT “He Explained the Things Concerning Himself”
Inspiration - Text 1 THE TEXT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT “He explained the things concerning Himself” Key question How did our Bible come to us? Key text Luke24:27 “And beginning with Moses and with all the prophets, He explained to them the things concerning Himself in all the Scriptures. A. THE PRE-SCRIPTURE PERIOD 1. KERYGMA (oral tradition) NOTE: Early sermons in Acts emphasized 6 points: a. The age of fulfillment has come. b. This has taken place in Jesus Christ. c. Christ is exalted to the right hand of God. d. The Holy Spirit is a sign of this. e. The return of Christ will end this age. f. All people are to repent and believe. 2. TESTIMONIA (written accounts) a. Old Testament 1. The Hebrew Text. - The need for a standardized Hebrew Bible led the Massoretes (AD500-1000 and who were descendents of the scribes of Jesus day) to develop the Massoretic Text (MT) dating from about 920AD. They introduced the vowel pointing system that we have today and also the text that represents the best Hebrew tradition of the OT. It is the text that the Jewish community uses today. 2. The Septuagint (LXX) a Greek translation of the Hebrew Text made in Alexandria Egypt about 200BC. Tradition (the letter of Aristeas) tells the story of 72 Hebrew scribes making the translation in 72 days, The LXX is often quoted by NT writers and frequently differs from the original Hebrew Text. The order and number of books in the LXX differs from the original Hebrew. The Protestant Bible follows the ordering of the LXX’s books and the content of the Hebrew Bible (which excludes the apocrypha). -
SOLA SCRIPTURA, INERRANTIST FUNDAMENTALISM, and the WESLEYAN QUADRILATERAL: IS "NOCREED but the Biblena WORKABLE SOLUTION?
Andrews University Seminary Studies, Autumn 1997, Vol. 35, No. 2,211-226 Copyright O 1997 by Andrews University Press. SOLA SCRIPTURA, INERRANTIST FUNDAMENTALISM, AND THE WESLEYAN QUADRILATERAL: IS "NOCREED BUT THE BIBLEnA WORKABLE SOLUTION? WOODROWW. WHIDDEN Andrews University Berrien Springs, MI 49104 Introduction American Bible-believing Protestants have given firm support to the finality of biblical authority in doctrinal formation. This scripturally oriented heritage certainly has its source in the issues which erupted out of the sixteenth-century Reformation's resort to and emphasis upon the sola Scriptwa principle. The issue which this article addresses is whether conservative Protestants can, in all honesty, continue to give assent to this venerable principle.1 While other traditions will be mentioned, the focus of this essay will be on the way Wesleyans have sought to come to terms with the practical problems raised by sola Scriptura. This will be addressed through a clarification of the way their use of the so-called Quadrilateral can be instructive for other traditions which take scriptural authority seriously. Before we address some historic trends which have rendered soh Scriptura problematic and seek to clarify the implications of the Quadrilateral methodology, a brief sketch of the way sola Scriptura has evolved in the American Protestant Bible-believing tradition is in order. A North American Historical Sketch Much of the practical interaction with Scripture is still under the shadow of the yeasty individualism of the early nineteenth century. In that time sola Smptura evolved into such radical slogans as "No creed but 'Probably the best review of the historical and hermeneutical vagaries which surrounded rhk Reformation appropriation of sola Scriptura is given by ~linerMcGrath, Reformation Thought (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988), 95-116; and idem, The Intellecttral Origins of the European Reformation (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1987), 140-174. -
What Scriptures Or Bible Nearest to Original Hebrew Scriptures? Anong Biblia Ang Pinaka-Malapit Sa Kasulatang Hebreo
WHAT BIBLE TO READ WHAT SCRIPTURES OR BIBLE NEAREST TO ORIGINAL HEBREW SCRIPTURES? ANONG BIBLIA ANG PINAKA-MALAPIT SA KASULATANG HEBREO KING JAMES BIBLE OLD TESTAMENT IS THE NEAREST TO ORIGINAL HEBREW SCRIPTURES BECAUSE THE OLD TESTAMENT WAS DIRECTLY TRANSLATED FROM HEBREW COLUMN OF ORIGENS’S HEXAPLA. KING JAMES BIBLE ALSO WAS COMPARED TO NEWLY FOUND DEAD SEA SCROLL WITH CLOSE AND VERY NEAR TRANSLATION TO THE TEXT FOUND ON DEAD SEA SCROLL ni Isagani Datu-Aca Tabilog WHAT SCRIPTURES OR BIBLE NEAREST TO ORIGINAL HEBREW SCRIPTURES? KING JAMES BIBLE OLD TESTAMENT IS THE NEAREST TO ORIGINAL HEBREW SCRIPTURES BECAUSE THE OLD TESTAMENT WAS DIRECTLY TRANSLATED FROM HEBREW COLUMN OF ORIGENS’S HEXAPLA. KING JAMES BIBLE ALSO WAS COMPARED TO NEWLY FOUND DEAD SEA SCROLL WITH CLOSE AND VERY NEAR TRANSLATION TO THE TEXT FOUND ON DEAD SEA SCROLL Original King Iames Bible 1611 See the Sacred Name YAHWEH in modern Hebrew name on top of the Front Cover 1 HEXAPLA FIND THE DIFFERENCE OF DOUAI BIBLE VS. KING JAMES BIBLE Genesis 6:1-4 Genesis 17:9-14 Isaiah 53:8 Luke 4:17-19 AND MANY MORE VERSES The King James Version (KJV), commonly known as the Authorized Version (AV) or King James Bible (KJB), is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England begun in 1604 and completed in 1611. First printed by the King's Printer Robert Barker, this was the third translation into English to be approved by the English Church authorities. The first was the Great Bible commissioned in the reign of King Henry VIII, and the second was the Bishops' Bible of 1568. -
Religious Transactions in Colonial South India: Language, Translation
48 Book Reviews Missionary translations, which were word for word renderings in Tamil from other language texts, differed significantly from the long history of “translations,” that is, rewritings in Tamil Reviews from other Indian languages. (21) The introduction also gives a brief overview of the history of Bible translation into Tamil. Although the first Roman Catholic Religious Transactions in Colonial South India: Language, Tamil Bible was considerably later (NT 1857, OT 1904) than Translation and the Making of Protestant Identity, by the Protestant (NT 1714, OT 1727), there were Tamil Roman Hephzibah Israel (Palgrave Studies in Cultural and Intellectual Catholic writings well before the arrival of Protestants. One of History, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, pp. 269 + xvi) the Protestant translation strategies was to be different from the Roman Catholics (27). The focus of the book, as the subtitle —Reviewed by H. L. Richard indicates, is on this Tamil Protestant identity and how transla- tion issues contributed to that distinct identity. his remarkable study of Bible The book thus does not focus on the history of Bible trans- translation into the south Indian lation, but rather picks up three central issues that arise all TamilT language has many complex through the history. The first issue is language, notably “dis- implications for missiology. It is a book putes over the appropriateness of key religious terms” (33). that needs to be read and digested, and The second is disputes over the various versions, particularly has relevance far beyond India. Even a looking at “where certain versions were assigned authority review as extensive as this one can only and symbolic value above others by the community” (33).