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Environmental Assessment of the Proposed Mazar Foods Agricultural/Irrigation Development Final Draft

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Environmental Assessment of the Proposed Mazar Foods Agricultural/Irrigation Development Final Draft Environmental Assessment of the Proposed Mazar Foods Agricultural/Irrigation Development Final Draft Balkh Province, Afghanistan DRAFT February 1, 2008 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Chemonics International and The Cadmus Group, Inc. Environmental Assessment of the Proposed Mazar Foods Agricultural/Irrigation Development Balkh Province, Afghanistan Final Draft Prepared for: USAID/Afghanistan Prepared by: Chemonics International & The Cadmus Group Submitted: February 4, 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS......................................................................................................................I SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ............................................................................................ 1 Major Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 4 Recommendation # 1 .................................................................................................................................. 4 Recommendation #2 ................................................................................................................................... 5 Recommendation #3 ................................................................................................................................... 6 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Purpose and Need for the Project ................................................................................... 7 1.1.1 Purpose....................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1.2 Need for Agriculture/Irrigation .................................................................................................. 8 1.2 Objectives of the EA and Policy, Legal, and Administrative Framework .................. 9 1.2.1 Summary Description of Proposed Project Activities................................................................ 9 1.2.2 Regulatory considerations (Host Country, USAID, OPIC, including relevant international agreements) .............................................................................................................................. 11 1.2.3 Requirements of Potential Investors, Lenders, and Insurers .................................................... 13 1.2.4 Relationship of this EA to Other Environmental Documentation ............................................ 14 1.3 EA Scoping Process........................................................................................................ 14 1.3.1 Narrowing Issues for Consideration......................................................................................... 14 1.3.2 Public and Stakeholder Participation ....................................................................................... 15 1.4 EA Methodology............................................................................................................. 15 1.4.1 Team Composition, Responsibilities, and Technical Approach............................................... 16 1.4.2 Schedule of Meeting and Site Visits ........................................................................................ 22 1.5 EA Consultation and Review......................................................................................... 24 1.6 Public and Stakeholder Comment ................................................................................ 28 2 PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVES................................................. 29 2.1 Description of Proposed Actions ................................................................................... 29 2.1.1 Land Preparation and Clearing, Ancillary Road Development, Construction Camps, etc....... 30 2.1.2 Water Abstraction .................................................................................................................... 32 2.1.3 Water Distribution Systems Development, Construction, Operation and Maintenance........... 34 2.1.4 Energy Provision – Types and Impacts of Energy Needed for Irrigation, Operations, Processing, and Transport ........................................................................................................ 35 2.1.5 Soil Preparation and Agrochemical Use................................................................................... 36 2.1.6 Crop Management, Seed Selection, Planting, Harvesting, Storage, and Transportation.......... 36 2.1.7 Pest Management ..................................................................................................................... 40 2.1.8 Crop Processing (e.g., cold chain, washing and packaging, waste generation, and disposition41 2.1.9 Provision of Food Processing and Storage Facilities ............................................................... 43 2.1.10 Building Construction and Operation....................................................................................... 44 2.1.11 Provision of Labor and Housing, Social Service, etc............................................................... 44 2.1.12 Security Arrangements............................................................................................................. 44 2.2 Alternatives to Proposed Actions and Comparison of Alternatives .......................... 45 2.2.1 No Action Alternative.............................................................................................................. 45 2.2.2 Deep Borehole Well/Water Supply versus Other Sources of Irrigation................................... 45 2.2.3 Alternative Design Strategies for Irrigation (pivot, sprinkler vs. drip systems, etc.) ............... 45 2.2.4 Linkages to Alternatives to USAID/OPIC and Host Government Objectives ......................... 46 2.2.5 Proposed Alternatives .............................................................................................................. 46 2.2.6 No Action Compared to Proposed Actions .............................................................................. 46 2.3 Identification of Preferred Alternative Actions........................................................... 46 3 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT – BASELINE SITUATION ............................ 49 3.1 Local and Regional Context and designation of Project Area under Consideration49 3.2 Physical Environment .................................................................................................... 49 3.2.1 Physical Geography: Climate, Geology, Topography, Historical Precipitation Records, Soils, Agro-ecological zones.............................................................................................................. 49 3.2.2 Agro-ecological zones.............................................................................................................. 52 3.2.3 Hydrology ................................................................................................................................ 52 3.2.4 Water Quality........................................................................................................................... 54 3.2.5 Natural Events History (earthquakes, floods, fires, etc.).......................................................... 59 3.3 Biological Environment ................................................................................................. 60 3.3.1 Biodiversity and Threatened or Endangered Species............................................................... 60 3.3.2 Proximity to Protected Areas and Forest Resources or Unique or Sensitive Natural Habitat .. 61 3.3.3 Proximity to Sensitive Cultural or Archeological Sites............................................................ 61 3.3.4 Renewable or Non-Renewable Resources................................................................................ 61 3.3.5 Vegetation and Vegetative Cover Loss .................................................................................... 62 3.4 Socio-Economic (Human) Environment....................................................................... 62 3.4.1 Description of Residential and Occupational Population in or Near the Project Area............. 62 3.4.2 Description of Previous, Current, and Planned Land Use Activities and Ownership in or Near the Project Area (e.g. agriculture, agribusiness, livestock, and fisheries), including use or habitation by indigenous peoples ............................................................................................. 62 3.4.3 Other Existing or Proposed Agriculture/Irrigation, Agribusiness Projects in the Region........ 63 3.4.4 Local/Regional Cultural and Institutional Setting.................................................................... 63 3.4.5 Sites of Archeological, Historical, or Cultural Importance ...................................................... 64 3.4.6 Socio-Economic Characteristics............................................................................................... 64 4 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES........................................................... 69 4.2 Potential Adverse and Beneficial Impacts of Mazar Foods Agricultural/Irrigation Actions during Design, Construction, Operation, and Maintenance...................................... 69 4.2.1 Water Hydrology, Demand, Quantity and Quality, and Aquifer Abstraction Impacts............
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