July 10Th a Letter to Babbage Concerning Born: July 10, 1856, Her Additions: Smiljan, Austrian Empire (Now “I Want to Put in Something Croatia)

On this day (before the paper’s publication), Lovelace composed Nikola Tesla July 10th a letter to Babbage concerning Born: July 10, 1856, her additions: Smiljan, Austrian Empire (now “I want to put in something Croatia). Died: January 7, 1943 Gauss' Triangles about Bernouilli’s Numbers, in Tesla is probably best known for one of my Notes, as an example July 10, 1796 developing the alternating of how an implicit function may current (AC) electrical supply be worked out by the engine, German mathematician and system, which he later sold to without having been worked out natural philosopher Karl the Westinghouse Corporation by human head & hands first. Friedrich Gauss (1777 - 1855) for $60,000. However, he was a Give me the necessary data and kept a diary for most of his adult prodigious inventor, including formulae.” life. Perhaps his most famous the “Tesla coil,” still used in diary entry, dated today, was the (A scan of the letter is online at radio technology today, and a single line https://www.bl.uk/collecti pioneer in radar and X-rays. He EYPHKA: num = △ + △ + △ on-items/letter-from-ada- also created the earliest lovelace-to-charles- electronic AND-gate circuit, as which signifies his discovery babbage#) part of his development of the that every positive number is The Bernouilli’s Numbers first radio controlled device, the expressible as the sum of (at ‘program’ appeared in Note G as Teleautomaton [Dec 8]. most) three triangular numbers. a table showing the evaluation of When Tesla first arrived in the The first word is a call back to the algorithm, and contained a US in 1884, he briefly worked Archimedes’ cry of discovery few bugs. It has been called the unhappily with Thomas Edison [March 8]. first published computer [Feb 11]. His invention of AC program. sparked a feud with Edison who There is some rather heated was promoting his direct First Published debate over who wrote the current system at the time. ‘programs’ in the article; it Topsy the elephant suffered as a “Computer seems that many of them were result [Jan 4]. Program” by Babbage. Note G also contains Lovelace’s July 10, 1843 dismissal of what we now would call AI. She wrote: In October 1843, Ada Lovelace [Dec 10] published a translation “The Analytical Engine has no and expansion of Luigi Federico pretensions whatever to Menabrea’s paper, “Notions sur originate anything. It can do la machine analytique de M. whatever we know how to order Charles Babbage” (October it to perform. It can follow 1842), which had appeared in a analysis; but it has no power of Swiss journal in French. anticipating any analytical Lovelace added seven lengthy relations or truths.” notes, which made the article This objection was addressed by almost three times longer than Alan Turing in his paper Menabrea’s, and also made it the “Computing Machinery and first account in English of Intelligence” [Oct 00]. Babbage’s Analytical Engine [Dec 23] Menabrea’s paper was based on notes he took at a public Her “Sketch of the Analytical Nikola Tesla (1893). Photo by presentation by Babbage on the Engine Invented by Charles Napoleon Sarony. The Marc Analytical Engine in Torino Babbage . . . with Notes by the Seifer Archive. (Turin) in 1840, which turned Translator” was published in out to be the only public lecture Richard Taylor’s "Scientific ever given on the Engine. Memoirs" volume 3 in 1843 with Menabrea later became Prime After a nervous breakdown, the author’s name given as A.A.L. Minister of Italy from 1867 to Tesla grew increasingly It was only with the publication 1869. eccentric, and was probably of "A History of the Royal afflicted with obsessive Society" in 1848 by Charles R. compulsive disorder (OCD). At Weld that Lovelace's authorship each meal, he would use exactly of the sketch was confirmed in 18 napkins to polish the utensils. print. After his death, many of his personal notebooks were

declared “top secret” by the FBI English, displaying and printing BIOS and PC-equivalent because they described work he the texts side-by-side, a conﬁgurations of MS-DOS 2.11 had done with various US Canadian government and GW-BASIC at a bargain- government agencies. requirement. basement price of $290,000. In the 2006 Christopher Nolan The first eight units were The Phoenix BIOS gave an film "The Prestige", Tesla was delivered to the office of the enormous boost to the creation portrayed by musician/actor Prime Minister, Pierre Elliot of 100%-compatible PC clones, David Bowie. Trudeau, in February 1974, and but also meant that IBM lost it went on to become a huge control of the platform they had success, with more than $200 created. Eventually, the IBM million in annual sales. In name, combined with the low Morris Chang response, IBM started offering a cost of IBM PC compatibles, Born: July 10, 1931; rental system for its word pushed aside nearly all the other processors [June 29]. microcomputer platforms of the Ningbo, Zhejiang, China day. The New York Times has called To develop their BIOS, Phoenix Chang the "Silicon Godfather," used the clean room technique because of his involvement in (also known as the Chinese wall the rise of Taiwan’s technique) involving two semiconductor industry. engineering teams. One group In 1987 he founded the Taiwan worked with the IBM PC Semiconductor Manufacturing hardware to reverse engineer its Company. (TSMC) which BIOS algorithms and document pioneered the dedicated silicon their findings. The second group, foundry industry. Chang’s idea The AES-90. Piero Scaruffi. which actually consisted of one was to offer specialized factory person at Phoenix, Ira J Perlow, services (a foundry) for In 1975, Dorsey started Micom wrote Phoenix's BIOS, based companies willing to outsource Data Systems, to sell the Micom only on that documentation. chip design and production. This 2000 word processor. It Crucially Perlow never read business model meant that improved on the AES 90 design IBM’s manuals, so nothing he entrepreneurs could now enter by using an Intel 8080 [April implemented could have been the field at a much lower cost. 18], which made the device copied from IBM. smaller and less costly to build. As a result, TSMC became the Micom rose to be number three The BIOS was coded in largest silicon foundry in the among word processor Microsoft’s MASM assembly world, with a market value of manufacturers, behind only IBM language, and linked with about $185 billion. and Wang [Feb 7]. Phoenix’s PLINK-86. It was small enough to fit inside an 8K ROM Chang was partially inspired by chip. his 1970s work on a four- transistor project for Texas Phoenix BIOS At the time, "100% PC Instruments, where the compatibility" essentially boiled manufacturing was outsourced July 10 1984 down to checking that the clone to IBM. could flawlessly run Lotus 1-2-3 After the success of the IBM PC [Jan 26] and Bruce Artwick’s [Aug 12], many companies [Aug 8] Flight Simulator. wanted to start building PC

Stephen Bernard clones. One problem was that IBM held the copyright to the Dorsey PC’s BIOS (Basic Input/Output Claris Founded Born: July 10, 1937; System) [Aug 30]. July 10, 1987 Montreal, Quebec One expensive option was for a PC maker to create their own Claris was spun-off from Apple Dorsey's Canadian company, compatible BIOS, which Compaq in July 1987 to take charge of AES Data, launched the AES 90 had done for its Compaq MacWrite [Nov 00], MacPaint in 1972, which has been called Portable [Nov 4] It reportedly [April 27], MacDraw and the world’s first general- cost a cool $1 million to develop. MacProject, upgrading them to purpose PC, although it was form a “Pro” series. Its other marketed as a word processing However, on this day, PC products included an integrated system. Magazine reported that Phoenix suite written by two former Software (later Phoenix Apple employees, Bob Hearn The AES 90 had its own screen, a Technologies) had released and Scott Holdaway, which was keyboard, and was able to store Phoenix BIOS, a legal copy of the released in 1991 as ClarisWorks. texts on, and retrieve them from, IBM PC’s BIOS. Phoenix offered a magnetic disks. Its software was software license covering its ClarisWorks quickly surpassed able to handle French and Microsoft Works in sales and

popularity. Early in 1992, Aguayo, and Max Krohn, “to prompted Apple to reconsider, Microsoft shipped a new version maximize amusement, rather and an app SDK was released on of Microsoft Works, with the than coherence.” March 6, 2008. claim "Best-Selling Integrated SCIgen emerged from Krohn’s The 10 billionth app was Application for the Macintosh" work as a co-founder of the downloaded from the store in on the cover. Claris forced them online study guide SparkNotes, January 2011, and the American to remove this inaccurate statement. which at one point required a Dialect Society awarded “app” tool to generate high-school the honor of being 2010’s “Word Claris disappeared in 1998 soon essays. of the Year”. after the core ClarisWorks team In April 2005, the SCIgen The store's popularity soon led left to form a new company to generated article, “Rooter: A to the introduction of equivalent write software for the ill-fated Methodology for the Typical marketplaces by other mobile BeOS [Oct 00]. Unification of Access Points and OSes, notably "Android Market" Redundancy,” was accepted as a [Oct 22] (later renamed "Google non-reviewed paper at the Play"). However, the App Store WebTV World Multiconference on was a long way from being the Systemics, Cybernetics and first commercial electronic July 10, 1996 Informatics (WMSCI). software distribution catalog, which was probably the WebTV was an adapter that A sample of the paper’s Electronic AppWrapper [May allowed a television set to be contents: “Many physicists 25] from 1993. connected to the Internet, to would agree that, had it not been facilitate web browsing and e- for congestion control, the mail. It was announced on this evaluation of web browsers day by co-developer Steve might never have occurred. In Perlman, and released on fact, few hackers worldwide September 18. On April 6, 1997, would disagree with the Microsoft acquired the company. essential unification of voice- over-IP and public/private key Perlman had the idea for the pair.” device when he was browsing the Web one night, and came In the wake of the media across a Campbell’s soup attention, WMSCI changed its website with recipes. He mind and rejected the paper. realized that the group of people Undeterred, the authors raised most interested in sites last this $2,500 to travel to the event, one weren't using the Web. where they rented out a room at the conference hotel to hold Initial sales were slow, but their own “session” of randomly- improved, and WebTV grossed generated talks. They came over $1.3 billion during its first outfitted with fake names, fake eight years. During this time, business cards, and fake Microsoft changed the name of moustaches. the platform to MSN TV and started giving the devices to MSN members for free. However, Microsoft ultimately The App Store found a better vehicle for the July 10, 2008 WebTV idea in the Xbox [Nov 15]. Indeed, several members of The iPhone [Jan 9] App Store the Xbox team were formerly opened on this day, via an part of the WebTV service and update to iTunes [April 28]. also involved with the 3DO [Oct Apple could now control access 4] interactive set-top box. to third-party software for the first time, and so naturally introduced a charge on top of the basic cost of every app, SCIgen typically a 30% commission on July 10 - 13, 2005 top of its revenue. Initially, Steve Jobs [Feb 24] SCIgen randomly generates hadn't wanted developers to nonsense academic text, build native apps for iOS at all, including graphs, diagrams, and suggesting they work on Web citations. It was created by MIT applications for Safari [June 23] students, Jeremy Stribling, Dan instead. The ensuing backlash