DOCSLIB.ORG

Studies on Silver Leaf Disease of Stone and Pome Fruit Trees

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Studies on Silver Leaf Disease of Stone and Pome Fruit Trees lrv4r'f ii I rri;Tl'l UTE ta -3 '1Q ' Ltu,R,\HY STUDIES ON SILVER LEAF DISEASE OF STONE AND POME FRUIT TREES by GEOFFREY CHARLES BISHOP B.Ag. Sc. (Hons.) Adelaide Department of Plant Pathology, lVaite Agricultural Research lnstitute, University of Adelaide, South Australia. A dissertation submitted to the University of Adelaide in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. May 1978 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SI'JMMARY iii STATEMENT v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi I GENERAL INTRODUCTION 2 The Disease 2 Distribution 4 Hosts of C/¡o ndrostereum purpureum 9 Economic Importance t7 Control Measnres t9 Objectives ofthc studies presented in this thesis 22 il SILVER LEAF DISEASE IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA 23 Incidence 23 Hosts of Cåondrostereum purpureum 27 Economic Importance 29 ilI COLLECTION AND CULTURE OF Chondrostereunt purpureunx 32 Collection of basidiocarps and basidiospores 32 Storage of basidíospores 32 Growth on artifìcial media 35 Maintenance of cultures 37 ry STUDIES ON THE INFECTION OF FRIIIT TREES 38 By Cho n dr o s t er eum p urpureum Quantity of inoculum reqnired to induce infection by 38 Chondrostereum purpureun in freshly pruned cherry sapwood Materials and Methods 39 Results and Discussion 39 Suiceptibility of cherry trees to different isolates 4l of Chondrostereum puryureum Materials and Methods 43 Results and Discussion 44 Phytolysin production by isolates of Chondrostereum purpureum 46 Materials and Methods 46 Results and Discussion 48 Page V STUDIES ON BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF' Chondrostereum purpureum 5l A. Studies on Fusarùtm lateritium Nees 51 Fusarium lateritium as a plant pathogen 5l In vitro studies of the interaction between C. purpureum 52 andF.lateritium Detection of a fungitoxin by a bioassay technique 52 Inhibition of F. lateitiuntby C. purpureum 56 Inhibition of C. puryureumby enniatin s6 Production of enniatin by isolates of Fusarium lateritium 57 Materials and Methods 57 Results and Discussion 60 Sportrlation of F. lateritium on pruned cherry sapwood 65 surfaces in the field Study of a natural population of Fusariutn laterítium 67 Materials and Methods 69 Results 69 Toxicity of orchard fungicides Io F. lateitium 77 Discussion 80 Protection of cherry sapwood by F. lateritium against invasion by 80 Chondrostereum purpureun in the field Materials and Methods 80 Results and Discussion 82 B. Selection of a biological control agent for Chondrostereum purpureltm B6 Introduction 86 Sporulation of Fusøium isolates 88 Crossplating tests with the selected fungi 89 G¡owth of C. puryureurz isolates and test fungi in cherty wood blocks 89 Protection of cherry sapwood in vitro 92 VI GENERAL DISCUSSION 95 VII REFERENCES 98 VIII APPENDICES lt7 Appendix I. Publication 118 Appendix II. Media 119 Appendix III. Rainfall data for'Ferndale', Basket Range from 122 July 1975 to January 1978. Appendix IV. Orchard sprays 125 Appendix V. Correlations of spore number per g and rainfall 126 prior to sampling Appendix VI. Failule of an attempt to artificially infect apple 127 trees with Chondrostereum purpureum ERRATA page 4 line 9 BrenchJ-eY rr Iast l-ine sapnophyte 13 Tab1e Pvwmts institia 14il EseaLLonía 20 line 9 C. put'ptæewn It last line PeníopLnra gigøt'tea 21 line 3 Poz,ia ca.rboníea ll ll 11 Ethenidge 22 ll 24 infection 23 It 15 Leishrnan 27 ll 18 C. purpurewn rranll tlonll 30 It 9 for rrdischargerr trdepositionrr 32 ll t9E2I substitute for 34 It 3 Gnosclaude It il 4 C. pllrpureum il il 25 successive 38 n t2 individual 46 il 10 Albersheirn tr It 48 il 36 should nead . not only due. ' rr. a 52 ll 9 should nead . t^las found associated with twig dieback of mulbenrY...rt 60 rr 10 Canter t Ilsley (not Canten t Pnice) 63 rBl C. purpuYewn not inhibited I 65 l-ine 10 pathogen s 69 t, 28 Figr:::e 14a 7t figure Figune 14a 87 Irrje '2 I PottIe 94 il3 Bunkard 96 rt2 possess 99 nef. 15 sanbuciram 104 lt Insent: DrAeth, H.R.X. (1939) A survey of inte::action between fungi. Biological Reviews 14, 105-131' tt3 il I physiological rt6 It 6 Wood c.C. BishoP 1-4.!1.78 ul SUMMARY of Chondrostereum purpureunx has been compiled from A conrprehensive list of the hosts Australia. Thirty-nine plant species were the literature and from field observations in south previously bcen listed as hosts ,,orded as hosts in South Australia and of these 11 had not ,rclm any other countrY' and willow were found to be as effec- Basidiospores of c. purpureum from apple, brooln cherry sapwood. The isolates did, however, ,ive as those from cherry in invadilg frestrly prunecl caused' It was found that those differ in the amount of silYering of the foliage that they relatively little phytolysin' the substance isolates which causecl little foliar silvering produced that disrupts the leaf tissues and causes silvering symptoms' putpureum were initiated' Fus- Studies seeking a potential biological control agent for c. protection against another vascular ttrium lateritium, whichhas been found to give significant .armenincae, purpureunl both in the pathogerr of woody plants, Eutypa was tested against c. mycelial growth of c' pur- laboratory and in the field. F. lateritium was found to inliibit age of the F' lateritium pureum in vítro, the size ot the inhibition zone increasing with the of an antibiotic' colony. The invitro inhibition of C. purpureum was due to the production enniatin, by F. lateritium. apple orchard was A stndy of a natural population or Fusarium lateritium in a commercial tree bark was assessed carried out. The nunþer of viable propagules of F. lateritium on apple increased at weekly intervals oveÍ a period of 30 months. The population of F' lateritium summer' on from autumn onwards, reaching a peak in spring ancl falling to a low level over population could be several occasions duríng the growing season' temporary decreases in the When these attributed to the application of fungiciclal sprays' notably Difolitan and Dithane' found that ( 5 fungicides were tested in the laboratory for toxicity to F. lateritium ilwas the germina' p.p.m. active ingredient of both Difolitan and Dithane would completely inhibit growth' tion or F. løtertttutm macroconidia , and 4 p.p.m. A.I. Difolitan would inhibit hyphal The .,;t of rainfall on the population or F. hteritium appeated to be more complex than and that cf the fungicidal splays. No signihcant correlations were foutld between spole coutrt rain that fell, t¡ 24 hour intervals up to 7 days prior to sampling' sporulation When macroconidia of F. lateritium were applied to a freshly pruned surface, suspen- occurred within 7 days, and continued at a high level for at least 6 weeks' I{owever, a sion of F. lateritium nracroconidia applied to wouncls immediately after pruning afforded little protection against inocula of C. purpureum tntodttced on the pruned cherly sapwood either 1,3 or 5 days after pruning. When only the pathogen, C' purpureum, wasappliedto pruning wounds all sites were invaded; but when F. lateritium was appliecl 5 days before inoculation lv \¡vith C. purpureum only 68% of the sites became infected with the pathogen. Several other fungi that were isolated from the surface of pruning wounds on fruit trees were tested in the laboratory against C. purpureum and some showed promise as possible bio- logical control agents. Three fungi, a Fusørtum sp. and two Trichdermø spp. were found to prevent the invasion of cherry wood blocks by C. purpureum. Spores of all three genninated and started to grow well in advance of C. purpureum, and the Trichodermas sporulated readily on the pruned sapwood. v STATEMENT This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree in any university and to the best of my knowledge and belief contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference is made in the text. -7r¡-v, (cì'7 Z G. C. Bishop vl ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank my supervisor, Dr. M.V. Carter, for his encouragement and continued interest tlrroughout the course of tHs investigation. Special thanks must also go to Dr. A.H. Ilsley (Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia) and Dr. J. Rishbeth (Botany School, University of Cambridge, England) who gave helpful advice at different stages of the work. I am grateful to Mr. D.E. Symon @epartment of Agronomy, Waite Institute) for supplying botanical names of host plants in South Australia, to Drs. P.[I.B. Talbot and J.H. Warcup @epartment of Plant Pathology, Waite lnstitute) for criticisms and suggestions during the preparation of the manuscript and to Mr. D.T. I(lpatrick for his keen observation of Silver Iæaf Diseaæ during his years with the South Australian Department of Agriculture. I would like to thank Mr. M. Bumbieris for translation of several German publications, and Mr. R'P. Cook and Mr. T. Hancock (Biometry Section, Waite lnstitute) for advice on statistical tests. My thanks also to Lindy Castree for preparation of illustrations and for technical and general assistance, Mrs. Iæa Wichman and Mr. B.A. Palk for photography and preparatio¡ of illustrations, susan campbell and Barbara Deverson for typing the text. I wish to thank Messrs.D.A., M.E. and W.N. Bishop of Bishop Orchards,Basket Range, for use of trees in their orchard and for making fungicides available for my use, and Mrs. W.J. Bishop for rainfall records. The use of the facilities in the Department of Plant Pathology, Waite Agricultu¡al Research lnstitute and finance from the Commonwealth Department of Education under the Common- wealth Postgrarluate Award scheme are also gratefully acknowledged. FIGURE I Edouard Prillieux (1829-1915) who delivered the fi¡st recorded scientific paper on Silver Leaf Disease to a meet- ing of the Sociát6 National D'Agriculture de France held on July 22 1885.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tests with Wood-Decay Fungi to Control Sprouting from Cut Stumps Infected by Dutch Elm Disease
    $ 0HQNLVHWDO%DOWLF)RUHVWU\YRO ,661 Tests with Wood-Decay Fungi to Control Sprouting from Cut Stumps Infected by Dutch Elm Disease 1* 1 2 3 AUDRIUS MENKIS ,RIMVYDAS 9ASAITIS ,INGA-LENA ÖSTBRANT ,ALFAS PLIŪRA ANDJAN 1 STENLID 1 Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7026, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden 2 Swedish Forest Agency Gotland District, P.O. Box 1417, SE-62125 Visby, Sweden 3 Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Liepų str. 1, Gi- rionys, LT-53101 Kaunas district, Lithuania * Corresponding author: [email protected]; tel. +4618672729 Menkis, A., Vasaitis, R., Östbrant, I.-L., Pliūra, A. and Stenlid, J. 2017. Tests with Wood-Decay Fungi to Control Sprouting from Cut Stumps Infected by Dutch Elm Disease. Baltic Forestry 23(1): 270-273. Abstract The Dutch elm disease pathogen Ophiostoma novo-ulmi in year 2005 invaded the Swedish island of Gotland, which pos- sesses large and valuable population of elms. The control of the disease is accomplished when infected elms are harvested and destroyed, and stumps are treated with the glyphosate herbicide to kill the stumps and the root systems, and prevent further spread of the disease to the neighbouring trees via root contacts. The aim of the present study was to test an alternative method to control the stump sprouting by deploying two species of saprotrophic wood-decay fungi as biological control agents. The study was carried out during three consecutive years 2014, 2015 and 2016. Fungal inoculum of Chondrostereum purpureum and Stereum hirsutum was prepared by cultivating vegetative mycelia in liquid nutrient medium and then formulating into a gel.
    [Show full text]
  • Fruits: Kinds and Terms
    FRUITS: KINDS AND TERMS THE IMPORTANT PART OF THE LIFE CYCLE OFTEN IGNORED Technically, fruits are the mature ovaries of plants that contain ripe seeds ready for dispersal • Of the many kinds of fruits, there are three basic categories: • Dehiscent fruits that split open to shed their seeds, • Indehiscent dry fruits that retain their seeds and are often dispersed as though they were the seed, and • Indehiscent fleshy fruits that turn color and entice animals to eat them, meanwhile allowing the undigested seeds to pass from the animal’s gut We’ll start with dehiscent fruits. The most basic kind, the follicle, contains a single chamber and opens by one lengthwise slit. The columbine seed pods, three per flower, are follicles A mature columbine follicle Milkweed seed pods are also large follicles. Here the follicle hasn’t yet opened. Here is the milkweed follicle opened The legume is a similar seed pod except it opens by two longitudinal slits, one on either side of the fruit. Here you see seeds displayed from a typical legume. Legumes are only found in the pea family Fabaceae. On this fairy duster legume, you can see the two borders that will later split open. Redbud legumes are colorful before they dry and open Lupine legumes twist as they open, projecting the seeds away from the parent The bur clover modifies its legumes by coiling them and providing them with hooked barbs, only opening later as they dry out. The rattlepods or astragaluses modify their legumes by inflating them for wind dispersal, later opening to shed their seeds.
    [Show full text]
  • Achieving Effective Rhododendron Control by Investigating Novel Methods of Forest Vegetation Management
    Achieving effective Rhododendron control by investigating novel methods of forest vegetation management By Edward Daly Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy Waterford Institute of Technology School of Science 2014 Abstract In Ireland one of the most serious invasive alien species which poses a threat to local biodiversity, particularly to our native woodlands, is Rhododendron ponticum L.. Rhododendron was first introduced to Ireland during the 19th century as an ornamental garden plant and has since become an established invasive species throughout Ireland. Rhododendron has also, in recent decades, become a significant management issue in plantation forests throughout Ireland. This study sets out to improve our understanding of the auto-ecology and invasion dynamics of rhododendron in Irish forests and to investigate control options to inform future rhododendron management plans. The study was divided into three broad areas. The first study sought to investigate the efficacy of a recently discovered Irish isolate of the fungal pathogen Chondrostereum purpureum as an inhibitor of rhododendron and Betula pendula (birch) sprouting in Ireland. The treated stumps were monitored for fungal colonisation and adventitious sprouting for the ensuing 18 months. The results demonstrated that a combination of mechanical cutting and the subsequent application of C. purpureum is not an effective method of vegetation management for either rhododendron or birch. As a successful primary invader, rhododendron is often found in areas when recent land management activities have taken place. Disturbed substrate coverage and the absence of predators provide rhododendron with optimum regeneration conditions. Many land management practices (particularly in a forestry situation) expose soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 Definitions and Classifications for Fruit and Vegetables
    Chapter 1 Definitions and classifications for fruit and vegetables In the broadest sense, the botani- Botanical and culinary cal term vegetable refers to any plant, definitions edible or not, including trees, bushes, vines and vascular plants, and Botanical definitions distinguishes plant material from ani- Broadly, the botanical term fruit refers mal material and from inorganic to the mature ovary of a plant, matter. There are two slightly different including its seeds, covering and botanical definitions for the term any closely connected tissue, without vegetable as it relates to food. any consideration of whether these According to one, a vegetable is a are edible. As related to food, the plant cultivated for its edible part(s); IT botanical term fruit refers to the edible M according to the other, a vegetable is part of a plant that consists of the the edible part(s) of a plant, such as seeds and surrounding tissues. This the stems and stalk (celery), root includes fleshy fruits (such as blue- (carrot), tuber (potato), bulb (onion), berries, cantaloupe, poach, pumpkin, leaves (spinach, lettuce), flower (globe tomato) and dry fruits, where the artichoke), fruit (apple, cucumber, ripened ovary wall becomes papery, pumpkin, strawberries, tomato) or leathery, or woody as with cereal seeds (beans, peas). The latter grains, pulses (mature beans and definition includes fruits as a subset of peas) and nuts. vegetables. Definition of fruit and vegetables applicable in epidemiological studies, Fruit and vegetables Edible plant foods excluding
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Anatomy Lab 13 – Seeds and Fruits
    Plant Anatomy Lab 13 – Seeds and Fruits In this (final) lab, you will be observing the structure of seeds of gymnosperms and angiosperms and the fruits of angiosperms. Much of the work will be done with a dissecting microscope, but a few prepared slides will also be used. A set of photocopied images from the plant anatomy atlas will be available as a handout. You can use the handout to help you identify the various structures we will be looking at in seeds and fruits. Also, a fruit key is available as a separate handout. Remember that we will be considering only a small fraction of the structural diversity present among seeds of gymnosperms and the seeds and fruits of angiosperms. Seeds Gymnosperms Obtain a prepared slide of an immature pine ovule and of a mature pine ovule. You will be able to tell them apart from the following observations. • Looking at the immature ovule, you will see a megagametophyte with one or more archegonia at the end near the micropyle. The egg inside may or may not have been fertilized. • Also find the nucellus and integument tissues. Next look at a slide of a mature ovule. Instead of the megagametophyte, you will find a developing embryo. As part of this embryo, find the • cotyledons, • the radicle (embryonic root), and the • shoot apical meristem. Depending on its age, you may also notice procambial strands running between the embryonic root and the shoot apex. Points to consider: We might say that gymnosperms and angiosperms have seeds but only angiosperms have fruits - Why is that? Why don’t we consider the seed cone of a pine tree a fruit? Angiosperms Dicot Obtain a bean pod.
    [Show full text]
  • Syllabus 2017
    BI 432/532 Introductory Mycology Fall 2017 Credits: 5 Prerequisites: BI 214, 253 or instructor’s consent Required textbook: Introduction to Fungi, 3rd Ed. J. Webster and R. S. Weber. Cambridge Univ. Press. 2007. Lab manual: Mushrooms Demystified, 2nd Ed. D. Arora. Ten Speed Press. 1986. Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest, Trudell and Ammirati, Timber Press, 2009. Additional learning resources will be provided. Reference materials on reserve: Webster and Weber, Introduction to Fungi Arora, Mushrooms Demystified Instructor: Jeff Stone, Office hours MF 11:30–12:30, 1600–1700 in KLA 5 & by arrangement [email protected] GE: Hannah Soukup, Office hours TBA, [email protected] Undergraduate Teaching Assistant Kylea Garces, [email protected] Lectures: MWF 10:00 – 10:50 Labs MF 13:00 – 15:50 Final Exam Dec 8, 10:15 Course description An overview of the kingdom Fungi together with fungus-like organisms traditionally studied by mycologists. Students will learn the unique biological (life history, physiological, structural, ecological, reproductive) characteristics that distinguish Fungi (and fungus-like taxa) from other organisms. Ecological roles and interactions of fungi will be emphasized within the organizational framework of the most recent findings of molecular phylogenetics. Students will learn the defining biological characteristics of the phyla of kingdom Fungi, and of several of the most important taxa (classes, orders, genera) within these. The unique aspects of each taxonomic group as agents of plant, animal, and human disease, as partners in symbioses with various organisms, and as mediators of ecological processes will be discussed in detail. In the laboratory portion of the class, students will learn to identify distinctive diagnostic structures of fungi, learn to differentiate various fungal taxa, and how to identify genera and species of macro- and microfungi.
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Thinking the Classification of Corticioid Fungi
    mycological research 111 (2007) 1040–1063 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mycres Re-thinking the classification of corticioid fungi Karl-Henrik LARSSON Go¨teborg University, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Box 461, SE 405 30 Go¨teborg, Sweden article info abstract Article history: Corticioid fungi are basidiomycetes with effused basidiomata, a smooth, merulioid or Received 30 November 2005 hydnoid hymenophore, and holobasidia. These fungi used to be classified as a single Received in revised form family, Corticiaceae, but molecular phylogenetic analyses have shown that corticioid fungi 29 June 2007 are distributed among all major clades within Agaricomycetes. There is a relative consensus Accepted 7 August 2007 concerning the higher order classification of basidiomycetes down to order. This paper Published online 16 August 2007 presents a phylogenetic classification for corticioid fungi at the family level. Fifty putative Corresponding Editor: families were identified from published phylogenies and preliminary analyses of unpub- Scott LaGreca lished sequence data. A dataset with 178 terminal taxa was compiled and subjected to phy- logenetic analyses using MP and Bayesian inference. From the analyses, 41 strongly Keywords: supported and three unsupported clades were identified. These clades are treated as fam- Agaricomycetes ilies in a Linnean hierarchical classification and each family is briefly described. Three ad- Basidiomycota ditional families not covered by the phylogenetic analyses are also included in the Molecular systematics classification. All accepted corticioid genera are either referred to one of the families or Phylogeny listed as incertae sedis. Taxonomy ª 2007 The British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction develop a downward-facing basidioma.
    [Show full text]
  • Ten Principles for Conservation Translocations of Threatened Wood- Inhabiting Fungi
    Ten principles for conservation translocations of threatened wood- inhabiting fungi Jenni Nordén 1, Nerea Abrego 2, Lynne Boddy 3, Claus Bässler 4,5 , Anders Dahlberg 6, Panu Halme 7,8 , Maria Hällfors 9, Sundy Maurice 10 , Audrius Menkis 6, Otto Miettinen 11 , Raisa Mäkipää 12 , Otso Ovaskainen 9,13 , Reijo Penttilä 12 , Sonja Saine 9, Tord Snäll 14 , Kaisa Junninen 15,16 1Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway. 2Dept of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. 3Cardiff School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK 4Bavarian Forest National Park, D-94481 Grafenau, Germany. 5Technical University of Munich, Chair for Terrestrial Ecology, D-85354 Freising, Germany. 6Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O.Box 7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. 7Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland. 8School of Resource Wisdom, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland. 9Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. 10 Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0316 Oslo, Norway. 11 Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. 12 Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland. 13 Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway. 14 Artdatabanken, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7007, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
    [Show full text]
  • MEMOIRE DE FIN D'etudes Evaluation De L'activité Antagoniste
    REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE UNIVERSITE BLIDA 1 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LA NATURE ET DE LA VIE DEPARTEMENT DES BIOTECHNOLOGIES MEMOIRE DE FIN D’ETUDES En vue de l’obtention du diplôme de Master 2 Option : Biologie des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes Présenté par : BOUKERCHAOUI Saliha Evaluation de l’activité antagoniste des filtrats de cultures d’un isolat de Trichoderma sp. Vis- à-vis de quelques champignons phytopathogénes Soutenu devant le jury : BENCHABANE M. Professeur U. Blida 1 Président AMMAD F. M.C.B. U. Blida 1 Promotrice BOUCHENAK F. M.C.B. U. Blida 1 Examinatrice YALA A. Doctorante U. Blida 1 Invitée ANNEE UNIVERSITAIRE 2016/2017 Remerciements Ce travail a été réalisé au niveau du laboratoire de mycologie du département des Biotechnologies de l’Université de Blida1. Et au laboratoire de mycologie à l’institut national de la protection des végétaux d’El Harrach (INPV). Je remercie, en premier lieu, ALLAH le tout puissant de m’avoir donné le courage, la force et la volonté pour bien mener ce travail. Au terme de ce travail, Je tiens à exprimer toute ma gratitude, ma reconnaissance et mes sincères remerciements à ma promotrice Mme Ammad F. d’avoir accepté de m’encadrer, diriger et donné la chance de travailler ce sujet, sa confiance, sa disponibilité et la générosité qu’elle a m’ont accordée pour faire avancer ce travail. Je remercie sincèrement Pr. BENCHABANE M de m’avoir honoré en acceptant de présider le jury de mon travail. Je remercie également à Mlle BOUCHENAK f.
    [Show full text]
  • THE SILVICULTURE of TREES USED in BRITISH FORESTRY, 2ND EDITION This Page Intentionally Left Blank the Silviculture of Trees Used in British Forestry, 2Nd Edition
    THE SILVICULTURE OF TREES USED IN BRITISH FORESTRY, 2ND EDITION This page intentionally left blank The Silviculture of Trees Used in British Forestry, 2nd Edition Peter Savill Former Reader in Silviculture University of Oxford With illustrations by Rosemary Wise CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI CABI Nosworthy Way 38 Chauncey Street Wallingford Suite 1002 Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Boston, MA 02111 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 800 552 3083 (toll free) Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Tel: +1 (0)617 395 4051 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © Peter Savill 2013. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Savill, Peter S. The silviculture of trees used in British forestry / Peter Savill. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-78064-026-6 (alk. paper) 1. Forests and forestry--Great Britain. 2. Trees--Great Britain. I. Title. SD391.S285 2013 634.90941--dc23 2012043421 ISBN-13: 978 1 78064 026 6 Commissioning editor: Vicki Bonham Editorial assistants: Emma McCann and Alexandra Lainsbury Production editor: Lauren Povey Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India. Printed and bound in the UK by the MPG Books Group. Contents Acknowledgements viii Introduction 1 ABIES
    [Show full text]
  • Chondrostereum Purpureum As a Biological Control Agent
    Jan Lemola The efficacy of Chondrostereum purpureum as a biological control agent A comparative analysis of the decay fungus (Chondrostereum purpureum), a chemical herbicide and mechanical cutting to con- trol sprouting of broad-leaved tree species. Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences Bachelor of Engineering Environmental Engineering Thesis 7. 11. 2014 Abstract Jan Lemola Author(s) The efficacy of Chondrostereum purpureum as a biological con- Title trol agent Number of Pages 33 pages + 3 appendices Date 7 November 2014 Degree Bachelor of Engineering Degree Programme Environmental Engineering Specialisation option Renewable Energy Instructor(s) Leena Hamberg, Researcher (Metla) Carola Fortelius, Lecturer (Metropolia) In forestry, manual control of broad-leaved trees is tedious and costly. To reduce costs, chemicals have been applied to keep these species in control. However, some chemicals are not recommended to use because of possibly adverse effects on the environment. Instead of chemicals, biological alternatives, such as a fungus, Chondrostereum purpureum, might be used to prevent sprouting. C. purpureum is a common decay fungus in Finland; it has been investigated at Metla, to find out whether it could be used as a bio- logical control agent against sprouting of broad-leaved tree species. This thesis project is related to the Metla research project. The aim of the thesis project is to investigate, how efficiently C. purpureum prevents sprouting of broad-leaved tree species such as birch, aspen, rowan and willow when compared to chemical treatment and mechanical cutting only, and whether C. purpureum is able to penetrate into the roots of these broad-leaved trees. In the field, freshly cut weed trees were inoculated with C.
    [Show full text]
  • EU-Spain Cherry RA.Docx
    Importation of Cherry [Prunus avium United States (L.) L.] from Continental Spain into Department of Agriculture the Continental United States Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Pest March 12, 2015 Risk Assessment Version 3 Agency Contact: Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Protection and Quarantine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606 Pest Risk Assessment for Cherries from Continental Spain Executive Summary The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prepared this risk assessment document to examine plant pest risks associated with importing commercially produced fresh fruit of cherry [Prunus avium (L.) L. (Rosaceae)] for consumption from continental Spain into the continental United States. Based on the scientific literature, port-of-entry pest interception data, and information from the government of Spain, we developed a list of all potential pests with actionable regulatory status for the continental United States that are known to occur in continental Spain and that are known to be associated with the commodity plant species anywhere in the world. From this list, we identified and further analyzed 9 organisms that have a reasonable likelihood of being associated with the commodity following harvesting from the field and prior to any post-harvest processing. Of the pests
    [Show full text]