Indice De L'innovation Par Les

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Indice De L'innovation Par Les L’innovation dans L’entreprise numérique : résuLtats d’une étude menée auprès des grandes entreprises françaises mars 2013 AVEC LA COLLABORATION DU CollaboRatIon équipe de projet – Cefrio merci à l’équipe du Bureau d’intervieweurs profes- Josée beaudoin, vice-présidente, Innovation et transfert sionnels (Bip) pour sa collaboration à la collecte des Claire bourget, directrice de la recherche marketing données ainsi qu’à fujitsu pour le développement Marianne lorthiois, chargée de projet de la plateforme de sondage. équipe sCientifique Dépôt légal : 2013 benoit aubert, professeur titulaire, HEC Montréal bibliothèque et archives nationales du Québec Patrick Cohendet, professeur titulaire, HEC Montréal bibliothèque et archives Canada Ronan le Roux, assistant de recherche, HEC Montréal benoit Montreuil, professeur titulaire, Université laval ISbn : 978-2-923852-38-6 (Québec) © CEFRIo 2013, TOUS DRoItS RÉSERvÉS. l’InFoRMATIon ContEnUE DanS CE DoCUMEnt nE PEUt ÊtRE UtIlISÉE Coordination de L’édition oU REPRoDUItE PaR UnE tIERCE PaRtIE, À MoInS D’UnE Guillaume Ducharme, directeur des communications aUTORISATIon ÉCRItE DU CEFRIo. et des relations avec les partenaires, CEFRIo annie lavoie, conseillère en communication, CEFRIo graphisme nathalie angers, designer graphique révision Linguistique tony bureau, réviseur linguistique Crédits photos Couverture : iStockphoto.com/©bowdenimages 2 | Indice de l’InnovatIon par les tIC | ©CEFRIo 2013 tablE DES MatIèRES avant-propos .............................................................................6 sommaire . 8 1. présentation de L’indiCe . 12 1.1 Contexte du projet . 12 1.2 Modèle de mesure de l’innovation par les TIC ................................................15 1.3 Méthodologie d’enquête ..................................................................16 1.4 Échantillon..............................................................................16 2. portrait des entreprises .............................................................. 17 2.1 L’intensité d’innovation . 17 2.1.1 Qu’entend-on par innovation ? ............................................................... 17 2.1.2 Dans quelle mesure les entreprises françaises sondées innovent-elles ? . 18 2.1.3 La comparaison France-Canada en matière d’intensité d’innovation . 19 2.2 L’intensité d’utilisation des technologies numériques . ........................................19 2.2.1 Les technologies les plus utilisées. ........................................................... 21 2.3 La préparation de l’organisation ...........................................................23 2.3.1 Comment les entreprises peuvent-elles se préparer à l’innovation ?. .............................23 2.3.2 Les entreprises se donnent-elles la structure nécessaire pour innover ?..........................24 2.4 Culture d’expérimentation et tolérance au risque. ............................................27 2.4.1 Les entreprises sont-elles ouvertes à l’expérimentation et au risque ?............................27 2.5 L’innovation ouverte . 29 2.5.1 Qu’est-ce que l’innovation ouverte ? . 29 2.5.2 Les entreprises sont-elles favorables à l’innovation ouverte ? ...................................30 2.6 Transformation des marchés, espace, temps et matérialité . 31 2.6.1 Comment les TIC transforment-elles l’environnement d’affaires ?................................ 31 2.6.2 Les effets des TIC sur les entreprises . 32 3 | Indice de l’InnovatIon par les tIC | ©CEFRIo 2013 2.7 La performance. .........................................................................36 2.7.1 Performance interne et performance externe..................................................36 2.7.2 La performance mesurée auprès des entreprises ..............................................37 3. faCteurs d’infLuenCe de L’innovation et de La performanCe...........................39 3.1 Quelles sont les variables qui influencent l’innovation ?. .......................................39 3.1.1 L’intensité d’utilisation des TIC ...............................................................39 3.1.2 La culture d’expérimentation et la tolérance au risque. 41 3.1.3 La préparation de l’organisation . ............................................................42 4. ConCLusion ............................................................................43 5. annexes . 44 annexe 1 : éChantiLLon détaiLLé..........................................................44 annexe 2 : Liste des définitions des teChnoLogies . 45 6. BiBLiographie..........................................................................47 4 | Indice de l’InnovatIon par les tIC | ©CEFRIo 2013 lIStE DES FIGURES Et TABLEaUX figure 1 : TIC, innovation et performance............................................................9 figure 2 : Effet de l’intensité d’utilisation des TIC sur l’environnement d’affaires . 11 figure 3 : Calendrier du projet . 12 figure 4 : Cadre initial de référence................................................................ 15 figure 5 : Intensité d’innovation ................................................................... 18 figure 6 : Intensité d’innovation en France et au Canada ............................................. 19 figure 7 : Intensité d’utilisation des TIC par les organisations et entreprises, par catégorie de technologie. 21 figure 8 : Intensité d’utilisation des technologies numériques dans les entreprises. 22 figure 9 : Préparation de l’organisation. ............................................................24 figure 10 : Équipes multidisciplinaires. .............................................................24 figure 11 : Investissements physiques . 25 figure 12 : Acquisition de nouvelles expertises ......................................................25 figure 13 : Modifications significatives à l’organisation ...............................................26 figure 14 : Culture d’expérimentation et tolérance au risque..........................................28 figure 15 : Propension à l’innovation ouverte . 30 figure 16 : Diversité et richesse des contenus.......................................................32 figure 17 : Temps/espace.........................................................................33 figure 18 : Taille des marchés . 33 figure 19 : Interconnexion . 34 figure 20 : Matérialité............................................................................35 figure 21 : Perception de la performance interne ....................................................37 figure 22 : Perception de la performance de marché . 38 figure 23 : Lien entre l’intensité d’utilisation des TIC et l’intensité d’innovation . 39 figure 24 : Lien entre l’intensité d’utilisation des TIC et l’intensité d’innovation selon le type de technologie. 40 figure 25 : Lien entre le changement organisationnel et l’innovation . 41 figure 26 : Lien entre la culture d’expérimentation et la tolérance au risque et l’innovation . 42 taBLeau 01 : Variables et indicateurs du questionnaire d’enquête . 16 taBLeau 02 : Corrélations entre les différents types d’innovation . 18 5 | Indice de l’InnovatIon par les tIC | ©CEFRIo 2013 AVANT-PRoPoS l’Indice de l’innovation par les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) est un vaste projet initié en 2010 par le CEFRIo et ses collaborateurs. Il a été rendu possible grâce au travail d’une équipe scientifique composée de chercheurs de HEC Montréal et de l’Université laval, au soutien financier de nombreux partenaires gouvernementaux et privés, au témoignage de douze organisations ainsi qu’à la participation de plus de 1 800 répondants issus d’entreprises et institutions publiques du Canada et de la France. Fidèle à sa mission de contribuer à un meilleur usage du numérique, le CEFRIo est fier de présenter les résultats d’une enquête menée auprès des entreprises membres du CIGREF. l’Indice de l’innovation par les TIC a permis de mettre en lumière plusieurs facteurs influençant l’innovation et la performance au sein des entreprises et organisations. Surtout, il a fait émerger des recommandations et bonnes pratiques qui permettront à tout responsable tI ou dirigeant de mieux orienter sa stratégie en matière d’utilisation des technologies numériques. au terme d’une revue de littérature approfondie, d’une analyse de douze études de cas ainsi que d’un vaste sondage, il est notamment apparu que ni le type de technologie utilisée, ni le montant investi en équipement n’ont d’effet sur l’innovation et la performance. En revanche, l’intensité d’utilisation des tIC et les efforts consacrés à la gestion et au changement organisationnel ont un impact positif fort. le CEFRIo tient à remercier le CIGREF pour son appui et sa précieuse collaboration dans ce projet. Il souligne aussi la collaboration des autres partenaires, dont le ministère des Finances et de l’Économie, le ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche, de la Science et de la technologie, le Secrétariat du Conseil du trésor du Québec, Revenu Québec, Industrie Canada et Fujitsu. Merci également à l’équipe de chercheurs de HEC Montréal et de l’Université laval. Merci enfin aux organisations qui ont participé aux études de cas ainsi qu’à tous les répondants de l’enquête. bonne lecture ! Jacqueline Dubé Présidente-directrice générale, CEFRIO 6 | Indice de l’InnovatIon par les tIC | ©CEFRIo 2013 AVANT-PRoPoS L’INNOVATION Enjeu majeur de la transformation numérique de nos entreprises ! Le CIGREF, Réseau de Grandes Entreprises, a pour vocation d’aider leurs dirigeants à les rendre plus innovantes
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