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Study on Water Quality Status with Respect to Fluoride Contamination in Balkh Province Drinking Water Sources

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Study on Water Quality Status with Respect to Fluoride Contamination in Balkh Province Drinking Water Sources STUDY ON WATER QUALITY STATUS WITH RESPECT TO FLUORIDE CONTAMINATION IN BALKH PROVINCE DRINKING WATER SOURCES SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION REPORT Authors: M. Hassan Saffi, Hydro-geologist Ahmad Jawid Kohistani, Hydro-geologist Edited by Leendert Vijselaar February, 2014 Paikob-e-Naswar, Wazirabad, PO Box 208, Kabul, Afghanistan Phone: (+93)(020) 220 17 50Mobile (+93)(0)70 28 82 32 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.dacaar.org ii Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................... III ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................... VII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................................. VIII NATIONAL DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS (NDWQS) .......................................................... X 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1 2. OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................... 1 2.1 OVERALL OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................................... 1 2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................................... 1 3. RATIONAL OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................................ 2 4. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT FLUORIDE . ............................................................................... 2 4.1. CHEMICAL DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................. 2 4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL OCCURRENCE . ...................................................................................... 2 4.3. FLUORIDE DISTRIBUTION IN WATER . ................................................................................. 3 4.4. EXPOSURE ..................................................................................................................... 3 4.5. PROBLEM DUE TO EXCESS FLUORIDE ................................................................................ 3 5. FACTORS AFFECTING THE NATURAL FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS ............................................... 4 5.1 GEOLOGY ...................................................................................................................... 4 5.2 CONTACT TIME ............................................................................................................... 5 5.3 CLIMATE ........................................................................................................................ 5 5.4 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GROUNDWATER ..................................................................... 5 6. SURFACE GEOLOGY OF STUDY AREA ........................................................................................ 5 6.1 STUDY AREA .................................................................................................................. 6 6.2 FIELD INVESTIGATION ...................................................................................................... 7 6.3 FIELD PARAMETERS ........................................................................................................ 8 6.4 SAMPLING OF WATER POINTS ........................................................................................... 8 7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .................................................................................................... 8 7.1 FLUORIDE CONTAMINATION .............................................................................................. 8 7.1.1 FLUORIDE CONTAMINATION IN AFGHANISTAN .............................................................. 8 7.1.2 FLUORIDE CONTAMINATION IN BALKH PROVINCE ......................................................... 9 7.1.3 HEALTH IMPACT OF HIGH FLUORIDE CONTENT DRINKING WATER IN BALKH PROVINCE .... 10 7.2 OTHER WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS OF CONCERN ......................................................... 11 7.2.1 POWER OF HYDROGEN (PH) ................................................................................... 11 7.2.2. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (EC) ............................................................................ 11 7.2.3 ARSENIC ............................................................................................................... 12 7.2.4 SULPHATE ............................................................................................................ 12 7.2.5 NITRATE ............................................................................................................... 13 iii 7.2.6 SODIUM ................................................................................................................ 13 7.2.7 CHLORIDE ............................................................................................................. 14 7.2.8 CALCIUM .............................................................................................................. 15 7.2.9 MAGNESIUM .......................................................................................................... 15 7.3 MAJOR IONS CHEMISTRY ................................................................................................ 16 7.4 HYDRO -GEOCHEMICAL PROCESS .................................................................................... 17 7.5 CORRELATION ANALYSIS ................................................................................................ 21 8. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 24 9. SUGGESTION ....................................................................................................................... 25 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 26 ANNEXES .................................................................................................................................... 27 ANNEX 1 DATA FROM WATER SAMPLES FROM WATER POINTS IN BALKH ........................................ 28 ANNEX 2 FLUORIDE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION LEVEL IN GROUNDWATER AFGHANISTAN ..................... 42 ANNEX 3F LUORIDE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION LEVEL IN GROUNDWATER IN BALKH ............................. 43 ANNEX 4C ONTOUR LINES FLUORIDE – GROUNDWATER – BALKH PROVINCE .................................... 44 ANNEX 5 EC/S ALINITY DISTRIBUTION IN BALK PROVINCE ............................................................. 45 ANNEX 6 EC/ SALINITY INTERPOLATED CONTOUR LINES BALKH PROVINCE .................................... 46 ANNEX 7 SULPHATE OCCURRENCE IN BALKH PROVINCE GROUNDWATER ....................................... 47 ANNEX 8 SULPHATE INTERPOLATED CONTOUR LINES IN GROUNDWATER BALKH PROVINCE .............. 48 ANNEX 9 NITRATE LEVELS IN GROUNDWATER IN BALKH PROVINCE ............................................... 49 ANNEX 10 SODIUM LEVEL IN GROUNDWATER IN BALKH PROVINCE ................................................ 50 ANNEX 11 SODIUM INTERPOLATED CONTOUR LINES GROUNDWATER IN BALKH PROVINCE ............... 51 ANNEX 12 CHLORIDE LEVELS IN GROUNDWATER IN BALKH PROVINCE ........................................... 52 ANNEX 13 CHLORIDE INTERPOLATED CONTOUR LINES IN GROUNDWATER BALKH PROVINCE ............ 53 ANNEX 14 CALCIUM LEVELS IN GROUNDWATER BALKH PROVINCE ................................................. 54 ANNEX 15 CALCIUM INTERPOLATED CONTOUR LINES IN BALKH PROVINCE ..................................... 55 ANNEX 16 MAGNESIUM LEVELS IN GROUNDWATER IN BALKH PROVINCE ........................................ 56 ANNEX 17 MAGNESIUM INTERPOLATED CONTOUR LINES IN GROUNDWATER BALKH PROVINCE ......... 57 iv TABLE OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 FLUORIDE EFFECT ON TEETH ............................................................................................ 4 FIGURE 2 FLUORIDE EFFECT ON BRAIN ............................................................................................ 4 FIGURE 3 BONE FLUOROSIS ............................................................................................................ 4 FIGURE 4 ARTHRITIS ...................................................................................................................... 4 FIGURE 5 SURFACE GEOLOGY OF STUDY AREA ................................................................................. 6 FIGURE 6 LOCATION MAP OF STUDY AREA ........................................................................................ 7 FIGURE 7 LOCATION OF WATER SAMPLE SITES IN BALKH PROVINCE .................................................... 7 FIGURE 8 PERCENTAGE OF FLUORIDE DISTRIBUTION ......................................................................... 9 FIGURE 9 VARIATION OF FLUORIDE CONCENTRATION OVER TIME ........................................................ 9 FIGURE 10 PERCENTAGE OF FLUORIDE LEVELS .............................................................................. 10 FIGURE 11 DENTAL FLUOROSIS IN BALKH PROVINCE ......................................................................
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