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City of Adelaide: Hospital Ship 1893

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City of Adelaide: Hospital Ship 1893 THE FLOATING HOSPITAL CITY OF ADELAIDE: controlling infectious disease in the Town and Port of Southampton, 1893-1923 A chronological narrative by Veronica Green CONTENTS 1864-1893 Clipper on the Australian run, timber trader in the North Atlantic p 3 1893-1894 Southampton acquires a Floating Hospital p 4 1895 The City of Adelaide comes into service p 15 1896 Smallpox, scarlet fever and a supplementary Hospital Ship p 16 1897 Managing infectious disease in a busy port p 19 1898 Troopships and the SS Briton p 21 1899 Closed for the first time in two years p 25 1900-1901 A new Isolation Hospital, and the Boer War p 25 1902-1903 Smallpox in the Town, Fire on the Ship p 31 1904-1905 The Outbathing Station and other plans p 34 1905 Questions in the House: the Nile and the Assaye p 36 1906-1914 An efficient system in operation p 40 1914-1918 War changes everything p 45 1919-1921 Hospitals, ships, and huts on Millbrook Marsh p 47 1922-1923 No more patients p 48 1923-1992 HMS Carrick, RNVR drill ship and floating club p 53 1992-2013 The City of Adelaide, National Historic Fleet no. 433 p 53 Appendix A Smallpox outbreak, 1892-3 Appendix B Smallpox, 1894: smallpox patients treated at West Quay Hospital Appendix C Patients treated on board the Hospital Ships, 1895-1919 Appendix D Charts: diseases and patients over time Appendix E Table of diseases treated on the Hospital Ships, 1892-1922 Appendix F Inspections, Surveys and Repairs 1893-1923: a chronology of the physical work done on the City of Adelaide while she was Southampton’s Floating Hospital The fever ship, the City of Adelaide, with her dull blue livery was anchored way out in mid- stream. People suffering from infectious diseases were isolated there away from the mainland, although the staff on board were not too particular about the rubbish they threw overboard. It was not uncommon to see wads of cotton wool floating about or caught in the rocks near to the beach. Hill, the Polygon and Freemantle, Southampton Local Studies Group, 1986, pp 12-13 For 30 years the dismasted hulk of the clipper ship City of Adelaide lay in Southampton Water ready to receive infectious patients from ship and shore. Children paddling on the Western shore would be taken home and scrubbed if the staff of the Hospital Ship were seen to be shaking bedding out. The City of Adelaide is listed on the National Register of Historic Vessels as “the oldest surviving clipper ship.” At the time of writing, she is being prepared for transport from Scotland to South Australia, where her importance as an emigrant ship 1864-1887 has long been recognised. Her history as HMS Carrick from 1924 has also been documented. The story of her life as Southampton Port Sanitary Authority’s isolation hospital, from 1893 to 1923, is scattered through many sources held in Southampton Local Studies and Maritime Library and in Southampton City Archives. This paper brings those records together for the first time in a detailed chronological narrative. A forthcoming article in the Journal of the Southampton Local History Forum will explore some of the themes raised here. SOURCES BOROUGH AND OTHER OFFICIAL RECORDS Medical Officer of Health for Southampton: Annual Report on the Health of Southampton Medical Officer of Health for Southampton: Annual Report on the Port of Southampton County Borough of Southampton, Minutes and Proceedings of Council and Committees Southampton Local Board of Health and Urban Sanitary Authority: Sanitary Committee Minutes Southampton Harbour Board Minutes and Letter Books LOCAL NEWSPAPERS JOURNALS Hampshire Advertiser Classic Boat Hampshire Independent Mariner’s Mirror Southampton Observer Nautical Magazine Southampton Times Scanner Southern Daily Echo Sea Breezes Shipping Today and Yesterday Ships Monthly Clippings from the Frank Bowen Collection, Southampton Local Studies and Maritime Library WEBSITES City of Adelaide: the splendid Clipper Ship http://cityofadelaide.org.au/ National Historic Ships UK http://www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk/register/433/city-of-adelaide PortCities Southampton www.plimsoll.org 2 1864-1893: Clipper on the Australian run, timber trader in the North Atlantic. The City of Adelaide (official number 50036) was built by W. Pile, Hay & Co. of Sunderland for Devitt & Co. She was launched May 7 1864, five years before the Cutty Sark. Like the Cutty Sark, she was a composite ship, with an iron frame and timber planking, and built for speed: she is credited with a run of 65 days “pilot to pilot” from London to Adelaide in 1867. She made 23 return voyages 1864-1887 between London and Adelaide, carrying passengers on the outward journey, and wool, hides, gum and tallow on the homeward run. For a full list of her voyages, see “City of Adelaide the splendid clipper ship” http://cityofadelaide.org.au/history/clipper-s-history/1864-1893-voyages.html This website states that “approximately a quarter of a million South Australians, or one in five, can trace an ancestor that migrated, or was a passenger, on the City of Adelaide.” City of Adelaide, David Bruce, Commander She was sold to Dover coal merchant Charles H Mowll in 1887 and used in the collier trade between the Tyne and Dover for about a year. Then she was sold to Belfast timber merchants Daniel and Thomas Stewart Dixon for the North Atlantic timber trade, carrying migrants out to Canada, and timber on the return voyage. When I was serving my apprenticeship . it was a matter of keen interest to everyone concerned with the docks at Belfast as to which would be the first vessel to arrive out at the timber loading ports and which would be the first home. I remember that between the captains of the barques City of Adelaide, owned by Dixons, Belfast, and the Ruby, owned by the East Downshire Steamship Co., Ltd, there was a keenly fought annual contest as to which would get out first, and which of them could make four trips in the year and be first home. Mr McCue, of McCue Dick & Co., Belfast Telegraph April 25 1928. On July 21 1893 the City of Adelaide left Miramachi, New Brunswick, with her last cargo of timber. 3 1893-1894: Southampton acquires a Floating Hospital In his 1892 annual report, Dr A Wellesley Harris, the Borough Medical Officer of Health, had written that “in order to keep the Port in favour, it is necessary that it should be free from all Infectious Diseases.” Outbreaks of smallpox, typhoid, and scarlet fever had put pressure on the existing facilities for isolating patients at West Quay. There was a real need for an Isolation Hospital for the Port, to take care of imported diseases. In deciding the best form of Isolation Hospital for Ports, one has to a great extent to be guided by the peculiarities of his own individual port… A Shore Hospital at the entrance to a port in many instances answers admirably, but the length of our district - ten miles - and the difficulty of communication would prohibit such an arrangement. Then there are Hospitals built on pile, with access from the water. This form of Hospital is worth consideration, but it would be very expensive, for to be useful it would be necessary to have its entrance accessible at all times of the tide. The structure, too, would be imperilled by the very strong tides and gales we are subjected to. The third, and I think the best form of Port Hospital, would be a wooden vessel similar to HMS 'Trincomalee.' In Southampton, the main and obvious threat was from smallpox, brought in by the Royal Mail's ships from South America. However, the national emergency was cholera from Europe. Sir James Lemon, Mayor 1892-3, in Reminiscences of Public Life in Southampton, Vol. 2, recalls the town’s response, in July 1893, to the threat of cholera spreading from the continent, and quotes his own speech to the Town Council in July: The Sanitary Committee of Southampton were making great efforts to keep it out. They had a healthy town. What would have been the position of the town if the port had been declared infected? What would become of their trade? In cases of this kind they must, while exercising all possible economy, be prepared to spend money, and maintain the health of the town at all costs. Mr Thomas Walton, deputy chairman of the Sanitary (later Health) Committee, was later to say: This work had been thrust on them by the powers that be. They talked of local self- government, but there was a body in London which forced the authorities to do what they would not otherwise undertake. In the time of his predecessor in the office of Deputy- Chairman of the Committee the Local Government Board inspector insisted on Southampton doing its best to keep cholera from their shores. A great many people thought, and he sympathised with them, that the duty should not be thrown on the local authority, but it was an Imperial matter, and should be assisted from the Imperial funds. (Hampshire Advertiser March 7 1894) Mr Lemon remembered that “a Sub-Committee, consisting of Mr Walton, Captain Edwards and myself, spent a good deal of time in trying to buy a suitable hospital ship.” Suitable vessels considered were Morglay (for £3,600), La Plata (definitely over budget at £8,000), Dragon man of war (£3,250), Argo at Milford Haven, Australian at Liverpool. They also approached the Admiralty hoping for a gift or loan of HMS Calypso “now in Portsmouth harbour as floating hospital,” or HMS Orontes.
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