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Natural Resources and Conflict in Afghanistan

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Natural Resources and Conflict in Afghanistan NNaturalatural ResourcesResources aandnd CConflictonflict iinn AAfghanistanfghanistan SSeveneven CaseCase Studies,Studies, MajorMajor TrendsTrends andand ImplicationsImplications forfor thethe TransitionTransition RRenardenard SextonSexton - JJulyuly 22012012 wwww.watchafghanistan.orgww.watchafghanistan.org About Afghanistan Watch Afghanistan Watch is an independent, non-governmental, non-profit and non-political organization. It was established in Kabul in 2008 by a group of national and international civil society advocates who saw a critical vacuum in Afghan civil society on issues of human rights, transitional justice, transparency and accountability, rule of law, democracy, good governance and conflict resolution. AW has since grown to become a leading national-level organization, with offices in Kabul (HQ), Herat and Mazar-e Sharif, and new field offices soon to be opened in Jalalabad, Bamiyan and Badakhshan. Afghanistan Watch is devoted to innovative and forward-thinking research, advocacy and training on democracy, good governance, and civic rights and responsibilities. We are proudly part of Afghanistan’s civil society, as well as part of the broader international community of thinkers and doers on these issues. “This report was made possible with support from the Rockefeller Brothers Fund. The opinions and views of the authors do not necessarily state or reflect those of the Fund.” AW regularly publishes studies on Afghanistan, as well as including comparative cases from the region, on issues such as political inclusion, human rights, conflict and culture of accountability. In addition to doing high-quality research AW has experience: facilitating dialogue, discussion and debate; doing video and audio documentaries; advocating for policy changes; training/building capacity in local (rural and urban) areas. For more information and to order publications, contact Afghanistan Watch at: Tel: +93 (0)799 21 55 77, 778 89 38 33 Website: www.watchafghanistan.org E-mail: [email protected] © Afghanistan Watch. All rights reserved. No part of this publicaon may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmied in any form or by any mean, electronic, recording or otherwise without prior wrien permission of the publisher, the Afghanistan Watch.Permission can be obtained by emailing [email protected]. About the Author Renard Sexton is an expert on conflict, natural resources and international affairs across the developing world, including South Asia, Latin America and West and Central Africa. He has undertaken fieldwork on three continents, including spending significant time in Ecuador and Afghanistan, and shorter stints in Sierra Leone, India and Haiti. Before coming to Afghanistan, he worked for Fundación Futuro Latinoamericano in Quito, Ecuador and before that the U.N. Environment Programme’s Post-Conflict and Disaster Management Branch, focused on West and Central Africa. He has also been a contributor to the New York Times’ blog ‘FiveThirtyEight’, The Guardian, The Independent, Foreign Policy, and URD’s Humanitaires en mouvement. He can be contacted at <[email protected]> Acknowledgements This study is based on more than sixty interviews, several hundred reports and articles, and a wide variety of book sources. I would like to thank those who gave their time in interviews. Many interviewees requested anonymity because of the sensitivity of the subjects being discussed. I have relied on published accounts where possible, but many key pieces of information were acquired confidentially and the references reflect that. To conduct the interviews, my interpreter and assistant, Yasin Yawari, was indispensible, especially in his ability to make contentious and politically charged questions come across as friendly and nonintru-sive. Appreciation to Niamatullah Ibrahimi and Hamish Nixon for their reviews of the work in process, particularly to Niamat, who read the entire manuscript and provided insightful comments and ideas. Afghanistan Watch hosted the research project, and its team was exceptionally accommodating and friendly. Thanks especially to Director Jalil Benish, who made me feel at home during my six months in Kabul. Credit goes to Ahmad Zia Mohammadi for the design of the report. Many thanks go to Vincent White, who was demanding and skilled in his editing of the study, as well as and Stephen Sexton, who assisted in the editing process. And also to Royce Wiles at the Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU) who has run the best library in town with competence and grace. Finally, I thank the folks at the Rockefeller Brothers Fund who supported this research with a grant from their Peacebuilding program. In a changing donor environment, RBF is a consistent supporter of innovative programming on important issues. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Afghanistan Watch. Content IIntroductionntroduction ............................................................................................................................................. 6 CCasease StudyStudy 1:1: IrrigationIrrigation andand DrinkingDrinking WWaterater iinn SSamanganamangan aandnd BBalkhalkh PProvincesrovinces .................................10 CCasease StudyStudy 2:2: WaterWater forfor HydroelectricityHydroelectricity andand IrrigationIrrigation inin HeratHerat ProvinceProvince ..........................................19 CCasease StudyStudy 3:3: RangelandsRangelands inin GhazniGhazni andand MaidanMaidan WardakWardak ProvincesProvinces ...................................................28 CCasease StudyStudy 4:4: LandLand ConConfliictct iinn NangarharNangarhar PProvincerovince ..............................................................................3 7 CCasease StudyStudy 5:5: GemstonesGemstones (lapis(lapis lazuli)lazuli) inin BadakhshanBadakhshan ProvinceProvince ...........................................................46 CCasease SStudytudy 6:6: IndustrialIndustrial IIronron MMiningining iinn BBamiyanamiyan PProvincerovince ..................................................................54 CCasease StudyStudy 7:7: TimberTimber inin KunarKunar ProvinceProvince ................................................................................................ 61 OObservationsbservations andand AnalysisAnalysis ......................................................................................................................69 CConclusionsonclusions aandnd RecommendationsRecommendations .......................................................................................................74 Annexes BBibliographyibliography ...................................................................................................................................79 GGlossarylossary ..........................................................................................................................................84 LLatestatest PublicationsPublications .........................................................................................................................85 IIntroductionntroduction In Afghanistan, natural resources and conflict The linkages between natural resources and have a intimate and complex relationship. Conflict conflict is a major factor for the short and long assessment surveys have consistently reported that term stability of Afghanistan. Thus far, detailed and access to natural resources is the cause for more than publicly available research on such linkages has not half of local level conflict incidents in Afghanistan.1 been conducted. Development opportunities in the In particular, competition for land and water are natural resource sector, such as hydroelectric dam regularly cited as two top causes of conflict in construction, irrigation schemes, gemstones for communities across Afghanistan. export, industrial minerals extraction and timber production, have been promoted by the international Western donor aid to the Afghan central community and Afghanistan’s leadership, but government has already started a dramatic decline sectoral risks have not been sufficiently examined. from its peak levels of several years ago2. Natural In order for natural resources to produce sustainable resources, especially in the extractive industries benefits for the country, they must be exploited in sector, have been identified as the top prospect a way that does not aggravate the associated drivers for generating state revenues to replace those of conflict. funds. The central government has worked hard to tender and award concessions to exploit mineral This study identifies the major conflict trends in the deposits to international investors in the hope natural resource sector in Afghanistan by developing that these arrangements will ensure a consistent and examining seven representative case studies. The stream of royalty payments. In the scramble to cases are drawn from across the country, representing develop a tax base for the Afghan state, however, diverse geographic, ethnic, social and resource underlying rivalries and disagreements regarding settings. issues such as centralization of power and The current period of transition is a critical time government structures have provoked conflict in for Afghanistan. With the gradual withdrawal of the sector. ISAF/NATO forces to be completed in 2014, many observers have focused on the security transition Waldman, Matt (2008). Community Peacebuilding in ـ1
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